hunting雅虎社区

CommunityActivitiesandtheImpactsontheEnvironmentatKrauWildlifeReserve,MalaysiaCheBonAhmad1,2,JamalunlailiAbdullah1,JasmeeJaafar21CentreforEnvironmentalDesign&Management2CentreofGeospatialTechnologyFacultyofArchitecture,PlanningandSurveying,UniversitiTeknologiMARA,Malaysiachebon848@salam.
uitm.
edu.
my,cb2_nismo@yahoo.
co.
ukAbstractProtectedAreas(PAs)aresignicantforecosystemandcommunities.
StudiessuggestedthatlanduseactivitiescarriedoutbythecommunitysurroundingthePAscouldincreasethepressuretothelatter.
Thus,thisstudyistoidentifythelanduseactivitiescarriedoutbythem,andtoascertainitsspatialimpacttowardsKWR.
ThisstudychoosesaRStechniquesandgroundvericationusingGPS.
7hendingsconrmthattherearelanduseactivitiesperformedbythecommunities,mostlyonflatandlessathillyandundulatingareas.
LargescaleplantationsandencroachmentarethemajorimpactontheKWR.
Keywords:ProtectedAreas;community;landcoverandlanduseactivities;remotesensingtechniques;GPS;groundverication;KrauWildlifeReserveeISSN2514-751X2018.
TheAuthors.
PublishedforAMERABRAcE-Bsbye-InternationalPublishingHouse,Ltd.
,UK.
Thisisanopen-accessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.
0/).
Peer–reviewunderresponsibilityofAMER(AssociationofMalaysianEnvironment-BehaviourResearchers),ABRA(AssociationofBehaviouralResearchersonAsians)andcE-Bs(CentreforEnvironment-BehaviourStudies),FacultyofArchitecture,Planning&Surveying,UniversitiTeknologiMARA,Malaysia.
https://doi.
org/10.
21834/aje-bs.
v3i8.
277Ahmad,C.
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0IntroductionWorldwide,ProtectedAreas(PAs)hasbecomeanalternativesolutiontoprovideabalanceecosystemfortheconservationofbiodiversityandsupportinglifeofthepeoplelivingaroundtheareaandapproximately,11.
2%oftheworld'sforesthasbeendedicatedforthispurpose(Duong&Murayama,2010;FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,2005).
ThisisinlinewiththerecognizeddefinitionprovidedbytheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature(IUCN)(2008)-"aclearlydefinedgeographicalspace,recognized,dedicatedandmanaged,throughlegalorothereffectivemeans,toachievethelongtermconservationofnaturewithassociatedecosystemservicesandculturalvalues".
InMalaysia,someoftheexamplesofthePAscategorizedundertheIUCNareFraserHillWildlifeReserve,TasikCiniWetlands,TamanNegaraPahangandBatuGajahBirdReserve.
TheyhavebeengazettedunderthevariousactsandenactmentssuchasNationalParkAct1980,TheProtectionofWildlifeAct1972,ForestryActandNationalLandCode1965((DeparmentofWildlifeandNationalParksMalaysia,2001).
Todate,PAsnotonlymeantforconservationbutitssignificantpurposeshavebecomeasourceoflivingforthecommunities,ameltingpotfornaturetourism,andasolutiontoclimatechangeincludingcarbonsinkandtemperaturestabilization(DeFries,Karanth,&Pareeth,2010;MacKinnon,Dudley,&Sandwith,2011;Nyaupane&Poudel,2011;Strde&Treue,2006).
Atleast15%ofterrestrialcarbonintheworldisstoredbytheProtectedAreas(IUCN,2008).
However,whilethePAsareintact,theareassurroundingitmaybenot.
Activitiesattheperiphery,aswellaspressuresontheenvironmentcausedbyeconomicdevelopmentandotherhumanactivitiesmakeitdifficulttoprotectthePAs.
Thus,theneedforPAsmustbeclearlyunderstandandacceptedbythedecisionmakerandthegeneralpublicinordertoavoidthedemandfromtheeconomicdevelopmentsupersedetheconservationobligation.
