typicalsss258.com

IndexAABAQUS,68Ability,32,33,110,181,216,267Absorbinglargevolumes,16Abstraction,219lower,219Acceleration,84Accumulation,xiclastic,215Accuracy,181,194,265ACM.
SeeAdvancedcellmodel(ACM)Acting,14,35,39,42,43,112–114,121,122,134,137,138,141,142,144–145,147,151,235Actions,human,22Addition,4,31,54,55,68,120,178Adjacentcells,183,185,187,220respective,245Advancedcellmodel(ACM),123,182,265,267–269approach,268method,266–269Aeromagnetic,211Aggregation,25Air,20,25,26,30,31phase,62phasepressure,62,63Algorithmsexplained,194general,197iterative,188largelibraryof,191,203,204least-squares,206,245singularvaluedecomposition,245various,191Amphibolitefacies,211Analysishydrological,267initial,267ofminingsubsidence,111regional,266ofsoildeformation,6ofsubsidence,3Analyticalsolutions,7,65,115,122,123,154,157,205Anioncompositions,218Anisotropic,34Annualdepth,183Annualrates,4,199augmentedLagrangian,188Aperture,77–78Applicability,28Applicationsmostuiddynamics,35pointload,140Appliedstresses,110,147,246various,110Approachbest,22common,97compartmental,246decoupled,120decoupling,7engineering,2geological,267mathematical,200,266new,128one-dimensionalTerzaghi,75,121preferred,35present,266,267probabilistic,112supplies,178D.
G.
ZeitounandE.
Wakshal,LandSubsidenceAnalysisinUrbanAreas,SpringerEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering,DOI10.
1007/978-94-007-5506-2,SpringerScienceCBusinessMediaDordrecht2013271272IndexApproach(cont.
)three-dimensional,75,121uncoupled,61,178unied,265Approximationfollowing,105linear,94Aquifer(s)active,101adjacent,183,192area,184basic,220cells,245characteristics,216clayey,114,122cleangravel,32coastal,20compaction,3deep,5domain,61,125,175exploited,215external,183–185,192formation,234isotropic,49large,268lower,183,213mainproducing,216materials,32,51phreatic,124porous,49potential,215principal,2,212region,183,192semi-innite,154shallower,217solids,51system,10,101,134,190,191,201,209,216,246table,101top,213underlying,217upper,183,213,217Aquifermodel,201single-cell,190Arbitraryshaperesting,153Area(s)adjacent,5black,108circular-loaded,145coastal,218,219common,185cross-sectional,27,40,42,94desert,16dry,16effective,239,240interfacial,28large,9,211loaded,146–148,150,153,154most,15population,235rectangular,148,151rectangular-loaded,147,148,151selected,246service,5settlementwater,263shaded,82shopping,5studied,140swampy,13total,82underlain,12unit,42,43Array,25,27,198–200columns,199periodic,27raindata,199Artesianaquifers,212principal,2Artesianpressure,4Assumption(s)correct,114decoupled,120decoupling,120following,60,154,157,183good,111ofinitialhydrostaticpressure,114,122last,60,155,158used,104–105various,266ofverticaldisplacementandconstanttotalstress,113–116Averageconsolidationratio,164–166density,47diameter,33fraction,29mediumproperties,33particlediameter,33porepressure,80,83porosity,47pressure,144,240properties,34value,240,246,248,252velocity,33water,197,248Axis,81vertical,154,155,157Index273AYUTTHAYA,209,220AYUTTHAYAProvince,209,220,222,248BBalance,15,190Bangkokaquiferprincipal,2,212system,216upper,213area,2–8,113,133,140,212–220,246basin,114,122,133,211,215,248centralareaof,2cityof,2,209,220,246,256clayconsolidated,3soft,3eastregion,213,222,246,248,261metropolis,5,209,212,219northern,218,219toPhraPradaeng,217plain,209–263region,2,112,114,121,142,210,219–252southeastof,4,215southwestern,215vicinity,114west,4,218,222,248BangkokMetropolitanAdministration(BMA),4BangkokMetropolitanarea,2,212,216,217,219Basement,2,211,212Basementstructure,211Basicassumptions,183Basinacts,183enclosed,12restricted,13sedimentary,178Basin-wideprocess,distributed,268Bear-Scheideggerdispersion,67Bedrock,14,55carbonate,15contacts,54Bedsleakyclay,214red,211Behaviorelastic,107–109,114,176linear-elastic,94one-dimensional,113results,114rheological,93,108thermal,71thermo-hydro-mechanical,67uniform,246Benchmarksexisting,4new,4Bicarbonate,11,218Biopolymers,108Biot,56,68,114,120,122,123,130,136,176,178algorithm,193coefcient,61equations,7,56,76,120,123,126–133,135–136,154,155,158,164,175–194,203,265model,7,60,119–125,155,157,175,176,219–252,266modelforsaturatedsoilandsubsidence,60–61method,123problem,139system,178coupled,136ofequation,62,124–130,136,160,176–179,191theory,75,116,121,123,176,203theoryofconsolidation,119–172Bishop'sequation,45Bishop'sstresstensor,45Blocks,84,211solid,84Boundaryassociated,62cell's,190constantux,54constanthead,54discharge,55domain,55drained,80,81lateral,183permeable,35pervious,183traction-free,161type,55valueproblems,27,52values,55Boundaryconditions,7,53,54,61–62,124–127,132–134,155,156,158,159,161,176,180,183,224–226,233,234,268Boundaryconditionsandinitialstressdistribution,133–134Boundaryconditionsassociated,7,27,53–55Boundary-lineloop,190274IndexBoundslower,245upper,245Boussinesqproblem,137–138Boussinesqsolution,137,141,193,226Boxdashed,34dotted,33veryloosely-packed,94Br,160Brackish,213yielded,219Building(s)embankments,142load,197,266residential,140–142,232,255Bulkdensity,31dry,31Bulkunit,90,144Bulkvolume,20CCalcite,10,11Calcium,11,15,218,219carbonate,15high,218,219ion,11Calculatingconsolidationtimes,83Calculatingsettlement,86,97Calculation,3,6,45,61,85–92,97,115,122,123,141,144–147,150,178,190,200,226–228ofstress,147,150ofstresschanges,144–147,226–228Calculus,36,37Calibrate,181,182,186,189,197,201,203,222,267,269Calibrateparametervalues,181Calibration,181–182,190–191,198–205,240,244,245,251–252,258–260,267,269algorithm,191,245best,267matrix,202,203matrixequation,202,203method,203parameters,199period,202,203,205,240,252phase,191,201procedure,190process,201–204,244,245results,251–252tool,199vector,201,203California,20,21southern,20Canonicalboundaryvalueproblem,27Capabilities,68Capacity,high,268Capillaries,27Capillarytubes,27straight,27Carbonaceousmatter,215Carbonate(s)dissolution,10karstlandscapes,15rocksformcavities,15Carbondioxide,10,67Carbonicacid,10,11Carbonizedwood,213Card,205,207Cartesiancoordinates,37,130Cartesiancoordinatesystem,38Case,general,58Casestudy,209–263Castelletto,124Cation(s),219compositions,218total,218Causehazards,14Causing,1–3,13,15,16,20,60,62,121,124,265Causingsoilsubsidence,62Cave(s),10–13ecosystem,14environments,14formation,11–13Caverns,12Cavitiesgypsumpermit,15large,13open,22Cell(s)administrative,266analog,single,77,79approach,123area,266basic,183,184,192,220,232connected,245description,220–222equations,182,193external,184,189,192,245given,182,185,187,228,229,235,266givenCelli,185internal,189Index275loop,197massbalance,189,252,266model,123advanced,123,182,265–269forlarge-scaleaquifers,182–191present,266presentsimplied,267results,182number,205phreatic,183Pi,235prismatic,183regions,various,221storativity,267systems,186transmissivity,267underlying,183various,221,246volume,185zones,242Cell-polygonloop,190Cementation,215Cementationresults,215Cements,215CentralBangkok,2,4,5,217,219CentralFlorida,12Centralplain,2,211,212,216Chainrule,48Changeannual,267chemicaldiagenetic,215given,50groundwaterlevel,246height,86initial,134,161large,79physicaldiagenetic,215porespaces,29rateof,35,36,39,70solidgrains,60temperature,58unit,63volumetric,16waterlevel,267Chan,T.
