background37niu.com

CurrentResearchPaperDistributionandpotentialrisksofheavymetalsinfish,waterandsedimentKEYWORDSHeavymetals;Sediment;Bioaccumulation;Targethazardquotient.
ABSTRACTHeavymetalpollutioninaquaticecosystemimpactsnegativelyontheorganismsthatdependonthewater.
Concentrationsofsomeheavymetalsinwater,fishandsedimentsamplesfromLakeBosomtwiinGhanaweredeterminedtoassesstheextentofpollutioninthelake.
ConcentrationsofFe,Zn,Cu,MnandNiinthelakewerewithinthepermissiblelevelsrecommendedbyWorldHealthOrganization.
However,CdandPbexhibitedhigherconcentrationspossiblyduetopollutionevents.
TheaccumulationpatterninthestudyisintheorderofNi>Fe>Cu>Mn>Pb>Zn>Cd.
ConcentrationofheavymetalsintilapiasampleswereallbelowtheWHOguidelines.
Thesedimentsamplesregisteredpollutionloadindexof3.
317indicatingthesedimentwaspol-luted.
BioaccumulationinfishrelativetothewaterwaslessthanunityforallthemetalsexceptMn.
Withrespecttothesediments,bio-concentrationfactorforCuwasthehighest(2.
40)followedbyMn(1.
72).
Allothermetalsrecordedvalues95%)forallthemetals.
Themeanrecov-eriesofthemetalsrangedfrom78.
9%forFeinwa-terto97.
5%forZninsediments(TABLE2).
Thehighrecoveryvaluesshowthatthediges-tionmethodusedisreproducible.
Detectionlimitsrangedfrom0.
002mg/gforCd,Ni,andCuinwaterto0.
095mg/gforFeinwater.
Thiswasindicativethattheinstrumentwassensitivetotheanalytes.
Re-peatabilitystudiesyieldedarelativestandardde-viationlowerthan10%inallcases.
HeavymetalsinsamplesConcentrationsofheavymetalsinwater,fishandsedimentsamplesfromthelakeareshowninTABLE3.
Concentrationsofthemetalsatthedifferentsam-plingpointdidnotshowsignificantdifferences(pFe>Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cd.
AlltheheavymetalsdeterminedinthetilapiawerebelowthesetvaluerecommendedbytheFoodandAgri-cultureOrganisation[34].
Bio-concentrationfactorBio-concentrationfactor(BCF)wasusedtoevaluatetheextentofmetalbio-accumulation[32]inthefishsamples.
Bio-concentrationfactoristhera-tiooftheconcentrationofametalinorganismtothatinwaterenvironment.
TheBCFoffishrelativetothewaterwaslessthanunityforallthemetalsexceptMn(0.
08,0.
40,0.
20,0.
33,0.
19,0.
31and1.
48forFe,Pb,Zn,Cd,Ni,CuandMnrespectively).
Withrespecttothesediments,BCFforCuwasthehighest(2.
40)followedbyMn(1.
72).
Allothermet-alsrecordedvalues<1indicatingthefishspecieshavenotaccumulatedsignificantlyfromtheenvi-ronment.
Itisknownthatinorganicspeciessuchasheavymetalsdonotbio-concentrateasmuchastheorganiccontaminants[35].
Pollutionloadindex(PLI)Pollutionloadindex,definedasthenthrootofthemultiplicityofthepresumedcontaminants,isusedtodeterminethequalityofthesedimentsamples.
ThePLItellshowpollutedthesedimentis-anindi-cationoftheoveralltoxicityofthesoil[8].
PLIiscomputedusingtherelationshipnn321.
.
ppppPLI(1)Wherepistheratiobetweenthemeanconcentra-tionsofeachmetalsdeterminedandtheirbaselineconcentrationsinthesediment.
Thebaselinecon-centrationwastakenastheminimum.
WhilePLIvalueofzeroisanidealandrepre-sentsuncontaminatedsediment,avalueofoneindi-catesthemetalsareonlypresentattheirbackgroundlevelsandavaluegreateroneshowsaprogressivelevelofcontamination.
ThePLIcomputedforthemetalsunderinvestigationwas3.
317whichshowsthatthesedimentissomehowcontaminated.
Thevalueisalsohigherthan1.
85recordedforLakeVeeranaminIndia[8].
