埃塞俄比亚爱尔兰征收咖啡税

爱尔兰征收咖啡税时间:2021-04-23 阅读:()

EmbassyoftheFederalDemocraticRepublicofEthiopiaBeijing,December2010埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国驻华大使馆二O一O年十二月于北京INTRODUCTION简介ThenationaldevelopmentpolicyofEthiopiaisAgriculture-ledIndustrialization.
Thecountry'sindustrialdevelopmentstrategy,whichhasbeenlaunchedbytheGovernmentrecently,encouragesagriculture-led,export-orientedandlabor-intensiveindustrieswhichareallinterrelatedandinterdependent.
TheStrategyidentifiesspecialindustrialsectorsandsub-sectorsasexclusiveimportant,deservingspecialattentionanddirectsupporttosecurerapiddevelopment.
Agro-processing,meatprocessing,textileandgarment,leatherandleatherproducts,constructionindustriesandthedevelopmentofmicro-andsmall-scaleenterprisesareareaswhicharegivenprioritybytheGovernmentasspecialindustrialsectorsandsub-sectorsintheindustrialdevelopmentstrategyofthecountry.
埃塞俄比亚的国家发展政策是走农业为主导的工业化道路.
近年来,政府启动了该国的工业发展战略:以农业为主导,以出口为导向和发展劳动密集型产业,这三者是相互联系,相辅相成.
该战略确定了特殊工业部门及附属部门处于绝对重要的位置,理应获得特别关注和直接支持,以确保整体经济快速发展.
在该国工业发展战略中,农业加工、肉类加工、纺织业及制衣业,皮革及皮革产品,建筑业和小型及微型企业的发展作为特殊的工业部门及附属部门领域享有政府赋予的优先发展权.

ThisPromotionbrochurebrieflyhighlightstheprofileofEthiopia(partI),majorinvestmentopportunities(partII),andinvestmentpolicy(partIII)ofthecountry.
此宣传册主要包括埃塞俄比亚简介(第一部分),该国主要投资机遇(第二部分)及该国的投资政策(第三部分).
PARTONEPROFILEOFETHIOPIA第一部分埃塞俄比亚简介GEOGRAPHY(地理)Location(位置)EthiopiaenjoysauniquelocationinthenortheasternpartofAfricaknownasthe'HornofAfrica',atthecrossroadsbetweenAfrica,theMiddleEast,andAsia.
ThecountryisborderedbyDjiboutiandSomaliatotheeast,Eritreatothenorth,SudantothewestandKenyatothesouth.
埃塞俄比亚地理位置得天独厚,坐落于"非洲之角"的非洲东北部,连接非洲,中东和亚洲,东部与吉布提和索马里接壤,北部紧邻厄立特里亚,西部毗邻苏丹,南部与肯尼亚相接壤.
Area(面积)Ithasatotalareaof1.
14millionsq.
kilometers,andextendsbetween30-150northoftheequatorand300–480eastofGreenwichMeridian.
埃塞俄比亚国土总面积为114万平方公里,横跨北纬3-15,纵贯东经30-48Time(时区)GMT+3hours格林尼治+3ElevationExtremes(海拔极点)Ethiopiaisacountryofimmenselandscapecontrasts.
Highandruggedmountains,flat-toppedplateaus,deepgorges,incisedrivervalleysandvastrollingplainsmakeitstopographiclineaments.
Itsaltituderangesfrom148metersbelowsealevelattheDallolDepressionto4620metersabovesealevelontheSeimenMountainsinthenorthwest.
Besidestheaforementioneddiversephysicalfeatures,Ethiopiaisendowedwithcountlesscanyons,gorges,streamsandrivers.
Themajorriverbasinswhichmakethecountry"theWaterTowerofAfrica"includetheAbay(BlueNile),Awash,Baro,Genale,Omo,TekezeandWabiShebele.
埃塞俄比亚幅员辽阔、地形差别较大.
高低起伏的群山,顶部平坦的高原,深邃的峡谷,纵深蜿蜒的河谷和广袤起伏的平原构成了它独特的地貌.
海拔从跨度海平面下148米处的达罗尔谷底到西北部海拔4620米的塞蒙山.
除上述提到的复杂多样的地理特征外,数不尽的峡谷,山峡和溪流构成了埃塞俄比亚的又一特色.
包括阿拜(青尼罗河),阿瓦什,巴罗,格纳里,奥莫,特克泽和瓦必舍贝勒在内的众多河流盆地成就了该国"非洲水塔"的美誉.

1.
2.
PEOPLE(人口)Population:Totalpopulationover73.
9million(2007/08),femalepopulation:36.
6million(49.
5%),malepopulation:37.
3million(50.
5%),populationgrowthrate:2.
6%perannum,ruralpopulation:83.
9%,urbanpopulation:16.
1%.
PopulationDensity:65:1sq.
km.
人口:截止到2007/08年度,埃塞俄比亚的总人口超过7390万,其中女性人口为3660万,占总人口的49.
5%,男性人口为3730万,占总人口的50.
5%,人口年增长率为2.
6%.
其中,农村人口占83.
9%,城镇人口占16.
1%.
人口密度为每平方公里65:1.

HEALTH医疗PrimaryHealthServiceCoverage:89.
6%CrudeMortalityRate:50/1000InfantMortalityRate:77/1000LifeExpectancy:Male53.
42years,Female55.
42yearsBroadAgeStructure:0-14years45.
0%,15-64years51.
9%,65yearsandabove3.
1%主要医疗服务覆盖率:89.
6%大约死亡率:50/1000婴儿死亡率:77/1000平均寿命:男性53.
42岁,女性55.
42岁.
大致年龄结构:0-14岁占总人口的45.
0%,15-64岁占51.
9%,65岁以上占3.
1%.
1.
4.
EDUCATION(2007/08)教育(2007/2008)Numberofcollegesanduniversities:55PrimarySchoolenrollment:14millionSecondarySchoolenrollment:1.
4millionUniversityenrollment:56,421大学及学院数量:55所小学入学人数:1400万中学入学人数:140万高校入学人数:56,421人1.
5.
LANGUAGE&RELIGION(语言和宗教)Thepeopleareethnically,culturallyandlinguisticallydiverse.
Thereareabout80ethnicgroupsspeakingavarietyoflanguageswithinCushitic,Omotic,Nilo-SaharanandSemiticlanguagesfamilies.
AmharicistheworkinglanguageoftheFederalGovernment.
Englishisthemediumofinstructioninsecondaryschoolsandhighereducationinstitutions.
Itisalsowidelyusedinbusinesstransactions,particularlyinbankingandinsurancefirms.
ChristianityandIslamarethemajorreligions.
埃塞俄比亚是一个多种族,多文化,多语言的民族.
大约有80个民族分别使用不同的语言,其中包括库希特语族,奥莫语族,尼罗撒哈拉语族和闪语族.
官方语言为阿姆哈雷语.
英语为中高等学校和教育机构的教学语言,同时在商务事务中尤其是银行和保险部门被广泛使用.
主要信仰的宗教为基督教和伊斯兰教.

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6.
CLIMATE(气候)Ethiopialieswithin15northoftheequator.
Themeanminimumandthemeanmaximumtemperaturesvaryfrom0℃inthehighlandsto45℃inthelowlands.
Thelowlandstypicallyhavesub-tropicalandtropicalclimates.
EthiopiareceivesbigrainsinJune,JulyandAugust;andsmallrainsinFebruaryandMarch.
Theannualrainfallrangesfrom100mmto2800mm.
埃塞俄比亚位于北纬15度,温差变化明显从高原的0℃到低地的45℃.
低洼地区为显著的亚热带和热带气候.
埃塞俄比亚的六月到八月为当地的雨季,在二月和三月降水量较稀少.
年降水量为100毫米到2800毫米.

1.
7.
POLITICALSYSTEM(政体)TheFederalDemocraticRepublicofEthiopia(FDRE)wasestablishedunderthenewConstitutionof21August1995.
TheConstitutionprovidesafederalsystemoftheState,whichisstructurallybasedontheFederalGovernment,nineAutonomousStatesandtwoCharteredCities(AddisAbabaandDireDawa).
ThecountryhasaparliamentformofgovernmentwithabicameralparliamentwhichcomprisestheHouseofPeople'sRepresentativesandtheHouseoftheFederation.
TheHouseofPeople'sRepresentativesisthehighestauthorityoftheFederalGovernment.
Electioniscarriedouteveryfiveyears.
依据新的宪法章程,埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国于1995年8月21日成立,国体为联邦制,由联邦政府,9个自治州和两个特别市(亚的斯亚贝巴和迪里达瓦)组成.
国家政府为议会制,包括众议院和联邦议院,其中众议院为联邦政府最高权威机构,选举每五年举行一次.
1.
8.
CITIESANDTOWNS(城镇)AddisAbaba,thecapitalcity,wasfoundedin1886,andhasapopulationofabout3million.
EvenifAddisAbabaislocatedonly9NorthoftheEquator,itsmeanannualtemperaturedoesnotexceed20℃.
NexttotheLatinAmericancitiesofLaPazandQuito,AddisAbabaissaidtobethethirdhighestelevatedcityintheworld.
AddisAbabainadditiontobeingtheseatoftheGovernmentoftheFederalDemocraticRepublicofEthiopia(FDRE),itisalsotheseatoftheAfricanUnion(AU)wherebytheAfricancountries'HeadofStatesmeeteveryJanuary,theUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforAfrica(UNECA)andmorethan90embassiesandconsulates.
Severalotherinternationalorganizationsalsohavetheirheadquartersandbranchofficesinthecapital.
Itisalsothecenterofcommerceandindustry.
Mercato,thelargestopen-airmarketinAfrica,isalsofoundinAddisAbaba.
OthermajorcitiesandtownsincludeAdama,BahirDar,DebreMarkos,Dessie,DireDawa,Gondar,Harar,Hawassa,Jimma,Kombolcha,andMekelejusttomentionafew.
TheyareconnectedtoAddisAbababyasphaltroads.
MostofthetownsarealsoconnectedwithAddisAbababyair.
首都亚的斯亚贝巴建立于1886年,大约有300万人口.
尽管该市仅位于北纬9度,这里的年平均气温仍未超过20摄氏度.
仅次于拉丁美洲的拉巴斯市和基多市,亚的斯亚贝巴是世界上第三大高速发展的城市.
该市不仅是埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国政府所在地,还是非盟(每年的一月份非洲各国首脑在此会面),联合国非洲经济委员会以及90多国大使馆及领事馆所在地,还有一些其他的国际性组织的总部和分部设在这里.
这里也是工业和商业中心,该市的墨卡托是非洲最大的露天市场.
其他的主要城镇包括阿达马、巴希尔达、得布莱马可斯、德西,德利达瓦、贡达尔、哈勒尔、哈瓦萨、吉马、科布尔察、默克莱等等,它们都与首都亚的斯亚贝巴市有柏油路相通,其中大多数城镇与首都也有航线相连.
1.
9.
COLLABORATIONSANDMEMBERSHIPSININTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONS(国际组织的成员身份及合作关系):Ethiopiaisamemberofthefollowingorganizationsforinternationalcooperation:theInter-GovernmentalAuthorityonDevelopment,theCommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfrica(COMESA)theInternationalCivilAviationOrganization,theInternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties,theInternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopment,theInternationalLabourOrganization,theNonalignedMovement,theOrganizationfortheProhibitionofChemicalWeapons,andtheUnitedNations(UN)(includingsubsidiaryUNagenciessuchastheConferenceonTradeandDevelopment,theFoodandAgricultureOrganization,theUnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganization,theUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees,andtheWorldHealthOrganization),African,Caribbean,Pacific-EuropeanUnion(ACP-EU)ParliamentaryCouncil.
Ethiopiaisalsoamemberofthefollowinginternationalinstitutions:theInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(WorldBank),theInternationalDevelopmentAssociation,theInternationalFinanceCorporation,andtheInternationalMonetaryFund.
EthiopiaisalsoamemberofthefollowingmultilateralAfricanorganizations:theAfrican,Caribbean,andPacificGroupofStates,theAfricanDevelopmentBank,andtheAfricanUnion.
埃塞俄比亚在国际合作中是下列组织的成员国:政府间发展管理局,国际民用航空组织,红十字会国家联合会和红新月会,国际农业发展基金会,国际劳工组织,不结盟运动,禁止化学武器组织和联合国(包括联合国下属机构,如贸易和发展会议、粮农组织、联合国教科文组织、联合国难民安置署及世界卫生组织),非洲、加勒比、太平洋-欧盟各国议会联盟理事会.

埃塞俄比亚也是下列国际机构的成员国:国际复兴开发银行(世行),国际发展协会,国际金融组织和国际货币基金组织.
埃塞俄比亚还是下列多边非洲组织的成员:非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团,非洲开发银行和非盟.

1.
10.
ECONOMICENVIRONMENT(经济环境)Theeconomicgrowthrate(GDPatconstantbasicprice)for2001EFY(2009G.
C)isestimatedtobe9.
9%.
Aspertheestimates,annualgrowthratesofthemajorsectors,i.
e.
Agriculture,industryandservicewere6.
4%,9.
9%and14.
0%respectively;andtheirsharesoutofthetotalGDPwere43%,13%and44%respectively.
据估计,2001埃塞俄比亚财政年度的经济增长率为9.
9%(国内生产总值以恒定的基价来计算).
据估计,主要行业即农业、工业和服务业的年增长率分别是6.
4%,9.
9%和14.
0%;它们在国内生产总值中所占的比例分别是43%,13%和44%.
Overthelastsixconsecutiveyears;i.
e.
during1996-2001EFY(2003/04-2008/09G.
C)theeconomyhasregisteredrapidgrowth.
Accordingly,inthisperiodtheannualaveragegrowthrateofGDPwas11.
5%.
Theagriculture,industryandservicesectors'annualaveragegrowthwas10.
8%,10.
1%and13%respectively.
Theeconomicindicators(realGDPgrowthrateandinflation),sectoralshareandmajorexportitem'sshare(invalue%)ofeachconsecutiveyearareasshowninthetablesbelow.
在过去连续的六年中,即1996-2001,埃塞俄比亚财政年度内(2003/04-2008/09G.
C),经济呈现出快速增长的势头.
在该段时间内,国内生产总值的年平均增长率为11.
5%.
农业、工业和服务业的年平均增长率分别为10.
8%,10.
1%和13%.
连续数年的经济显示数据(国内生产总值净增长率和通货膨胀),各行业所占比率(按百分比计算)和主要出口项目所占份额如下表所示:Table1:EconomicIndicators(经济指数)2003/042004/052005/062006/072007/082008/092009/10RealGDPgrowthrate(%)国内生产总值净增长率(百分比)11.
712.
611.
611.
411.
69.
910.
40Inflation(%)通货膨胀(百分比)7.
36.
110.
615.
825.
336.
4-Table2:SectoralShareinGDP(国内生产总值中各行业所占比例)2003/042004/052005/062006/072007/082008/092009/10(forecast)(预测)Agriculture(%GDP)农业(百分比)46.
74746.
745.
944.
143.
042.
0Manufacturing(%GDP)制造业(百分比)13.
913.
513.
313.
313.
013.
013.
0Services(%GDP)服务业(百分比)39.
439.
440.
040.
842.
945.
046.
1Table3:MajorExportItems(shareinvalue%)主要出口产品(所占比例/百分比)Items(产品)2003/042004/052005/062006/072007/082008/092009/10Coffee(咖啡)34.
942.
635.
435.
835.
826.
026.
4Oilseeds(油籽)15.
313.
021.
115.
814.
924.
017.
9Chat(Khat)(恰恰草)14.
810.
48.
97.
87.
410.
010.
5Leatherandleatherproducts(皮革及皮革制品)7.
17.
97.
57.
66.
85.
02.
8Gold(黄金)9.
25.
66.
58.
25.
47.
014.
0Pulses(豆类)4.
24.
53.
75.
99.
86.
06.
5Flowers(花卉)0.
40.
92.
25.
47.
69.
08.
5MeatandMeatProducts(肉类及肉制品)1.
12.
01.
91.
31.
42.
01.
7FruitsandVegetables(果蔬)1.
22.
021.
31.
40.
91.
01.
6LiveAnimals(鲜活动物)4.
04.
5Cotton(棉花)0.
30.
5NaturalGum(天然橡胶)1.
00.
6Spices(香料)1.
00.
9Tea(茶)0.
10.
04Beewax(蜂蜡)0.
10.
1Civet(麝猫香)0.
020.
03NaturalHoney(天然蜂蜜)0.
040.
1Textile&Garment(纺织服装)1.
0-Sugar(糖)1.
0-Beverages(饮品)0.
10.
1OilseedsProducts(油籽产品)0.
20.
04ProcessedCoffee(加工咖啡)0.
0020.
003MacaroniandPasta(意大利面)0.
010.
004Tire(轮胎)0.
020.
003Capsule(胶囊)0.
020.
01AnimalVaccine(动物疫苗)0.
10.
04HairOil(发油)0.
1Tantalum(钽)0.
50.
6Minerals(otherthanGold&Tantalum)(矿产资源)(黄金和钽除外)0.
040.
1Others(其他)11.
811.
0811.
510.
810.
01.
01.
1MajorImportOrigins(2007/08)主要进口地(2007/08)Themajorsourcesofthecountry'simportareAsia62.
6%;Europe24.
6%;America5.
8%;Africa6.
8%,Oceania0.
3%.
该国主要进口来自于:亚洲占62.
6%;欧洲占24.
6%;美洲5.
8%;非洲占6.
8%;大洋洲占0.
3%.
ForeignInvestmentTrend外来投资趋势Asthecountryisendowedwithtremendousuntappedresourcesalongwithbusinessfriendlyenvironmentthatfavorsforeigndirectinvestment,therehasbeenaspectacularincreaseinFDIoverthepastfewyears.
TheFDIshareofEuropeis41.
9%,Asia35.
2%,Africa14.
2%,America8.
2%andOceania0.
5%.
埃塞俄比亚巨大未开发的资源和友好的商务环境吸引着外商的直接投资,如下图所示在过去的几年中外商直接投资保持显著增长.
在外商直接投资中,欧洲所占份额为41.
9%,亚洲为35.
2%,非洲14.
2%,美洲8.
2%和大洋洲0.
5%.

TrendofApprovedForeignInvestmentprojects(经认可的国外投资项目走向)YearofInvestment(投资年度)Labor(劳动力)Withapopulationover80million,Ethiopiahasabundant,cheapandeasilytrainablelaborresources.
TheaveragedailywagesforunskilledlaborgenerallyrangesfromBirr17-21(US$1.
24–1.
55)per-day.
ThesalariesoffreshuniversitygraduatesnormallyrangefromBirr1400–1800(US$104-135).
Therefore,theexistenceofcheapandeasilytrainablelaboroffersagreatpotentialfordevelopmentandinvestmentinEthiopia.
埃塞俄比亚,超过8000万人口的国家,拥有充足廉价且易培训的劳动力资源.
雇用非熟练劳动力的平均日薪一般在17-21比尔(约合美元1.
24-1.
55).
大学刚毕业的劳动力的月薪大致为1400-1800比尔(约合美元104-135).
因而,廉价且易培训的劳动力的存在为外商埃塞俄比亚的投资与发展提供了巨大潜力.

Market(市场)Apopulationofover80million,COMESA:Exportsto,andimportsfrom,19membercountries(about400millionpeople)oftheCommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfrica(COMESA)enjoypreferentialtariffrates(with10%reductiononimportduties),UndertheAfricanGrowthandOpportunityAct(AGOA)oftheUSAProgram,Ethiopianmanufacturedexportproductsareentitledtoduty-freeandquota-freeaccesstotheUSAmarket,UndertheGeneralizedSystemofPreference(GSP),awiderangeofEthiopia'smanufacturedproductsareentitledtopreferentialdutytreatmentinAustria,Canada,Finland,Japan,Norway,Switzerland,Sweden,andtheUSAaswellasmostEuropeanUnioncountries,TheEuropeanUnion'sEverythingButArms(EMA)initiativeoffersprivilegedaccesstoEthiopianexportgoodsexceptarms,etc.
超过8000万的人口;东部和南部非洲共同市场:进口和出口到东非和南非共同市场的19个成员国(大约4亿人口)享有优惠关税(减少10%的进口税);根据美国方案中非洲增长和机会法案,由埃塞俄比亚制造出口到美国市场的产品享有免税和自由额的待遇;根据普惠制,出口到奥地利,加拿大,芬兰,日本,挪威,瑞士,瑞典,美国和大多数欧盟国家的埃塞俄比亚制品享有特惠关税的待遇;欧盟货币协定除武器外的其他埃塞俄比亚的出口货物享有优惠条件.
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11.
INFRASTRUCTURE(基础设施)RoadsandRailwayNetwork(公路和铁路网络)Thetotalroadnetworktwelveyearsagowas20,262km,nowithasreachedtoabove49,000km(AddisZemen,August7/2010(1/2002E.
C),ofwhich54%isnowinagoodandserviceablecondition.
10,000kilometersofmajorasphaltandsecondaryroadshadbeenconstructedthroughoutthecountrywithinthepastfiveyears.
12年前,20,262公里的总公路网络现已超过49,000公里(AddisZemen,2010.
8月7日1/2002E.
C),其中54%现状况良好可用.
在过去的五年中,全国范围内共修筑10,000公里的主要柏油路和二级公路.
ThereisalsoarailwaynetworkwhichconnectsthecentralandeasternpartsofEthiopiafromAddisAbabatoDjibouti.
ToeasethepublictransportationprobleminAddis,a70kmsmodernelectricpoweredlightrailistobeintroducedwithinthenexttwoyears.
AsthecapitalcityofAfrica,thisfeaturewouldperhapsgiveAddisastylishmetropolitanimage.
AportionoftheonebilliondollarloansecuredfromChinaisexpectedtomaterializethislongawaitedprojectforAddisresidents.
Thenextmegaprojectisthe5060kilometersrailwayprojectenvisionedtoconnectNorth,South,EastandWestendsofthecountry.
还有从亚的斯亚贝巴到吉布提将埃塞俄比亚中部和东部连接起来的铁路系统.
为缓解亚的斯的公共交通问题,在未来的两年内将会引进一条70公里长的现代化的电轨.
作为非洲的首都城市,该轻轨将会赋予亚的斯一个时尚大都市的形象,中国提供的十亿美元贷款的一部分预计会用来完成亚的斯人民期待已久的这项工程.
下一个巨大的工程是完成将该国东西南北连接起来的5060公里的铁路项目.