PurposeofStudyandStudyAreaThepurposeofthisstudyistodocumentthelanduseactivitiescarriedoutbythecommunitiessurroundingKWR-typicalterrestrialPasinMalaysiaandapilotprojectforwildlifeconservation.
ThestudyareaislocatedpartlyinthedistrictsofTemerloh,BentongandRaubinthestateofPahang,Malaysia.
Itcoversapproximately62,000hectaresandisoneoftheimportantPAsinMalaysia.
Thestudyalsoidentifiestheactivitieswhichhaveencroachedandgaveimpactintothearea.
Itisfurtherdeterminesthephysicalfactorsthatfacilitateorhindertheencroachmentactivitiesfromthesurroundingssuchasaccessibility,waterbodies,terrain,denseforestandothers.
Unfortunately,KWRhasbeensubjectedtopressurefromevergrowingactivitiesarounditsuchasencroachmentandconversionoflanduses,degazettment,overhuntingandoverharvestingofnon-timberproductandagriculturalactivities.
Furthermore,theexistenceofstakeholderandlocalcommunity,especiallyindigenouspeopleinandarounditcontributedtothedeclineoftheecosystemaswell.
Ahmad,C.
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33-44)352.
0MethodologyandLimitationoftheStudyAsaprimarydatacollection,GPSandtopographicmapwereusedforthepurposetoidentifyandverifythecurrentlanduseactivitiesaroundthestudyarea.
RStechniquebeingthesecondarydatacollectionwasusedtosupportandstrengthentheprimarydata.
Thistechniqueisthepreferredchoiceduetorelativelyfastandeffectivewayofdetectingchangesoflanduseactivitiesattheregionalscale.
Thisstudyfocusedonthespatiallanduseactivities,primarilythebuilt-upareaandtheeconomicactivitiescarriedoutbythelocalcommunities.
Figure1showstheworkflowoftheresearchusedforthisstudy.
Figure1:WorkflowofResearchActivities2.
1PrimaryDataCollection–GroundPositioningandVerificationDatacollectionwascarriedoutalongtheboundaryofKWR,derivedfromtheavailabletopographicmap.
Theprocessinvolvedthreestages(Figure2)andtherecordsweregatheredusingtheInventoryFormbelow(Table1).
Figure2:FlowChartofGroundPositioningandVerificationProcessAhmad,C.
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33-44)36Table2:LandCoverandLandUseInventoryFormThevariablesusedintheform(Table2)abovewerederivedfromthetopographicmapacquiredfromtheMalaysiaSurveyingDepartmentsuchasaccessibility,settlements,agricultureandhydrology.
GPSreceiver(GarminGPSe_TrexSummit)wasusedtolocatethepositionoflanduseandothergroundactivitiesduringtheworks.
Digitalimages(Sonydigitalcamera)werecapturedalongtheboundaryatselectedpointswiththeradiusoftwokilometersanditscoordinatesdetermined.
Thecapturedphotosatthespecificareasweredividedintofour(4)sections,eachfacingdifferentgeographicaldirections(Figure3).
Somesectionswithsimilarinformationarerepresentedbylessthan4photos.
Figures4and5belowshowedtheexampleofphotostakenduringthefieldworkattherespectivepoints.
Figure3:ImagePointIndexAhmad,C.
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33-44)37Figure4:(a)CommunityHall(A);(b)RubberTrees(B)Figure4.
(a)istheexampleofphototakenatPointID:6(coordinates:E471949m,N417334m)and(b)istheexampleofphototakenatPointID:17(coordinates:E479230m,N406035m).
Figure5:(a)PaddyField(D);(b)SetlementofIndigenousCommunity(D)Figure5.
(a)istheexampleofphototakenatPointID:23(coordinates:E47712m,N402049m)and(b)istheexampleofphototakenatPointID:27(coordinates:E477031m,N401374m)2.
2SecondaryDataCollection–RemoteSensingTechniqueFigure7(a)showstheflowoftheremotesensingdataprocessingusingLANDSATThematicMapper(TM)opticalimageswith30mpixelsizewereobtainedfromMalaysiaRemoteSensingAgency.