Estimateddailyintakeofmetals(EDI)Thedailyintakeofeachofthemetalswasesti-matedas3aabmfirdf10xTxWCxCxFxExEEDI(2)whereEFistheexposurefrequency(365days/year);Edistheexposureduration,equivalenttoaveragelifetime(70years);FIRisthefishingestionrate(g/person/day),whichwasconsideredtobe20g/per-son/day[36];Cfistheconversionfactor(0.
208)toconvertfreshweighttodryweightconsidering79%ofmoisturecontent;Cmistheconcentrationofheavymetalinfish(mg/kg);Wabistheaveragebodyweight(averageadultbodyweightwasconsideredtobe60kg);andTaistheaverageexposuretimefornon-carcinogens(whichisequaltoEF*Ed)[36].
Targethazardquotient(THQ)TheTHQ,whichisaratiooftheestimatedex-posure(EDI)totheoralreferencedose(RfD),isusedtoassessthepotentialnon-carcinogenicriskoftheconsumersoftheperceivedcontaminatedfood.
DREDITHQf(3)WheretheRfDforCu,Zn,Ni,Pb,andCdare0.
04,0.
3,0.
2,0.
0035and0.
001mg/kg/dayrespectively[37].
HealthriskassessmentofconsumersfromtheEDIRfDTHQFe0.
002Pb0.
0040.
0041.
030Zn0.
0010.
3000.
004Cd0.
0000.
0010.
069Ni0.
0030.
2000.
014Cu0.
0040.
0400.
104TABLE4:Estimateddietaryintake,foodreferencedoseandtargethealthquotientoftilapiafishfromLakeBosomtwi.
80Distributionandpotentialrisksofheavymetalsinfish,waterandsedimentCurrentResearchPaperESAIJ,11(3)2015GodfredDarkoetal.
81CurrentResearchPaperESAIJ,11(3)2015AnIndianJournalEnvironmentalScienceEnvironmentalScienceVeeranamlakesediments,India.
,Ecotoxicol.
Environ.
Saf.
,doi:10.
1016/j.
ecoenv.
2012.
06.
027,84,117–24(2012).
[9]E.
OlatunjiAyotunde,B.
ObetenOffem,F.
BekehAda;Heavymetalprofileofwater,Sedimentandfreshwatercatfish,Chrysichthysnigrodigitatus(Siluriformes:Bagridae),ofCrossRiver,Nigeria,Rev.
Biol.
Trop.
,60,1289–1301(2012).
[10]S.
Zhao,C.
Feng,W.
Quan,X.
Chen,J.
Niu,Z.
Shen;Roleoflivingenvironmentsintheaccumulationchar-acteristicsofheavymetalsinfishesandcrabsintheYangtzeRiverEstuary,China.
,Mar.
Pollut.
Bull.
Bull.
,doi:10.
1016/j.
marpolbul.
2012.
03.
023,64,1163–71(2012).
[11]F.
E.
Asuquo,I.
Ewa-Oboho,E.
F.
Asuquo,P.
J.
Udo;Fishspeciesusedasbiomarkerforheavymetalandhydrocarboncontaminationforcrossriver,Nigeria,Environmentalist.
,doi:10.
1023/B:ENVR.
0000046344.
04734.
39,24,29–37(2004).
[12]R.
VanDerOost,J.
Beyer,N.
P.
.
Vermeulen;Fishbioaccumulationandbiomarkersinenvironmentalriskassessment:areview,Environ.
Toxicol.
Pharmacol.
,doi:10.
1016/S1382-6689(02)00126-6,13,57–149(2003).
[13]C.
Koeberl,B.
Milkereit,J.
T.
Overpeck,C.
A.
Scholz,P.
Y.
O.
Amoako,D.
Boamahetal.
;Aninternationalandmultidisciplinarydrillingprojectintoayoungcompleximpactstructure:The2004ICDPBosumtwiCraterDrillingProject-Anoverview,Meteorit.
Planet.
Sci.
,doi:10.
1111/j.
1945-5100.
2007.
tb01057.
x,42,483–511(2007).
[14]L.
Ferrière,C.
Koeberl,F.
Brandsttter,D.
Mader;LargeMeteoriteImpactsandPlanetaryEvolutionIV,GeologicalSocietyofAmerica,doi:10.
1130/978-0-8137-2465-2,(2010).
[15]D.
Boamah,C.
Koeberl;ThelakebosumtwiimpactstructureinGhana:Abriefenvironmentalassess-mentanddiscussionofecotourismpotential,Meteorit.