AirTransport航空运输SeveralmajorinternationalandregionalairlinesprovideregularservicebetweenEthiopiaandothercountries.
Theseinclude-KenyaAirways,ArabEmirate,EgyptAir,TurkishAir,Lufthansa,tonamebutafew.
ButnoairlinehasmadeChinaclosertoAfricathanEthiopianAirlines.
一些主要的国际和地区航空公司提供埃塞俄比亚和其他国家之间的定期航行服务.
它们包括肯尼亚航空公司,阿联酋联合航空公司、埃及航空公司、土耳其航空公司,汉莎航空公司等.
但是只有埃塞俄比亚航空公司拉近了非洲与中国的距离.

EthiopianAirlineshasatotalof18directreturnflightsaweekfromAddisAbabatoChinaofwhichBeijingandGuangzhoutakesup7eachandHongKongtakestheremaining4flights.
埃塞俄比亚航空公司一星期共有18趟往返于中国和亚的斯亚贝巴之间的班机,北京和广州分别有7趟,香港4趟.
EthiopianAirlines(EAL)astheflagcarrierofEthiopiastandsoutasthemostreliablewithits64yearsofflyingexperience.
Withatotalof555weeklyinternationaldeparturesworldwide,itfliesto59Internationaland17Domesticdestinations.
EALlinksthecountrywith45citiesinfourcontinents:38inAfrica(Abidjan,Abuja,Accra,AddisAbaba,Bamako,Brazzaville,Bujumbura,Cairo,Dakar,DaresSalaam,DireDawa,Djibouti,Douala,Entebbe,Harare,Johannesburg,Juba,Khartoum,Kigali,Kilimanjaro,Kinshasa,Lagos,Libreville,Lilongwe,Lome,Luanda,Lubumbashi,Lusaka,Malabo,Mombasa,Monrovia,N'Djamena,Nairobi,Ouagadougou,Pointe-Noire,andZanzibar.
),12intheMiddleEastandAsia(Bahrain,Bangkok,Beijing,Beirut,Dubai,Guangzhou,HongKong,Jeddah,Kuwait,Mumbai,Delhi,Riyadh,Sana'a,andTelAviv),6inEuropeand1intheAmericas(Brussels,Frankfurt,London,Paris,Rome,Stockholm,andWashington).
作为埃塞俄比亚国家航空公司,拥有64年飞行经验的埃塞俄比亚航空公司以最值得信赖而著称.
每周共有555趟世界范围内的国际航班出港,分别飞抵59个国际目的地和17个国内目的地.
埃塞俄比亚航空公司将该国与分布于四个州的45个城市相连接:在非洲的有38个(阿比让,阿布贾,阿克拉,亚的斯亚贝巴,巴马科,布拉扎维,布琼布拉,开罗,达喀尔,达累斯萨拉姆,迪雷达瓦,吉布提,杜阿拉,恩德培,哈拉雷,约翰内斯堡,久巴,喀土穆,基加利,乞力马扎罗,金沙萨,拉各,利伯维尔,利隆圭,洛美,罗安达,卢本巴希,卢萨卡,马拉博,蒙巴萨岛,蒙罗维亚,恩贾梅纳,内罗毕,瓦加杜古,黑角,桑给巴尔),中东和亚洲地区有12个(巴林,曼谷,北京,贝鲁特,迪拜,广州,香港,吉达,科威特,孟买,德里,利雅得,萨那和特拉维夫),欧洲和美洲各有6个和1个(布鲁塞尔,法兰克福,伦敦、巴黎、罗马,斯德哥尔摩和华盛顿).

Theairlinehasalargefleetof44aircraftsincludingtenBoeing767-300,eightBoeing757-200,twoBoeing757-260F,twoBoeing747F,twoMD-11F,fiveBoeing737-700NGand5-Fokker50.
Ithasalsoorderedover40aircraftsincludingtwelveA350-900fromAirbus,ten787DreamLinerandten-737-800JetsfromBoeing埃塞俄比亚航空公司拥有44架飞机的庞大的舰队,包括10架波音767-300,八架波音757-200,两架波音757-260F,两架波音747F,两架MD-11F,五架波音737-700NG和5架Fokker50.
该公司也已订了40多架飞机,包括空客的12架A350-900,十架787梦幻客机和十架波音737-800喷气式飞机.

Operatingattheforefrontoftechnology,ithasalsobecomeoneofEthiopia'smajorindustriesandaveritableinstitutioninAfrica.
Itcommandsalion'sshareofthepanAfricannetworkincludingtheonlydailyeast-westflightacrossthecontinent.
ItisimportanttonoteherethatnoairlinefliestomoredestinationsinAfricathanEthiopianAirlines,whichwonittherightfulname-"anairlinethatbringsAfricatogether"towhichonemayadd"andbringingtherestoftheworldtoAfrica".
走在技术的最前沿,埃塞俄比亚航空公司也已成为埃塞俄比亚的主要工业之一,同时也是非洲名副其实的一家机构.
它掌控着非洲网络全景的很大一部分,包括横跨该州东西部的日常航线.
在此非常值得一提的是,在非洲没有一家航空公司拥有比埃塞俄比亚航空公司更多的飞行目的地,正因如此,埃塞俄比亚被理所应当的冠以"将非洲联系在一起的航空公司"的美称,在此之上附加"正在将非洲与世界各地联系在一起"也不为过.
Communication(通讯)Thedevelopmentofmoderntelecommunicationinfrastructuresinthelastfiveyearshadbeenremarkable:18,000kmsoffiberopticscablehadsofarbeeninstalledinthecountry.
Consideringthefactthatfiberopticsisthelateststateoftheartdigitalcommunicationtechnologythisfigureisastounding.
ThetotallengthoffiberopticscableinstalledinAfricais60,000kms.
Ethiopiaalonehasinstalled30%ofthetotallengthinAfricatakesthelion'sshare.
在过去的五年里,现代电信设施的发展是显著的:目前该国已安装18,000千米长的光纤缆.
鉴于光纤是艺术数字通讯技术的最新状态,这个数字是令人震惊的.
非洲安装的光纤缆的总长为60,000千米,埃塞俄比亚的光纤缆安装占到非洲光纤缆的最大份额,为总长的30%.
AnumberofmicrowaveandGPRSantennashavebeeninstalledwithinremotepartsofthecountry,toprovidemobiletelecommunicationaccesstothemass.
AtthemomentitispossibletoaccessinternetservicesUsing3Gmobileapparatus,500kilometersoutofAddis.
已安装在该国偏远地区大量的微波和GPRS天线为埃塞俄比亚人民提供了移动电信渠道,同时亚的斯方圆500公里范围内也可通过3G移动设备享用移动服务.
1.
12.
ELECTRICPOWER(电力)Theuntappedenergygeneratingcapacityresourcesofthecountryare5,000megawattsfromgeothermal,100GigawattsfromWind,nottomentionthepotentialpowerthatcanbegeneratedfromits300milliontonsofcoal,solarandbio-fuelresources.
Ethiopiaknownasthe"WaterTowerofAfrica"isinapositiontodevelopahydroelectricpowercapacityof45,000megawatts.
ThiscapacitymakesitsecondonlytoZaireinAfrica.
Toexploitthisnaturalandenvironmentalfriendlysourceofenergy,severalmegahydroelectricdamswerebuiltwithinthelastfiveyears,andmanymoreareonthepipeline.
Tonameafew:该国尚未开发的能源发电潜力资源包括:地热能产生的5000兆瓦电力,风能转换来的100千兆,还有没提到的3亿吨煤炭,太阳能和生物能源产生的潜在电能.
以"非洲水塔"文明的埃塞俄比亚可开发45,000兆瓦容量的水力发电.
该容量在非洲仅次于扎伊尔居第二位.
为开发该自然环保能源,在过去的五年内,建造了几座巨大的水力发电站,还有更多在规划中.
列举其中几座:GilgelGibeone:184megawatts,GilgelGibetwo:420megawatts,GlilgelGibethree:1,800megawatts(tobeimplementedsoon),Tekeze:300megawatts(thetallestinAfrica)Tekeze:460megawattsGilgelGibe1:184兆瓦GilgelGibe2:420兆瓦GilgelGibe3:1800兆瓦(近期完工)Tekeze:300兆瓦(非洲最高)Tekeze:460兆瓦Inadditiontothesedams,thegovernmentplanstoincreaseitshydroelectricpowercapacityfromitscurrent2600megawattsto10,000bytheyear2015andreach17,000bytheyear2025.
NowthatGilgelGibethree'slongawaitedfundingisalreadysecuredfromaChinesefirm,withitscapacityof1800megawattsitwouldbethebiggestpowergeneratinghydroelectricprojectinSubSaharaAfrica.
除上述列举的水电站外,该政府计划到2015年将其水力发电量从目前的2600兆瓦增加到10,000兆瓦,到2025年则增加到17,000兆瓦.
由一家中国企业提供的期待已久的GilgelGibe三期工程项目资金已到位,1800兆瓦的发电容量将使其成为非洲撒哈拉以南地区最大的水力发电动力项目.
Aboveandbeyondtosatisfyingthepowerneedsofthecountry,exportingpowerto,neighboringcountriessuchasKenya,DjiboutiandTheSudan,aswellastofarawayclientssuchasEgyptandtheSouthernAfricannationsisoneofthegoalssetbythegovernment–infrastructuralpreparationssuchaserectinggigantictowersisalreadyinprogresstowardsDjibouti,SudanandKenya.
除用以满足国内电力需求外,埃塞俄比亚还将电力出口到一些邻国,如肯尼亚,吉布提和苏丹,还有距离较远的其他国家,如埃及和非洲南部的一些国家,是该国政府制定的基础设施建设中的一个目标,例如,架设通往吉布提、苏丹和肯尼亚的巨塔已在建中.

Amegaprojectintheelectrificationofcities,townsandvillageshadbeenunderprogressforthelastfiveyears.
Thecurrentannualaverageofelectrificationhassurpassed1000townsayearasopposedto50townssome15yearsago.
ThegoalistotransformEthiopiaintotheDevelopedNationsStatuswhere50%ofthepopulationwouldhaveaccesstoelectricitybytheyear2025.
近5年来,城镇、乡村电气化的一个巨大项目正在进行中.
与15年前只有50所城镇实现电气化相比,如今平均每年实现电气化的城镇数目已超过了1000座.
其目标是使埃塞俄比亚能达到发达国家的电力发展水平,也就是到2025年,全国一半的人口能用得上电.

MajorReasonstoInvestinEthiopia(在埃塞俄比亚投资的主要原因)Politicalandmacro-economicstability;Strategiclocation:atthecrossroadbetweenAfrica,AsiaandtheMiddleEast;Untappednaturalresources,excellentclimate,andfertilesoils;Abundant,inexpensive,competitiveandeasilytrainablelaborforce;Almostnobureaucraticmaze;ZerotolerancetocorruptionVerynearlyfreeofcrime;andhighlevelofsecurityofpersonandproperty;Ampleopportunitiesinprivatizationprogram;Alluringincentivepackages;Marketaccess.
政治和宏观经济的稳定性;具有战略性意义的地理位置:非洲,亚洲和中东间的重要通道;尚未开发的资源,宜人的气候和肥沃的土壤;充足廉价,有竞争力且可塑性较强的劳动力;几乎无官僚作风;腐败无处滋生;犯罪事件鲜见,个人和财产安全有充分的保障;私有化进程中机遇较多;富有吸引力的优惠配套方案;市场准入.
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GENERALINFORMATION(一般信息)Visas(签证)ExceptnationalsforKenyaandDjibouti,foreignnationalsmayobtainentryvisasfromtheEthiopianDiplomaticorConsularmissionsabroad.
However,nationalofthefollowingcountriesmayalsoobtainonlytouristvisasupontheirarrivalatBoleInternationalAirport,AddisAbara:Argentina,Australia,Austria,Belgium,Brazil,Canada,China,Denmark,France,Germany,Greece,Ireland,Israel,Italy,Japan,RepublicofKorea,Kuwait,Luxembourg,Mexico,theNetherlands,RussianFederation,SouthAfrica,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Taiwan,UnitedKingdom,andtheU.
S.
A.
Visasarenotrequiredfortransitpassengers.
Thisstandsfor72hours,butmaybeextendedtosevendayswhennecessary.
除到肯尼亚和吉布提的公民外,外国公民入境需持有埃塞俄比亚驻外使馆或领事馆签发的入境签证.
但是下列国家和地区的公民在到达亚的斯亚贝巴的博莱国际机场后也可申请到旅游签证:阿根廷,澳大利亚,奥地利,比利时,巴西,加拿大,中国,丹麦,法国,德国,希腊,爱尔兰,以色列,意大利,日本,韩国,科威特,卢森堡,墨西哥,荷兰,俄罗斯,南非,西班牙,瑞典,瑞士,台湾,英国和美国.

中转旅客无需申请签证,可以停留72小时,必要时可酌情延长至7天.
DutyFreeItems(免税物品)Thefollowingaresomeoftheduty-freeitemsallowedtovisitors:Upto500cc(halfliter)ofperfume,Upto2litersofalcoholicdrinks,Upto250gramsoftobacco,Upto200cigarettesor50cigars,Personaleffects,Unexposedfilm,Camera,Photographicequipment,Radioequipmentandsoundrecordingapparatus,etc.
入境者可携带的免税物品有:不超过500毫升的香水,不超过为2升的酒类饮品,不超过为250克的烟草,不超过为200支的香烟或50支雪茄,私人用品,未曝光胶片,照相机,摄影器材,无线电设备和音响仪器等Accommodation(住宿)ArrivingattheAirport,onemaytaketaxi,whichispreferable,oramini-busonrent,tooneoftheseveralinternationalstandardandclassifiedhotelsofthecapital.
抵达机场的旅客,可选乘出租车,推荐使用,或租用小型公共汽车到首都一些国际标准和等级的酒店住宿.
ResidencePermit(居留许可证)TheMainDepartmentforImmigrationandRefugeeAffairsissuesaresidencepermittoaforeigninvestor,uponsubmissionofanInvestmentPermitissuedinhisname.
Aforeigninvestor,whoisashareholderofacompanyorabranchcompany,andanexpatriatestaffwhohasaworkpermit,isalsoentitledtoaresidencepermit.
外国投资者在提交本人名下的投资许可证后,即可收到由移民和难民事务总司签发的居留许可证.
作为一家公司或者分公司股东的外国投资者或享有工作许可的外籍员工也可以拥有居留许可证.
Currency(货币)ThemonetaryunitofEthiopiancurrencyisthe"Birr",withaparvalueof13.
51=USD1.
00(June2010),subjecttobedeterminedbymarketvalue.
Currencynotesareissuedindenominationsof1,5,10,50,and100Birr.
Coppercoinsarecirculatedinvaluesof1,5,10,25and50cents.
ForeigncurrencycanbeexchangedattheAirportonarrival,atthepublicandprivatebanks,orlicensedhotels.
埃塞俄比亚货币单位是比尔,截止到2010年6月,13.
51比尔相当于1美元,并受市场价值的影响.
货币发行面额分别为1,5,10,50和100比尔.
市场流通的硬币面额为1,5,10,25和50分.
外币可在抵达机场后在机场,公有,私有银行和授权的酒店兑换.
FiscalYear(财政年度):Ethiopia'sfiscalyear(FY)beginsonJuly8andendsonJuly7.
埃塞俄比亚的财政年度从当年的7月8日开始到次年的7月7日结束.
CalendarYear(历年):September11-September10(thereisabout73/4yearsdifferencebetweentheGregorianandEthiopianCalendars.
当年的9月11日到次年的9月10日(在阳历年和埃塞俄比亚旧历年之间差73/4)Internetdomain(网域):.
etInternationaldialingcode(国际电话区号):+251Governmentworkingdays(政府部门工作日):Monday-Friday.
Governmentofficehours:8:00a.
m.
-12:30p.
m.
and1:30-5:30p.
m.
fromMonday–Thursday,and8:00a.
m.
-11:30a.
m.
and1:30-5:30p.
m.
onFridays.
PrivateandpublicbusinessesincludingbanksareusuallyopenonSaturdays.
周一到周四,上午8:00-12:30,下午1:30-5:30;周五,上午8:00-11:30,下午1:30-5:30.
包括银行在内的公私营企业通常在周六也照常工作.
PARTTWOMAJORINVESTMENTOPPORTUNITIES第二部分主要投资机遇Ethiopiaisacountryendowedwithabundantanddiversifiednaturalresourcesanddiverseclimate.
Ithasalsoseveralagro-ecologicalzonesandsubzones,eachwithitsownphysicalandbiologicalpotential.
Theseandotherfactorsmakethecountryfavorableforundertakinginvestmentinvariousareas.
ThepriorityareasofinvestmentthattheGovernmentmostwantstoattractforeigndirectinvestment/FDI/aswellasdomesticinvestmentinclude:Horticulture,Floriculture,Agro-processing,InformationCommunicationsTechnology(ICT),Textilesandgarment,andLeatherandleatherproducts.
Otherareasofinvestmentincludemining,tourism,construction,servicessuchashealthandeducation,hydropower,etc.
Themajorareasofinvestmentinthecountryareasindicatedasfollows.
埃塞俄比亚自然资源丰富、气候多样.
有着众多的农业生态园,每个区域都有各自的物理和生物资源,综合其他因素,埃塞俄比亚在众多投资领域都备受青睐.
政府大力吸引国外直接投资和国内投资者的主要领域包括:园艺业、花卉业、农产品加工业、信息和通讯技术、纺织和制衣业和皮革及皮革制品.
其他投资领域还包括:矿藏,旅游,建筑,服务,医疗和教育服务,水力发电等等.
下面是该国的主要投资领域:2.
1.
AGRICULTUREANDALLIEDACTIVITIES(农业及相关活动)Ethiopiaisoneofthefewcountriesendowedwithidealclimaticconditionsanddiverseandenormousnaturalresourcesthatfavorcommercialproductionofalmostalltropicalandsub-tropicalcrops,horticulture,livestock,poultry,andothers.
AgricultureistheleadingsectorsintheEthiopianeconomywith:埃塞俄比亚是少有的几个具有理想的气候条件和丰富多样的自然资源的国家之一,有利于热带及亚热带经济作物,象园艺,牲畜,家禽等的生长.
其中,农业作为埃塞俄比亚的主导经济产业:73.
6millionhectaresofland(45%ofthetotalarea)suitableforagriculture,onlyabout17.
1millionhectaresarecurrentlyutilized18majoragro-ecologicalzonesand62sub-zonesClimatesuitableforgrowingofover146typesofcropsThemaincropsgrownarethefollowing主要种植的作物有:7360万公顷的农业种植用地(占国土面积的45%)现仅有1710万公顷被开发利用18个主要农业生态区和62个附属区适合超过146种作物种植的理想气候FoodCrops(粮食作物):Cereals谷类:'teff',barley,maize,wheat,sorghum,millet,etc;画眉草,大麦,玉米,小麦,高粱,小米等等Pulses豆类:Includecropslikehorsebeans,peanuts,peas,chick-peas,roughpeas,fenugreek,soybeans,vetchandlentils.
包括诸如蚕豆,花生,豌豆,鹰嘴豆,硬毛山黧豆,葫芦巴,黄豆,野豌豆和小扁豆在内的作物.
ThereturnsobtainedfromtheexportofpulsescontinuedtogrowremarkablyreachingUSD143.
6millionin2007/08fromUSD70.
3millionayearearlier,attributabletotheincreasebothinthevolumeandinternationalprices.
豆类出口收入持续保持可观增长尤其在2007/08年度从上一年的7030万美元增长到14360万美元,其不仅要归功于出口量的增加还有国际价格的影响.
Oilseeds(油料作物):sesame,nigerseed,flax,rapeseed,linseed,groundnut,castorbeansandsoyabeans.
Exportearningsfromoilseeds,thesecondlargestexportitemreachedUSD218.
8millionin2007/08,upby16.
7percentovertheprecedingfiscalyear.
Thiswasduetotheriseintheinternationalpricedespiteadecreaseinthevolume.
Someoilseeds,includingpeanutsandsesame,arealsoimportantexportcrops.
Favorableagro-ecologicalconditionsexistsoastointroducecoconutfortheproductionandprocessingofpalmoil.
Themaincashandindustrialcropsarecoffee,tea,cotton,oilseeds,flower,pulses,fruitsandvegetables,sisal,tobacco,sugarcane,spices,etc.
芝麻,尼日尔草籽,亚麻,油菜籽,亚麻籽,落花生,蓖麻子和大豆.
作为第二大出口项目的油料作物在2007/08年度的出口收入达到21880万美元,较上一年度增长了16.
7%,尽管在出口数量上有所减少,但由于国际价格的上升,使得总的出口收入相当可观,包括花生和芝麻在内的一些油料作物也是重要的出口作物.