,68,178ChaoPhraya,211,212,216ChaoPrayariver,212,214,216,218,219Chaotictopography,12Characterization,129Chemicalactivities,xiChemicalalteration,215Chemicalreaction,67Chemicaltransport,71,269Chloride,213,218concentrationhigh,218,219isolatedhigh,219content,219high,218,219Cij,186,193ClassicalBiotmodel,176Classicalcompartmentalmodels,107Classicalformulation,182,185–186Classicalmodels,26,58Classicstaticelasticityproblem,136Classication,28,32,35–60,140–154graindiameter,28permeability,32Claybed,compact,214brown,213content,3,94dry,16expansion,17hardsilty,142interstitial,3layersbrown,213compact,213,215m-thick,86sandy,2lensesintercalated,214minor,214matrix,107minerals,3,16,215montmorillonite,3particles,16plastic,51results,16sandy,2,141,212shrink,16soft,2,119,212softclayoverlyingstiff,2,212softmarine,3soils,84sot,142thickconned,2thickconning,212Clayeysoil,7,75,83,107,121lowpermeability,83Closed-formsolutions,136,137,265forspecialloadings,154–160symmetric,120Closedsurface,36Closureterm,default,268276IndexCmaxCmin,66Cm/year,4,5Coal,10dust,14mines,14mining,13–14results,14seams,13Coarseness,25Coastal,1,21,211,218,219deltaicenvironment,211andinlandooding,20,66–67marshlands,1Codes,available,68Coefcient(s)permit,245regression,53,66thermalexpansion,59Collapsecaves,11event,1,22features,forming,14hazards,14sudden,1,9,22Columns,187,199,200,242,243experimental,27Community,scientic,119,177Compactionaquifer-system,9,245degreeof,29,30inelastic,17,18,104measuring,2natural,9,122process,3,20stress,3Compartmental,107,182,220–222,238,239,246–248,251,252Compartmentalcells,220,247given,239Compartmentalmodel,7,107,141,175,179,222,233,234,248,258–260Completeness,65CompLoading.
xlsx,227Component(s)chemical,66clastic,215displacement,114,191dof,128following,58,105independent,43lifetimes,110normal,36principal,60spatial,114stressreversals,41thermal,68unique,113variouswaterbalance,268vertical,98viscous,109Componentij,98Componentszy,43Compress,77Compressibility,31,32,40,50,51,61,66,70,79,86,93,94,163,193,203grain,61,70parameter,193,203ofwater,163Compressibilitymodel,94elastic,115,122Compressioncoefcient,96curve,initial,95diagram,88dimensionless,103index,20,88,90,93,95,97vertical,245Computationbasinwaterbalance,268cell,245ofeffectivestress,46methodof,140,141,235ofsubsidence,97–99various,227Computational,8,120,176,178,232grid,232resources,120,178Computedproperties,102Computer,68,267codesforsolving,175–179Concentration,13,25,27,66,67,180,218,219Concept,34,68,112Conditionsaccurateboundary,268commonphysical,55constantboundary,225continuous,134equilibrium,43externalboundary,224rst-order,188xed,54hydraulicboundary,183marine,219mechanicalboundary,161prescribedboundary,126,127real-world,53Index277rotational,130stressboundary,62undrained,93Conductivity,51–53,61,63,71,131,182–187,201electric,217parameters,185,187cause,external,186integrated,185Cones,217,219Congurations,178Connedaquiferstableunderlying,100underlying,100Connement,2,212Conning,thick,212,213Conningunit,101Conrm,212,217Conjugategradient,188,245algorithm,245preconditioned,188Connectionhydraulic,220,224,244hydro-geological,199tool,199Consequentyears,104Conservation,26,35,37,39–40,46,47,57–60,70–71equation,46–58principles,180Consideringequation,51Consolidate,20Consolidatedsoils,106–107Consolidationequations,203natural,6,120,124,246parameters,203,244problem,78–83process,20,77,78,93,164properties,40ratio,119,164–166results,3secondary,57test,3theoryforcomputation,97–107theoryforsoils,2,76,78,80,82,84,86,88,90,92,94,96,98,100,102time,83,197Constantassumptionof,7,127ux,54,55generalproportionality,94hydraulicheadsurface,55multiplier,63permeability,76pressure,76pumpingrate,123,124stress,108,110transmissivityvalue,183unitless,33Constraintsbounded,245non-negativity,245Constructionofbuildings,1,21Contaminants,10,15Contamination,15Content(s)equal,218high,218highcalcium,219highion,218moisture,99sulfate,218Continuation,216Continuity,26,35,37–39,58,181Continuityequation,38Continuityequationclaims,35Continuousbody,68Continuousfunction,arbitrary,172Continuouslinesource,156,159Continuousrecovery,2Continuousvariationofporosity,27Contourmaps,114,122Contractileskin,45Contribution,6,65,67,127,216,245,259,265sink/source,67Controlooding,1,21legal,xiivolume,35–39Convenience,86Conventioncommon,36repeatedindex,63sign,104standard,118Convergence,120,178,189Coordinate(s)primed,169,170radial,38,162system,cylindrical,37,38unprimed,169,170Corners,147Rectangle's,147Correlation,211,215Couple,125,127,133unique,133278IndexCoupled,7,61,62,67,68,119–121,123,133,136,160–166,177,178,265anddecoupledsolutions,2,159,161,163,165formulations,165thermal-hydrological-mechanicalprocesses,73Couplingporo-elastic,72,195thermo-hydro-mechanical,72Coupling/decoupling,119CPUrequirements,178Cr,88,91,95,103,104,106,107,162,177Cracksstart,22Cr-Cc,106Creation,200,268Creep,108–110behavior,111modelling,110modulussinglevisco-elastic,110visco-elastic,110Criterion,111–112,246,266statistical,246Criticalstressvalue,110Crlog,88Cross-anisotropic,123Cross-section,29,133following,133Cs,17,95,176compressionmodulus,176Cubicmeter,102Curl,38,170,171Curvesrecompression,20soilcharacteristic,63Cv,79–81,83,248,258consolidationparameter,80Cylindricalcoordinates,157,159,160simpliedusing,157,159DDamages,16,22economic,1Damper,109,110Dams,1,21Darcy,27,32,51,53,70owrange,47lawresults,187Darcy'slaw,46,49,57,58,70,79,80,180,182,187general,49,182Dataavailability,268basicpopulation,232data-base,232description,240–244detailed,267digitalize,229digitalizedmap,232dynamic,241estimations,240existing,241–243experimental,69les,123,227various,222ow-chart,222,230following,240geological,140,141,222given,202,204hydrologic,54hydrological,266known,200measured,252measurements,112,203menu,199seismic,211sheets,146,153soilparameters,197swelling-recompression,95transfer,222unknown,200using,246water-level,246Decomposition,128,148,160,166ofloading,148singularvalue,203,204,245Decoupledmodels,119,165,166approximate,120Decoupledsolutions,119,160–166Decoupling,7,75,119,120,127–130,133,178method,175Deepfoundation,3,122Deeplayer,8very,137Denition,singlestandard,28DenitionsofCr,177Deformablesoils,56–58Deformationassumption,94characteristics,68elastic,17,58,110,112,120irreversible,110,111mechanical,58modulus,69Index279non-linearlarge,108plastic,58,109,111,112simultaneous,45states,194static,136transient,120vertical,164Degree,22,29,30,45ofconsolidation,82lesser,29normalized,80Delayeduid-pressureequilibration,101r(Kp),56–58rp,39ˇtC,186Delta,21,212Deltaareas,1,20Densesiltytinesand,very,142Densitychange,228,229reference,66relative,84saturated,86soilparticle,84verylowparticle,31DepartmentofMineralResources(DMR),4,217DepartmentofUrbanization,140Dependence,52,61linear,66Deposition,13,215,219Depositional,212breakrst,212second,214evolutions,211Deposits,2,13,90,123,144,211alluvial,2,212unconsolidated,2,212Depression,4,211,217,219Depth,3,13,22,53,62,76,85,86,88,99,101,106,112–114,121,122,134,138,141,142,146,147,153,154,157,159,164,183,211–214,241,245,246,248Depthinterval,157Derivation,38,46–50,57,76,92,179integral,39Derivatives,36,37,39,52,56,58,169,170temporal,62terms,48Design,110,266consideringlong-termstructural,110Deviation,standard,240,246,248,252Dewatering,partial,3DGR,4,6,114,122DGRofce,123Dh,78Diagram,109left-moststress,101Diameteraveragegrain,33averagepore,33givengrain,28various,28Difference,85,112,114,116,121,122,162,179,183,191,194,199,201,205,252,266main,266Differentialequations,110,191ordinary,162partial,7,25,119,120,129Differentialoperator,59linearitypropertyof,126,127Differentiation,36Difculties,115,122,202,204,268main,7technical,141Diffusivity,65soilwater,65ij,65,45,186Dimensionalanalysis,33Dimensionalnitedifferencemodel,116DimensionL2,185Dimensionless,102,103Dimensionlesstimefactor,80Dimensions,71,94,114,122,148,151,171,190Diracdeltafunction,167Dirichlet,180boundary,53andNeumannboundaryconditions,62,125,176,180types,62Disasters,1,12,22landslide,1Discharges,17,55,182,183,190,217Dischargesarray,199Discontinuity,110Discontinuous,65,68,110,181Discreteconduits,15Discretization,179,191–194,266Dispersion,67Displacementcomponents,114data,197equations,191–194equationsofwaterlevels,190,191280IndexDisplacement(cont.
