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PartFourENTERWordStudyPhrasesandExpressionsWordBuildingGrammarLanguageStudyWordStudyWordlist:representelementsgropeacknowledgeclingcommitmentidentifyharshdesperatedistinctionchallengestandoffWordStudy1.
representv.
tostandfor;tosymbolize;toserveasanexampleofExamples:ThebaldeaglerepresentstheUnitedStates.
Themuseumhadseveralpaintingsrepresentingtheartist'searlystyle.
representationrepresentativeWordformationWordStudy2.
elementsn.
theforcesthatconstitutetheweather,especiallysevereorinclementweatherExample:Theoutsidepainthasbeendamagedbytheelements.
WordStudy3.
gropev.
toreachorsearchaboutuncertainly;tofeelone'swayExamples:gropedforthetelephonegropeforananswerfumbleSynonymWordStudy4.
acknowledgev.
toadmittheexistence,reality,ortruthof,recognizeExample:Heacknowledgedthatthepurchasehadbeenamistake.
WordformationacknowledgementWordStudyv.
a.
toholdfastoradheretosth.
,asbygrasping,sticking,embracingb.
toremainclose;toresistseparationc.
toremainemotionallyattached;toholdonExamples:Heclungtotheropetokeepfromfalling.
Thesefabricsclingtothebody.
Weclungtogetherinthestorm.
Clingingtooutdatedcustoms.
5.
clingadherestickholdSynonymsWordStudy6.
commitmentn.
thestateofbeingboundemotionallyorintellectuallytoacourseofactionortoanotherpersonorpersonsExamples:adeepcommitmenttoliberalpoliciesaprofoundcommitmenttothefamilyCommit:v.
commitacrimeTheywerecommittedtofolloworders.
Hewastooyoungtocommitfullytomarriage.
Thepatientwascommittedtothehospital.
commitmenttoUsageWordStudyv.
torecognizeorbeabletonameExamples:Eventhesmallbabycanidentifyhermotherbyhervoice.
Thepoliceofficeridentifiedhimselfandaskedforourhelp.
identical:a.
exactlythesame;verysimilaridentity:n.
thequalitiesthatmakesth.
orsb.
differentfromothersThetestsareidenticaltothosecarriedoutlastyear.
identitycrisis7.
identifyidenticalidentificationidentityunidentifiedWordformationWordStudy8.
harsha.
a.
disagreeabletothesenses,especiallytothesenseofhearingb.
extremely,unnecessarilysevere;unpleasant,unkind;sternExamples:"Thereisnoalternative,"hesaidinaharshvoice.
Thechildhasaharshupbringinglife.
Thepunishmentisratherharshforsuchaminoroffence.
huskycoarsebittercruelseveresternstrictSynonymsExamples:Theyarelivingindesperatepoverty.
desperateforrecognitionHefeltadesperateurgetotellthetruth.
WordStudy9.
desperatea.
a.
havinglostallhope;despairingb.
sufferingordrivenbygreatneedordistressc.
extremelyintenseWordStudy10.
distinctionn.
a.
differenceb.
anhonourinrecognitionofexcellenceExamples:Hesaidhewoulddraw/makeondistinction(s)betweenterrorismandmurder.
Shehasthedistinctionofbeingoneofthefewpeopletohaveanhonorarydegreeconferredonbytheuniversitythisyear.
distinctdistinctiveIndistinctWordformationWordStudy11.
challengen.
v.
a.
toquestion,todisputeb.
tocalltoengageinacontest,fight,orcompetitionc.
tosummontoaction,effort,oruse;tostimulateconfrontdefydisputedoubtquestionSynonymsExamples:Thebookchallengesestablishedbeliefs.
Hechallengedmetoagameofchess.
Theproblemchallengestheimagination.
WordStudy12.
standoffn.
asituationinwhichneithersidecangainanadvantagea.
(informal)disapprovingslightlyunfriendlyExample:TheStateDepartmentwaswarningthatthiscouldleadtoanotherdiplomaticstandoff.
TheendofWordStudy.
List:assth.
goestobesurebring…totearsbringdownrisetothechallengeinthelineofdutyowe…toonbehalfofletgoofsetoneselfagainstPhrasesandExpressionsExamples:Asdisastersgo,thisonewashorrible,butnotunique,certainlynotamongtheworstU.
S.
aircrashesonrecord.
Asbusinessmengo,heisprettyhonest.