农业生态条件为椰子的出产和棕榈油的加工提供了有利的环境.
主要的经济作物和原料工业作物有咖啡,茶,棉花,油料作物,豆类,果蔬,剑麻,烟草,甘蔗,香料等等.
BeverageCrops(饮料作物)Coffee:CoffeeisEthiopia'sgifttotheworld.
ThecountryisAfrica'sleadingproducerofCoffeeArabica.
Whileithasvastlandsuitableforcoffeecultivation,currently,only560,000hectaresoflandareestimatedtohavebeencoveredbycoffeetrees.
Ethiopiancoffeeisaromaticandsweetflavored,withawiny,spicy,floraandmochataste.
Becauseofitsuniquequality,itislargelyusedforblendingwithcoffee,thus,offersawidechoicetotheworld'scoffeeroasters.
ExportearningsfromcoffeereachedUSD524.
5millionin2007/08fromUSD424.
2millionthepreviousyeargrowingby23.
6percentowingtotheriseintheinternationalpricedespitethedecreaseinvolume.
Thevalueofexportofcoffeehascontributed35.
8%ofthetotalvalueofexportitemsofthecountryin2007/08.
Inspiteofalltheresourcesandreputation,littlehasbeeninvestedincoffeeproductionandprocessingoperations.
咖啡:咖啡是埃塞俄比亚馈赠全世界的礼物,同时也是阿拉比卡咖啡在非洲的主要生产国.
尽管该国具有广袤的适宜咖啡生长的土地,但据估计现如今仅有560,000公顷土地用来种植咖啡树.
埃塞俄比亚的咖啡具有香甜的味道,风味有酒香,辛辣香,花香和摩卡.
由于它特有的品质,其大多数用来作综合咖啡,因而为世界各地的咖啡烘培提供了众多选择.

尽管出口量有所减少,但由于国际价格的上升,较上年42420万美元的咖啡出口收入,2007/08年度的咖啡出口收入增长了23.
6%达到52450万美元.
2007/08年度咖啡的出口额占到全国出口额的35.
8%.
尽管咖啡的声誉在外而且资源丰富,但是在咖啡生产和加工领域投资鲜少.

Investmentopportunitiesincoffeeinclude(咖啡方面的投资机遇包括):Large-scalecommercialcoffeeproduction;andCoffeeroastingandpacking,particularlyfortheinternationalmarkets.
大规模商业性的咖啡产品面向国际市场的咖啡烘焙及包装工艺Tea:Inadditiontocoffee,theagro-climaticconditionsinthecountrygiveEthiopiaacomparativeadvantageintheproductionoftea.
Theproductionandprocessingofteawas4,977tonsperannumin2004ofwhichexportweremorethan1700tons.
InvestmentopportunitiesinteaincludeLargescalecommercialproductionoftea;andInvestmentinmodernteablendingandpackingindustries茶:除咖啡外,埃塞俄比亚的农业气候为茶的生产提供了较优势的条件.
2004年生产和加工茶为4977吨,其中出口量超过1700吨.
茶业的投资机遇包括:大规模商业性的茶类产品新式的茶调制和包装工业Cotton(棉花)Ethiopiaisbelievedtobeoneoftheoriginsofcotton,andcottoncultivationisdeep-rootedinthehistoryofthecountry'sagriculture.
Annualproductionofcottonisapproximately110,000tons;andanoverallaverageyieldis1.
22ton/hectare.
Cottonisbasicallyacropofwarmerclimates;andtypicalcottonsoilsareheavy,dark,oftencrackingsoils.
Thepotentialcottongrowingareasofthecountrysatisfythesetemperatureandsoilrequirementsforcottoncultivation.
MajormarketsforEthiopiancottonareAfrica,Asia,Europe,andAsiawhichaccountsfor67%ofthetotalexport.
埃塞俄比亚被认为是棉花的原产地之一,棉花的种植在该国的农业历史中根深蒂固.
棉花的年产量大概在110,000吨,总体来说平均产量在每公顷1.
22吨.
棉花是一种温带作物,典型适宜棉花种植的土壤肥沃,颜色深,常常为带有裂缝的土壤,埃塞俄比亚具有棉花种植潜力的地区,具有满足棉花耕种的温度和土壤条件.
埃塞俄比亚棉花的主要市场有非洲、亚洲和欧洲,其中亚洲占棉花总出口的67%.

Table4:AgriculturalDevelopmentInvestmentOpportunitiesPotential(AreaofLandinHectaresforProduction)(农业发展投资机遇中有生产潜力的土地面积公顷数)No.
序号RegionalStates/Cities地区/城市Rice大米VegetablesandFruits果蔬Coffee咖啡Tea茶Cotton棉花Oilseeds油料作物Pulses豆类RubberTrees橡胶树OilPalm油棕榈Remarks备注1SNNPRS思恩普鲁斯75,000346,300155,00075,000600,9304,400389,705150,00030,000Rainfade雨量减少2Oromiya奥罗米亚25,000150,000246,00055,000407,420185,154526,231-50,000Rainfadeandirrigation雨量减少和灌溉3Amhara阿姆哈拉30,000270,0005,0005,000678,710540,660688,84950,000100,000Rainfadeandirrigation雨量减少和灌溉4Tigray提格雷269,130125,33820,020--Rainfade雨量减少5BenishangulGumez比内行古拉-顾梅50,000---303,170715,47124,859--Rainfadeandirrigation雨量减少和灌溉6Somali索马里100,000---225,0003,500---Irrigation灌溉7Gambela冈贝拉--20,00015,000316,45018,800---Rainfadeandirrigation雨量减少和灌溉8Afar阿法尔----200,0008,000---Irrigation灌溉9Harari哈拉雷10DireDawa迪里达瓦-1,000Groundwater地下水11AddisAbaba亚的斯亚贝巴TOTAL总计280,000767,300426,000285,0003,000,8101,601,3233,274,469200,000450,000Note:Itdoesnotincludethelandownedbyfarmers.
(注:其中不包括农民自有土地).
Horticulture(园艺)Ethiopiahasacomparativeadvantageinanumberofhorticulturalcommoditiesduetoitsfavorableclimate,proximitytoEuropeanandMiddleEasternmarketsandcheaplabour.
However,theproductionofhorticulturalcropsismuchlessdevelopedthantheproductionoffoodgrainsinthecountry.
埃塞俄比亚有利的气候条件,临近欧洲和中东市场以及廉价的劳动力,使得该国在园艺产品的数量上占有相对优势.
但在该国,园艺作物的种植远不及粮食.
Onaveragemorethan2,419,449tonsofvegetablesandfruitsareproducedbypublicandprivatecommercialfarms,thisisestimatedtobelessthan20percentofthetotalcropproduction.
AccordingtoinformationobtainedfromtheMinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment,thetotalareaunderfruits,vegetablesandrootcropsisabout450,932hectaresin2003/04,outofwhich66%isunderrootcropswhilevegetablesandfruitsoccupy25%and9%,respectively.
Ofthetotallandareaundercultivationinthecountryduringthesameyear,theareaunderfruitsandvegetablesislessthanonepercent(i.
e.
0.
05%),whichisinsignificantascomparedtofoodcrops.
平均有超过2,419,449吨果蔬是由公有和私有的经济农场出产,据估计这个数字要少于农作物生产总量的20%.
根据从农业和农村发展部得到的信息,2003/04年度,种植水果、蔬菜和块根作物占地面积大约有450,932公顷,其中块根作物占66%,而蔬菜和水果分别占25%和9%.
同年度在该国总的耕种土地面积中,果蔬耕种用地面积少于总面积的百分之一(即0.
05%),与粮食作物占地面积相比起来,该数字是微乎其微的.

Fruitcropsofsignificantimportanceandwithapotentialfordomesticconsumption,exportmarketsandindustrialprocessingincludepineapples,passionfruits,bananas,avocados,citrusfruits,mangoes,mandarin,papayas,guava,grapes,asparagusandvegetablecropsofeconomicimportancesuchastomato,melon,pepper,chilies,onion,carrot,greenbeans,greenpeas,cabbages,okra,cauliflower,cucumbersareproducedinthecountry.
Themajorvegetablesproducedfordomesticconsumptionarecabbages,tomatoesandgarlic,whilegreenbeansandpeashaverecentlyemergedforexportpurposes.
水果作物在国内消费、出口市场和工业加工方面都具有重大意义和潜力,包括菠萝,西番莲果,香蕉,牛油果,柑橘类水果,芒果,橘,木瓜,番石榴,葡萄,芦笋和该国生产的重要蔬菜作物如西红柿,甜瓜,辣椒,洋葱,胡萝卜,绿豆,豌豆,白菜,秋葵,花椰菜和黄瓜.
供国内消费生产的主要蔬菜有白菜,西红柿,大蒜,而绿豆和豌豆也是最近才出现出口走向.

MajormarketsforsomeEthiopianprocessedfruitsandvegetablesareSaudiArabia,Yemen,andotherMiddleEasterncountries.
ThemostimportantexportfruitsandvegetablesfromEthiopiaaregrownmainlyonStateplantationsandsoldprimarilytoEuropeandtheMiddleEast.
Themajorexportsaregreenbeans,tomatoes,mangoes,andpapayas.
Thevalueofexportsoffruitandvegetablein2007/08fiscalyearwasUSD12.
8million.
埃塞俄比亚加工的果蔬主要市场有沙特阿拉伯,也门和其他中东国家.
从埃塞俄比亚出口的大多数果蔬主要来源于国有种植农田,绝大多数要出口到欧洲和中东地区,其中主要的出口产品有绿豆,西红柿,芒果和木瓜.
2007/08年度出口果蔬类产品的出口值为1280万美元.

Thereis,therefore,agreatpotentialforincreasedproductioneitherbycontractinglocalfarmerstoproduceexportstandardfruitsandvegetablesforprocessingoropeningcommercialfarms,particularlythroughtheestablishmentofspecializedfarmstoproducefruitandvegetablecrops(e.
g.
,grapeproductionforthelocalwinery,perishablevegetablessuchasgreenbeansandpeasforexport).
Freshchiliesandfrozenvegetablesespeciallymixedwithlegumevegetablesarealsoimportantareasofinvestment.
因此,可以与当地农民签署合同生产或加工达到出口标准的果蔬或开办商业农场,尤其是通过建立生产果蔬作物的专业化农场来增加产量,在该领域潜力无限.
(如为当地酒厂提供的葡萄生产和供出口的蔬菜如绿豆和豌豆).
新鲜辣椒和冷冻蔬菜尤其是和豆类混合的蔬菜也是投资的重要领域.

Floriculture(花卉业)Ethiopiaisanideallocationforthecultivationofbothhighlandandlowlandworld-classflowers.
Cutflowersintroductionprogramwasstartedin1980/81cropseasonincollaborationwithGTZbyimportingplantingmaterialsfromCanaryIslandsandHolland.
Productionoperationforcommercialpurposewascommencedin1981/82productionseasoninthefirsttimeatZwaistatefarm.
NexttoZwaifarm,DebereZeitandTibilastatefarmswereinvolvedinproducingfreshcutflowers.
TheHorticulturalDevelopmentCorporation,astateownedenterprise,wasthefirstenterprisetoenterintotheventure.
埃塞俄比亚是世界级高山和低地花卉种植的理想地.
在1980/81种植季,与德国技术合作公司合作进口加纳利群岛和荷兰的种植材料,切花引进计划由此开始,而以商业为目的的生产作业在1981/82的生产季在Zwai国营农场首次开展.
紧随其后的有DebereZeit和Tibila国营农场也生产鲜切花.
作为国有企业的园艺开发公司是首家跨入这一领域的企业.
Duringthetrialandadaptationperiods,about20speciesofdifferentcutflowerswereintroducedintothecountryfromabroad.
Outofthese,thecommonvarietiesofcutflowersunderproductionbythestatefarmswereStatice,Dill,Ammi,Euphorbia,CarthamusandAllium.
Table5belowshowstheestimatedyieldsofthesevarietiesintheinitialyearsoftheirdevelopment.
在实验和适应期,大约有20种不同的切花品种从国外引进,其中,由国营农场生产的产量不足的常见种类有情人草,小茴香,雪珠花,大戟,琉璃菊和葱.
下表5显示了这些品种在发展初期的产量.
Table5:EstimatedYieldsofCutFlowersinStems据估计切花产量(单位:支)No序号Cutflowertype切花种类Yield/ha(stems)产量/公顷(支数)1情人草:White白色350,000Purple紫色350,0002Delphinium飞燕草150,0003Euphorbia大戟220,0004Ammi雪珠花200,0005Dill小茴香200,0006Allium葱220,0007Carthamus琉璃菊220,000Source:BatenoKebeto(Dr)&TaddesseDebebe(Ato),CutflowersinEthiopia:GrowingConditions,Feb.
4,1999,P.
19来源:埃塞俄比亚切花生长条件,1999年2月4日RoseshaverecentlybeenintroducedintheCountrywithbetterandeffectiveproductionandmarketingopportunities.
最近推出的玫瑰有着较好的产量和市场机遇.
Duringthepreviousgovernment,therewereonlytwo(HorticulturalDevelopmentEnterpriseandUpperAwashAgro-industryEnterprise)state-ownedenterprisesoperatinginthefloricultureindustry.
Atpresentbothstateownedandprivatefarmsareoperatinginfreshcutflowerproduction.
Outoftheapprovedprivatefreshcutflowerprojects,MeskelFlower,Ethioflora,GoldenRoseAgro-farms,Ethiodream,SummitAgroIndustry,ENYIGeneralBusiness,MengeshaFlowers,TeppoAgriculturalDevelopmentandTradeEnterprisehavebegunproduction.
Therearealsosomewhicharecurrentlyunderimplementation.
.
在先前的政府执政期间,在花卉业仅有两家国有企业经营(园艺开发公司和上阿瓦什农工业公司).
现如今国有和私有农场都经营鲜切花生产.
在已获得认可的私营鲜切花项目中,梅斯凯尔花卉,埃塞俄比亚花卉,金玫瑰农场,埃塞之梦,农工业之峰,恩伊总公司,梦尔莎花卉,泰泊农业开发贸易公司以投入生产运营,当下还有一些企业正在完善实施中.

Despiteitslargepotential,however,theCountry'sfloricultureindustryisstillatitsnascentstage.
SomeofthemajordestinationsofEthiopiancutflowersaretheNetherlands,France,Germany,Italy,Canada,Norway,Sweden,UK,USA,MiddleEast,etc.
Asshowninthefollowingtable,cutflowerexportsfromEthiopiatotheinternationalmarketareinsignificant.
尽管潜力很大,但该国的花卉业仍处于萌芽阶段.
埃塞俄比亚切花的部分主要出口地是荷兰,法国,德国,意大利,加拿大,挪威,瑞典,英国,美国,中东等.
如下表所示,由埃塞俄比亚出口的国际市场的切花数量是微不足道的.

Table6:Ethiopia'sExportofFreshCutFlowers(2000/01-2006/07)埃塞俄比亚鲜切花的出口(2000/01-2006/07)Year年度Quantity(numberofexportedstems)数量(出口支数)Value(US$)价值(美元)2000/012001/021,700,000305,0002002/0316,000,0002,900,0002003/0432,000,0005,500,0002004/0583,000,00012,700,0002005/06186,000,00029,900,0002006/071,114,000,000113,000,000EarningsfromexportsofflowerreachedUSD111.
8millioninthe2007/08fiscalyearwithatotalvolumeof55.
1thousandmetrictons.
(Source:MinistryofTrade&Industry).
2007/08财政年度出口总量为55100公吨的花卉收入达到11180万美元.
Table7.
Ethiopia'sPositionintheWorldCutFlowersandFlowerBudsExportMarket.
(埃塞俄比亚在世界切花及花蕾出口市场中的排名)Country国家20004-2007Value('000US$)价值('000美元)Share(%)所占比例Rank排名Netherlands荷兰11,700,84756.
611Colombia哥伦比亚2,879,78413.
932Ecuador厄瓜多尔864,9854.
183Israel以色列858,2544.
154Kenya肯尼亚608,8782.
955Zimbabwe津巴布韦292,6761.
429Morocco摩洛哥63,8000.
3125Zambia赞比亚56,4050.
2726Uganda乌干达33,6760.
1630Ethiopia埃塞俄比亚1,5500.
00763Others其他3,917,11018.
963-Worldtotal全球总计20,669,087100-Source:Ibid,P.
42(来源:同42页)CutFlowersResourceBases/GrowingConditions(切花生产基地/生长条件)Altitude(海拔)Ethiopiahasawiderangeinaltitudefrom126metersbelowsealevelinDallolDepressionto4620metersabovesealevelatthesummitofRasDashen.
Optimumaltitudeforcutflowercropsproductionisbetween1500and2300metersabovesealevel.
LargeareasoftheCountryliewithinthisrangeofaltitude.
埃塞俄比亚海拔从跨度低于海平面126米处的达罗尔谷底上升到海拔4620米的拉斯丹参峰.
鲜花生长的最适宜的高度为海拔1500米到2300米,该国广泛的区域满足花卉生长的海拔高度.
Climate(气候)Humidweatherfavorstheoutbreakofdiseaseandcauseshigherlosses.
Thebestrangeoftemperaturestogrowcutflowersliesbetween10ocand30oc.
SincetheCountryconstituteslargeareaswiththisclimaticrange,thereistremendouspotentialtodevelopdifferentvarietiesofcutflowerfarms.
潮湿的气候容易引起疾病的爆发继而导致高额的损失.
鲜花生长的最适宜的温度为10到30摄氏度.
由于该国大面积的区域符合此气候范围,因此发展不同切花种类的农场潜力巨大.
Water/Irrigation(水资源/灌溉)Ethiopiaisbelievedtobethe"watertower"ofNorth-EastAfrica.
Thereare12riverbasinsinthecountry.
Therearealsolakeswithabundantfreshwaterresourcessuitableforirrigation.
Thetotalavailablewater(meanannualflow)isestimatedat122.
19billioncubicmetersandthegroundwaterpotentialisabout2.
2billioncubicmeters.
TheCountryhas,therefore,alargeareaofinlandwatershavingirrigationpotentialofabout10millionhectares,outofwhichonlyabout1%iscurrentlyunderirrigation.
被冠以东北非"水塔"的埃塞俄比亚有12条江河流域和丰富的可用来灌溉的淡水湖.
据估计总的有效水资源为1221.
9亿立方米,地下水蕴藏潜力大约22亿立方米.
因此该国可用作灌溉的内陆水所占面积大约在1000万公顷,现如今仅有约1%用来灌溉.