)eld,7,58,59,61,62,76,112,125,127,128,130,138,154,155,158,160,162,176,191,193,265formulation,27vector,61,124,128–130,175three-dimensional,27vectoreld,120vertical,106,107,113–116,119,120,123,134,137,138,162,164,165,265Dissipation,81Dissolutionaccidental,14active,22cavity,large,11chemical,11,15enlarges,14slow,15Dissolve,10–14,30Dissolvedbicarbonateion,11Dissolvedcompounds,29Dissolverock,15Distance,30,33,80,147,186xed,30large,171perpendicular,32DistanceOQ,153Distinctivelandscapes,15Distribution,27,29,134exact,34initial,134particlesize,28,33Districtstypes,232,235,238–240typical,232various,4Divergence,38,67,167–169Divergencetheorem,37–39,169,171Divisionofsoillayers,89DMRmonitoringwells,217Domain,53–55,123,124,130,181,245public,123three-dimensional,183Dordrecht,73Dover,72,172,207,263Downwards,positive,155,157Drainage,9,65,190Drainagevalve,77Drawdown,3,240Drillholes,using,22Drought,17Drying,6,16,84Dt,36,76,77,109,110,156,158timeincrement,78Dualmesh,181Dual-porosity,44,68,70EEarlyMesozoic,211Earth,9,10,19surfaceof,1,11,16,84East,4,211–215,220,246contiguousUnitedStates,15Eastern,194,213,216,225area,2Gulf,211Samut,219suburbs,2EastSSESSE1SSE2SSE3SSE4SSE5Samu,222,248Economics,5,211Edge,154,181Effect(s)bulb,141ofgroundwaterexploitation,114irreversible,176ofLandSubsidenceinUrbanAreas,2–6negligible,183thermal,70Effectivestressconcepts,73,117curve,96existing,3nal,83,88,91nalvertical,87,97initial,85,91,144initialvertical,45,87,97mechanicalanalog,78present,95principleof,40–42,44–46,60,266single,45vertical,45,85waterpressure,40–46Efcientmanagement,181Einsteinnotation,51Elasticcompaction,17,18,104instantaneous,103Elasticcomponent,109Elasticcontinuum,130Elasticdisplacement,129Elasticity,94,110,116,123,137,144linear,57,58,94matrix,60modulusof,59,94,112Elasticlayer,147deep,145,147Index281Elasticmodel,107,176incompressionandextension,94–108random,108,112–113Elasticmoduli,instantaneous,109Elasticparameters,176Elasticpropertiesaccounts,68Elasticrange,94Elasto-plastic,107,108,111Elementboundaries,181common,182Elementsbasic,266edges,common,181ofgasdynamics,26level,181solid,114Elevatedg-level,84Elevation,27,55,70,240datum,54head,85original,20Ellipticalpattern,22Embankments,140–142,235,239Encroachment,7,20,25Encroachmentofseawater,66–67Endofcellsloop,197Endoftimestep,197Energy,26,35,108,109Energysource,14Environmentalisotopesstudy,216,217Equating,37Equation(s)basic,67,184,192classicalone-dimensional,76combined,123constitutive,7,57,58,68,114continuity,35,37,39,58coupledBiot,7coupledsystemof,62,123,265dependentBiot,120dimensional,76,80generalBiot,7governing,7,35,62,70,71,178integral,27last,40,57,70,76,157,159,192linearrst-orderdifferential,110linking,26loading,140massbalance,67,184,192motion,35separated,158staticBiot,176systemof,76,119,136,162u-momentum,39using,35,101usingDarcy's,51,53v-momentum,39wettingphase,62w-momentum,39Equilibrium,40,42–44equation,58,70,71,120,178following,45generalthermaltransport,71mechanical,120,130,178Equivalence,181Erosion,9,14mechanical,15Errorfunction,162complementary,156,158Errors,94,105,178,200global,200Estimate,4,51,114,122,140,145,164,228,229,235,240,243,245,246,268Estimation,6,105,140,245,246,259,266accurate,4rst,179Eulerianapproach,35Evaporation,13,14,55Evaporites,14Evapo-transpiration,183,189,190Examination,34Exampleofcomputation,88,147Excess,6,83,85,120,166Executableles,123Existingstressstate,150Expansion,17,27,94,100,104,245Expansion/contraction,51Experimentalresults,93Exploitation,9reservoir,119,177Exploration,72Exponential,78Exposedoutcrop,216Expression,33,37,51,58,77,103,104,130,156,159,165analytic,146following,146Extension,39,94,242onshore,211spatial,220Externalaquifersg,184ExternalheadBC,221Extraction,154,157givenmass,154,157282IndexFFaces,41,47,217positive,43Farther,located,33Faults,54,211secondary,211FDM.
SeeFinitedifferencemethod(FDM)FE.
SeeFiniteelement(FE)Features,physical,53,54Fick'slaw,71,180Fieldcoordinates,167Fieldmeasure,245Field,non-rotational,129,130Filenameextensions,222Fine-grainedinterbeds,98Finitedifferencegroundwatermodels,266Finitedifferencemethod(FDM),179Finiteelement(FE)approximations,178formulation,178mixed,181Finiteelementmethod(FEM),178,179mixed,181Finiteelementmodels,68,267Finitesetofwellspumping,154–160Finitestrip,157–160Finitevolume(FV),181Finitevolumemethod(FVM),7,182standardcell-centered,181Firstcon,216Firstloading,96,177Firststageofsubsidence,19Fixeddata,240Fixeddataset,240Fixedset,35Floodplains,1,2,20,21,122,212Floods,21,216Floors,140,144Florida,12Flowboundaries,54boundaryconditions,55conservationequation,56downward,17equationfordeformablesoils,56–58general,183multiphase,65two-phase,62gas,7general,182,183,192incompressible,39inter-cell,existing,266lines,54,55approximate,54model,123,244global,269problem,180-181properties,123regimebeing,54return,183,190,245reverse,217saturated,65,67simulation,194steady,39steady-state,52,205systemconduit,15physical,53three-dimensional,37transient,182two-phaseow,262unsaturated,65upward,17velocity,79,217vertical,85Flowchart,193,229following,194,197,222Fluctuation,99,216Fluid(s)compressibility,32,61compression,50contents,31density,35,48extraction,123,176ow,29,33,45,60,67,68,70,71,121owing,32ux,48immiscible,15incompressible,32,48injected,67injecting,13mass,70masstransfer,70mechanics,35–40,44motionof,35,68new,17,35particles,35porepressure,98pressures,15,19,22,44,68–70,101,119,178properties,26,31sample,32saturations,31single,52transport,70velocity,33Index283volumeof,32,48withdrawal,15–20,22withdrawalproblems,22Flux(es)advectivemass,67components,268continuous,181,182diffusive,67discontinuous,181output,184sink/sourcemass,48springs,266term,184unknown,187vectors,189Foldedstructure,211FollowingBear,61FollowingCarslawandJaeger,156,158Force,27,35,39,40,42,43,45,77–79,84,108,111,129,132,137external,40Forecasting,191,201Formcavities,14,15convenient,51,61,125decoupled,154differential,39dynamic,176nal,63–65general,52,56given,16graphical,82integral,37karst,15mixed,63–65networks,16non-symmetric,178sinkholes,13,22static,176symmetric,178three-dimensional,60vectorial,39Formation,10,14,216,234cavity,10,11Formuladirect,107exactintegrated,104last,106Formulations,present,189Fortin,M.
,181Foundation(s)circular,145loads,153circular,145rectangular,147mathematical,124shallow,141,143,145–147Fourier,27Fourier'slaw,180Fraction,10,28,29,31,33,99clayminerals,215porevolume,25Fracture(s),7,11,15,16,18,44,67–69,71spacing,69Fracturedmedia,67acts,67Fracturedrockmass,67,68Framework,240legal,265Functioncreep,109exponential,78general,37potential,128,135,155,191random,112relaxation,109scalar,171unknown,193Functionality,266Fundamentalsolutions,27,137periodic,27FV.
SeeFinitevolume(FV)FVandFEmethods,181FVM.
SeeFinitevolumemethod(FVM)GGalerkinmethod,179Galerkin,standard,178"sds,99,140Gas(es)depleted,177dynamics,26methane,14natural,15,18withdrawal,7,62–66Gauge,zero,62,63Gauss'stheorem,170GB,235GeneralDarcylaw,182Generaldatatransfer,223Generalnitevolumeformulation,183–185Generalowchart,197Generaluidmechanics,35–39Generalformulation,180–181Generality,35–40,266Generalityonuidmechanics,35–40284IndexGeneralization,115,122,166,182Generalproperties,126–133Generalsoftware,197–206Generaltheoryofthree-dimensionalconsolidation,123GeographicInformationSystems,229Geologicenvironments,123hazards,22sedimentation,121,124Geological,2,10–13,62,133,134,140,178,181,199,209,211,212,216,222,224,230–232,244,265,267blocks,211cross-section,133formations,212layers,2,62,133,134,266given,266Geologists,22,267Geology,211Geology,general,211Geometricalmodel,6Geometricalsymmetry,55Geometricmodel,26Geometry,70,181,190,200complex,181GeoscienceResearchProgram,74Geostatic,98–101Geostaticstresschanges,99Geotech,123Geotechnical,123Geothermaldevelopment,67GIS,8,140,229,232,235data,232,235department,232maps,232system,8typical,232Grabens,211Gradientappliedpotential,32gentle,217operator,61,70,184term,65Grain(s)angular,30coarse,3,213–215compressed,30,130incompressible,50level,60non-compressible,3rounded,30single,61sizeclassication,28skeleton,44uncompressed,30Graphs,198,200,248following,248Gravel,2,28,29,32,90,94,119,164,212–215beds,215layers,214sand,28,119size,214Gravimetric,31Gravity,17,84,90earth's,84Greenfunctions,154GreenStockes,184,192Greentheorem,120Grid,114,232,266discretizations,266numerical,114Ground,1–4,9,13,15,22,45,54,55,85,87,97,120,122–124,134,141,145,147,153,161–164,166,212–214,265level,134surface,3,4,13,55,87,120–124,145,147,162–165,212–214,265displacements,124instantaneous,162leveling,new,4vertical,164Ground-penetratingradar,22Groundwater,1,3–7,10–12,15–18,21,46,49,105,114,115,120–123,164,178–183,190,197,212–217,219,220,245,246,251,265–268aquifers,122,266,267code,121conditions,214data,220depletion,245development,rst,214exploitation,114,115,122extraction,120ow,11,17,46,49,55,71,97,105,114,120,121,123,178,217,219,251,265calibration,251equations,121model,97,105,265movement,121processtechniques,173,269velocity,217leveluctuations,216levels,5,215–217,245,246Index285management,3,4,179,265new,4model,114,197,266movement,7,217estimated,217regional,217problems,179–182pumping,7,245,268component,268large-scale,7recharge,216,268samples,217seepage,178simulation,190system,10,17utilizationinBangkok,5withdrawals,5,120,123impulsive,120GroundwaterAct,4–6Groundwater-qualitydegradation,219Groups,144,218Growth,5,266Gypsum,9,10,14,15,22Gypsumdeposits,12,14HHalfspace,123,124,134,137,155,161,162,164boundary,123surface,161Hankeltransformtechnique,154Hazards,12,14,22Hc,100Headartesian,3change,99,100data,182,186,199measured,199equal,101estimation,244–245external,221,242lower,183piezometric,183,245prediction,200total,85,190unknown,186,206variation,240Heat,52–53,68,71,108,109capacity,71equation,53ux,71source,71transfer,68Heat-waterproblem,52–53Heights,27,54,86initial,86Helm,57,58Helmholtzdecomposition,123,162,166Helmholtzrepresentation,160Helmholtztheorem,120,130,166–172Heterogeneity,34Heterogeneous,33,34,65Hf,48,49freshwaterhead,48Hicks,T.