Theimageswerecapturedin1998,2001and2004withtheareasof1000X1000pixelscoveringapproximately900kmsquare.
Figure7(b)showsanexampleofanimagetakeninyear2004andthestudyareacoveredisfrom350'N,10155'E(UpperLeft)to335'N,10225'E(LowerRight).
Landcoverandlandusepatternsaretobeclassifiedbyitspattern.
Someitemsaresimilartoeachother,andasimplificationistobereducedthepatterntothreetypesnamely;vegetation(forest),agriculturalareaandbuilt-uparea.
Thethreeclassesofclassificationareenoughforthepurposeofthisstudywhichismainlytoidentifytheareaanddirectionofthelandusechangesespeciallyagricultureandbuilt-uparea.
Supervisedclassificationwasused,andAhmad,C.
B.
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33-44)38MaximumLikelihoodAlgorithmwasemployedtodetectthetypesofclassification.
Anaccuracyassessmenthasalsobeendonetodeterminetheaccuracyoftheclassificationprocess.
Figure7:(a)FlowofRemoteSensingDataProcessing(b)ExampleofImageAhmad,C.
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0Results3.
1GroundpositioningandverificationoflanduseactivitiesFortythree(43)GPSpointshadbeenidentifiedalongtheboundarywithtwo(2)kilometersinterval.
However,distanceintervalvariesatareaswithaccessibilitydifficulties,denseforestorsteepslopes.
Eachpointhasbeenelaboratedbytheinformationoftherelatedland-useactivities.
Seventythree(73)photoshadbeentakentorepresentthepoints.
Atpointswithsimilarlanduseactivities,onlyoneortwophotosweretakentorepresentthearea.
.
Figure8.
TheQuadrantsDesignatedandGPSCoordinatesalongtheBoundaryoftheKWRSincethelanduseactivitiesarequitesimilarthroughouttheareaandforthepurposeoftheanalysis,theareahasbeendividedintofour(4)quadrantsonly.
Thedesignatedareasare:Area1-NorthEastwhichcoveredtheGPSpointsfrom1to12,Area-:SouthEastwhichcoveredtheGPSpointsfrom13to35,Area3-SouthWestwhichcoveredtheGPSpointsfrom36to43andArea4-NorthWestwhichcoverednoneofGPSpointsduetotheaccessibilitydifficultyintothedenseforestandveryhillyarea.
Inthisstudy,itwasfoundthatmajorfarmingactivitiesareobservedatArea1-NorthEastsectionofthestudyarea.
Theactivitiesarecarriedoutbyindigenouscommunityinparticular,andotherlocalcommunitiesareencroachedintotheKWRandtheirsettlementsareinthevicinity.
Humanactivitiesarefoundmostlyatlowlandwithmoderateslopeandareaswhichhaswaterbodiesandroadnetworks.
Thisconditionsupportactivitiesincludingpaddyandrubberfarm.
TheseactivitieshaveencroachedintotheKWRatcertainareas.
Ahmad,C.
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33-44)40Area2-SouthEastsectionshowshightendencyofencroachmentintotheKWRbyoilpalmandrubberfarm.
Settlementsunitoftheindigenouscommunityalongandinsideitisalsopartofthehumanactivitiesperceived.
Area3:SouthWestsectionexperiencedsimilaractivitiestoArea1and2whilstatsomeareas,tendencyofencroachmentofsmallerorchardarealsointhevicinity.
Surprisingly,Area4:NorthWestsectionexperiencedlittleornohumanactivities.
Thismightduetotheareaconcerncomprisesofhilly,undulatinganddenseforest.
Littletonohumansettlementandminorfarmingsuchasnon-seasonalfruittreesarerecorded.
3.
2RemoteSensingDataFigure10showsthelandusesactivitieswhicharebuilt-upareaandagricultureincreasesfrom1998to2004andsomeactivitieshaveencroachedintotheKWR.