Soil(土壤)Cutflowersrequirewell-drainedsandyloamssoilswithaPhrangeof5.
5-7.
00.
MostofthesoilsintheCountry,whichsatisfythisrequirement,arefertile,welldrainedandsuitableforfreshcutflowerproduction.
AreasofarablesoilsintheCountrybysoiltypearepresentedbelow.
切花的生长需要酸碱度在5.
5-7.
00范围内排水性较好的沙质壤土.
该国大多数的土壤满足鲜切花生长的需求:土壤肥沃,排水性较好.
根据土壤类型分类,该国适于耕种的土壤面积如下所示.
Table8:AreasofthemajorarablesoilsinEthiopia.
(埃塞俄比亚适于耕种的主要土壤种类及面积)No序号Soiltypes土壤类型Rank排名AreaKm2面积(平方公里)%百分比1Nitosol强风化粘磐土1143,796232Cambisol雏形土2119,960193Vertisol变性土3118,746184Luvisol淋溶土459,44895Fluvisol冲积土559,32496Xersol654,65297Solonchaks盐土737,903.
68Acrisol低活性强酸土818,17339Others其他24,9434Source:BatenoKebeto(Dr)&TaddesseDebebe(Ato),CutflowersinEthiopia-Growingconditions,Op.
cit,P.
20(埃塞俄比亚切花生长条件)Labor(劳动力)Cutflowerproductionislaborintensive.
TheexistenceofcheaplaboroffersagreatpotentialforcutflowerdevelopmentinEthiopia.
Moreover,aninvestor(foreignorlocal)canemployqualifiedexpatriateexpertsrequiredfortheoperationofhisbusinesswithoutanyrestriction.
切花生产属于劳动力密集型产业,廉价劳动力的存在为埃塞俄比亚切花产业发展提供了巨大的潜力.
而且,投资者(国外和当地的)可根据各自企业的经营需求,无限制聘请能胜任的外籍专家.
Livestock(牲畜)EthiopiaisoneofthetoprankingcountriesinAfricaandamongthefirsttenintheworldintermsoflivestockresource.
Thecountryproducesabout2.
4millionpiecesofhide,8.
3millionpiecesofsheepskinsand7millionpiecesofgoatskinsannuallyfromitslivestockresource.
Investmentopportunitiesarepotentiallyattractivefor:Moderncommerciallivestockbreeding,production;Processingofmeat,milkandeggs;andAnimalfeedprocessingOstrich,civetcatandcrocodilefarmingarealsoanotherpotential.
AsindicatedintheLivestockResourceDevelopmentMasterPlanStudy(2007),thelivestockpopulationatregional&nationallevelisasfollows.
Table9:LivestockResourceatRegional&NationalLevel(地区范围和全国范围内牲畜数量)Cattle牛Sheep绵羊Goat山羊Horse马匹Donkey驴Mule骡子Camel骆驼Chicken鸡Tigray提格雷2,622,166813,5462,399,8081,894387,3897,90132,7773,131,239Afar阿法尔2,152,7252,507,7134,467,901914208,2303,080873,49322,253Amhara阿姆哈拉10,077,3017,530,5184,856,472289,8951,513,891102,58014,6789,400,917Gambela冈贝拉140,06150,64757,633346332---269,355Benishan-gulGumez贝尼尚古拉顾梅350,39068,931314,277---39,9231,501---635,634Harari哈拉雷37,3954,50132,782---6,985---33,329Oromiya奥洛姆亚18,247,9708,084,5735,383,640969,0371,911,225166,921121,97012,226,799SNNPRS奥洛姆亚8,043,1733,403,0982,054,080307,104302,79861,135---6,391,051Somali索马里1,386,9038,028,6937,102,28148156,9946091,417,08094,819AddisAbaba亚的斯亚贝巴26,26611,0524,0794376,078364022,156DireDawa迪里达瓦38,43954,173124,094---10,083---6,40949,157Total总计43,122,78930,620,44526,797,0471,569,6774,543,928344,0912,466,40732,276,709埃塞俄比亚是非洲具有顶级牲畜资源的国家之一,同时在全世界也位列十强.
该国每年由牲畜资源生产的皮革大约有240万张,绵羊皮830万张和700万张山羊皮.
有吸引力的潜在投资机遇有:现代化的商业性的牲畜喂养和制品肉,奶和蛋类的加工动物饲料加工鸵鸟,果子狸和鳄鱼养殖也很有潜力.
据2007年埃塞俄比亚牲畜发展总计划研究显示,该国各地区牲畜数量如下所示:Poultryfarming(家禽饲养)PoultryfarmingisoneofthemostimportantcomponentsofthelivestocksectorinEthiopia.
Itiswidelypracticedinthecountry.
Almosteveryfarmsteadkeepssomepoultryforconsumptionandforcashsale.
ThehighestconcentrationofpoultryisfoundinOromia,Amhara,TigrayandSouthernNations,NationalitiesandPeoples'NationalRegionalStates.
AccordingtotheCentralStatisticalAgency,Ethiopia'sestimatedpoultrypopulationwasabout39.
5millionheadsin2007/08(Table10).
在埃塞俄比亚家禽饲养是家畜部门最重要的成分之一,被广泛付诸实践.
几乎每个农庄都饲养一些家禽供家用或现销.
据发现家禽主要集中分布在奥罗米亚,阿姆哈拉,提格雷,该多南部地区,各民族和全国各区域州.
根据中央统计署得到的数据,截至到2007/08年度,据估计埃塞俄比亚的家禽数字大约有3950万头.
(表10)Table10:EstimatedNumberofPoultryinEthiopiabyTypeandBreed(2007/08)表10:据估计埃塞俄比亚各家禽种类及数目(2007/08)TypeofPoultry家禽种类Indigenous本土类型Hybrid杂交类型Exotic外来引进类型Total总计Cocks公鸡4281304164857200744466235Cockerels小公鸡20473196347035922114380Pullets小母鸡3629520123440150743768034Non-layinghens非蛋鸡14832345344145681541243Chicks小鸡14419290305593-14739754Layinghens蛋鸡123468565087647863712934256Allpoultry所有家禽39563902121956413681539563902CSA:AgriculturalSampleSurvey2007/08,ReportonLivestockandLivestockCharacteristics(PrivatePeasantHoldings),StatisticalBulletinNo.
417,2008.
(2007/08,关于家畜和家畜特征农业抽样调查报告(农民私有),2008年第417号统计报告).
Thecountry'spoultryindustryremainshighlyunderdeveloped.
Atpresent,99percentofthecountry'spoultryproductsareoriginatedfromthetraditionalandbackwardproductionsystem.
Poultryproductsthatareobtainedfrommoderncommercialpoultryfarmsarenotmorethan1percent.
SoEthiopiahasgreatpotentialforincreasedpoultryproduction,bothforlocaluseandforexport.
Thedevelopmentofbreedingfarmsespeciallythroughtheimportationofgrandparents(GP)toproduceparentstockforlocalandexportmarketsis,therefore,aviableareaofinvestmentinthecountry.
TheestablishmentofGPwillhelplocalbroiler-breederandlayerfarmownerstoescapethehassleofimportingparentchickens.
Itwillalsohelpthecountrytosaveforeignexchangebyreducingabsolutedependenceonimportedbroiler-breederandlayerchickensforthecountry'sburgeoningpoultrysector.
Table11:AnnualPoultryProductsinEthiopia(埃塞俄比亚家禽年产量)No序号TypeofProduct产品种类AnnualProduction(M.
tons)年产量(百万吨)1Eggs74,0002Poultrymeat60,000Source:MinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment(来源:农业和农村发展部)该国的家禽业仍然很不发达.
目前,该国99%的家禽产品来自传统滞后的生产体系.
现代化商业家禽养殖场生产的家禽产品不超过1%,因此不论供当地使用还是用作出口,埃塞俄比亚都具有增加家禽生产的巨大潜力.
当地养殖场的发展尤其是通过进口祖系品种来为当地和出口市场繁衍生产父母系品种这一投资领域在该国具有可行性.
祖系品种的建立可帮助肉鸡和种鸡养殖场主避免进口父母系品种的麻烦.
它还将通过减少对进口肉鸡和蛋鸡彻底的依赖来节省外汇从而推动该国家禽业的蓬勃发展.

Fishery(渔业)Ethiopiaisendowedwithsignificantareaofinlandwater,includingabout7,400km2oflakesandreservoirs,andabout7,000kmsofmajorrivers.
Estimatesofmaximumsustainableyieldsmightallowaproductiongrowthbetween30,000to40,000tonesperyear,fromthemainlakesonly.
AccordingtoMinistryofAgriculture&ruralDevelopment(MoARD),estimatesofthepotentialyieldhavebeencalculatedforindividuallakesfromsurfacearea.
ThetotalestimatedpotentialyieldcalculatedfromLakesurfaceareais36,000tonesperyear(Table12).
PresentProductioninmostWaterbodiesisfarbelowtheestimatedpotentialyields(about20%)intotal.
(Source:MoARD)埃塞俄比亚赋有重要的内陆水域,包括大约400平方公里的湖泊和水库和约7,000公里的主要河流.
据估计,仅主要湖泊最高每年持续产量就可增长30,000-40,000吨.
根据农业和农村发展部的统计方法,潜在产量的估测是通过私人湖域的湖面来计算.
根据湖面来算,据估计总的潜在产量在每年36,000吨.
(表12).
而现如今大多数水域的产量都远远低于估计的潜在总产量的百分之二十.
(来源:农业和农村发展部)Table12:PhysicalPredictedPotentialYieldintheLakeWaterBodies.
表12:各湖域物理预测潜在产量No序号Lakes湖区Area(km2)面积(平方公里)PotentialannualYield年潜在产量EstimatedProduction2002估计产量Usage%利用率1Tana3600.
0010000-15000145410-15%2ArdibonaLugo51.
00400330833Ziway434.
0030102236744Langano230.
0019001100585Abiyeta205.
002000500256Alemaya4.
4020521107Metchare38.
0016041268D/zeitzuria9.
003824639Wonchi45.
80194--10Awassa91.
0061166010811Abaya1070.
007000538812Chamo551.
00450034627713Turkana94.
00750751014SmallAbaya30.
00180--15Ashenge20.
0015--Total.
.
.
6473.
2030963-359631044129-34Sofar,over100indigenousspeciesoffishhavebeenidentified.
However,thefishdiversityisnotbelievedtohavebeenstudiedexhaustivelyandhencemorespeciescouldbefoundinthefuture.
Comparedtoother,theEthiopianRiftValleylakeshaverichfishdiversity.
LakesChamoandAbayahaveover20speciesoffish.
Ofalltheaquaticsystems,theBaro-Akobosystemistherichestinfishdiversity.
Ithas97speciesoffish.
到目前为止,已有上百种当地土著鱼类被认定.
但据大家认为,鱼类的多样性尚未研究彻底,因此未来很有可能有更多的物种被发现.
埃塞俄比亚裂谷湖区较其他地区鱼类有丰富的多样性.
查莫湖和阿巴雅湖有20多种鱼类.
所有水系当中,巴洛-阿克博拥有97种鱼类,是鱼类多样性最为丰富的水系.

Forestry(林业)OutofthetotallandareaofEthiopia,51%isdevotedtopasture;14.
8%toannualandperennialcropproduction;3.
6%toforestry;8.
1%tobush.
About3.
8%isuncultivatedandtheremaining18.
7%iscompletelyunutilizedsofar.
Potentialactivitiesforprivateinvestorsincommercialforestryinclude:Theproductionandmarketingofgumandincense;Large-scaleplantationfortimber;Theestablishmentofintegratedforest-basedindustriessuchaspulpandpaperandchipboard;andTheestablishmentofrubberplantationsInvestorsarewelcometoinvestinintegratedcommercialproductionofstructuraltimber,pulpwood,matchwood,andevenfuelwood.
埃塞俄比亚的土地面积中51%为牧场,14.
8%为一年生作物和多年生作物,3.
6%为森林,8.
1%为灌木丛.
大约有3.
8%未被开垦和剩下的18.
7%迄今彻底未被使用.
在商业性林业投资中对私人投资者有吸引力的方面有:乳胶和熏香类产品的生产和销售大面积木材的种植浑然一体以森林为基础工业的建立,如纸浆,纸业和纸板.
香蕉种植园的建立在建筑用材,纸浆原料,火柴木料甚至薪柴的商业性集成生产领域的投资备受欢迎.
Apiculture(养蜂业)Ethiopiaisoneofthelargestproducersofhoneyintheworld.
Inhoneyproduction,thecountrynearlyapproachestothetoptenleadinghoneyproducingcountriesintheworld.
Itsfavorableagro-climaticconditions,diversebotanicalbaseofmultifariousplantsfloweringoverdifferentseasonscoupledwithlargepopulationofhoneybeecoloniesandotherenvironmentalfactorshavecreatedoptimumconditionsforhoneyandbeeswaxproduction.
Therearearound100millionbeecoloniesandover800honeysourceplantsinthecountry.
InEthiopia,productionandprocessingofHoneyiscarriedoutonsmallscalebasis.
Atpresent,thecountry'stotalhoneyproductioncapacityisaround42thousandmetrictonsperannum,outofwhichagreaterproportion(95%)isharvestedfromtraditionalhives(Table13).
埃塞俄比亚是世界上最大的蜂蜜生产国之一.
在蜂蜜生产方面,该国几乎接近世界名列前茅的十大蜂蜜生产国.
它有利的农业气候条件,各种植物基地不同季节多样植物的开花期,大量的蜂群以及别的环境因素为蜂蜜的蜂箱的生产创造了有利的条件.
据估计该国有大约一亿种蜂群和超过800种的蜜源植物.
在埃塞俄比亚,蜂蜜的生产和加工只是小规模的开展.
如今,该国总的蜂蜜产量每年大约在42,000公吨,其中较大比例(95%)收自传统蜂箱.
(表13)Table13:HoneyProduction(2007/08)byTypesofBeehives表13:不同蜂箱的蜂蜜产量(2007/08)TypesofBeehives蜂箱品种Production(kgs)产量(公斤)RuralHoldings农村出产量UrbanHoldings城市出产量TotalProduction总产量TraditionalBeehives传统蜂箱38,071,5952,003,76840,075,363Intermediate半成品443,82823,359467,187Modern现代蜂箱1,555,90681,8901,637,796Total总计5,807,3292,109,01742,180,346Sourceagriculturalsamplesurvey2007/2008,CSA来源:农业采样调查2007/08Comparedtotheapicultureresourcepotentialofthecountryandtheamountofhoneyandbeeswaxproductionperannum,thequantityofhoney,beeswaxandpropolisexporttotheinternationalmarketisinsignificant(Table14).
Asaresult,Ethiopiadoesnotmakefulladvantageofitshoneyandbeeswaxproductioncapacity.
Hencehoney&beeswaxproductionisalsoabigpotentialareaofinvestment.
与该国养蜂业资源的潜力和蜂蜜及蜂箱的年产量相比,出口到世界各地市场的蜂蜜、蜂箱和蜂胶的数量甚微.
(表14)由此可见,埃塞俄比亚并没有充分利用该国蜂蜜和蜂箱的生产力,因此蜂蜜和蜂箱生产投资领域的潜力巨大.

Table14:Ethiopia'sHoneyandBeeswaxProductionandExport表14:埃塞俄比亚蜂蜜和蜂箱的产量和出口量Years年份Production(tons)产量(吨)Export(tons)出口量(吨)Honey蜂蜜Beeswax蜂箱Honey蜂蜜Beeswax蜂箱2004525200540020064157941528.
3352.
8200751250512405.
9414.
7Source:Customsauthority,CSA(来源:海关当局,修正案)ThemajorimportersofEthiopia'shoneyareDjibouti,Yemen,UnitedStates,SaudiArabia,Israel,SudanandCanadawhileGreece,Japan,theNetherlands,Germany,theUnitedStates,France,Italy,NewZealandandYemenarethemainimportersofEthiopia'sbeeswax.
埃塞俄比亚蜂蜜的主要进口国有吉布提,也门,美国,沙特阿拉伯,以色列,苏丹和加拿大,而蜂箱的主要进口国有希腊,日本,荷兰,德国,美国,法国,意大利,新西兰和也门.
2.
2.
AGRO-PROCESSING(农产品加工)Ethiopiaownsoptimumnumberorganicanimalresourcesandavastlandmassconduciveforgrowingcropsnecessaryforagro-processing.
Agro-processinginvestmentcanbeundertakeninoneofthefollowingforms.
埃塞俄比亚拥有数量可观的有机动物资源和广阔的为农产品加工提供必要农作物种植的土地.
农产品加工投资有如下分类:Processingoffruits&vegetables(果蔬加工)InEthiopia,thenumberoffruitsandvegetablesprocessingindustriesislimited.
Currently,thereareonly5fruitsandvegetablesprocessingplantsinthecountry.
Theseplantspresentlyprocesslimitedproducts:tomatopaste,orangemarmalade,vegetablesoup,frozenvegetablesandwine.
Mostoftheprocessingplantsfallinthesmall-scaleprocessingunit'scategory(Table15).
Ingeneral,processedproductsaremainlygearedtodomesticmarkets.
Productionofprocessedfruitsandvegetablessuchastomatopaste,fruitjuicesforthedomesticmarketandtomatoconcentrate,orangeconcentrateforexportmarketareviableareasofinvestmentinthecountry.
埃塞俄比亚果蔬加工业的数量是有限的.
如今,该国仅有5家果蔬加工工厂,而且它们生产加工的产品种类也是有限的:番茄酱,橘子果酱,蔬菜汤,冷鲜蔬菜和葡萄酒.
大多数的加工厂属于小规模的加工类型.
(表15)通常加工产品主要供应国内市场.

主要供应国内市场经加工的果蔬类成品如番茄酱、果汁和主要用来出口的浓缩番茄汁和浓缩橘子汁都是该国适宜投资的领域.
Table15:CapacityofFruitsandVegetablesProcessingPlantsinEthiopia表15:埃塞俄比亚果蔬类加工厂的产量NameofProcessingPlant加工厂名称Location厂址Ownership厂址MajorProducts主要产品PlantProductionCapacity加工厂产品产量MelgeWendoFoodProcessingFactory梅尔格-文多食品加工厂MelgeWendo/SouthernNations,NationalitiesandPeoplesNationalRegionalState梅尔格文多/该国南部地区,民族和人民,南部国家行政区Private(foreign)私有制(外资)-Tomatopaste(850gm.
can)-番茄酱(850克/罐)-Tomatopaste(410gm.
can)-番茄酱(410克/罐)-vegetablesoup(240gm.
can)-蔬菜汤(240克/罐)-5,000inasingleshiftoperationof8hoursperworkingday-5,000每个工作日8小时轮班制-8,000-40,000GonderFoodProcessingFactory贡德尔食品加工厂Gonder/AmharaNationalRegionalstate贡德尔/阿姆哈拉国家行政区Private(foreign)私有制(外资)Tomatopaste(850gm.
can)-番茄酱(850克/罐)1,250MertiProcessingFactory梅尔蒂加工厂Merti/OromiaNationalRegionalState梅尔蒂/奥若米亚国家行政区Private私有制-Tomatopaste番茄酱-Orangemarmalade橘子果酱AwashWinery阿瓦什酿酒厂AddisAbaba亚的斯亚贝巴Privateowned民营-wine酒10.
9millionlittersperyear(10.
9百万升/年)GreenStarFoodCompany(EthiopianBranch)绿色之星食品公司(埃塞俄比亚分公司)DebreZeit/Oromia不来梅载特/奥若米亚Private(foreign)私有制(外资)-cannedvegetable罐装蔬菜9,990tonsperyear(9,990吨/年)Source:1.
EthiopianPrivatizationAgency来源:埃塞俄比亚私有化机构ProcessingofEdibleOil,StarchandCornFlakes(食用油,淀粉和玉米片加工)EdibleoilhasalwaysbeenandremainsasabasicfooditeminEthiopian.
Theproductionofoilcropsandtheextractionofedibleoilhasalwaysbeenandstillisdonemainlyatthehouseholdlevel.
Commercialindustrialscaleoilextractionwasintroducedinthecountryatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.
Thenumberandcapacityofedibleoilplantsinthecountryisnotadequateenoughtomeetthedomesticdemand.
食用油一直以来是埃塞俄比亚的一项基本食品,油料作物的生产和压榨食用油一直主要维持在家庭作坊的水平,20世纪初期商业规模的榨油产业被引进.
该国食用油工厂的产量和数量都不足以满足国内需求.

Accordingtothe2007ReportonLarge-andMedium-scaleManufacturingandElectricityIndustriesSurveyoftheCSA,in2005/6thenumberoflarge-andmedium-scaleedibleoilprocessingmillsinthecountryis33.
Outofthese,29areunderprivateownershipandtherestarepubliclyowned.
Allthemillsthatareoperatinginthecountryextractedibleoilfromoilseeds.
Hence,thereisnofactoryinthecountrythatextractsedibleoilfrommaizewhichprovidesahugepotentialforproducingedibleoilinthecountry.
据2007年修正案大中型规模的制造业和电力产业调查报告,2005/6年度大中型食用油加工作坊的数量为33家.
其中29家为私人所有,其余均为国有企业.
所有在该国经营的工厂作坊都是从油料作物中提炼食用油.
因此该国没有可提炼玉米油的工厂,这为该国生产食用油提供了巨大的潜力.

InEthiopia,maizegrowsfrommoisturestressareastohighrainfallareasandfromlowlandstothehighlands(secondnationalmaizeworkshopofEthiopia,12-16Nov.
2001).
Itisoneofthemostimportantcerealcropsgrowninthecountry.
Thetotalannualproductionandproductivityexceedallothercerealcrops.
Therefore,maizeisanimportantcomponentofdietacrossthecountry.
Itismainlyuseddirectlyforhumanconsumption,butincreasingquantitiesareusedforanimalfeed.
Inaddition,itisoneofthebestqualitycropproducedinthecountryintermsofproteinandstarchcontents.
在埃塞俄比亚,玉米种植范围跨度从湿度较严峻的区域到降雨量丰富的地区,从低地到高原(2001年11月12-16日埃塞俄比亚第二所国有玉米作坊),是该国种植的最重要的谷物粮食作物之一,总的年产量和生产力超过其他谷物作物.
因此玉米是全国各地日常饮食中的重要组成部分.
它主要直接用于人类消耗,但不断增加的产量也用作动物饲养.
另外,按照蛋白质和淀粉含量划分,玉米是该国生产的质量最佳的作物之一.

Privatefarmersproducemaizemainlyduringthemainlongrainyseason(MaytoSeptember).
Insomeareas,asmallamountisproducedintheshortrainyperiodfromFebruarytoMay(CSA,2007/08).
In2007/08,thetotalareaundermaizewas21.
6%ofthetotalareaundercerealsinthecountry,whileproductionofmaizeaccountedfor29.
4%oftotalcerealproduction(Table16).
私营农场主种植生产玉米主要集中在雨量集中的长雨季(每年的5月到9月).
在一些地区,少量产于2月到5月间的短雨季(2007/08年修正案).
2007/08年度,玉米总种植面积占到全国谷物种植总面积的21.
6%,而玉米产量则占总的谷物产量的29.
4%(表16).