W.
,178Highbuildingdistrict,239Highbuildings,235Highchlorideconcentrationranging,219Highconcentration,218,219Highconcentrationarea,218Highporosities,very,31High-resolution,268High-resolutionnumericalmodels,268Highsalinitygroundwater,219Hills,54,107,112,212Hilltop,54Historicalrecord,4History,4,236,245HolbrookbasinofnortheastArizona,14Homogeneous,33,52,154Hookean,110Hooke'slaw,59,94Horizons,101,215Horizontaldisplacement,120,162,164urmax,162Houses,5,20supply,5Houston,21Hydrologicalunits,220Hydrologist,267Hydrology,26,50approach,50–53classical,26Hydrostatic,85,87,100,112,114,121,122conditions,45,86pressure,3,114,122,134value,nal,83Hysteresis,108,176behavior,176loop,108IId,187–189indexmatrix,187Identication,190,200,201Identity,132,168–170286IndexIgnition,spontaneous,14Images,120,156,159Imagespoints,159Implementation,7,181,219–252rst,219mathematical,266Implications,245legal,ixImpulsivepoint,134,154,155,161–164Incrementconstanttimestep,183equal,95Incrementalnon-linearvisco-elasticmaterial,111Indexrecompression,20,88,90,97swelling/recompression,95IndexNq,187Indicesrecompression,103void,93Inelasticcompaction,17,18,104Inferiorgroundwaterquality,219Inltration,15,16,63,183,190,216Innitesimal,35,36,43Innity,110,169Inow,189,190,216expressing,190lateral,216Inuencecharts,146,147,150,154Inuencefactors,146,148Inuentstreamspassing,190Inux,sudden,16Infrastructure,3,122Inhabitance,22Initial,80,83,180conditions,68,88,134,155,156,158,161,180given,133displacement,197effectivepressure,114,122hydrostaticpressure,114,122loadingpoints,95loadusingstaticelasticity,136–139porewaterpressure,45stressdistribution,112,114,121,122,133–134void(s)ratio(eo),86,87,97year,140,266Initialization,197Injection,154,157deepseawater,172Inland,218,219ooding,20,66–67salinewater,218Innovation,second180,182Input(s)basic,222data,7,220–222le,227recorded,190general,184Insectburrows,29Instability,13numerical,120,178Institutes,4Institutions,114governmental,220Integrand,38,169,172Integratedconductivityofwater,185Integratingequation,76Integration,35,36,138,226numerical,181two-dimensional,36Interaction,36,67,68Inter-aquifercontact,245Interconnectedsurface,15Interconnection,212Interconnects,213Interface,7,30,198positions,190,201water-solidrock,215InterfaceGUI,198Interiorpoint,147Intermountain,isolated,211Internalforces,113,114Interpolating,232Intersects,17Interval,154,157,217unsaturated-zone,99Inverse,66,94Invertedtriangle,37Ion,high,218Irregularity,112Irrigation,5,16,55,190Isotropicbehavior,59dimensional,60porousmedium,60,154JJapan,21JapanInternationalCooperationAgency(JICA),3,215,217Jointedrockmasses,72JurassicPeriod,13Index287KKansas,13,14Karstaquifersystems,15landscapes,15topography,10,12–13tower,13Kelvin-Voigt,57Kelvin-Voigtmodel,110–112Keycharacteristic,32KhoratPlateau,211Kronecherdeltafunction,98Kroneckerdelta,45Kxxkxykxz,49Ky,51Kyzkxykyy,49Kz,155,158Kzzkxzkyz,49LLabels,217Laboratorycolumnwall,55LadkrabangDistrict,241Lagrangianapproach,35Lake,17,21,53–55,85circular,12Lam`econstant61Land,9,155settlement,20subsidencecoupledpredictingmodelof,117,173effects,265estimating,178inducing,73mitigation,117permissible,265phenomenon,122prediction,120,178rates,2surface,2,99,155,157use,22,229,236,241department,232Landforms,weathered,15Landsatphotograph,211LandsubsidenceinBangkok,4Laplace,52,162Largedeformationtheory,111Large-scaleaquifers,182–191Lastcolumnoftable,202,204LateCretaceous,211LateMesozoic,211Lawsconstitutive,180experimental,27three-dimensionalmassconservation,178Layeralternating,214basic,220,222cellname,222,248centreof,89,103compresses,78external,183rst,142,246internal,62mud,215original,13second,261semipervious,190silt,213thicker,88thicknessof,89,103thin,215upper,8,248Layeredsand,underlying,34Leakage,183,190,216Leakagefactors,216Leaky,183,221Least-squaresformulation,187,188Length,characteristic,71LengthOQ,154Lengthunity,36Lesfondations,117,172Letter,40,44Levees,1,21Levelaveragestress,3hydraulic,180measurestatisticgroundwater,217piezometric,216sea,13staticgroundwater,215Leveling,4Library,large,191,198,203,204Limestone,9–12,15,22,211Limestoneexposures,12Limitation,7,27,28,34,107–116Line(s)consolidated,86contour,232equipotential,54initialloading,95normalconsolidation,86,97recompression,95straight,95thickblack,81,83Linearsystem,182,186,187,206determined,186288IndexLinearvisco-elasticity,109Linearvisco-elasticmodels,109Lippmann,M.
J.
,178Liquids,110Lisbona,F.
,194Lithication,215Lithofacieschange,211Lithologicfacies,211Litigation,265Litigationproblem,xiiLn,105Load(s)applied,40,57,85,138,141,145circular,146Loadedrectangularregion,148Loading(s)circular,154curve,initial,85,95cycle,109distributed,138effect,142effects,141external,77,93,139global,235horizontal,139increment,79,85initial,136–140integrated,142internal,7moving,173near-surface,3one-dimensional,94pressure,193principleofsuperpositionof,7,126–127rectangular,147,149–152spatial,140total,240uniaxial,112uniform,147uniformly-distributed,147vector,61,62,124–127,136,175vertical,138,141Localheadloss,245Localsubsidence/consolidation,1,265Location(s)arbitrary,155,158map,198,210neighboring,52spatial,36Logdrilled,212electric,212LongBeach/LosAngelesCA,21Longitudinal,67Longtermstaticloads,20Loop,197Loopbeing,109Lowbuilding,239Lowercentralplain,216LowercentralplainofThailand,2,212LowerChaoPhrayaBasin,212,216LowerPaleozoic,211LowerPhraya,217MMacrobiologicalagents,15Magnitude,3,15,95,104,105,190Management,3,4,12,179,181,209,265paradigms,123,365various,265problemgiven,209various,265Manchao,111Man-induced,10,13–20collapsecavities,14Mapsbuildinginterpolation,237following,232hazard,22historicalsatellite,7interpolation,232,237land-use,236,237,266piezometricsurface,217simpliedgeological,211subsidencestation,249Marshlands,1,21Massaccumulation,47net,47balancesaccurate,181exact,181,182global,184,192,266globalwater,252basis,31conservationequation,46–58conservationof,26,35,47,70–71elasticsoil,138equation,37xed,39uxes,67rate,47semi-innite,138total,31,35transfer,28,46,70inter-phase,28Index289Masses,large,14Materialboundaries,65deforms,110elastic,59,94,108–111failure,112given,58most,94new,21organic,28properties,267rubbery,94unsaturatedgranular,45visco-elastic,108,110,111viscous,109watersoluble,12Mathematical,6,22,25,26,67,77–78,104,120,124,134,161,166,176,178,180,182,191,198,200–203,209,266analysis,77–78framework,176modeling,182oflandsubsidence,73models,6,67,134,161,180,182various,6point,120representation,120scheme,191statement,134treatment,209Mathematics,6,7,22,26,67,77–78,104,120,124,134,161,166,176,178,180,182,191,198,200–203,209,266MATLABalgorithmslibrary,245MATLABinterface,198–200MATLABscienticsoftware,266MATLABsoftware,191,198,203,204,206,266Matrix(ces),186,202,204behavior,27compliance,60,68conductivity,186deformation,57,123elastic,70equation,44,182,187,202,203,205three-dimensional,44additional,187form,44,59,70inverse,189method,179open,16partialdifferentialoperator,59particles,29pore,49problem,206soil's,3,6,7,25,26,58–60,66,68,97,107–115,122,124,128solids,27–30,49,50,128storativityST,186system,181,202,204,205Tij,202,204Max,66,162–164Maximumdistance,33,80,81Maximumgroundsurface,162,163Maximumshear,112Maximumthickness,213Maxwellmaterial,110McGraw-Hill,72,74,173,194Measure,remedial,2Mecanique,107,226Mechanicalbehavior,7,107–113,121Mechanicalfailuredespite,15Mechanicalmodelingofporousmedia,25–71Mechanicsengineering,111reasoning,116,123solid,44,107Mediaelastic,172layered,65non-homogeneous,74saturated,56,65structured,71unconsolidated,51unconsolidatedgeologic,29Mediumbuilding,235,239components,31compresses,31compressibility,50,61continuous,67dualporosity,44,70given,34heterogeneous,33homogeneous,33isotropic,52,70,71properties,33,34,120,178sand,214saturated-unsaturated,73,195semi-innite,137,156,159solids,31,44sorted,29StiffClay,143total,29Member,second,202