Figure10:ClassificationAreaofLandCoverandLandUseActivitiesatKrauWildlifeReserveAnditsSurroundingAreasFigure11:ChangeDetectionofLandCoverandLandUseActivitiesatKWRanditsSurroundingAreasbetween(a)1998–2001;(b)2001–2004Ahmad,C.
B.
,et.
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33-44)41Figure11showsthechangesthatweretakenplaceinKWRanditssurrounding.
Likewise,Table3showsthepercentageofthechangesoccurredinthestudyarea.
Built-upareahastakenuptheagriculturalareain2001and2004,respectively.
Ingeneral,mostofthechangesoccurredattheeastandwestside.
Table3:PercentageofChangesofLandCoverandLandUseActivitiesAgriculturalareahasincreasedabout4%from1998to2001butdecreasedabout2%from2001to2004.
Itisbecausethebuilt-upareahastakenthe2%oftheagriculturalareawhilethebuilt-upareahasincreasedabout4%from1998to2001andcontinuestoincreaseanother4%from2001to2004.
Vegetationhaddecreasedabout7%from1998to2001andcontinuestodecreaseanother3%from2001to2004attherespectiveareas.
Itisalsoshownthatgenerallythepatternofchangeswerefromvegetationtoagriculture,andtothebuilt-uparea.
4.
0Discussion4.
1TypeofActivitiesandEncroachmentThefindingshavesuggestedthatthecommunityaroundKrauWildlifeReserveespeciallyindigenouscommunitieshaveperformedvariousactivitiestosupporttheirliving,self-useandsubstitutetotheextractionofnaturalforestproductfromKrauWildlifeReservewhichtheyarepermittedbylaw.
Theactivitiesincludesmallplotofrubberfarming,cultivatingofseasonalandnon-seasonalcrops,paddyfields,banana,pineappleetc.
SomeofactivitiesincludingtheirsettlementsareencroachedintotheKrauWildlifeReserveresultinginpotentiallynegativeimpactstotheconservationarea.
AlthoughtheiractivitiesposesnegativeimpacttoKrauWildlifeReserve,itisworthtakingintoconsiderationtheplantationactivitiescarriedoutbythelargercompanysuchasFELDA.
Itwasfoundthattheplantationhastakenplacerightuptotheborderofthearea.
Thus,itmaycontributedtothenegativeimpactsduetoabruptchangeinlanduseactivitiesbetweenKrauWildlifeReserveandagriculturesuchasedgeeffectsresultingofdyingofforesttreesandwildlifeleavingtheconservationarea.
Ahmad,C.
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2FactorsDetermining/SupportingtheActivitiesBasedontheGPS-groundpositioningandverification,andremotesensingimages,farmingactivitieswhichhavebeencarried-outbythecommunitieshaveperformedahighencroachmentatnorth-eastareafollowedbysouth-eastandwest-side.
Thisisduetotheareasarerelativelylowerandflatareas,andareaswhichhaveaccesssuchastheroadnetworkandwaterbodies.
Otherwise,undulatingandsteepslopescoveringnorth-westsidehinderhumanactivitiessuchascultivatingofseasonalcropsandotherfarmingactivitiesaswellassettlements.
Flatareasmayprovideeasyaccessibilityfromthesurroundingwhilehigherelevationareasrestrictedtheaccessibility.
Thus,humanactivitiesbecamelimited.
4.
3FactorsDeterminingtheIntensityoftheLandUseActivitiesRemotesensingimagessuggestedthattheareahasgonethroughaseriesofchanges.
Vegetationareahaschangedtoagricultureandbuilt-upareabetweentheyear1998to2001and2001to2004,respectively.
Overall,itwasfoundthattheintensityofthechangeshasoccurredattheeastandwestsideofthearea.
Fromthetopographicmap,itissuggestedthatmostofthechangesoccurredatflatareasanddecreasedinhillyandundulatingareas.
Thismightbeduetotheincreasedofthepopulationwhichrequiredmoreopeningoflandforagriculturalandsettlementarea.
Thisshowsthat,denseforest,hillyandhighelevationareasarenotpronetohumanactivitiesandsettlement.