Table16:EstimatesofArea,ProductionandYieldofCerealCropsUnderPrivatePeasantHoldingin2007/08表16:2007/08年度农民私人控股的谷物粮食作物种植面积,产量和收益的估测Area(ha.
)面积(公顷)Production(tons)产量(吨)Teff画眉草23971212760159Barley大麦10247061455503Wheat小麦14792872711765Maize玉米18912034166165Sorghum高粱14981992467452Fingermillet小米391824526066Oats燕麦3203536758Rice稻米29720-Total总计874409514162796Source:CSA2007/08AlthoughmaizeisanintroducedcroptoEthiopia,itsproductionhasincreasedovertheyears(table2).
Duringtheearly2000's,thetotalproductionwithinayearremainedaround30millionquintals.
Howeverinthe2007/08,maizeproductioninEthiopiaincreasedto41.
6millionquintalsfromabout1.
9millionhectares(Table17).
尽管玉米是一种被引进到埃塞俄比亚的作物,其产量也逐年递增(表2).
2000年初期,年内总产量保持在3000万公担,然而在2007/08年度,埃塞俄比亚的玉米产量就从190万公顷增加到4160万公担.
(表17)Table17:EstimatesofAreaandProductionofMaizeinEthiopia(2003/04-2007/08)表17:埃塞俄比亚玉米种植面积和产量的估测(2003/04-2007/08)Year(EC)年度(埃塞俄比亚历年)Area(ha.
)面积(公顷)Production(qt)产量(公担)2003/041367115300765302004/051392116306441522005/061526125333675922006/071694522377643972007/08189120341661655Source:CentralStasticalAgency来源:中央统计部Cropproductionforcastsamplesurvey2007/08(2000E.
C)农作物产量预测抽样调查2007/08(2000埃塞俄比亚历年)AsaresultofhugeexistenceofrawmaterialsinEthiopiaintegratedproductionandprocessingofedibleoilfromoilseeds;processingofstarch,cornflakesandedibleoilfrommaizearepotentialareasofinvestment.
由于埃塞俄比亚充足的原材料,由油料作物提炼食用油的加工及一体化生产;玉米淀粉,玉米片和玉米食用油的加工都是潜在的投资领域.
Tomatoprocessing(番茄加工)TomatoprocessingisinitsinfancystageinEthiopia.
Currently,thereareonlytwoprivateandonepublictomatoprocessingfactoriesinthecountry.
Asshowninthefollowingtable,thedailyprocessingcapacitiesoftheprivatelyownedfactoriesrangefrom1250to8000cans.
Thepublicplantprocessesabout435tonsperyear.
OneoftheprivatelyownedplantsislocatedinNorthGondarZoneofAmhararegionandtheotheroneislocatedinSidamaZoneofSouthern,Nations,NationalitiesandPeoples'RegionalState.
Thepublicplantislocatedinthecentralpartofthecountry.
Theprocessingcapacityoftheexistingplantsinthecountryisshowninthefollowingtable.
埃塞俄比亚的番茄加工尚处于萌芽时期.
现如今该国仅有两家私人的和一家公有的番茄加工厂.
如下表所示,私有工厂的日加工产量在1250到8000罐.
国营加工厂的每年大约能加工435吨.
私有工厂之一位于阿姆哈拉地区的北贡达尔区域,另外一家则位于该国南部的民族和人民行政区域的锡达玛地区.
国营加工厂位于该国中部地区.
该国现有加工厂的加工产量如下表所示.

Table18:TomatoPasteProcessingCapacitiesofExistingPlantsinEthiopia.
表18:埃塞俄比亚现有加工厂的番茄加工产量Name厂名Ownership所有制MajorProducts主要产品PlantProductionCapacity工厂生产产量1MelegeWendoFoodProcessingFactory梅尔格-文多食品加工厂Private私有制-Tomatopaste番茄酱(850克/罐)(850gm.
can)-Tomatopaste番茄酱(410克/罐)(410gm.
can)5000inasingleshiftoperationof8hoursperworkingday每个工作日每8小时轮班时间内可生产5000罐-8000inasingleshiftoperationof8hoursperworkingday每个工作日每8小时轮班时间内可生产8000罐2GondarFoodProcessingFactory贡达尔食品加工厂Private私有制-Tomatopaste(850gm.
can)番茄酱(850克/罐)-1250inasingleshiftoperationof8hoursperworkingday每个工作日每8小时轮班时间内可生产1250罐3MertiProcessingFactory梅尔蒂加工厂Public公有制-Tomatopaste番茄酱-43,500qt/year43,500公担/年Source:ELIFORA-FoodProcessingandLivestockOperation,2005;SeifuGebremariam(EARO),StatusofCommercialFruitProductioninEthiopia,P.
23TheFactoryuses50%and48%ofitscapacitytoproducetomatoandfruitproductsrespecting.
Thisproductionvariesgreatlydependingondemandfortheproducts.
3.
该工厂仅用其50%和48%的生产力来生产番茄产品和水果产品.
产量变化很大程度上取决于产品需求.
Outofthevariousformsofprocessedtomato,themajorproductpresentlyproducedandconsumedinthecountryistomatopaste.
Thecountry'saverageproductionoftomatopasteislessthan1500tonsayear.
Mostofthetomatoproducedinthecountryissoldlocallyandintheinternationalmarketinfreshform.
ThecountryexportsfreshorchilledtomatomainlytoDjiboutiandtheSudan.
Atpresent,Ethiopiadoesnotexportprocessedtomatototheinternationalmarketbecauseoflimitedproductioncapacity.
Infact,thecountryimportsvariousformsofprocessedtomatoinordertosatisfythegrowinglocaldemand.
Table19belowshowsproductionoftomatopasteinthecountryfrom2001/02-2006/07.
在多种多样的番茄加工品中,番茄酱是目前该国主要生产和消费的产品.
该国番茄酱的平均年产量低于1500吨.
由该国生产,在当地和国际市场上出售的番茄都是新鲜的.
该国主要出口新鲜和冷冻番茄到吉布提和苏丹.
现如今由于有限的生产力埃塞俄比亚不再出口番茄加工产品到国际市场.

实际上该国进口各种各样的番茄加工成品来满足不断增长的国内需求.
下表19为该国2001/02-2006/07的番茄酱产量.
Table19:ProductionofTomatoPasteinEthiopia(表19:埃塞俄比亚番茄酱产量)Year年度Output(inton)产量(吨)Averageproducerpriceperunit(inbirr)生产商的平均价格/每单位量(比尔)2000/01173012888.
572001/0255512888.
002002/03287611383.
332003/04184611180.
212004/05184611180.
212005/06179011236.
922006/07183710752.
00Source:CSA,StatisticalAbstract,IndustrialSurvey.
(来源:修正案,统计摘要,产业统计调查)Processingandpreservingofmeatproducts(肉类食品的加工和储藏)MeatprocessinginEthiopiawasstartedwiththeestablishmentofMelgeWondoMeatandVegetableFactoryin1962.
Theplantwasestablishedtoprovideprocessedmeatproductsforexportmarket.
Currently,thereareonlyfiveprivatemeatcompanies/investorsintheCountry.
ELFORA-FoodprocessingandLivestockOperation,aforeigncompany,hasalreadyacquiredfivemeatprocessingplants(EthiopianMeatConcentrate,Melge-WondloMeatFactory,KombolchaMeatFactory,DireDawaMeatFactoryandGondarMeatFactory)thatwerestateowned.
Thiscompanyistheleadingexporteranddomesticsupplierofprocessedmeatandmeatproducts.
Thetablebelowshowstheslaughteringcapacityoftheseplantsinasingleshiftoperationofeighthoursperday.
埃塞俄比亚肉类加工始于1962年梅尔格-文多肉类和蔬菜工厂的成立.
该加工厂的建立是用于提供出口的肉类加工产品.
如今,该国仅有五家私营肉类公司/投资者.
ELFORA食品加工和畜牧公司是一家外资企业,已兼并了五家肉类加工厂(埃塞俄比亚浓缩肉汁,梅尔格-文多肉类加工厂,科姆波尔查肉制品厂,迪里达瓦肉制品厂和贡达尔肉制品厂),这些工厂曾经都是国有企业.
该公司是肉类加工和肉制品的主要国内供货商和出口商.
下表为上述加工厂在每个工作日内8小时的轮班作业中的屠宰量.

Table20.
Slaughtering/ProcessingCapacityofExistingMeatProcessingPlantsinEthiopia.
(表20:埃塞俄比亚现有肉类加工厂的屠宰/加工产量)No序号NameofMeatProcessingPlant肉类加工厂名称Unit单位Capacityperday(8hours)日产量(8小时)Cattle牛Sheep/Goats绵羊/山羊Camel骆驼1ELFORA-FoodProcessingandLivestockOperation(ELFORA-食品加工和畜牧公司)1.
1DebrezeitKera无.
2802800-1.
2Melege-WondoFoodProcessing(梅尔格-文多食品加工厂)3001500-1.
3Kombolcha(科姆波尔查食品加工厂)200800-1.
4Gonder(贡达尔食品加工厂)100400-1.
5DireDawa(迪里达瓦食品加工厂)150600-2SalehA.
s.
AlHosaini2004000-50002003ModjoLuna(TesfaLedit)150-2002000-4AyeleDejene/ModjoModernExportAbattoirPLC(现代出口屠宰厂)-2000-5HashimNuruJiruNANANASource:Collectedfromrespectivemeatprocessingplants,2004(来自2004年肉类加工厂统计结果)Integratedproductionandprocessingandpreservingoffishandfishproducts(鱼和鱼类产品的加工、储藏和一体化生产)FromtheestimatedsizeoftheinformalmarketinEthiopia,itwillbeseenthattraditionalmethodsofhandling,processingandmarketingcontinuetoflourish.
WherethefishislandedneartoatownasinthecaseofAwasaandZiway,consumersandtradersalikebuyitdirectlyfromfishermenatthelandingplace.
Smallertradersregularlyusehorsesanddonkeystoreachlessaccessibledestinations.
Informalfishermenusesackstocarryfishontheirheadstobringtothetraditionalmarket,asthereisnoaccessroadtothelakes'shoresDriedfish,knownas'Kuanta"isproducedbyfishermen,especiallyinArbaminchregion.
Fishisfilleted,cutintolargestripsandhunguptodryonstringsfortwotothreedays.
'Kuanta'ispackedintosacksforstorageonthegroundforseveralweeks,ifnecessary.
从埃塞俄比亚非正规市场的规模估测可知,鱼类产品的处理、加工和销售的传统方法仍蓬勃发展.
当鱼儿在卸货上岸时靠近如阿瓦萨和兹威这样的小镇,类似顾客和商家的买家就直接在上岸地从渔民手中购得产品.
小商小贩通常用马和驴子将货物运送到交通不太方便的目的地.
因为没有直接的路径送往湖泊岸边晾晒鱼,尤其是在阿尔巴敏赤地区,非正规的渔民用麻袋将鱼扛在头上送到传统的鱼市,被渔民加工制成"库岸塔".
工序如下:首先将鱼被剔骨,然后切成条状悬挂在绳上晾晒两到三天.
如有必要的话,可将"库岸塔"塞进地面的麻袋来储存数周.

Ingeneral,scientificfishprocessingdoesnotexistinEthiopia.
FishermenaroundLakeZiway,ChamoandAbayapracticefishdryingwhenevertheyareunabletosellalltheircatchinfreshform.
Saltingisnotpopularintheinlandfishing.
Curingfishbysmokingisnotpracticedinthecountry.
However,thefishProcessingandMarketingCorporationhasrecentlystartedsmokingonexperimentalbasistodiversitythefishmarket.
通常,科学的鱼类加工工艺在埃塞俄比亚并不存在.
当兹威,查莫和阿巴雅湖区附近的渔夫无法将他们捕得的鱼在新鲜的时候出售时,就需要将其晾晒.
腌制在内陆渔业中并不常见.
在该国熏鱼尚未被适用于鱼类加工.
然而近来鱼类加工和销售公司已开始实验性的运用熏鱼工艺使鱼市多样化.

Traditionallyandhistorically,Ethiopiansaremeatusers,duetostrongculturalpatternsandfertilecentralhighlandswhichallowedconsiderableexpansionofcattlebreeding.
AlmostallthefishproductionisconsumedwithinEthiopiasincefishexportactivitiesinthecountryarealmostmarginalorinexistent.
Since1990,theFishProcessingandMarketingCorporationwhichissemi-autonomousGovernmentOrganizationhadtriedtodevelopfreshwaterfishexporttoMiddleEasternmarkets.
Themaximumamountexportedsofarwasonly79tonesvaluedatUSD80,552.
Therefore,processingandexportingfishproductsareapotentialareaofinvestmentinthecountry.
从传统和历史层面来讲,中部肥沃的高原地区为牧牛业适当的拓展提供了条件,同时浓烈深刻的文化模式使得埃塞俄比亚人成为肉类用户.
由于该国鱼类产品的出口几乎可以忽略不计,因此几乎所有的鱼类产品都由境内消费.
自1990年起,作为半自主政府机构的鱼类加工和销售公司曾试图发展淡水鱼出口到中东市场.
迄今为止最高出口额仅为79吨价值80,552美元.
因此加工和出口鱼类产品在该国也是有潜力的投资领域.

Processingofspices(调料加工)Ethiopiaisahomelandformanyspices,suchaskorarima(AframonumKorarima),longpepper,Blackcumin,Bishopsweed('Nechazmud'),coriander,ginger,turmeric(Ird),cardamom(Yeshaikimam),blackpepper(kundo-berbere),redpepper,cinnamon(kerfa),shallotandgarlic,anethumspp(insilal),ociumumspp(besobila),mintsandthyme.
Asaresult,thehistoryofspiceuseinEthiopiaisanancientoneandspiceshavealwaysbeenandremainasbasicfooditemsinthedietoftheEthiopianpeople.
Thecultivationofspiceforcenturiesispredominantlystayedtraditionalbysmallscalelandholdingfarmers.
Recentlytheaveragelandcoveringbyspiceshasbeen222,700haandtheproductionreached244,000tonsperannum.
TheseedspicespotentialsareaareAmharaandOromiaregionswhileforthelowlandspicesdominantlyproducedandpotentialinSNNPandGambelaregions.
Ingeneralthetotalpotentialforthelowlandspicesisestimatedtobe200,000ha.
埃塞俄比亚是众多调料的源地,如korarima,荜拨,黑小茴香,主教除草,香菜,姜,姜黄,豆蔻果实,黑胡椒,红辣椒,桂香,青葱和大蒜,anethumspp(insilal),ociumumspp(besobila),薄荷和麝香草.
因此,埃塞俄比亚使用调料的历史悠久,而且调料在埃塞俄比亚人民饮食中一直保持基本食物的地位.
数百年来,调料主要由农场主以传统的耕作方式小规模种植.
近年来,调料种植的平均覆盖面积为222,700公顷,年产量达到244,000吨.
富有潜力的种子类调料区域在阿姆哈拉和奥若米亚地区而低地调料富有潜力的主要产区在SNNP和甘贝拉地区.
一般而言,低地调料的总潜力估计为200,000公顷.

Currently,thereareonlytwospiceextractionplantsinthecountry,onepublicandtheotherunderprivateownership.
Thepublicspiceextractionplant,theEthiopianSpiceExtractionFactory,hasaprocessingcapacityof180tonsperyear.
Theplantiscapableofprocessinggingerfromlocallygrowngingerroot,capsicumoleoresinfromredpepper,andturmeric.
TheprivatelyownedspiceextractionplantinEthiopiaisKasskSpicesandHerbsExtractionPLc.
whichhasaprocessingcapacityof120tonsperannum.
Alloftheextractedspiceisexportedoverseasforfoodcoloring,flavoring,etc.
toEuropemainlyGermany,SpainandItaly.
目前,该国仅有两家调料提炼工厂,分别为公有企业和私营企业.
公有企业为埃塞俄比亚调料提炼厂,年加工力为180吨.
该厂可以将当地种植的生姜根加工为生姜,还可由红辣椒和姜黄提炼辣椒油.
另外一家私营调料提炼加工厂为卡斯可调料香草提炼私营有限公司,其年加工处理力为120吨.
所有加工提取的调料作为食用色素、调味料等等主要出口到德国、西班牙和意大利等欧洲国家.

Exportofspicesisverysmallascomparedtotheavailablepotentialofthecountry,currentlycontributingonlyabout1%ofthecountry'stotalagriculturalexport.
ThetwospiceextractionplantsinEthiopiaarepresentlynotoperatingatfullcapacityduetomachineryobsolescenceandshortageofrawmaterials.
However,sincethereisvastareaofsuitablelandfortheproductionofspicesinthecountryitispossibletoincreasespiceproduction,evenbydesigninganoutgrowersschemeandtherehabilitationofexistingplantsaswellasestablishingnewones.
与该国现有潜力相比,调料出口所占份额甚微,目前仅占到该国农业总出口量的百分之一左右.
由于生产机器的陈旧和原材料的短缺,埃塞俄比亚现有的两家调料提炼加工厂目前尚未满负荷生产运营.
但是既然该国有大量的土地适宜调料的生长,因此可以通过设计种植方案,更新现有的工厂或新建工厂来增加调料的产量也很有可能.

2.
3.
INFORMATIONCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGY(ICT)(信息通讯技术)SomeoftheinvestmentopportunitiesinareasofInformationCommunicationTechnology(ICT)include:信息通讯技术领域的投资机遇包括:Software,content,applicationanddatabasedevelopmentSystemintegrationanddatacenterservicesInformationtechnologyenabledserviceslike:Geographicinformationservice,insuranceclaimprocessing,payrollprocessing,remotemaintenances,Businessprocessoutsourcing,etc.
ManufacturingofICTequipmentlikecomputersandperipheralequipment,audioandvideoequipment,telephoneapparatus,andproductionofsemi-conductorsandotherelectroniccomponents.
软件,内容,应用软件及数据库的发展系统一体化和数字中心服务信息技术启动的服务如:地理信息服务,保险索赔处理,薪资处理,远程维护,商业流程外包等等.
信息和通讯设备的生产和制造,例如:电脑,外围设备,音像设备,电话设备,半导体制品和其他的电子元件2.
4.
MANUFACTURING(制造业)InEthiopiamanufacturingisnowatanearlystageofdevelopment.
Majormanufacturingopportunitiesofferingattractivepotentialbenefitstoprospectiveinvestorsinclude:foodandbeverages,theleatherindustry,textile,garment,glassandceramics,chemicalsandchemicalproducts,paperandpaperproducts,buildingmaterials,metallurgy.
制造业现处于早期发展阶段.
制造业内吸引未来投资者的具有潜在利益的主要机遇有:食品和饮料,皮革业,纺织业,制衣业,玻璃和陶瓷制造,化学药品和化工产品,纸质及纸类产品,建筑材料,冶金.
FoodandBeverages(食品和饮料)SugarCanePlantation&Processing(甘蔗种植&加工)Ethiopiaisendowedwithlargeareasofsuitablelowlands,riversandconduciveclimateforsugarcanegrowth.
Theclimateandsoiltypesinthecountryhavebothproventobehighlyconduciveforsugarcanegrowthandproductivity.
Variouspre-feasibilityandfeasibilitystudiesofsugarprojectsconductedbytheEthiopianSugarIndustrySupportCenterShareCompany(ESISC)haveindicatedthatmanypotentialsitesatthemainriverbasinsaresuitableforsugarcaneplantation.
Theseinclude303,500hectaresofalreadyidentifiedsuitablenetareasin7sites.
However,thetotalareadevelopedfortheproductionofsugarcaneinthecountryisonlyabout8%ofthetotalidentifiedsuitableareas.
Experiencesofexistingsugarfactoriesshowthatbecauseofthesuitablesoil,adequatewaterandconduciveclimate,anaveragesugarcaneproductionperhectarepermonthofthelandunderirrigationisveryhighascomparedtoothercountries(i.
e.
9-11tonsagainst6-8tons).
ThiswouldmakeEthiopiaaveryattractivelocationforprivateinvestorstoinvestintheproductionandprocessingofsugarcane.
埃塞俄比亚富有适宜甘蔗生长的大面积的低地,河流和有利的气候.
经验证,该国的气候和土壤类型非常有利于甘蔗的种植和生长.
由埃塞俄比亚糖业支持中心股份有限公司实施的多项糖业项目前期可行性及可行性研究结果表明在主要河域有众多潜在的甘蔗种植园.
这包括现已确认占地303,500公顷的7个适宜净种地.
但是该国现已开发的甘蔗生产种植面积仅占到确定的适宜种植开发的总面积的百分之八左右.
根据现有的制糖厂的经验显示,该国适宜的土壤,充足的水源和有利的气候使得灌溉地每公顷甘蔗地的平均月产量要远远高于与其他国家(例如:9-11吨/6-8吨).
这将使埃塞俄比亚成为吸引私人投资者投资甘蔗生产和加工的投资地.