,204Meshexibility,181Mesozoicplatformbasins,211290IndexMesozoicrocks,211Metals,considering,111Meteoricorigin,216Meth,indirect,268Method(s)augmentedLagrangian,188classic,181ofcomputation,140down-scale,267drillcore,22existing,1,265nitedifference,179nite-volume,175following,75general,120graphical,153image,120iterative,7iterativepenalty,195landsubsidencecalculation,178least-squares,202,204ofmechanicsreasoning,116,123multi-domain,267,268new,7numerical,7,179–182present,136Methodology,6,7,265Metropolis,5,209,212,217,219Metropolitanarea,2,4,122,212,216,217,219large,122MetropolitanWaterworksAuthority(MWA),4Michigan-AppalachianandGulfCoast,14Microscopic,107Microstructures,28MiddleandLateMesozoic,211Middlediagram,101Mid-Paleozoicrocks,211Mindlin'sproblem,138–139Mineral(s),3,4,10,12,14,16,84,94,215compressible,3grainsbeing,16halite,12soluble,14Mines,10,13,14,22Minimiza,following,188Minimization,188Mining,9,10,13–15,22,68,111active,22activities,13operations,22problems,68subsidence,111techniques,most,14Mises,Von,112Mitigate,22Mitigatingsubsidencehazards,22Mitigation,4,22Mixedformulation,182,187–189ML,31,32Model(s)accurate,267associated,60–71cell,123,182–191,205,222,240,248,265–267classic,94computer,266,267conceptual,209,268constitutive,116,123coupled,61,121,178data,8,199elastic,94–108,112–113,176elasto-plastic,107,108,111rst,267general,27geo-hydrological,220,267geological,267high-resolution,268hydro-geological,133,199,224,230–232,244,265,267hydrologic,183hydrological,267incremental,108land-use,228–235,266large-scale,246,259–263layer,98forloads,140–154main,265new,123parameters,190,200,267physical,121present,122,179,202,204rechargeinput,268results,182,199rheological,97,115,122sub-regional,267valid,248validation,205well-dened,191,201work,114Modeling,7,22,25–71,111,112,114,115,122,123,133,134,181,182,267,268computer,267detailedniteelement,267following,115,122inverse,181landsubsidence,123Index291ofPorousMedia,25–71regional,114various,134variousmechanical,26Model,Maxwell,109–110ModelofSubsidenceinFracturePorousMedia,67–71MODFLOW,3,97,107,121,179,222,225,229,266,267MODFLOW-Biotmodel,229MODFLOWdata,222MODFLOWmodel,3,179MODFLOWsimulationofow,222MODFLOWsoftware,107ModiedBesselfunction,162Modulus,60,61,119,130,139,163,164bulk,57elastic,176Mohr'sCircle,112Molecules,Clay,17Momentum,39,46,57conservation,46linear,57Mongsrijun,211Monitoringunit,existing,217Monitoringwells,217Mostcaves,11Mostexistingmethods,1,265Mosthydro-compaction,17Mostinputcomponents,268Mostsamples,218Mostsubsidence,16Movement,7,9,20,26,32,121,155,157,217,219sea,20Muds,215newly-deposited,215Muller,P.
,43Multi-cell,266Multiple-cellmodels,182Multi-regressionanalysis,191,203NNablaoperator,56,130Nagoya,21NakhonLuang(NL),214,218,219NakhonPathomProvince,209,220,222,246,248NakhonPathomProvinceNPNP11NP12NonthaburiRegion,222,248NAKHONPRATHOM,235NakornLuangaquifer,2,212–214,217NakornNuang,220,222Namaquifer,2,212,215,220,222NationalResearchCouncil,9,12Naturalcavities,15Naturalenvironment,33NaturalprocessSediments,21Naturalsolution-relatedsubsidence,14Naturalsupply,21Naturalwaters,14,66Navierstokesequation,40Nˇ,32,51–53,66,160,161,164Nb,multi-layersystemof,107Nc,185,187,192,205,207Nclines,187NcNq,187,205,207NcNy,202–204Ncregionsofuniformhydrologicalbehavior,184,192Near-surfacewater-level,3Negativefaces,41,43opposite,43Negativeinverseslope,63Negativesign,36NegligibleBW,263NegligibleNT,263NegligibleSPS,263NegligibleSSS,263Nelson,S.
A.
,12,21Network,2,15,16,26,28,46subsurfacedrainage,15Neumann,53,62,125,133,176,180boundaryconditions,53,62,125,133,176,180Newcavern,11Newmark'schart,153,154NewMexico,14NewOrleans,21Newsystemofequationsforsolving,135–136Newtonian,110Newtons,102Newton'slaw,39NH:utiC,206Ni,184,185,192,201,203Nineteenthcentury,176Nj,184,185,192NjdS,192Njdx,184,185NjdxItC,185NKlinesandNccolumns,187NKlinesandNqcolumns,187NKNcofcells,187NL.
SeeNakhonLuang(NL)NLaquifer,213,218N/m3,90,163292IndexNo-owBedrock,55Non-dimensionalisedtime,82Nonlinearviscoelasticity,111Non-rotationalelasticdisplacement,130–133Non-saturatedsoils,45–46,111Nonthaburi,216,218Nonthaburiaquifer,2,212,214,219,220,222NonthaburiProvince,209,220,246Normaliseddepht,82Normalisedporepressurereduction,82Normalizeddepth,80,81Normalizedporepressureisochrones,80Normalizedtimefactor(Tv),81Normallyconsolidatedlayer,85Normalstress,3,112effective,3North,212–215,217–222,225,230,234,242,246,248,252,260NortheastArizona,14Northeastward,219Northern,211,218–222,225,230,246,260NorthernandSouthernparts,246Notation,51,89,103NP,222,240,246,248,250,258,263Np,201–203,207NpNcNy,202,203NPregion,250Nq,187Nqcolumns,187NT,222,240,246,248,256,258,263NTNT11NT12,222,248NTregion,256Numberlarge,25line,202,203total,184,201,203,207,240Numericalexperiments,181Numericalformulation,178Numericalmethods,7,179–182Numericalmodeling,7,267classical,267Numericalmodels,114,181,266–269accurate,269classical,266,267Numericalresults,164–166Numericalscheme,7,136,178,179,223stable,178Numericalsolution,7,27,115,120,122,175–194Nw,99,100,102Nwell,183,184NyNumber,202,203OOccupies,216,218Oceans,20,21,211Oedometertest,20Oedometrictest,176Ohm'slaw,180Ohnishi,68,178Oil,9,15,18–20,22,177exploratorydrilling,211elds,19,20andgaswithdrawal,7,25,62–66Oklahoma,14,15One-dimensionalmodel,3One-dimensionalstiffness,83One-dimensionaltheory,103–104,112classical,7,75ofconsolidation,77–83Openvalve,77Operations,36,38,201intended,191Operator,37,38Operatornabla,56Orderfollowing,201,203,206lower,181ofmagnitude,105Orientation,153Orthotropic,68Osaka,21OTDX,rectangular-loading,149,152Outow,17,189,190Outlets,14,189,199Over-abstraction,219Over-consolidatedlayer,86Overconsolidatedsoils,86,89,94–97,103Overconsolidationratio(OCR),88,95Overloading,6,178Overlying,2,21,98,183,190Overpumpage,215Over-pumping,1,122,214,265Ox,41,43,49OXAY,147,151rectangular-loading,152Oy,41,43,49OYBZ,rectangular-loading,150,152Oydirection,43Oyplane,41OZCT,151PPackage,107,179,198PakNamaquifer(PN),2,212,215,222Index293Paleozoic,211Paleozoic-EarlyMesozoic,211Parameter(s)array,199calculation,123calibration,244–245constitutive,116,123constraints,204estimatingaquifer,181given,202,204hydrologic,244hydrological,199input,267known,199normalized,81selected,202,204single,79totalnumberof,201,203unknownaquifer,190unknowns,201–203values,typical,164ParameterSs,57Particle(s)diameter,33differentialequationsappearing,7,25skeletal,90solute,30Particlesizedistribution(PSD),28,33Partitions,62,125,176,180Passage,14through-owing,14Pastmaximumconsolidationpressure,88Pastpressure,3Path,30PathumThani,216,218,219,235PathumThaniProvince,209,220,246PathumThaniProvincePTPT11PT12PHRANAKHON,222,248Pathumwandistrict,241Pc,63PCwindowssystem,198PDEform,39PDEs,26Peat,1,17,20,22,31Pennsylvania,14Percentages,27,81,232Percolation,17,190Periodxedtime,54given,199longtime,110prediction,200selected,200Periodicleveling,2Periodicstrips,159Permeability,163anisotropic,123derivedaveraged,27high,67,68matrix,70relative,65tensor,27intrinsic,49values,typical,32PermianbasinofTexas,14Perpendicular,32,54Persistence,15Personalcommunication,114Pervious,123,162Perviousgroundsurface,162,164Petroleum,15,30PF,44,70,71PH,217Phasefractured,44,70,71pressurehead,63PhayaThaiaquifer(PT),212,214,216,240,246,258,263Phenomena,60,121,124PhraNakhonSiAyutthayaProvince,209,220,246PhraNakhonSiAyutthayaProvincePNSPNS1,248PhraPradaeng(PD),212,213,217,219,235PhraPradaengandNakhon,216PhraPradaeng(PD)aquifer,2,212,213,218,220,222,225–227PhraPradaengDistrict,213Phrayariver,212,214,216,218–220,246PhrayaRivertoSamutSakhon,219PhrayaThai,2,220,222Phreatic,183,190Physicalattributes,55Physicalcondition,55Pi,235,237,238Pictures,following,232Piezometricpressure,3,6Piezometricsurfacedata,217Pile(s),114,122,141,142,144,145foundations,140–144,226–228typical,140perforation,typical,142Pillars,14towering,13Pinder,G.