Theoverallfindingssuggestedthatmostoftheareaexperiencedencroachmentoffarmingactivitiesbyindigenouspeopleandlocalcommunityattheflatareasduetoeasyaccessibilityandfarmingactivities,andlessathillyareas.
Thisstudycanbesummarizedintothefollowingpoints:1)Flatareasindicatethehighpossibilitiesofencroachmentactivities.
ThismayduetotheareaprovideaneasyaccesstotheindigenouspeopleandotherlocalcommunitiestoentertheKrauWildlifeReserveandincreasedofthepopulationoftheareas.
Thisfactorsuggestedthatlanduseactivitiesoccurredmostlyatlowlandandflatareas.
2)However,areaswhicharesubjecttohilly,highpeakanddenseforestshouldshowsthatminimumtonoencroachmentactivitiesarecarriedoutattheseareas.
Thismayduetothedifficultiestoaccessareas.
3)Areaswhichinvolvedwaterbodies(river),roadnetworksandothersimilaractivitiesperformedsignificantchangesofthelanduseactivitiesbecauseitsupportvarioushumanactivitiessuchasfarming,landclearingandsettlements.
5.
0ConclusionIdentifyingthelanduseactivitiesaroundthePAsisveryimportantinordertominimizethenegativeimpactfromtheoutsideandtosafeguardthesignificantofthePAs,inthiscaseKWR.
Encroachmentbycommunitieshasprovengaveagreatimpacttothearea.
Theadvancementofthebuilt-upareaandagricultureincreasedfrom1998to2004andinsomeareas,ithadencroachedintotheKWR.
Landcover,landuseandvegetationareahavechangedtoagriculture,andtobuilt-upareafrom1998to2004andmostofthechangesoccurredontheflatareasanddecreasedatthehillyandundulatingareas.
ActivitiessuchasAhmad,C.
B.
,et.
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/AsianJournalofEnvironment-BehaviourStudies(ajE-Bs),3(8)May/Jun2018(p.
33-44)43landclearing,openburning,farmingandsettlementbyindigenouscommunitiesinparticularoccurredmostlyatlowland,flatareaandareaswithwaterbodies,roadnetworksandsimilarlanduseswhilehinderedathillyterrain,highpeaksanddenseforest.
Furthermore,largescaleplantationswerealsoobservedatmostofthesurroundingareasandencroachmentandfragmentationturnouttobetwomajorimpactsontheKWR.
Thus,abettermanagementisneeded.
Itmayincludeidentifyingthebufferzonesaroundit,inclusionoflocalcommunitiesandstakeholderalliances.
Itisworthwhiletoreachthebalancebetweentheir(indigenouscommunitybeingthemajority)needstowardsKrauWildlifeReserve,andtheconservationpurposes.
Besideslandcoverandlanduse(physicalaspect)activities,otheraspectscouldbeofimportancelookingintoarethestakeholders'participationandcontribution,managementobjectives,andlawsandpolicieswhichrelatestotheProtectedAreas.
ThisstudyalsosuggestedthatBufferZonesmaybeoneofsolutionsforabettermanagement,preventtheProtectedAreasfromthenegativeimpactofthesurroundingactivities.
ItisalsosuggestedthatalthoughtheKrauWildlifeReserveisgazettesasaProtectedArea,theencroachmentsisglaringandincreasing.
Thismaybeduetothelackingoftheenforcementofthelawandpoliciesortheeconomicandpoliticalrequirementhavesupersededthevalueoftheconservationofthenaturalareas.
.
AcknowledgementTheutmostappreciationgoestotheMalaysianRemoteSensingAgency,DepartmentofSurveyandMappingMalaysiaandDepartmentofWildlifeandNationalPark,forprovidingthedatasetsandotherrelatedinformation.
ThispapercouldnothavebeencompletedwithoutthefinancialsupportreceivedfromtheResearchManagementInstitute,UniversitiTeknologiMARAandMinistryofHigherEducation,Malaysia.
Acknowledgementalsogoestothepeerreviewersforreviewingandprovidingconstructivecommentsforthemanuscript.
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