Table21.
PotentialIrrigationSitesForSugarCaneDevelopment.
表21.
甘蔗开发的潜在灌溉地Basin河域SiteNo.
地点序号Site地区Watersource水源GrossArea总面积NetSuitablearea净种面积StudylevelandRemarks研究水平和备注Awash阿瓦什1AngeleleBalhamoAwash11,0008,600Feasibility可行性2MaroGalaAwash14,7006,600Pre-feasibility预可行性3KasemKebenaKasem17,60013,600Pre-feasibility预可行性BlueNile青尼罗河4ArjoDedesaDedesa139,00016,800Pre-feasibility预可行性5AngerValleyAnger65,50030,200Pre-feasibility预可行性6UpperBelesBeles65,00055,300Feasibility可行性7UpperDinderDinder80,00058,300Feasibility可行性8RahadRahad100,000*Tekeze特克泽9AngerebAngereb45,60038,800Reconnaissance勘察研究10TekezeSetit68,55050,550Feasibility可行性OmoGibe奥莫基贝11LowerOmoOmo58,00029,000*Baro巴罗12Abob/UbalaGilo46,90039,400Reconnaissance勘察研究13ItangBaro21,000Feasibility可行性Nile尼罗河14DabusDabus5,100Omo奥莫15GojebGojeb12,000Source:ESISC,EthiopianSugarIndustry,2088.
Inadditiontotheabove-mentionedirrigableareas,therearealsoabout10,000hectaresoflandsuitableforrain-fedsugarcaneplantationintheCountry(SeeTable22below).
除上述提到的可灌溉区域,该国还约10,000公顷土地适宜旱作甘蔗的种植(见下表22)Table22.
PotentialRain-FedSitesForSugarCaneDevelopment(inha)表22.
适宜甘蔗开发种植的潜在旱作区(公顷)Sites区域Grossarea总面积Suitablearea适宜面积Yayu(Ilubabor)12,4005,000Duko(GojebValley)12,0001,400Tepi8,5001,650Serbo(Jima)12,0001900Bure(Ilubabor)N.
AN.
ASource:ESISC,IndicativeSugarCanePotentialSites&IrrigationAgricultureandBackgroundInformationofPreviousStudiesforIdentificationofIrrigableCaneAgriculture,IrrigationDevelopmentandSmallScaleRainFedAgriculture,AddisAbaba,March2003,P.
31-34TheidentifiedirrigationsitesforsugarcaneplantationliewithinKolaorwarmzonesofEthiopiawithdominantsub-tropicalclimateandwithmeanannualrainfallrangingfrom400-2000mm(Table23).
Thisagro-climaticconditionishighlysuitableforirrigatedsugarcaneplantation.
经确认的甘蔗种植灌溉区位于考拉或埃塞俄比亚的温带地区,这些区域主要为亚热带气候,平均年降雨量范围为400-2000毫升(表23).
这种农业气候条件尤其适宜灌溉型甘蔗种植.
Table23.
ClimaticConditionsofthePotentialIrrigationSites表23.
潜在灌溉区域的气候条件No序号Site地点Altitude(metersabovesealevel)海拔(海平面以上)TemperatureRange(oc)温度范围(摄氏度)MeanAnnualRainfall(mm)平均年降雨量(毫米)1Angelele-Bohamo650-70025.
1-27.
55502MaroGala600-65025.
1-27.
54003KesemKebena700-75015-384704Arjo-Dedessa1300-160022*14775Anger1000-135020-2213676UpperBeles1000-13008-35N.
A7UpperDinder900-110026-2710008Rahad760*26-279009Angereb650-67014-4184010Tekeze650-69513.
2-40N.
A11LowerOmo400*21*40012Abobo/vbala425-46010.
3-44.
9680-200013Itang420-43028.
8680-200014Dabus24100015Gojob19.
9-21.
51631SourceESISC,2008.
(来源:ESISC,2008.
)Sugarcaneflourishesinawiderangeofsoilswithtexturesfromveryheavyclaystosands.
AsoilthathasaPHrangeof4.
5to8.
5andlowtoxicsaltconcentrationisnecessary.
Mostofthesoilsoftheidentifiedsitesarefertile,freelydrainingandhavegoodstructurewithsufficientmechanicalstrengthtosupportmaturesugarcane.
Thetablebelowshowsthetypeofdominantsoilsofthesesites.
甘蔗在广泛的土壤结构范围中从重粘土到沙土都生长繁茂,但土壤必须具备酸碱度在4.
5-8.
5范围内且毒性盐类浓度较低的条件.
已经确认的大多数地点的土壤肥沃,排水性好,土壤结构机械强度足以支撑成熟的甘蔗.
下表显示这些地点的主要土壤类型.

Table24.
SoilTypesofthePotentialIrrigationSites(表24.
潜在灌溉区的土壤类型)No序号Site地点DominantSoilType主要土壤类型1Angelele-BolhamoEutricfluvisolandalluvial饱和冲积土2MaroGalaEutricfluvisol饱和冲积土3KesemKebenaEutricfluvisol饱和冲积土4ArjoDedessaVertisolsfewredLatosols变性土,砖红壤土5AngerAlisols&Acrisols泽泻醇&低活性强酸土6UpperBelesVertisolsandGrumosols变性土和Grumosols7UpperDinderVertisols变性土8RahadN.
A不适用9AngerebVertisols&LithicLeptosols.
变性土&LithicLeptosols.
10TekezeVertisols变性土11LowerOmoSandywithsomeloamsandvertisolsassociatedwithalluvialfans含沙的壤土和冲积扇形成的变性土12Aboboubala*13ItangCambisols,Eutricvertisols,始成土和饱和变性土14DabusRedLatosols砖红壤土15GojebReddishbrown红褐土Source:ESISC,2008.
(来源:ESISC,2008.
)BeveragesProcessing(饮品加工)Beveragesmanufacturinglikebrewery,winery,softdrinks,processingandbottlingofmineralwater,etcisalsoapotentialareaofinvestment.
如啤酒酿造,葡萄酒酿造,软饮料,矿泉水的加工和装瓶等等饮品制造业都是潜在的投资领域.
TanningofHidesandSkinsuptoFinishedLevel(皮革和毛皮鞣制成成品)Asindicatedpreviously,EthiopiaisoneofthecountriesthathavethelargestherdoflivestockpopulationinAfrica.
Thus,itsresourcebaseforthedevelopmentoftheleatherandleathergoodsindustryissubstantial.
Theannualpotentialsupplyofhidesandskinsisestimatedat4.
8Millionpiecesofhidesand12millionpiecesofskins.
正如前文提及,埃塞俄比亚是非洲拥有牲畜牧群数量最多的国家之一,因此,其丰富的资源为该国皮革及皮革制品的发展奠定了简史的基础.
据估计,每年潜在的皮革和毛皮供货量分别为480万张和1200万张.

Thereare,atpresent,21tanneriesintheCountry.
Thesetannerieshaveanaveragetanningcapacityofapproximately4,000piecesofhidesand30,000piecesofskinsperday.
Withrespecttothedegreeoftanning,thetanneriesarelargelylimitedtosemi-processingactivitiesandcurrentlyonly14percentofthetotalproductionisfinishedleather.
Table25belowshowstheprocessingcapacity,lineofbusinessandproducttypesofexistingtanningindustriesintheCountry.
如今该国有21所制革厂,他们平均日鞣制产量大约为4000张皮革和30,000张毛皮.
受鞣制工艺水平所限,制革厂大多数生产仅限于半成品程度,目前成品皮革的产量仅占到总产量的14%.
下表25显示该国现有的皮革鞣制厂的加工能力,营业范围和产品类型.

Table25:ProcessingCapacity,LineofBusinessandProductTypesofTanningIndustriesinEthiopia(表25:埃塞俄比亚皮革鞣制厂的加工能力,营业范围和产品类型).
S.
N序号NameofTannery皮革鞣制厂名LineofBusiness营业范围ProductType产品类型Annualcapacity年产力1Ethio-LeatherIndustryPLC埃塞皮革私人有限公司Produceandexport生产和出口Finished,glovingleatherfordressandsportsfromsheepskin绵羊皮制成的用于制作服装和体育用品的手套革成品Wetblue,crustandfinishedfromgoatskin山羊皮蓝湿皮,外皮及成品Crustandfinishedfromhides皮革外皮及成品Leathergarmentsandarticles皮革类服装及皮革类日用品Skins毛皮5,640,000Pcs/张Hides皮革328,000Pcs/张2EthiopianTanneryS.
C埃塞俄比亚制革厂S.
C"Pickled,crustandfinishedfromsheepskin经泡制的绵羊皮外皮及成品Wetblue,crustandfinishedfromgoatskin山羊皮蓝湿皮,外皮及成品Wetblue,crustandfinishedfromhides皮革蓝湿皮,外皮及成品Skins毛皮3,780,000Pcs/张Hides皮革3,600,000Pcs/张3DireTannery达里尔制革厂"Pickled,crustandfinishedfromsheepskin经泡制的绵羊皮外皮及成品Wetblue,crustandfinishedfromgoatskin山羊皮蓝湿皮,外皮及成品Wetblue,crustandfinishedfromhides皮革蓝湿皮,外皮及成品Skins毛皮2,200,000Pcs/张Hides皮革140,000Pcs/张4AddisAbabaTanneryS.
C亚的斯亚贝巴制革厂S.
C"Wetblue,crustandfinishedleatherfromhides&skins皮革和毛皮蓝湿皮,外皮及成品Skins毛皮:600,000PcsHides皮革:950,000Pcs5ModjoTanneryS.
C莫吉奥制革厂S.
C"Pickled,crustandfinishedfromsheepskin经泡制的绵羊皮外皮及成品Wetblue,crustandfinishedfromgoatskin山羊皮制得的蓝湿皮,外皮及成品Skins毛皮:2,500,000Pcs6KombolchaTanneryS.
C科姆波乐查制革厂S.
C"Wetbluegoatskin蓝湿山羊皮Skins毛皮:1,100,000Pcs/张7AbayTannery亚贝制革厂Produceandexport生产和出口Pickledfromsheepskin经泡制的绵羊皮Wetbluefromgoatskin蓝湿山羊皮Skins毛皮:900,000Pcs/张8BaleTannery贝勒制革厂"Pickled,crustandfinishedfromsheepskin经泡制的绵羊皮外皮及成品Wetblue,crustandfinishedfromgoatskin山羊皮蓝湿皮,外皮及成品Wetblue,crustandfinishedfromhides皮革蓝湿皮,外皮及成品Exoticleathers进口皮革Skins毛皮:1,200,000Pcs/张Hides皮革:60,000Pcs/张9BahrDarTannery巴哈达尔制革厂"Pickledfromsheepskin泡制绵羊皮Wetbluefromgoatskin山羊皮蓝湿皮Skins毛皮:516,125Pcs/张10BatuTannery巴图制革厂"Pickledfromsheepskin泡制绵羊皮Wetblueandcrustfromgoatsskin山羊皮蓝湿皮及外皮Wetblueandfinishedfromhides皮革蓝湿皮及成品Skins毛皮:814,000Pcs/张Hides皮革:625,000Pcs/张11BlueNileTannery青尼罗河制革厂"Pickledfromsheepskin泡制绵羊皮Wetbluefromgoatskin山羊皮蓝湿皮Skins毛皮:1,560,000Pcs/张12DebreBerhanTannery德伯雷伯尔汉制革厂"Pickledfromsheepskin泡制绵羊皮Wetbluefromgoatsskin山羊皮蓝湿皮Skins毛皮:1,200,000Pcs/张13DesseTannery戴斯制革厂"Pickledfromsheepskin泡制绵羊皮Wetbluefromgoatsskin山羊皮蓝湿皮Skins毛皮:1,260,000Pcs/张14HafdeTannery哈弗德制革厂"Pickled,crustandfinishedfromsheepskin经泡制的绵羊皮外皮及成品Wetblue,crustandfinishedfromgoatsskin山羊皮蓝湿皮,外皮及成品Wetblue,crust,andfinishedfromhides皮革蓝湿皮,外皮及成品Skins毛皮:150,000Pcs/张Hides皮革:150,000Pcs/张15ShebaTannery舍巴制革厂"Pickledfromsheepskin泡制绵羊皮Wetbluefromgoatsskin山羊皮蓝湿皮Skins毛皮:378,000Pcs/张16ShoaTannery烁亚制革厂"Pickledfromsheepskin泡制绵羊皮Wetbluefromgoatsskin山羊皮蓝湿皮Skins毛皮:542,000Pcs/张17WaliaTannery瓦利亚制革厂"Pickled,crustandfinishedfromsheepskin经泡制的绵羊皮外皮及成品Wetblue,crustandfinishedfromgoatsskin山羊皮蓝湿皮,外皮及成品Wetblue,crust,andfinishedfromhides皮革蓝湿皮,外皮及成品Skins毛皮:870,000Pcs/张Hides皮革:56,000Pcs/张18HoraTannery霍拉制革厂"Pickledfromsheepskin泡制绵羊皮Wetbluefromgoatsskin山羊皮蓝湿皮Skins毛皮:1,260,000Pcs/张19KolbaTannery科勒巴制革厂Produce&export生产和出口Picklefromsheep&Goatskin绵羊皮和山羊皮的泡制品Skin毛皮:1,872,00020GelanTannery格兰制革厂"Picklefromsheep&Goatskinwetblue绵羊皮和山羊皮泡制的蓝湿皮Skin毛皮:1,248,00021MesakoTannery梅萨科制革厂"Picklefromsheep&Goatskinwetblue绵羊皮和山羊皮泡制的蓝湿皮Skin毛皮:936,000Source:Ministryoftrade&Industry(来源:工业与外贸部)Withregardtomarketdestination,mostoftheproductsofthetanneriesareexportedtotheinternationalmarket.
Thetotalexportvalueofsemi-processedhidesandskinsandfinishedleatherin2007wasUS$79,770(Source:EthiopianCustomsAuthority)关于市场销售目的地,制革厂的大多数产品出口到国际市场.
2007年,皮革和毛皮的加工半成品和皮革成品的出口总值为79,770美元.
(来源:埃塞俄比亚海关管理局)LeatherProducts&ArticlesManufacturing(皮革制品&日用品制造)Ethiopiahasthelargestlivestockpopulationinthecontinent.
Ethiopianhidesandskinsarehighlyregardedfortheirnaturalqualitiesofclarity,flexibility,strength,thicknessandcompacttexture.
TheEthiopianhighlandsheepskinshaveaninternationalreputationfortheiruniquenaturalsubstanceoffineness,thickness,flexibility,strengthandcompactnessoftexture.
Theyaresuitablefortheproductionofhighqualitydress-gloves,sports'glovesandgarmentandaregreatlydemandedintheworldmarket.
Likewise,Ethiopiangoatskinsarewellrecognizedintheinternationalmarketformakinghighqualitysuedeforfashionproducts.
在非洲大陆,埃塞俄比亚的牲畜数量最大,尤以其皮革和毛皮清晰度,柔韧性,高强度,厚度和纹理致密的天然特点而闻名.
埃塞俄比亚高原绵羊皮以其独特的细度,厚度,柔韧性,强度和纹理致密享有国际美誉,其可用来生产制作高品质的礼服手套,运动手套和运动服装,且在全球市场上拥有较大的需求.
埃塞俄比亚的山羊皮同样也是国际市场上普遍公认的可用于制造高品质时尚产品的绒面革.

Ethiopiaoffersawiderangeofprocessedandsemi-processedhidesandskinstotheworldmarket.
Thecountry'shideandskinexportsinclude:Pickledsheepskin;Crustsheepskin;Wetbluegoatskinandcrustgoatskin;Crustcowhidesfinishedgarmentleather;Finishedgloveleather;Lining/upperleather;Suedleather;Fullgrainleather;andEmbossedleatherandpatentleather;Giventheabundantlivestockresource,investmentopportunitiesareavailablein:Tanninguptofinishing;Manufactureofluggageitems;Handbags,saddleandharnessitems;Footwear,garmentandintegratedtanningandleathergoodsEarningfromexportsofleatherandleatherproductsgrewtoUSD99.
2millioninthe2007/08fiscalyearfromUSD89.
6millionduringtheprecedingyear.
埃塞俄比亚为世界市场提供了大量的毛皮和皮革的成品和半成品.
该国毛皮和皮革的出口包括:泡制的绵羊皮绵羊皮外皮蓝湿山羊皮及外皮用来制衣的加工完的牛皮革加工好的手套皮革衬里革/真皮羊皮革全纹皮革压花革和漆皮基于充足的牲畜资源,下述诸方面充满投资机遇:制革直到成为成品皮包加工手提包,马鞍和马具鞋类,衣服,一体化的制革及皮革产品皮革和皮革制品的出口收入从2006/07财政年度的8960万美元上升到2007/08财政年度的9920万美元.
Table26:ProductionofMajorLeatherGoodsandArticles(2001/02-2005/06)表26:主要皮革产品和商品的产量(2001/02-2005/06)No序号Item项目Unitofmeasurement度量单位Year年度2001/022002/032003/042004/052005/061Leathershoesandboots皮鞋和皮靴'000pairs/双1098.
6866.
91081.
584612872Leatherupperandlining皮革鞋面和鞋里'000sq.
meter/平方米9235207396856083Leathergarment皮革服装'000sq.
feet平方英尺46696654897294659615Source:CSA,StatisticalAbstract2007.
(来源:网络数据库,2007统计摘要)TextileGarments(纺织服装业)Thetextilesub-sectorhasbeensingledoutasoneofthetoppriorityareasbasedonitsmeritsintermsofemploymentgeneration,prospectsforexport,andstrengtheningtheagro-industrylinkageandbroaderbasedevelopment.
Therefore,theavailabilityofalargepoolofinexpensiveworkforcealongwiththehighestinputresources,andthesky-highinternationalmarketdemandmakethetextilesub-sectorlucrativeareaofinvestment.
由于纺织子行业在创造就业机会,出口,加强农工业的联系和扩大基础发展方面发挥了很大的作用,因此被选定为优势行业.
因此,廉价的劳动力和资源输入,国际市场的大量需求使得纺织子行业成为吸引投资的有诱惑力的行业.

ThemoderngarmentmanufacturingindustrystartedinEthiopia39yearsagowiththeestablishmentoftheAddisGarmentFactory,previouslyknownasAugusta,bythreeItaliansin1965.
Currently,therearefivepublicgarmentmanufacturingfactoriesintheCountryproducingmostlyworkweargarmentsprimarilyforthedomesticmarket.
Themajorproductsandcapacitiesofthesefactoriesareshowninthefollowingtable.
39年前亚的斯服装厂的成立开启了埃塞俄比亚现代服装制造业的历史,其前身是由三名意大利人于1965年开办的奥古斯塔.
目前该国有五家国有服装制造厂,主要面向国内市场生产工作服.
这些厂家的产品及生产力如下表所示.

Table27.
MajorProductsandCapacitiesofPublicGarmentFactories.
表27.
国有服装厂的主要产品及生产力No序号Factory厂家MajorProducts主要产品AnnualCapacity年生产力1NazarethGarmentS.
C.
Uniforms,workcloth制服,工作服1,620,000shirtequivalent与衬衫等量2AddisGarmentS.
C.
Shirts衬衫360,0003GuleleGarments.
C.
Shirts,workcloth,uniforms衬衫,工作服,制服420,000shirtequivalent与衬衫等量4AkakiGarmentS.
C.
Shirts,workcloth,uniforms衬衫,工作服,制服890,000shirtequivalent与衬衫等量5AdeyAbabaYarnS.
CT-shirtsT恤10.
7million万Source:UNIDO,theTextileSectorofEthiopia(Draftreport),2001;EthiopianPrivatizationAgency.
埃塞俄比亚纺织部门2001;埃塞俄比亚私有化机构Mostofthesefactoriesareproducingcottonbasedvarietiesofgarmentproductssuchasshirts,T-shirts,uniforms,workclothes,etc.
mainlyforthedomesticmarket.
Thebasicrawmaterialsforthemanufacturingoftextilegarmentsarefabrics,sewingthreadandaccessories.
Cottonfabrics,nylonfabricsandsewingthreadareproducedlocally.
Othertypesoffabrics(e.
g.
,woolenandsilkfabrics)andaccessoriesarenotcurrentlyproducedinthecountry.
这些工厂中的大多数生产不同种类的以棉质服装为主的产品,如衬衫,T恤,制服,工作服等等,主要销往国内市场.
制造纺织类服装的基本材料有织物,缝纫线和配饰.
棉布,尼龙织物和缝纫线是由当地生产,而其他类型的纺织品(如毛纺织品和丝绸)和配饰目前该国还无法生产.