Planet.
Sci.
,doi:10.
1111/j.
1945-5100.
2007.
tb01061.
x,42,561–567(2007).
[16]W.
A.
Morris,H.
Ugalde,C.
Clark;Physicalpropertymeasurements:ICDPboreholesLB-07AandLB-08A,LakeBosumtwiimpactstructure,Ghana,Meteorit.
Planet.
Sci.
,doi:10.
1111/j.
1945-5100.
2007.
tb01076.
x,42,801–809(2007).
[17]C.
Koeberl,J.
Peck,J.
King,B.
Milkereit,J.
Overpeck,C.
Scholz;TheICDPLakeBosumtwiDrillingProject:AFirstReport,Sci.
Drill.
,doi:10.
2204/iodp.
sd.
1.
04.
2005,23–27(2005).
[18]APHA,Standardmethodsfortheexaminationofwaterandwastewaterpart1000standardmethodsfortheexaminationofwaterandwastewater,Wash-ington,DC,(1999).
[19]O.
Akoto,T.
Bruce,G.
Darko;Chemicalandbiologi-calcharacteristicsofstreamsintheOwabiwater-shed,Environ.
Monit.
Assess.
,doi:10.
1007/s10661-009-0757-4,161,413–422(2010).
[20]O.
S.
Fatoki,N.
Lujiza,A.
O.
Ogunfowokan;TracemetalpollutioninUmtataRiver,WaterSA.
,28,183–190(2002).
[21]D.
Kar,P.
Sur,S.
K.
Mandai,T.
Saha,R.
K.
Kole;As-sessmentofheavymetalpollutioninsurfacewater,Int.
J.
Environ.
Sci.
Technol.
,doi:10.
1007/BF03326004,5,119–124(2007).
[22]O.
Awofolu,Z.
Mbolekwa,V.
Mtshemla,O.
Fatoki;LevelsoftracemetalsinwaterandsedimentfromTyumeRiveranditseffectsonanirrigatedfarm-land,WaterSA.
doi:10.
4314/wsa.
v31i1.
5124,31,87–94(2005).
[23]Y.
Li,Z.
Yu,X.
Song,Q.
Mu;Tracemetalconcentra-tionsinsuspendedparticles,sedimentsandclams(Ruditapesphilippinarum)fromJiaozhouBayofChina.
,Environ.
Monit.
Assess.
,doi:10.
1007/s10661-005-9149-6,121,491–501(2006).
[24]F.
Jabeen,A.
S.
Chaudhry;EnvironmentalimpactsofanthropogenicactivitiesonthemineraluptakeinOreochromismossambicusfromIndusRiverinPa-kistan.
,Environ.
Monit.
Assess.
,doi:10.
1007/s10661-009-1029-z,166,641–51(2010).
[25]WHO,GuidelinesforDrinking,3rded.
,Geneva,2004.
http://books.
google.
com.
gh/booksid=SJ76COTm-nQC&dq=radioactivity+water+world+health+organization&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
[26]P.
Jian,P.
Jain,J.
D.
Sharma,D.
Sohu,P.
Sharma;ChemicalanalysisofdrinkingwaterofvillagesofSanganerTehsil,JaipurDistrict,Int.
J.
Environ.
Sci.
Technol.
,2,373–379(2006).
[27]G.
DuLaing,R.
DeVos,B.
Vandecasteele,E.
Lesage,F.
M.
G.
Tack,M.
G.
Verloo;EffectofsalinityonheavymetalmobilityandavailabilityinintertidalsedimentsoftheScheldtestuary,Estuar.
Coast.
ShelfSci.
,doi:10.
1016/j.
ecss.
2007.
10.
017,77,589–602(2008).
.
[28]H.
Karadede,E.
Unlu;Concentrationsofsomeheavymetalsinwater,sedimentandfishspeciesfromtheAtatürkDamLake(Euphrates),Turkey,Chemo-sphere.
,doi:10.
1016/S0045-6535(99)00563-9,41,1371–1376(2000).
[29]M.
B.
Arain,T.
G.
Kazi,M.
K.
Jamali,N.
Jalbani,H.
I.
Afridi,A.
Shah;Totaldissolvedandbioavailable.
82Distributionandpotentialrisksofheavymetalsinfish,waterandsedimentCurrentResearchPaperESAIJ,11(3)2015