F.
,245Pipes,9,16Piston,40,42,77Plane,43,54,130294Indexhorizontal,34,154,157Planners,191,201Planningscenarios,266Plastic,111Plasticandvisco-elasticbehavior,108Plasticity,116,123Plates,107at,34Platy,30Plot(s)lower,81,83semi-logarithmic,95windows,198PNS,240,246,258,263northerncell,222region,222PNSPNS1,222,248PnwPw,63Pointfarthest,81Pointloadshorizontal,138vertical,138Pointsink,123impulsive,134,154,155,161–164Pointsource,156,158Pointsourceproblem,154Pointzm,155,158Poissonmoduli,61Poisson'sratio,60,69,130,137,139,163Poland,J.
F.
,97,99,100,123Polygonallandscape,16Polygonalopenset,62,125,176,180Polymersamorphous,108crystalline,108Populationgrowth,266Populations,14,235Pore(s),3,17,26,27,31,65,215air,45bodies,28connectivity,28uidpressure,130networks(typical),26,28,46pressuredissipation,80,83excess,81–83,85gradients,98normalized,80,81transducer,83radius,27throats,28waterow,49Porespaces(PS),15,16,18,19,25,29–31,99,215,219PoRiver,178Poroelastic,58problem,176Porosity,163effective,29high,31,68intra-granular,29low,68primary,29secondary,29values,27Porousblock,70,71mediacommon,32deformable,120fractured,68general,26,28periodic,27,46mediumbulk,61deformable,60fractured,68homogeneousisotropic,154linearelastic,165measured,34properties,33,34solids,44structured,33phases,44,69,70rock,68structure,57Pradaengaquifer,220Pre-Cambriangneissofamphibolitefacies,211Precautions,13Precipitation,55,183,186,202Preconsolidatedsoils,107Pre-consolidation,3Preconsolidationpressure,3,88,90Preconsolidationstress,88initial,91Prediction,120,200problem,general,205results,200tool,198,200using,205–207window,200year,new,206Presentation,xiiPressibility,61Pressureapplied,31,32atmospheric,114,122Index295capillary,63ofdeepfoundations,3,122dissipationaveragepore,83normalizedpore,80distribution,144eld,61,120,178,194head,63,64,155,158,258headformofRichards,64–65lower,17table,235transient,154,157variation,60Principle(s),6,35,42,114,122,126axesdirections,43derivedvarioussuperposition,265ofeffectivestressinmatrixform,44innon-saturatedsoils,45insaturatedsoils,40–42ofsuperpositionofloadingsandpumping,126–127Problemclassical,138convergence,120,178coupled,7,119decoupled,162,164,166inverse,190,201large-scale,7,75minimization,188most,60numerical,178Processofcalculatingsettlement,86,97capacity-baseddistributedhydrologic,268chemical,30complexity,268coupled,67diagenetic,215elasticdeformation,17erosional,15heating,68interacting,67mass-wasting,16modeltransient,28parameter-estimation,245physical,176prediction,200,205swelling,17,28validation,199,200veryslow,15Product,36,38dot,38Productivereservoirs,176Progressiveweakening,15Projects,engineering,97Promulgation,4Proof,126–128,131,166,167,170Propertiescritical,245dependent,34elastic,68following,108,167geological,209hydraulic,216physical,52,176water-bearing,214Protrusions,4Provinces,209,220,222,235,246,248administrative,219PTPT11PT12,222,248Pump,55,217submersible,217Pumpage,2,4,190,201le,242private,4Pumpingannual,242,245depth,164effectof,8,120,209excessive,5,12uids,20impulse,124impulsive,124,165pulsed,124rate(s),123,124,182,186,198,200,205,206,240,241,245,267annual,245function,62,125–127prediction,200steady,124unknown,206table,244term,61,126,127tests,216total,185wells(data),55,119,137,139,166,240Pw,45,63,66QQ(tC,187,188QCell,185Qf,70Qh,48Qi,183–184Qj,205,207Qn,189296IndexQT,71QtC,generalterm,185Quantitiesincremental,60known,182Quaternary,211–212Qw,154,156–158Qxy,139RRadialdisplacement,138Radialdistance,119,156,158normalized,156,158Radius,146,154,169,171,271Rainannual,242coefcients,267data,198,199,268le,242soaking,16stations,268Rainfall,14,183,216heaviest,216Rainwater,63Rainwaterinltration,63Ratedecreasing,110discharge,217ever-reducing,78ofuidwithdrawal,17,22high,3inputow,184large,4ofmassaccumulation,47ofmovement,219net,39total,4Ratiodeceases,119overconsolidation,95void,6,29,93,96,97Rdr,157,160Rearrangement,3Rearranging,50,70Recharge,17,55,183,186,189,190,201,202,204,216,241,268annual,216areas,217boundary,55rates,190,201Recipitationi,183,186,202Recompression,3,20,86,88,90,95,97,103Re-compressionIndex,88,97Rectangular,147–152,181loadingOTDX,149,152OXAY,150,152OYBZ,150,152OZCT,147,151meshes,181Rectangular-loadedareaABCD,148Reduction,3,4,6,19,20,31,82,86,95,176,186,189height,86Region(s)administrative,220analysis,268basic,220elastic,153nite,167,169given,140,182,241large,268northern,230rectangular,147,148uniformly-loaded,153various,250Regressionanalysis,191,203,204Re-hydratehydro-compacting,22Reinstallmonitoringunit,217Relation,11,37,45,56,97,98,110,169,170,203constitutive,59,110Relationdc,76Relationship,33,45,48,59,63,67,69,77,84,93,94,99–104,107,121linear,94Relativecompressibilityparameter,193Relaxation,108–110Relaxes,110Removalofsalt,13Removalofsolidsandmine-relatedcollapse,13Repartition,144,145Repeatedcycles,16Replacement,20Replenishment,21,183,186,189,190,201,221,242,265,267–269coefcients,267estimation,268–269model,265,268,269natural,183,190,201parameter,201Representation,98,112,120,154,160Representativeelementvolume(REV),6,25,34,47–49,51,56Representativeresults,246Re-pressurization,20Index297Residualsaturation,27,28observed,28Resistance,15,32,109Resolution,114,181,268–269Resolutionmodel,high,268Resource(s),4,9,120,178,201,203,225engineering,83external,203largest,67Response,1,32,50,68,70,109,110,123,190,191,201recordedpast,191,201Restaurants,5Resultcurve,166Results,nal,169REV.
SeeRepresentativeelementvolume(REV)Reviewcritical,7,75REV,single,34REVVT,56Rh,184–185Rheological,93,97,108,115,121,122Rheologicalbehaviors,various,108Richards',62–66equation,62–66mixedformof,64–65Righthand,65Right-handside,37,52,61,182,202,204Riveroodplains,21Rivers,1,20,21,53,216R.
Kp,56–58Roberts,181Rockcalcareous,211carbonate,9,10,15evaporite,14–15following,211fractured,7,25,67,68graincompressibility,61intact,68,69mass,68–69discontinuous,68native,28non-marineCenozoic,211overlying,13–15politic,211salt,12solid,51,215soluble,9,12,14stresses,68underlying,13water-soluble,12Rod,94Roofs,11,166unsupported,12Root,29,68,70Rootholes,29Rotational,128–133,155,158Rotationaleld,130non,129,130RoyalThaiSurveyDepartment,41/Rr,169–170RT,26SSakmonitregionWestSSWSSW1SSW2SSW3SSW4,222,228Salineintrusion,219Salinity,183,213,219high,213,219Salt,9,10,12–15,22,66,67basins,14concentration,66deposits,14dome,13low-density,13Saltwater,219Sam,214SamKhokaquifer(SK),2,212,214,220,222Sample(s),34,217,218bottles,217reliable,217size,34volume,31,32wet,84SamuPhrakarnarea,220,246SamuPhrakarnNorth,222,248SamuPhrakarnSouth,222,248SamuPhrakarnSouthSPSSPS1SPS2SPS3SPS4,222,248SamuSakmonit,220,222,246,248SamuSakmonitRegionEastSSESSE1SSE2SSE3,222,248Samut,5,209,218–220,235,246SamutPrakan,218,219central,219SAMUTPRAKARN,235Samutprakarn,209,212,213,218,220,246SamutprakarnProvince,209,212,213,220,246SamutprakarntoSamutSakhon,218SamutSakhon,5,209,218–220,246SamutSakhonProvince(SSS),209,220,240,246,252,258,263SamutSakhontoPathumThani,218SAMUTSAKHORN,235298IndexSandarticles,16clayey,213coarse,213dense,51,86,163,164dry,84homogeneous,33layer,215particles,16stiff,140thick,214thin,214underlying,2,212SanJoaquinValley,21Saturatedaquifer,49,163,165elastic,163Saturatedelastichalfspace,123,155Saturatedsoil,7,20,25,40–46,60–62,76,112,114,121,122Saturation,15,27,28,31,45,63wettingphase,63Scalar,38,171,181Scaledetailedspatio-temporal,268largetime,121,124local,114macroscopic,34problem,7,75,114regional,113,114,268,269Scarce,186,268Schemenitevolume,181implicit,185timeintegration,178School,83Scientists,3,68,94soil-mechanic,94Scope,6–8,68Screen,154,155,157,158Screenlength,154,157Seaenvironments,shallow,213Season,200,267dry,17,216wet,17Seawater,13,219Seawaterencroachment,7,20,25rainy,216Secondcolumnoftable,202,204Secondstageofsubsidence,19Sect,83,130,136,162,192,245Sectionalarea,27,40,42,47,94,186cross,27,40,42,94Sediment(s)aquifer's,215clastic,212deposited,28grains,99moist,99new,21overlying,211,212saturated,99semi-consolidated,212soft,215subsiding,21supply,21suspended,15topmost,2,212unconsolidated,1,20underlying,99underlyinghigher-density,13unsaturated,98young,122,215Sedimentaryfacies,215Sedimentation,6,21,60,94,121,124,211natural,4Seepage,134,161,178,216Seepagefactor,216Selectedregions,various,248Selvadurai,A.