1.
assth.
goesPhrasesandExpressionscomparedwiththeaveragedisastersofthistypeindeed,certainlyExample:Tobesure,mostpeoplearelawabiding,butcrimeremainsaproblem.
必须承认,绝大部分的人是遵纪守法的,但违法活动依然是个问题.
2.
tobesurePhrasesandExpressionsPhrasesandExpressions3.
bring…totearstomakesb.
cryExample:Thehappynewsbroughtallofthepeopleintheroomtotears.
v.
a.
tocausetofallorcollapseb.
toreducetherate,level,oramountExamples:Strongwindbroughtdownthepowerlinesacrosstheregion.
Ourprincipalresponsibilityistobringdownthelevelofunemployment.
4.
bringdownPhrasesandExpressions"bring"phrasesTobecontinuedonthenextpage.
PhrasesandExpressionscf.
Majorspendingisrequiredtobringaboutsubstantialimprovementsinhousing.
(tomakesth.
happen)Thevariousdepartmentshavenotyetbroughtforwardtheirspendingplans.
(topresent,produce)Iftheycanbringoffhedeal,theywillbeabletoretire.
(tosucceedindoingsth.
difficult)todealsuccessfullywithaproblemorasituationthatisespeciallydifficultExample:It'snotaneasytask,butI'msureJohnwillrisetothechallenge.
5.
risetothechallengePhrasesandExpressionswhileworkingExample:Thepoliceofficerwaskilledinthelineofduty.
6.
inthelineofdutyPhrasesandExpressionstobeindebtedorobligedforExample:Sheoweshergoodhealthtodietandexercise.
7.
owe…toPhrasesandExpressionsastheagentof;onthepartofExamples:Asolicitorissuedastatementonbehalfofthefamily.
Heintervenedwiththeimmigrationserviceonhisbehalf.
8.
onbehalfofPhrasesandExpressionstostopholdingsb.
orsth.
Example:Sherefusedtoletgoofherbagandkickedherattackersseveraltimes.
9.
letgoofPhrasesandExpressionstocausepeopleorgroupstofighteachotheralthoughtheywereinafriendlyrelationshipbeforeExample:Itisabitterindustrialdisputethathadsetworkersagainstworkers.
setsth.
againststh.
:tocompareonethingwithanotherThisseason'sresultshavebeendisappointingsetagainstlastyear's.
10.
setoneselfagainstPhrasesandExpressionsTheendofPhrasesandExpressions.
WordBuildingList:Prefix—sur-Root—vit/vivSuffix—-lysur-=super:over;above;upon;additionalsurfacesurmountsurchargesurrendersurnamesurfeitsurtax表面爬上,增长额外费投降,放弃外号饮食过度附加税surviveprefixWordBuildingWordBuildingsurviverootvi:live,lifevividvitalvitaminvivisectviablerevivevivacityvitalizedevitalizerevivify生动的有生机的维生素活体解剖能养活的使苏醒活泼激发使衰弱使复活a.
n.
+-lyExamples:manly(=havingthequalityofaman)nightly(=everynight)Suffix—-lyMoreExamplesWordBuildingTobecontinuedonthenextpage.
friendhomecostmotherscholarweekyearmonthdayhourSuffix—-lyWordBuildingfriendlyhomelycostlymotherlyscholarlyweeklyyearlymonthlydailyhourlyTheendofWordBuilding.
GrammarAppositiveclauseAconstructioninwhichanounclauseisplacedwithanotherasanexplanatoryequivalent,bothhavingthesamesyntacticrelationtotheotherelementsinthesentenceTobecontinuedonthenextpage.
ExamplesTherewastheunusualelementofthebridge,ofcourse,andthefactthattheplanehititatamomentofhightraffic.
(Para.
1)ForawhilehewasEveryman,andthusproofthatnomanisordinary.
(Para.
4)Sinceitwashewholostthefightweoughttocometoagaintotheconclusionthatpeoplearepowerlessintheworld.
(Para.
8)GrammarTobecontinuedonthenextpage.
FindoutthedifferencebetweenanappositiveclauseandotherrelativeclausesThefactthathewentunidentifiedgavehimauniversalcharacter.
(Para.
4)Skutnikaddedthat"somebodyhadtogointhewater",deliveringeveryhero'slinethatisnolessadmirableforbeingrepeated.
Compare:appositiveclauseandotherrelativeclauseGrammarTheendofGrammar.
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