Whilethecountryhasavastpotentialforthedevelopmentofgarmentindustry,thesub-sectorhaslittledevelopment.
Currently,thereareveryfewlarge-scalegarmentfactoriesthatproduceforexportmarket.
BoththepublicandprivateplayersarecurrentlyexportingsomeamountoffinishedgoodstotheAmericanandEuropeanmarkets.
Giventhehugeresourceavailableforgarmentsub-sector,thecountryneedsanumberofpotentialforeignanddomesticinvestorstoworkinthisunexploitedinvestmentarea.
Hence,theavailabilityofbasicrawmaterial,cotton,theexistenceofabundantandcheaplaborforce,thegrowingworldanddomesticdemandforcottonfabricsandthefavorableinvestmentclimateexistinginthecountryprovideanopportunityfortheestablishmentofcottonbasedfabricsmanufacturingindustriesinthecountry.
虽然该国在制衣业发展潜力深远,但该行业发展速度缓慢.
现如今,仅有几家大规模的服装厂对外出口.
现今一些公共的和私人的商家将部分成衣出口到美国和欧洲市场.
鉴于服装业有着充足的资源和潜力,该国需要大量潜在的国内外投资者开发这片投资领域.
因此基本的原材料,棉花的供应,大量廉价劳动力的存在,国际和国内棉织品需求的增长和该国有利的投资环境为该国以棉织品为主的纺织业的创立提供了良机.

Theworldmarketfortextilesandclothingishugepresentlyaccountingabout6%ofthetotalworldexports.
EthiopiahasdutyandquotafreeaccesstotheUSAandEuropeanUnionmarketsthroughtheAfricanGrowthandOpportunityAct(AGOA)oftheUSAandEverythingButArms(EBA)oftheEuropeanUnion.
Hence,textilegarmentexportsfromEthiopiacanentertheUSAandtheEuropeanUnionmarketsfreeofdutyandwithoutquotarestrictions.
EthiopiaisalsoamemberofthecommonMarketforEasternandsouthernAfrica(COMESA)agreementembracing20countrieswithapopulationofabout380million.
Exportsandimportswithmembercountriesenjoypreferentialtariffrates.
纺织品和服装的世界市场巨大,目前已占到世界总出口的6%.
根据美国的《非洲增长和机会法案》和欧盟的《除武器外的一切商品免税》,埃塞俄比亚出口到美国和欧盟的商品享有免税和自由额的待遇.
因此,从埃塞俄比亚出口到美国和欧盟市场的纺织类服装都享有免税和无限额的待遇.
埃塞俄比亚还是签署东非和南非共同市场协议的成员国,该组织拥有20个成员国,约38000万人口.
各成员国之间的进出口都享有优惠关税率.

CementManufacturing(水泥制造业)Cementisanimportantingredientinconcretelockingtogetherthesandandgravelconstituentsinaninertmatrix.
Itisoneoftheprincipalbuildingandconstructionmaterialsinbuildingandconstructionsectors.
Itisthereforeessentialtomeetsociety'sneedsforhousingandbasicinfrastructuresuchasbridges,roads,watertreatmentfacilities,schoolsandhospitals.
InEthiopiacurrentlytherearefourcementplantswithacombinedproductioncapacityofabout2.
85millionmetrictonsperyear.
水泥是一种重要的由沙子和砾石成分混合在一起凝固形成的混凝土原料,是建筑工程部门中主要的建筑材料之一,因此,在满足住房和基建(如桥梁,道路,水处理设施,学校和医院)的社会需求时,其是必不可少的.
目前埃塞俄比亚有四家水泥厂,总的年产量约为285万公吨.

Thesecementplantspresentlymanufacturecementmainlyforthelocalmarket.
However,theMesseboCementplanthasstartedexportingcementtotheneighboringcountries,theSudanandDjibouti.
Thevastneedofconstructionworksandavailabilityofcementrawmaterialsinthecountryprovidehugepotentialforinvestingincementmanufacturing.
Toconclude,thereasonablyhighGDPgrowthratewhichstimulatestheexpansionofconstructionactivities,theavailabilityofrawmaterialsandconduciveinvestmentclimateofthecountrymaketheestablishmentofcementindustriesahighlyviablebusinessundertaking.
Theexistingoperatingplantsandtheircapacityinthecountryareshownbelow:这些水泥厂现如今生产的水泥主要供应本地市场,但Messebo水泥厂已开始出口水泥到邻国苏丹和吉布提.
埃塞俄比亚建筑工程巨大的需求和水泥原材料的供应为水泥制造业的投资提供了巨大潜力.
总之,较高的国内生产总值增长率刺激建筑工程不断扩展,原材料的供应和该国有利的投资环境使得水泥业的创立成为高度可行的项目.
该国现有运营的水泥厂及其产量如下所示:Table28:ExistingCementPlantsCapacitiesoftheCountry.
(表28:该国现有水泥厂产量)S.
No序号Operatingplants运营厂家Ownership所有权Locality所在地AnnualproductionCapacity(intons)Cement水泥年产量(吨)Publicenterprise公有企业Privatelimited私有企业1MugherCementFactory水泥厂(Mugher145000cement/水泥620000clinker/灰渣2AddisAbabaCementFactory亚的斯亚贝巴水泥厂(AddisAbaba亚的斯亚贝巴1250003DireDawaCementFactory迪里达瓦水泥厂(DireDawa迪里达瓦180004MesseboCementFactory/水泥厂(Mekele10891975AbissiniaCementFactory/水泥厂(Chancho1080006CGCCement/水泥厂(Nathret150000Total总计2855197Source:MugherCementEnterprise,EthiopianPrivatizationAgencyandMesseboCementFactory.
(来源:Mugher水泥集团,埃塞俄比亚私有化机构和Messebo水泥厂)Otherinvestmentopportunitiesinmanufacturingsectorinclude(其他制造业的投资机遇有):GlassandCeramics(玻璃和陶瓷工艺):Tablewareandsanitaryware;Sheetglassandmanufacturingofcontainers.
餐具和卫生洁具平板玻璃和容器制造ChemicalsandChemicalProducts(化学药品和化工产品)Manufactureofbasicchemicalsbasedonlocalrawmaterials,including:PVCgranulesfromethylalcohol;Formaldehydefrommethanol;Manufactureofcausticsodaandchlorine-basedchemicals;Activatedcarbon;Precipitatedcalciumcarbonateandballpointink以当地资源为原料的基本化学药品的制造有:用乙醇制成的聚氯乙烯颗粒;有甲醇制得的甲醛;苛性纳和氯基化学药品的生产;活性炭;沉定碳酸钙和圆珠笔油墨PaperandPaperProducts(纸类和纸类产品)Pulpfromindigenousrawmaterials,paperandpaperproducts.
当地原料制成的纸浆,纸及纸类产品BuildingMaterials(建筑材料)Manufactureof:Cement,lime;Gypsum,marble;Granite,limestone,ceramics;Roofingtiles,corrugatedsheets;Tubes,pipesandfittings.
制造生产:水泥,石灰石膏,大理石花岗岩,石灰岩,陶瓷制品屋面瓦,波纹板软硬管道和日用器具Metallurgy(冶金业)Manufactureofbasicironandsteel,operationofblastfurnaces,steelconverters,rollingandfinishingmills;Recyclingofmetalwasteandscrap;Manufactureofbasicpreciousandnon-ferrousmetal;Mechanicalworking,heattreatment,platingofferrousandnon-ferrousmetals基础钢铁的制造,高炉,炼钢炉,轧钢机和精轧机的操作废旧金属的回收利用基本的不含铁的贵金属的制造机械加工,热处理,含铁及不含贴金属的电镀工艺StructuralProducts(结构制品)Manufactureof:Structuralmetalproducts,Reservoirsandsteamgenerators.
结构金属产品的制造蓄水池和蒸汽锅炉的制造2.
5.
MINING(采矿业)Ethiopiaoffersexcellentopportunitiesformineralprospectinganddevelopment.
Thereisfavorablegeologicalenvironmenthostingawidevarietyofmineralresources.
Ethiopia'sgreenstonebeltsofferoneofthefinestareasforgoldmineralizationanywhereintheworld,andmorethan500metrictonsofgolddepositshavealreadybeenidentifiedbyexploration.
埃塞俄比亚优越的地理环境孕育了种类繁多的矿产资源,为矿产业的繁荣与发展提供了不可多得的机遇.
埃塞俄比亚的绿石带提供了世界上黄金矿化的最佳地区之一,经探测确定迄今为止已有超过500公吨的黄金储量.

Inadditiontogold,Ethiopiaisblessedwithalargedepositof:Preciousandmetallicmineralssuchastantalum,andplatinum;Industrialandconstructionmineralssuchaskaolin,diatomite,feldspar,quartz,silicasand,potash,phosphate,sodaash,salt,rocksalt,limestone,marbleandgranite;Energymineralsincludingcoal,oilshale,naturalgasandhotspringhavealsobeenidentifiedinvariouspartsofcountry;Withregardtofossilenergyresources,therearesignificantopportunitiesforextractingoilandnaturalgasinthefourmajorsedimentarybasins,namelytheOgaden,theGambella,theBlueNileandtheSouthernRiftValley.
除黄金外,埃塞俄比亚享有大量的矿藏储量:贵金属矿物如:钽和铂;工业和建筑用矿物如:高岭土,硅藻土,长石,石英,硅砂,碳酸钾,磷酸盐,纯碱,盐,岩盐,石灰石,大理石和花岗岩;能源矿物包括已在该国多个地区发现的煤,油页岩,天然气和温泉.
提到化石能源,在四个主要的沉积盆地:欧加登,甘贝拉,青尼罗河和南部裂谷开采油气资源方面有着广阔的发展机遇.
Table29:ReserveofMajorMineralCommoditiesinEthiopia(表29:埃塞俄比亚主要矿藏储量)No.
序号MineralCommodity矿产Unit单位ProvenReserve探明储量Location产地I.
Precious&MetallicMinerals(贵金属)1PrimaryGold原生金矿Ton吨61,208LegeDembiSouthernEthiopia勒革,登必,埃塞俄比亚南部2Platinum铂Ton吨1205Yubdo,WesternEthiopia尤卜多,埃塞俄比亚西部3Iron铁矿Millionton百万吨32.
5Bikilal,WesternEthiopia比吉拉,埃塞俄比亚西部4Tantalum钽Ton吨2,358.
32肯迪察,埃塞俄比亚南部II.
Industrial&ConstructionMinerals(工业和建筑用材)1Kaolin高岭土Ton吨225,397Bombawoha,SouhternEthiopia伯巴沃哈,埃塞俄比亚南部2Diatomite硅藻土Millionton百万吨36,602Indifferentpartsoftheriftvalley东非大裂谷不同地带3Feldspar长石ton吨501,000Kenticha,SouthernEthiopia肯迪察,埃塞俄比亚南部4Quartz石英ton吨55,000Kenticha,SouthernEthiopia肯迪察,埃塞俄比亚南部5SilicaSand硅砂Millionton百万吨3.
4Mughervalley,CentralEthiopia穆赫山谷,埃塞俄比亚中部6Potash碳酸钾Millionton百万吨15Afarregion,NorthernEthiopia阿乏地区,埃塞俄比亚北部7Phosphate磷酸盐Millionton百万吨181.
08Bikilal,WesternEthiopia比基拉,埃塞俄比亚西部8SodaAsh纯碱Millionton百万吨460Ziwayintheriftvalley位于东非大裂谷的兹威9Brinesalt盐溶液Millionton百万吨290LakeAfdera,NorthernEthiopia阿浮德拉湖,埃塞俄比亚北部10Rocksalt岩盐Millionton百万吨1000AfarRegion阿乏地区11Limestone石灰岩Millionton百万吨136.
7Mugher-CentralEthiopia,Mesobo-NorthernEthiopia&DireDawa-EasternEthiopia穆赫-埃塞俄比亚中部,卖索伯-埃塞俄比亚北部&迪尔达瓦-埃塞俄比亚东部12Limestone石灰岩MillionM百万立方米60HakimGara,EasternEthiopia哈基姆加拉,埃塞俄比亚东部13Marble大理石Millionton百万吨2.
8Daleti,WesternEthiopia达勒提,埃塞俄比亚西部14Granite花岗岩MillionM百万立方米15Harar,EasternEthiopia哈勒尔,埃塞俄比亚东部III.
EnergyMinerals(能源矿物)1Coal煤炭Millionton百万吨13.
73Delbi&Moye,WesternEthiopia德尔比&莫伊,埃塞俄比亚西部2Coal煤炭Millionton百万吨64.
453Yayu,WesternEthiopia雅语,埃塞俄比亚西部3OilShale油页岩Millionton百万吨108.
05Yayu%Delbi,WesternEthiopia雅语&代尔比,埃塞俄比亚西部4NaturalGas天然气TCF万亿立方英尺2.
7Calub,EasternEthiopia卡鲁巴,埃塞俄比亚东部5GeothermalResource地热资源MW兆瓦33.
5Aluto-Langano&Tendahointheriftvalley阿鲁图-蓝咖诺&非洲大裂谷的滕达霍IV.
Gemstone(宝石)1Opal蛋白石Millionkg百万公斤2.
83NorthShoa,CentralEthiopia北绍河,埃塞俄比亚中部Source:MinistryofMiners(2005)出自:能源部(2005年)BIO-FUELDEVELOPMENT(生物燃料的开发)Ethiopiahassuitableenvironmentandbigpotentialforthedevelopmentofbio-ethanolandbio-disselproduces.
AccordingtotheMinistryofWaterDevelopment,inthemediumandlong-termthepotentialproductionofethanolisestimatedtobeabout1billionliters.
Thecurrentethanolproductionandprojection(Liters)bytheEthiopianSugarIndustriesfrom2006/07-2012/13isasfollows.
埃塞俄比亚有适宜的环境和巨大潜力来开发生产生物乙醇和生物柴油.
据水资源开发部估计,中长期的乙醇潜在的产量约为十亿升.
2006/07到2012/13埃塞俄比亚制糖业目前的乙醇产量和预测产量如下所示.

Table30:Thecurrentethanolproductionandprojection(Liters)表30:目前乙醇产量及预测产量(升)SugarIndustries制糖业2006/072007/082008/092009/102010/112011/122012/13Fincha8,000,0008,448,00011,009,00013,834,00016,585,00018,515,00021,221,000Metahara7,311,00011,700,00011,700,00028,183,00035,527,000Wonji15,428,00020,728,000Tendaho9,602,00024,428,00038,205,00050,689,000Total总计8,000,0008,448,00018,320,00035,136,00052,713,000100,331,000128,165,000Source:EthiopianSugarDevelopmentAgency,July2006/07来源:埃塞俄比亚糖业开发部,2006/07年7月Atnationallevelthecountry'slandpotentialforthedevelopmentofbio-disselisestimatedtobeabout23.
3millionhectares.
Atregionallevelthepotentiallandinhectares(million)is:Oromiya17.
20;Benishangul-Gumez3.
10;Gambella2.
80;Somalia1.
50;Amhara1.
00;SNNPRS0.
05,Tigray0.
007,andinotherregionsnotyetknown.
生物柴油开发的国家级国土潜力估计约2330万公顷.
地方级的潜在土地面积为(以百万公顷为单位):Oromiya17.
20;Benishangul-Gumez3.
10;Gambella2.
80;索马里1.
50;阿姆哈拉1.
00;SNNPRS0.
05,Tigray0.
007,其他地区目前尚未得知.
2.
7.
SERVICES(服务业)Opportunitiesexistforprivateinvestmentinthefollowingareasofservices.
在下列服务领域私人投资机遇广阔Hydropower(水电)Ethiopiahasacolossalpotentialforhydropowerandgeothermalenergygeneration.
Amongitsmajorrivers,ninearesuitableforhydropowergenerationwithatotalcapacityof15-30thousandMW.
Inspiteofthis,theannualelectricitygenerationoftheEthiopianElectricPowerCorporation(EEPCo)iscurrentlyestimatedtobeatabout790MW,lessthan3%ofthetotalpotentialofthecountry,whichcansatisfytheneedsofonly17%ofthepopulation.
Theprivatesectorisencouragedtoparticipateinelectricitygenerationfromanysource.
ThetransmissionandsupplyofelectricalenergythroughIntegratedNationalGridSystemis,however,exclusivelyreservedforthegovernment.
But,privateinvestors,bothforeignanddomestic,areallowedoff-gridtransmissionanddistributionofelectricity.
Moreover,privateinvestorscangenerateelectricityinbulkandreachanagreementofpowerpurchasewiththeEthiopianElectricPowerCorporation(EEPCo)fortransmissionanddistribution.
埃塞俄比亚在水力发电和热能产生方面有巨大潜力.
在主要河流当中有九条适于水力发电,总能量在15,000-30,000兆瓦.
尽管如此,埃塞俄比亚电力公司现如今每年的发电量据估计大约为790兆瓦,这个数字低于该国总潜能的百分之三,仅能满足该国百分之十七的人口需求.
来自各渠道的私人部门鼓励积极参与到发电领域.
国家集成电网来输送电力,但专门用来供政府使用.
同时国内外的私人投资者也可允许网外电力输送,而且私人投资者可大批量生产电力,在电力输送方面与埃塞俄比亚电力公司达成一定能量购买协议.

Education(教育)Theeducationsub-sectorhasshownthehighestgrowthrateintheservicessector,byupgradingprimaryeducationenrollmentto91.
3%during2005/06fiscalyear.
Currently,thereare21governmentuniversitiesandmanyotheraffiliatedcollegesanduniversitycollegesinthecountry.
Privatehigherinstitutionsarealsohighlyincreasing.
Thelatterinstitutions,alikethegovernmentinstitutionsofferprogramsthatleadtodiplomaanddegree.
Thecountry'spublicandprivatehighereducationinstitutionsproduceskilledpersonnelinbusiness,economics,management,accounting,engineering,law,medicine,technicaldisciplines,etc,infairlylargenumber.
Theparticipationofbothforeignanddomesticinvestorsineducationishighlyencouraged.
在服务领域,作为次部门的教育显示出最高的增长态势,在2005/06财政年度基础教育的入学率上升到91.
3%.
如今,该国有21所由政府办学的大学和其他附属学院和大学学院.
像政府办学机构一样开设课程供学生取得毕业文凭和学位的私人高等教育机构数量激增.
国家公共和私人的高等教育机构为商业,经济,管理,会计,工程,法律,医学,技术等行业培育了大量的高技能人才.
国内外的教育投资者的参与受到大力鼓励.
Health(医疗卫生)Ethiopiahasanumberofmedicalfacilities.
Majormedicalservicesareperformedbyforeignandlocaltrainedpersonnel.
Eventhoughmostmedicalfacilitiesarestillownedbygovernment,privateclinicsandhospitalswithfairmodernhealthcarefacilitiesarebeingestablishedatafastrate.
However,thereisstillhighdemandofmedicalfacilitiestomeettheneedsofthepublicinthecountry.
Therefore,thegovernmenthighlyencourages,offeringapackageofincentives,theprivatesectortoactivelyparticipateinthesector.
埃塞俄比亚有大量的医疗设备,主要医疗服务人员为国内外受过培训的员工.
尽管大多数医疗设备仍为政府所有,但拥有不错的现代医疗保健设备的私人诊所和医院以较快的速度成立.
但埃塞俄比亚在医疗设备方面的公共需求仍较高,因此,政府提供一系列的刺激措施大力支持私人部门积极主动参与到该行业中来.
Otherattractiveopportunitiesintheservicessectorinclude(其他在服务业领域有吸引力的机遇包括):Exportingthecountry'svariousproducts(excepttraditionalexportproductslikerawcoffee,oilseeds,pulses,etc.
)bywayofundertakingmarketpromotion,qualityimprovementorpackaging;Construction,comprisingfirstgradecontracting,andrentalofconstructionmachineryaswellasrealestatedevelopment;Aircargoservice;Participationintelecommunicationsnetworkinjointventurewiththegovernment.
通过市场推广,质量和包装的提高出口国内多样的产品(除传统出口产品外,如未加工的咖啡,油料作物,豆类等);建筑工程包括一级承包,建筑机械设备的租赁和房地产的发展;航空货运服务;加入与政府合资企业的电信网络TOURISM(旅游业)Ethiopiahasmuchtoofferinternationaltourists.
Ithasuniquehistoricalandculturalheritages,magnificentscenery,asurprisingclimate,richfloraandfauna,importantarchaeologicalsitesandhospitablepeople.
Thenortherntouristcircuitknownasthe"HistoricRoute"comprisesthemostimportanttouristsitesinEthiopia.
Themainattractionsinclude:埃塞俄比亚有众多的旅游资源招待国际游客.
它有着无与伦比的历史和文化遗产,宏伟壮丽的景观,令人惊讶的气候,种类繁多的动植物群,重要的考古遗址和热情好客的当地人民.
被称为"历史之旅"的北部旅游线路包括埃塞俄比亚最重要的历史景点,主要令人神往的景点有:TheancientcityofAxum(阿克苏姆古城):ItwasoncethecentreofapowerfulempireandthemostimportantspiritualcentreofOrthodoxChristianityinEthiopia.
ItissaidtobethelastrepositoryofthebiblicalArkoftheCovenant;它曾是埃塞俄比亚强大的帝国核心和正统基督教最重要的精神核心,据说这里还是契约中圣经上的方舟的最终储藏处.
ThemedicalcityofLalibela(拉利贝拉中世纪古城):Itisknownforitsrockhewnchurches;该城以其用石头凿成的教堂而闻名AlNegashiMosqueatWukro(位于吴克若的阿尔内伽释清真寺):AreminderofthepresenceofIslamandreligioustoleranceinEthiopia;:在埃塞俄比亚它时刻提示着伊斯兰教的存在和宗教的隐忍.
ThemedievalcityofGondar(中世纪古城贡达尔):Ethiopia's17thcenturycapitalcity,withimpressingcastles;:曾是埃塞俄比亚17世纪的都城且拥有给人印象深刻的城堡TheislandmonasteriesofLakeTana(塔纳湖附近岛上的寺院)ThewalledcityofHarar(城墙环绕的哈勒尔古城):Anoldhistoricalcitylocatedintheeastwithitsnumerousmosquesandshrinesofvenerableage;:坐落于埃塞俄比亚东部的一座历史久远的古城,拥有众多清真寺和神圣庄严的圣城.
Anthropologicalfindings(人类的发现):The3.
5million-year-oldskeletonof"Lucy"orAustralopithecusatHadar,the4.
4million-year-oldremainsofAustralopithecusRamideswhichisconsideredtobeman'santhropoidancestor;在哈达尔发现的迄今已有350万年名为"露西"的骨骼或南猿,被认为人类的类人猿祖先,迄今已有440万年的南猿拉米兹的遗骸.
Thephysicalfeaturesofthecountryinclude(该国的自然特征包括):Highplateaus,longmountainranges,loftypeaks,deepgorges;ThelargestcaveinAfrica(SofOmar);Oneofthelowestdepressionsonearth(Dallol);TheGreatRiftValley,savannahland,tropicalforests,desertsandlakes(includingLakeTana,thesourceoftheblueNile),spectacularwaterfallsandvolcanichotsprings.
RichfloraandfaunaAbout7,000speciesofplants,outofwhich1,100areendemic.
About242mammals,outofwhich23areendemic.
About850birdspecies,outofwhich16areendemicEthiopia'swealthofattractionsgivesitagreatpotentialforculturalandeducationaltourism,photosafaris,huntingsafaris,birdwatching,watersportslikeriverrafting,deserttrekking,mountaincampingandeco-tourism.
Greatopportunitiesforprivateinvestmentinclude,amongothers,constructionandoperationof:Star-designatedhotels;Internationalandspecializedrestaurants;Lodgesintouristandholidayhubs.
广阔的高原,高耸的山峰绵延起伏,纵深的峡谷非洲最大的山洞(索夫奥马尔)地球上的最低的低地之一(达罗尔)东非大裂谷,萨瓦纳大草原,热带雨林,沙漠和湖泊(包括塔纳湖和青尼罗河和源头),雄伟壮观的瀑布和火山温泉.
丰富的动植物群约有7,000种植物,其中1,100种为当地特有的约有242种哺乳动物,其中23种为当地特有的约有850种鸟类,其中136种为当地特有的埃塞俄比亚富有吸引力的资源为文化旅游,有教育意义的旅游,拍照游猎,狩猎,观鸟,如水上漂流的水上运动,沙漠徒步旅行,山地露营和生态旅游赋予较大潜力.
私人投资在建筑,运营等其他方面有着很大机遇,其中包括:被认定的星级酒店国际性的和具有地方特色的餐馆供游客居住的旅社和假日中心2.
9.
PRIVATIZATIONPROGRAM(私营化进程)Asapartofmacro-economicreform,theGovernmenthaslaunchedaprogramforprivatizationofthestate-ownedenterprises.
Pursuanttothelaunchingofthisprogram,anumberofenterpriseshavebeentransferredtotheprivatesector.
Currently,thereareverymanystateownedenterprisesreadiedtobesoldwhollyoronjointventurebasisforprivateinvestors.
Mostoftheseenterprisesfallundermanufacturing,construction,agricultureandagro-industry,hotels,transport,trade,andminingsectors.
Amongtheseenterprises,garmentandleathermanufacturingfactoriesarethegovernment'spriorities.
作为宏观经济改革的一部分,政府已发起了国有企业私有化的规划.
根据此项规划,大量的企业已经转化成为私营机构或部门.
现如今,有很多国有企业准备彻底出售或与私人投资者合作.
大多数这些企业为制造业,建筑业,农业和农工业,酒店业,运输业,贸易类和采矿部门.
在这些行业当中,服装和皮革制造厂享有政府优先权.