P.
S.
,68Semi-conningbed,216Semi-innitedomain,123,154–157Sentence,5,118,194,208Septictanks,190Sequence,2,211thickmonotonousgeosynclinal,211Sequentialpurpose,118Settlement,80,81calculations,85–92computation,83–92curve,83data,248lower,86pressurehead,258re-compression,3Shanghai,21Shear,32,43,44,60,61,69,111,112,114,119,130,139,163,164,166elastic,166modulusa,163stiffness,69stressreciprocity,43Shellfragments,213Shrinkage,16,28Shrinkageofclaysresults,16Si,90,185,186,189,192,201,202,204,209,220,222,246,248Silica,84Index299Silt,1,16,20,28,29,32,33,213lens,33particles,16Simplicity,112,121,123Simplications,52Simulate,68,105,181,246Sin,80,157,160Singlecellanalog,77,79Single-cellmechanicalanalog,78,79Singularvaluedecomposition(SVD),191,203,204,245Sink,16,48,67,123,134,154–156,158,159,161–164,181Sinkhole(s),9–13,15,22collapse,12form,11formation,10,22Sink-inducedlanddeformationproblem,155Sinking,9Sink/source,48,67Sink/sourceterms,181Sivakumar,V.
,111Sizegrain,28,34particle,28,33SizeNc,187SizeNK,187,188Sjht,206Skeletalframe,57Skeleton,7,20,25,40,42,44,57,93,114solid,57Slicasand,dry,84Slowestdissipationbeing,81Slurry,94,96Sobolev,133Sobolevspace,61,62,125,175–176Software,1,7,123,191,197–207,222–227,229,244,259,265–267applications,1,265automatic,222developed,199used,222–226,229Soil(s),7,9,16,20,25,28,31,40,42,45–46,56–58,75–116,121,141,164cause,20changes,60clays,42cohesive,93compression,3,45consolidatedclayey,121consolidation,3,78consolidationprocess,78deformation,1,6,27densesand,164deposit,layered,90displacements,119,120,178dry,84forms,94grains,45granular,93,94,121gravel,164layer,6,89,106idated,85matrix,6,7,25,26,58–60,68,97,108–109,112–115,121,122,124compression,3displacement,66mechanics,40,107,112,176computations,112model,266most,31,94movement,26,155,157oven-dried,31particles,20,30,84,121,123,124pores,31porous,15prole,simplied,103scientists,3semi-inniteelastic,138settlement,1skeleton,7,25,40,42,114soft,141solids,31structure,16,40open,16subsidence,6,58,62,97,154,265surface,6,99swelling,16tested,3unsaturated,40–46,114,122voids,29Soil'sconsolidation,76Soil'sloading,20Solid(s),13,25,28–31,44,50,51,84,94,219dilation,56dissolved,219surface,32volume,94Solidparticles(SP),25,27,29–30Solubilities,15Solute(s),67massbeing,67transport,52Solutionclassicalnon-coupled,120closedform,120,123,124,127,136,137,154–160,265computational,176300IndexSolution(cont.
)coupled,119,120ofequation,188–189extraction,23general,7,135,179ofgroundwaterproblems,179–182iterative,178leastsquares,191,203,204mining,13second,126,127separated,126–127systemof,126–127unique,129,131Sorting,29Sourcecoordinates,167Sources,principal,216South,5,212,213,217,222,248Southernparts,219,220,246SouthernPeninsula,211Southwest,arid,15SP.
SeeSolidparticles(SP);Solidparticles(SP)SP1,126SP2,126SP3,127Space,3,25,29,30,33,35–37,51,52,61,62,99,112,123–125,134,137,155,161–164,166,167,171,175,176,181,215air,16intergranularlowest-orderRaviart-Thomas,181open,11void,9,30,33shuttle,37Spatial,36,62,116,140,179,220,235–240,268discretization,179distribution,235–245Spatio-temporal,268Speedregimes,37Spherespacked,27uniform,27Sphericalsurface,171Split,220,246SPN,220,222,246,252SPNregion,252SPNSPN1SPN2SPN3SPN4SPN5,222,248SPN4SPN5,222,248Spreadover,42Spreadsheet,241,242Spring(s)discharges,201,241elastic,109,110load-compression,45perfect,94stiffness,77Spring/piston/wateranalog,40SPS,222,240,246,248,257,258,263SPSregion,257SPS5SamuPhrakarnNorthSPNSPN1SPN2SPN3,222,248SPSSPS1SPS2SPS3SPS4SPS5,222,248Square(s),82,154,187–188,191,202–204,206counting,82meter,given,235Squeezeout,40Sr,45Srpw,45Ss,32,57–58,64SSE4SSE5SamuSakmonitRegionWestSSWSSW1,222,248Sske,104Sskv,104SSregion,252,257–258,261SSS.
SeeSamutSakhonProvince(SSS)SSSregion,252SSW5,222,248SSW2SSW3SSW4SSW5,222,248ST,186–189Stability,15,186Stagenal,217natural,3Stanley,A.
,97Stateconsolidated,88dry,16equationof,26nal,91,92initial,79,85,91,92,95,193links,26natural,86original,101,108over-consolidated,86,97steady,52,110,123,181,205,245total,58undeformed,110variable,48,180–182associated,180Stations,113,114,222,223,246,249,268given,268single,114Statisticalanalysis,246,248Statistics,4,203,217,246,248usingmultivariate,203Steady-statesolutions,172Index301Step,188,189,201–206constantstress,108rst,147Stewart,W.
A.
,27,28Stewart,W.
E.
,27Stiff(siltyclay),2,140,142,143,212very,142Stokes,27,40equations,40Storage,32,51,57,64,65,67,104,180,182,216,268capacity,32,268coefcient,180,182,216mechanisms,65Sskevalues,104term,64,65Storativity,184–186,189,199,201,245,267coefcients,245integrated,185parameters,186Stories,235Strainbehavior,121elastic,58,110increasing,108induced,110initial,58,110mediumvolume,61rate,109residual,110shear,114steady-state,110stepconstant,108tensor,59thermal,59three-dimensional,130total,59,69,110visco-elastic,110volumetric,60,130Strata,114,212,214Stratageoelectrical,212Stratigraphicsuccess,211Stratum,120,143,154,164rmer,143saturatedporous,154Streams,11,12,15,17,18,54,190efuent,190Streets,1,21Strength,15,94,156,158high,15Stress(es)applyingexternal,40average,3,45changes,99,144,145,147,226–227vertical,147components,41,43computed,101conservation,58–60continuum,94critical,110,111cube,41,43innitesimal,43decreasing,108diagrams,100,101distribution,44,112,114,121,122,133–134eld,105,121,124effective,105nal,88general,59geostatic,98,99,101hydrostatic,98,99,103,112increasing,95increment,40initial,88,112,114,121,122,133–134,136,266inter-granular,44,60,97maximum,141minimum,141poroelastic,60positive,43pre-consolidation,86,97,103pressure,7principal,43,112relaxation,behaviors,108,110repartition,145shear,32,43,44,166solid,60state,94,95,112,144,150initialeffective,144principal,112strain,108,109tectonic,98,99tensile,94tensor,43,45,57,98,113effective,98,113total,45,57terms,78transfer,121Stress-straincurves,108,109Su,143Sub-aquifers,213,214,248various,248Subject,4,10,45,123,145,151,177,188unsaturatedgranularmaterial,45Sub-layers,88–92,103,106,140,144rst,91second,92302IndexSub-model,267Sub-regions,220,267Subscripts,35,36,44Subsidenceanalysisof,3calibration,252–259cause,22,62–66,115,122,176causing,2,15,60code,219computed,252cumulative,114,115data,114,220,222,245–248,250,252analysis,246station,222event,20le,242historical,246oflandsurface,2large-scale,1maximum,21measured,252model(s)of,26,112,121,244natural,22,121,124phenomenon,9–22,122prediction,68,120,177,178problem,1,9,21,114,265rates,2,4,5annual,2slow,1,22stations,113,223,249sudden,22total,3,8withdrawal-related,16Substance,14,109elastic,109visco-elastic,109Substitute,64,65,168–170Substitutingequation,168–170SubstitutingKs,63Substitutions,172Subsurface,9,10,14,15,20,22,31,52–54,215cavities,10,14drainagepathways,15hydrogeology,31waterow,52,53Subtracting,112,132Subtractingequation,132Suctionpressure,64Sum,44,56,98,99,120,124,126,127,130,132,139,141,186,188,190pondered,126,127Superiority,181Superposition,7,126–127,139,157,265principle,7theorem,126,127Suppliesresults,178Support,3,12–15,77,79buoyant,3Surfacebodiesofwater,17erosional,213free,183load,88phreatic,183runoff,10,15stress,146,147,151distributed,147topography,12water,5,15,55SurfacedS,36Surroundings,5,53Sw,31,63Swallows,9,15Swelling,16,17,28,95,96,177SwellingIndex,96,177Symbols,19,61,138,163Symbolvalueunits,163Symmetry,55,94,154Symposium,8,71–73,116,117,194,195,269Systemair-water,63cave,11couple,127coupled,62,123,164,265decoupled,179enteredBangkokaquifers,217ofequation,58,62,76,123–130,135–136,160,162,175–179,187,191,265following,76,188fracture,11general,206inter-bed,106last,128matrix,181,201,202,204,205partialdifferential,135,179periodic,27physical,108porous,68prediction,206two-aquifer,98TTables,following,220,225,227,232,238,248,259Tarn,123Index303Team,123,140Technology,2,216Temperature,26,52,53,58,59,67,71,110,180,215,217conditions,110eld,71high,67Tensiledirection,94Tensivestudy,3Tensordispersion,67equation,98form,45fourth-order,94moleculardiffusion,67total,98TermKij,186TermQ1,126,127Termsrst,71last,170main,105new,202,204second,70Terrain,surrounded,13Tertiaryextensionalbasins,211Terzaghi,7,20,44,60,75–93,97,99,112,114,115,121,122,130,178,203,266assumptions,112,121consolidationtheory,115,122equation,99model,130principle,76,93relation,97solution,78stressprincipleof,114,122theory,7,75–92,97,178,203theoryofconsolidation,7,75–92,97,178Terzaghi'sconsolidationsolution,82Terzaghi'sprinciple,60,266Terzaghi'ssolution,79,81,83Terzaghi'sstressprinciple,60Text,2Thailand,2,5,122,211,212northern,211Theorem,37,120,126–131,133,155,158,166–172,184,192Theorems,following,126,155,156Theoreticalsoilmechanics,23,74Theoryclassical,93common,124ofconsolidation,7,68,75–94,97,107–116,119–172,178dimensional,7,77–94,103,112,121elastic,60ofelasticity,144fundamental,123linearized,94multiplecell,244ofsoil,76three-dimensional,92–94ofthree-dimensionallandmotion,57three-dimensionconsolidation,115,122Thermal,59,67–71conduction,71conductivity,71expansion,59,69Thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM),67,68Thesub-layer,89Thickclaybed,214,216very,216Thickness,2,79,83,89,93,104,108,212–214initial,104total,212THMbehavior,68THM,coupled,67THMmodel,68THMsolution,68ThonBuri,2,212,214–215,220,222ThonBuriaquifer(TB),2,187,189,212,214–215,220,222Three-dimensionalconsolidationtheory,92–93,123Three-dimensionallandmotion,57Throat,28Throughow,14Tij,45Timecoupled,120curve,110evolution,119,120,178factor,80,81,83rst,4functionsof,36,110geologic,14given,183increasing,77initial,134invariant,80,81,83long,78longresidence,217loop,80,81,83periodof,1,11,189,200rateofchangeofmass,80,81,83304IndexTime(cont.
)step,183,185,187,190,191,194,197,200,240,267new,197various,140unit,49Timespace,117,173Timetn,106Tippingbucket,268Tipvortices,35T/m2,143,144,235Toolsgraphicuserinterface,198independent,266visualization,200Top,2,13,54,55,80,86,140,142,213,216,240Topographic,54Topographicelevationofpumpingwells,240Tortuosity,27,30,34,67high,30tensor,67Totaldisplacement,127,259Totaloriginalvolume,50Totalsettlement,90,92,106Totalstress,42,44,57,76,87,90–93,97,112,114,121,122,140,144,178Totalstresscomponents,45Totalsubsidenceresults,3Totalverticaldisplacement,105–106Totalverticalstress,45,85Totalvolume,30,31,240Towers,buildings,20,140,142large,140,142Trace,57Trackingsatellites,35Transfer,245verticalwater,245Transient,124,162displacements,124groundsurfacedisplacements,173Translation,quantitative,267Transmission,2,212Transmissivity,199,216Transmissivitycoefcients,216,245Transportequation,66uidmass,68samples,217Transversaldispersivity,67Trapping,28Traverses,2,212Trescacriterion,111–112Trial,245Triangulation,181Triassicrocks,211Tributaries,216Tube(s),27,33interconnected,33radii,27walls,33Tv,80,83Two-phaseowmodelforsubsidence,62–66TypeIIboundary,55TypeIIowboundaryconditions,55Typesrst,53used,112Typicalgrainpackings,30Typicalporosityvalues,29Typicalporousmedia,26UUDEC/3DEC,68Ui,80Ulj,203U-momentum,26,39UNatural,120,124Unconnedaquifer,99,101,103idealized,101Unconnedformation,114,122Uncoupledformulation,192Uncoupledmodels,178approximate,178Uncoupledsimulator,178Underground,12res,14large,11resource,22storage,67Underlain,3,22Uniformhydrologicalbehavior,184,192Uniformity,140,245–251,256–258Uniformly-loadedcircle,154Uniformly-loadedcirculararea,146Uniformly-loadedrectangularareas,148Uniqueness,126,127,133,166,171Uniquenesstheorem,133,171UnitedStates,9,10,22contiguous,14,15Unitoutward,62,125,176,180Unitplanarea,45Units,conned,101Unitsurface,43Index305Unitvectorsparallel,49Unitvolume,30–32,48,49Unitweightdry,84,90saturated,84,86,95saturatedbulk,90ofwatera,163Unknowns,181,201,207Unloading,96,177Unloadingcycle,108Unsaturatedzonewatertable,98Uplift,20UpperPaleozoic,211Urbanareas,20,22,265Urbanization,6,7,178,245rapid,5Urbanizationtendencies,232US,9User,198–200,245,267interface,266graphic,198USGS,97,179Usinggeo-hydrologicalconsider,189UTotal,generalsettlement,120,124Uuncoupled,164Uv,80Ux,139,155,158Uy,138,155,158Uz,134,138,155,158,160,162Uzmax,163,164ration,164Uzmax(uncoupled),163,164VValidation,104–105,199,200,205period,240results,200tool,199–200Validity,45,104,112,121Valley,54,211Valueabsolute,163computed,252critical,111drainage,77estimated,216exact,94nal,80,85,165interpolated,232known,190large,119,166new,190,202,204reported,32standard,119typical,32,163Vanishesderivative,39elds,171rstintegral,169,170Variablethickness,213Variation,36,60,106,140,186,197coefcientof,246,248ofeffectivestresses,99–103small-scale,34Vectordimensional,37,166eld,166,167form,183,192known,131normal,36prediction,205residual,187ofsizeNK,187,188unknown,131,187,206Vegetation,13turneddead,14Velocity,33,36,49,77,183components,26elds,57parallel,32pointing,36Venice,21Verticaldirection,34,40,42,98,178Verticaldisplacement,106,107,113,114,116,119,120,123,134,137,164,165,265ˇbn,106uz,138uzmax,163Verticalinow,216Verticalprojection,153Verticalstresseffective,45,85,86,88naleffective,88Vicinity,5,209Virginareas,246Viscidity,116,123Visco-elasticbehavior,108–109Visco-elasticcreep,110–111Visco-elasticcreepdata,111Visco-elasticmodel,57,108,109,111incremental,111Viscosity,109–110coefcient,40dynamic,32,70Viscous,37,40Viscousdamper,109306IndexVisualrepresentation,112Voidsair-lled,84connected,29ratiochange,95initial,86,87,97,104sedimented,94Voigtmodel,110Volcanicdebris,211Volterra,109Volumeconcentration,25extension,128nite,181ux,47integration,35moving,35solid,56,93storativity,185void,93VT,28–31,50,56,93Vv,28,29,50,84,90Vvc,29Vw,30,56,93WWalls,33,55Warren,68,70Wastewater,22Water,163balance,185,190,268model,182bestquality,215brine,66capacity,63–65dependent,64,65compressibilityof,51,163connate,219considering,62consumption,183contentformofRichards,65gravimetric,31maximumvolumetric,31volumetric,30,31,63density,20,32,50,52,66fresh,66dissolves,16elds,177ows,11,54ux,53fresh,66,219goodquality,214,215gravimetric,31ground,15head,182,256,257inltrating,17inltration,16,63inter-aquifer,245level(s),2,3,5,18,123,182,190–191,198,200,201,216,217,219,220,240,241,265,267annual,199le,241,242head,106massbalance,185,252massof,31,49,50mineralized,14movement,121pass,216phase,saturation,63pore,40,49pressure,97pressureresults,98pressureaverage,197,248computed,252data,222,258excesspore,120,166heads,248maximum,248measured,252minimum,248pore,42,45,91,92,120,123,166reference,114,122variation,60,197wells,224–227wellsinLayer,228pumped,217pumping,97,155,157pumps,123quality,190,201,212release,216resources,9department,225saline,218saturation,31sea,66,218source,14stagnant,217supply,214facility,public,4public,4system,190table,1,3,12,15–17,21,22,45,86,90,99–101,114,118,122,144,190Index307uctuationresults,99original,101temperature,215transmit,216unitweightof,80,86,99,100volumeof,30,32,56,190wells,212withdrawal,7,25,60–62,97Water-airsystems,62Weathering,13Weighing,84Weightglobal,235lithostatic,215total,84Wellsdomestic,215municipal,219observation,215private,4production,217public,4totalnumberof,184,240West,211,212,220,246Westbank,219Westernmargins,216Westernmountains,211Wetconditionscause,16Wetness,84Wetting,6Wettingphase,28,62,63WilmingtonoileldofLongBeach,20Windows,main,198Withdrawalexcessive,17region,123steady,124Witherspoon,P.
A.
,178Working-stressrange,145World,6,9–22Ww,84,90XX-direction,39,51XLspreadsheet,241,242YY-direction,51Young'smodulus,137ZZn,105,106Zoneenriched,14narrow,14saturated,17,99selected,246unsaturated,6,99,190Zoning,221,267