2.
10.
AREASOFINVESTMENTEXCLUSIVELYRESERVEDFORDOMESTICINVESTORS(专属当地投资者的投资领域)Retailtradeandbrokerage;Wholesaletrade(excludingsupplyofpetroleumanditsby-productsaswellaswholesalebyforeigninvestorsoftheirproductslocallyproduced);Importtrade(excludingLPG,bitumenandupontheapprovaloftheCouncilofMinisters;materialsusedasinputsforexportproducts);Exporttradeofrawcoffee,chat,oilseeds,pulse,hidesandskinsboughtfromthemarketandlivesheep,goatsandcattlenotraisedorfattenedbytheinvestor;Constructioncompaniesexcludingthosedesignatedasgrade1;Tanningofhidesandskinsuptocrustlevel;Hotelsotherthanthosestar-designated,motels,pensions,tearooms,coffeeshops,bars,nightclubsandrestaurantsexcludinginternationalandspecializedrestaurants;Travelagency,tradeauxiliaryandticketsellingservices;Car-hireandtaxi-cabstransportservices;Commercialroadtransportandinlandwatertransportservices;Bakeryproductsandpastriesforthedomesticmarket;Grindingmills;Barbershops,beautysaloons,andprovisionofsmithworkshopsandtailoringservicesexceptgarmentfactories;Buildingmaintenanceandrepairandmaintenanceofvehicles;Sawmillingandtimbermakingproducts;Customsclearanceservices;Museums,theatersandcinemahalloperations;Printingindustries.
零售业和经纪业批发业务(石油及其副产品供应和外国投资者在当地生产产品的批发除外)进口商务(液化石油气,沥青和经部长会议批准,作为输入资料用作出口产品的材料除外)未加工的咖啡,翅果,油料作物,豆类,从市场购得的兽皮和毛皮,不是由投资者饲养和增肥的鲜活的绵羊,山羊和牛的出口建筑公司(被指定的第一级的除外)鞣制兽皮和毛皮到可制衣标准非星级酒店,汽车旅馆,抚恤金,茶室,咖啡馆,酒吧,夜店和饭店(国际性的和具有地方特色的饭店除外)旅行社,商务贸易辅助和售票服务汽车出租和出租车运输服务商用公路运输和内陆水上运输服务供应国内市场的烘烤食品和点心研磨机理发店,美容沙龙,铁匠铺和裁缝店(制衣厂除外)建筑物的保养和维修及车辆保养锯屑和木材制品通关服务博物馆,剧院和电影院的运营印刷业2.
11.
INVESTMENTEXCLUSIVELYRESERVEDFORETHIOPIANNATIONALS(专属埃塞俄比亚国民的投资领域)ThefollowingareasofinvestmentareexclusivelyreservedforEthiopiannationals:Banking,insuranceandmicrocreditandsavingservices;Travelandshippingagencyservices;Broadcastingservices;andAirtransportservicesusingaircraftwithaseatingcapacityofupto20passengers.
以下领域仅埃塞俄比亚国民享有投资权利:银行业,保险业,小额贷款和存款业务旅行社和航运公司广播业使用载客量上限为20名旅客的飞机的航空运输服务2.
12.
AREASOFINVESTMENTNOTELIGIBLEFOREXEMPTIONFROMTHEPAYMENTOFCUSTOMSDUTY(不适于免除海关税的投资领域)Hotels,otherthanthosestar-designated,motels,tearooms,coffeeshops,bars,nightclubandrestaurants,whichdonothaveinternationalstandards;Wholesale,retailandimporttrade;Maintenanceservices;Commercialroadtransportandcar-hireservices;Postalandcourierservices;Realestatedevelopment;Businessandmanagementconsultancyservices;Advertisementservices;Cinematographyandsimilaractivities;Radioandtelevisionbroadcastingservices;Theatreandcinemahalloperations;Customsclearanceservices;Laundryservices;Travelagency,tradeauxiliaryandticket-sellingservices;andLotteryandgamesofasimilarnature.
Whenitfindsappropriate,theEthiopianInvestmentBoardmayissuedirectivesprovidingforadditionalareasofinvestment,whichmaynotbeeligibleforexemptionfromthepaymentofcustomsduty.
非星级酒店,汽车旅馆,茶室,咖啡店,酒吧,夜店和没有达到国际标准的饭店批发,零售和进口贸易保养服务商用公路运输和汽车租赁服务邮政和专递服务房地产开发商务和管理咨询业务广告业电影放影和类似活动无线电广播和电视广播业剧院和电影院的运营通关服务洗衣业旅行社,商贸辅助和售票服务彩票和同类性质的行业.
如果埃塞俄比亚投资委员认为可行,还会签发指令来拓宽可能不适于免除海关税的投资领域.
2.
13.
AREASOFINVESTMENTRESERVEDFORTHEGOVERNMENTORJOINTINVESTMENTWITHTHEGOVERNMENT(政府专有的投资领域或与政府合资的投资领域)ThefollowinginvestmentareasareexclusivelyreservedfortheGovernment:TransmissionandsupplyofelectricalenergythroughtheIntegratedNationalGridSystemPostalserviceswiththeexceptionofcourierservices.
InvestorsshallbeallowedtoinvestinthefollowingareasonlyinjointventurewiththeGovernment;Manufacturingofweaponsandammunition;Telecommunicationservices.
下列投资领域为政府专有:a)通过集成国家电网输送的电力b)除专递服务外的邮政业投资者允许与政府合资投资的领域仅有:武器和军火的制造以及电信业.
2.
14.
COSTOFLANDANDUTILITIES(土地和公共设施使用费用)LandUse(土地使用)InEthiopialandispublicproperty.
Bothurbanandrurallandisavailableforinvestmentonleaseholdbasis.
Leaserightoverlandcanbetransferred,mortgagedorsub-leasedtogetherwithon-buildfacilities.
Leaseholdershavetherighttouseurbanlandforupto60yearsinAddisAbabaandinatowndesignatedasofthegradeofAddisAbaba,andupto80yearsinothertowns.
Theperiodofleasemayalsoberenewed.
Theaveragecostsoflandinindustrialzonesdesignatedsofarareasfollows.
在埃塞俄比亚,土地为公共财产.
城郊的土地都可投资作为出租用地.
土地及其范围内的设施出租权可转让,抵押或分分租.
在亚的斯亚贝巴和与其同等级的城镇承租人享有上至60年的城市土地使用权,而在其他城镇可享有最多80年的城土地使用权.
租期可续.
到目前为止指定工业区的平均土地使用费用如下所示.

Table31:IndicativelandLease/RentPrices(表31:土地租赁价标示)Region地区Leaseprice(fortheleaseperiod)租价(租期内)Urban(industrialzone)城市(工业区)Rural乡村OroimaUS$0.
14-0.
15/m2/year(美元/平米/年)$7.
06-13.
55/ha/year(美元/公顷/年)AmharaUS$1.
58-6.
21/m2/year(美元/平米/年)$1.
43-9.
96/ha/year(美元/公顷/年)TigrayUS$0.
11-0.
21/m2/year(美元/平米/年)$3.
01-4.
01/ha/year(美元/公顷/年)DireDawa迪里达瓦US$0.
58-1.
01/m2/year(美元/平米/年)US$9.
55/ha/year(美元/公顷/年)SNNPR(US$0.
01-0.
1/m2/year(美元/平米/年)$3.
01-11.
74/ha/year(美元/公顷/年)AddisAbaba亚的斯亚贝巴US$15.
2-256.
7/m2/year(美元/平米/年)(SouthernNation,NationalitiesandPeoples'RegionalStateUtilities(公共设施)Thecoststructureofutilitiesisasfollows:公共设施费用如下所示:Electricity电Lowvoltagetime-of-dayindustrial(工业低压时段):Equivalentflatrate(等价费用)US$0.
062perKWh(美元/千瓦时)Highvoltagetime-of-dayindustrial15kv(千伏高压时段):Equivalentflatrate(等价费用)US$0.
042perKWh(美元/千瓦时)Highvoltagetime-of-dayindustrial132kv(高压132千伏时段):Equivalentflatrate(等价费用)US$0.
039perKWh(美元/千瓦时)Telephone电话Fixedtelephone固定电话………………….
US$0.
023persixminutes(美元/6分钟)Mobiletelephone移动电话Mobiletomobile移动电话拨打移动电话……….
.
.
.
US$0.
082perminute(美元/分钟移动电话)Mobiletofixed移动电话拨打固定电话……….
.
.
…US$0.
085perminute(美元/分钟移动电话)c)Water(inAddisAbaba)水(亚的斯亚贝巴)Residential居民用水0-7m3立方米…US$0.
181perm3美元/立方米7-20m3立方米…US$0.
323perm3美元/立方米above20m3(20立方米以上)……………US$0.
425perm3美元/立方米Non-residential非居民用水…………………oncustomer'stotalconsumption基于客户的总消费量PARTTHREEINVESTMENTPOLICY第三部分投资政策3.
1.
OWNERSHIP(所有权)WhollyForeignOwnedandJointInvestments(外资独资或合资投资)Aforeigninvestorcanundertakeinvestment:Asasoleproprietor;orJointlywithdomesticinvestors,orwiththeGovernment.
外商投资可采取下列几种方式:作为独资经营者或与当地投资者合资或与政府合资3.
2.
CAPITALREQUIREMENT(资本要求)MinimumCapitalrequirementsforwhollyownedforeigninvestment:USD100,000forasingleinvestmentprojectincashand/orinkind;USD50,000incashand/orinkindperprojectinareasofengineering,architecture,accountingandauditservices,projectstudiesorbusinessmanagementconsultancyservices;orpublishing.
Minimumcapitalrequirementforinvestmentinpartnershipwithdomesticinvestors:USD60,000incashand/orinkindperproject;USD25,000incashand/orinkindiftheinvestmentismadeinareasofengineering,architecture,accountingandauditservices,projectstudiesorbusinessmanagementconsultancyservices;orpublishing.
Nocapitalrequirementforaninvestorwho:Exportsatleast75%ofhisoutputs;Reinvestshisprofitordividend.
外资独资最低资本额:现金或实物单笔投资最低限度为100,000美元在工程,建筑,会计和审计服务,项目研究,商业管理及顾问服务或者出版业以现金或者实物的形式投资,每笔不得少于50,000美元外商与当地投资者合资投资最低资本额:每个项目现金或实物投资不得少于60,000美元;在工程,建筑,会计和审计服务,项目设计,商业管理及顾问服务或者出版业以现金或者实物的形式投资的不得少于25,000美元无资本投资额限制的投资者有:出口产品最低为该投资者产值的75%;股息或利润的境内再投资.
3.
3.
INVESTMENTGUARANTEESANDPROTECTIONS(投资保障)TheConstitutionofEthiopiaandtheInvestmentProclamationprotectprivateproperty;Foreigninvestorscanrepatriatecapitalandremitdividendsandinterestfromexternalloans;EthiopiaisamemberoftheMultilateralInvestmentGuaranteeAgency(MIGA),aWorldBankaffiliate,whichissuesguaranteeagainstnon-commercialrisksinsignatorycountries;EthiopiaisamemberoftheWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(WIPO)EthiopiasignedtheWorldBanktreaty,"theInternationalConventiononSettlementofInvestmentDisputesbetweenStatesandNationalsofotherStates(ICSID)".
EthiopiahasalsoconcludedbilateralinvestmentpromotionandprotectionagreementswithmanyAfrican,Asian,MiddleEastandEuropeancountriesincludingAlgeria,Austria,Belgium,Luxemburg,China,Iran,Israel,Italy,Kuwait,Libya,Malaysia,Netherlands,SouthAfrica,Spain,Sudan,Sweden,Switzerland,Tunisia,Turkey,andYemen.
Inaddition,thecountryhassigneddoubletaxationavoidancetreatieswithvariouscountriesincludingItaly,Kuwait,Romania,Russia,TunisiaandYemen.
私有财产受宪法和投资声明的保护;国外投资者可以汇兑他们的利润,红利及外债利息等等;埃塞俄比亚是世界银行多边投资保障署的成员国,该机构能保证签约国免受非商业性风险;埃塞俄比亚是世界知识产权组织的成员国;埃塞俄比亚签署了世行条约的解决投资纠纷公约;埃塞俄比亚还与非洲,亚洲和欧洲的一些国家签署了双边贸易促进和保护条约,这些国家有阿尔及利亚,奥地利,比利时,卢森堡,中国,丹麦,埃及,芬兰,法国,德国,印度,伊朗,以色列,意大利,科威特,利比亚,马来西亚,荷兰,南非,西班牙,苏丹,瑞典,瑞士,突尼斯,土耳其和也门;此外,还与一些国家签署了双边免税条约,分别是意大利,科威特,罗马尼亚,俄罗斯,突尼斯和也门3.
4.
REPATRIATIONOFCAPITALANDPROFITS(资本和利润的汇兑和返还)Thefollowingcapitalrepatriationandremittancesaregrantedtoforeigninvestorstobemadeinconvertiblecurrencyattheprevailingexchangerateonthedateofremittance:Profitsanddividendsaccruingfromaninvestment;Paymentsrelatedtotechnologytransferormanagementagreements;Proceedsfromsaleorliquidationofanenterprise;Proceedsfromthesaleortransferofsharesorofpartialownershipofanenterprisetoadomesticinvestor;Compensationpaidtoaforeigninvestor;Expatriatesemployedinanenterprisemayremit,inconvertibleforeigncurrency,salariesandotherpaymentsaccruingfromtheiremployment;Repaymentsofforeignloans资本汇兑之时,属于外国投资者的资本返还及汇兑将按当时的货币兑换率执行.
由投资所得的利润及股息;由技术转换或经营管理所得的酬劳;企业出售或破产所得;企业部分所有权或股息的出售或转换给当地投资者的所得;国外投资者所得的赔偿金;受雇于相关企业的外籍员工可以以可兑换的外币汇兑他们的劳动报酬;国外贷款所得.
3.
5.
MAJORINVESTMENTINCENTIVES(主要投资激励措施)100%exemptionfromthepaymentofimportcustomsdutiesandothertaxesleviedonimportsisgrantedtoaninvestortoimportallinvestmentcapitalgoods,suchasplantmachineryandequipment,constructionmaterials,aswellassparepartsworthupto15%ofthevalueoftheimportedinvestmentcapitalgoods;Exemptionfromthesalesandexcisetaxesforallexportcommodities;Investorsengagedinnewmanufacturing,agro-processingactivitiesandtheproductionofagricultureproductsareexemptedfrompayingincometaxfortheperiodsrangingfrom2to7yearsdependingonthetypeoftheinvestment,volumeofexport,andtheregioninwhichtheinvestmentisundertaken;Businessenterprisesthatincurlossesduringthetaxholidayperiodcancarryforwardsuchlossesforhalfoftheincometaxexemptionperiodfollowingtheexpiryoftheexemptionperiod.
进口投资资本货物的投资者享有进口关税和其他进口商品百分之百的免税待遇,例如机械装置和设备,建筑材料及价值未超过进口投资资本货物百分之十五的零部件;出口商品免收营业税和许可证税;致力于新型制造业,农产品加工及农业活动的投资者,根据投资类型,出口规模及投资所在地分别享有2到7年免收所得税的待遇;在免税期亏损的商业企业可在免税期期满之后将亏损再延递一半的免税期时间.
3.
6.
EXPORTINCENTIVESCHEMES(出口刺激方案):Dutydrawbackscheme;Voucherscheme;Bondedmanufacturingwarehousescheme退税计划付款凭单制度抵押厂房计划3.
7.
TAXATION(税收)Theprincipaltaxescurrentlyinplaceareprofittax;valueaddedtax(VAT),customsdutytaxandincometaxfromemployment.
Othertaxesincludedividendincometax,royaltiesandstampduties.
目前出台的主要税收有:利润税,海关税和就业所得税.
其他的税收还包括股息所得税,专利税和印花税.
CorporateIncomeTax(企业所得税)Thecorporateincometax(taxonporfit)is30%企业所得税或利润税为30%.
TurnoverTax(TOT)(营业税)A2%taxispayableforgoodssoldandservicesrenderedlocally.
Theservicesrenderedincludecontractors,grainmills,tractorsandcombine-harvesters.
A10%taxisleviedonotherservices.
BaseofcomputationoftheTurnoverTaxisthegrossreceiptsinrespectofgoodssuppliesorservicesrendered.
当地产品和当地提供的服务需缴付2%的营业税.
提供服务的包括:承包商,谷类碾磨工,拖拉机和复合收割机.
其他的服务需要缴付10%的税.
营业税的计算取决于提供的货物和服务的总收入.
ExciseTax(许可证税)Theexcisetaxischargedonselectedandlocallyproducedgoodsorimportedgoods.
Baseofcomputationisthecostofproductioninrespectofgoodsproducedlocally,andcost,insuranceandfreightvalue(C.
I.
F.
)inrespectofgoodsimported.
Dependingonthetypeofgoodsproducedorimportedtherateoftaxrangesfrom10%to100%.
部分特定的或当地的产品和进口货物要征收许可证税.
当地出产商品的许可证税的征收取决于产品的成本,而进口产品的许可证税则取决于其成本,保险和到岸价.
根据所生产的产品和进口产品的类型,许可证税的征收率从10%到100%不等.

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