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1ProstitutionvsSexWork:A'WhatistheProblemRepresentedtobe'criticalpolicyanalysisontheCyprusPenalCodeMikaellaAwwadAalborgUniversityFinalThesisMay20202TableofContents1.
Introduction.
32.
Overview.
53.
Methodology.
84.
TheoreticalApproach.
114a.
'LiberalFeminism'-The'Sex-work'Approach.
114b.
'Neoabolitionism'-TheRadicalFeminismApproach.
125.
WPRApproach:Questions1-3.
141.
Whatistheproblemrepresentedtobeinarticle164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCode142.
Whatpresuppositionsorassumptionsunderlietheserepresentationsoftheproblem163.
Howhasthisrepresentationoftheproblemcomeabout206.
WPRApproach:Questions4-6.
254.
WhatisleftunproblematicintheseproblemrepresentationsWhatarethesilencesCantheproblembethoughtaboutdifferently255.
WhatDiscursive,SubjectificationandLivedeffectsareproducedbytheserepresentationsoftheproblem.
286.
How/whereisthisrepresentationofthe'problem'withinarticle164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCodeproduced,disseminatedanddefendedHowcoulditbequestioned,disruptedandreplaced357.
Discussion.
388.
Conclusion409.
Bibliography41AppendixA.
4431.
IntroductionProstitutionhasbeenaroundforsometimenowandhaslongbeenanissueofcontroversybetweenfeminists.
Overtheyears,countriesdevelopeddifferentapproachestoprostitution;somecriminalized'clients'i.
e.
peoplepurchasingsexualservicesandotherscriminalizedtheprostituteandtheactofprovidingsexualservicesuponpayment.
ThemostrecentlynewadoptedapproachistheneoabolitionismviewthathasbeenimplementedfirstinSweden"whereeverypartyiscriminalizedexceptfromtheprostitute.
"1Feministsovertheyearsarguedaboutprostitutionandwhetheritisanissueoffemaleliberationandfreechoiceorwhetheritisapatriarchalideathatvictimizeswomenaroundtheworld.
Thisdebatehasalsoignitedadichotomyabouttheuseoftheword'prostitution'andtheuseoftheword'sex-work'.
Theconceptof'sex-work'derivesfromtheclassicalliberalismandliberalfeminismviewsthatprostitutionislikeanyotherworkandwomenworkingwithinthisoccupationshouldbereferredtoas'sex-workers'insteadofprostitutes.
Thisargumentismainlymadeby"humanrightsadvocatesthatbelievethatrightslikefreedomofspeech,work,etc.
shouldbeextendedtoprostitutes;therehasalsobeenincreasingemphasisonlaborrightsandconceptualizing'sex-work'throughthislens.
"2Mostimportantly,prostitutionisclearlyconnectedtohumantrafficking.
HumantraffickinghasbeencharacterizedbytheEUCommissionasoneofthe"mostgrossviolationsoffundamentalhumanrights"3happeningtodayandisoftenreferredtoas'modern-dayslavery'.
HavingthechancetoworkwiththeOfficeforCombatingHumanTraffickinginCyprus,meantthatIgotaninsightintohumantraffickingandprostitutionontheisland.
Itookpartinpoliceoperationsaswellasinterviewsconductedbythepolicetodetermine'victim'statusforthewomenrescuedduringtheseoperations.
Myexperiencesthere,augmentedmyinterestinthesubject,anditgotmewonderingwhatthelegislationsaysexactlyaboutthis.
Researchingthetopic,IwasshockedtofindoutthatthelawinCyprus1LisaCarsonandKathyEdwards,'ProstitutionandSexTrafficking:WhataretheproblemsrepresentedtobeADiscursiveAnalysisofLawandPolicyinSwedenandVictoria,Australia',AustralianFeministLawJournal,(34:1/2011),72.
2Ibid.
65.
3EuropeanCommission'sreport,"DataCollectionontraffickinginHumanBeingsintheEU"(2018),194failstodirectlydeemprostitutionlegalorillegal.
Therefore,prostitutioniscompletelyunregulatedontheisland.
ThoughCyprushasaverystrictapproachtohumantrafficking,atfirstglanceitseemsliketheyfailedtoconsiderprostitutionanditsimpactonwomen'slives.
Therefore,IdecidedtowritethispaperwithaimtofurtherresearchCyprus'approachtoprostitutionandconductacriticalanalysisonthelawsonprostitutioninCyprus.
Approachesvarybetweencountries,anditisclearthatprostitutionmaybemoreofanissueinsomecountriescomparedtoothers.
Forsometimenow,theRepublicofCyprushasbeenadestinationcountryfortraffickingvictimsandalocationwhereprostitutionandstripclubsseemtobeverypopular.
Thoughtherearenumerouslegislationsaroundhumantraffickingandoffencesrelatedtoprostitution,thispaperwillfocusonarticle164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCodethatdealswiththeoffenceofprocurement.
ThisstudyaimstouseCarolBacchi's'WhatistheProblemRepresentedtobe'(WPR)approachtocarryoutacriticaldiscourseanalysisonarticle164(a)andwillattempttoanswerthefollowingproblemformulation;"Whatistheproblemwiththedistinctionbetweenprostitution/sexworkandhumantraffickingrepresentedtobeinarticle164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCode"52.
OverviewCyprushasbeenadesireddestinationforprostitutionforquitesometimenow.
GrowingupinCyprus,Irememberseeingcabaretsandstripclubseveryfewmetersincertainareasandthiswasa'normal'sightingforanyonetakingawalkaroundthecapital.
DuringanunofficialinterviewIhadwiththeHeadoftheOfficeforCombatingtheTraffickingofHumanBeingsoftheCyprusPolice,shementionedthatinthe80stherewasaconsiderableriseincabaretsandstripclubsopeninginCyprus,wherealotofthewomenworkingattheseplaceswerebroughtinCyprusonan'artistvisa'.
The'artistvisa'wasissuedtoanyonethatwantedtocometoCyprusandworkinanyentertainmentormusic/dancingindustry.
Inthe80s,thiswasaverypopularwaytobringgirlsfromothercountriesintoCyprussothattheyworkasdancersatstripclubs.
In1993,however,theGovernmentshoweditsconcernaroundtheriseofcabaretsontheislandby"passingnewlegislationwhichreducedthenumberoflicensesissuedtofemaleartistsworkingatasinglecabaretfrom25to13.
"4ThiswasanattemptbytheCypriotgovernmenttolimitthenumberofwomenprostitutedinsuchplaces.
However,itdidnotstoptheriseofcabaretsontheisland.
AccordingtotheEuropeanCommissionerofHumanRightsinareportheissuedin2008,"overthe20-yearperiod1982-2002,therewasadramaticincreaseof111%inthenumberofcabaretsoperatingontheisland.
"5Thequestionis,didthisnewlegislationonlimitingtheamountofartistvisasallowedperstripclub,achievewhatthelegislatorshadinmindTheanswerisnegativeascanbeseenclearlythroughthecaseofRantsevvCyprusandRussia6.
TheaforementionedcaseisoneofthemostfundamentalcasestheEuropeanCourtofJusticehadeverhavetofaceandhasbeengroundbreakingininitiatinglegislationchangeinCyprus.
Briefly,itinvolvedayoungwomanthatwasinCyprusonanartistvisaandwasforcedintoprostitution;shejumpedoffthebalconyofa5thfloorapartmenttoescape.
ThiscaseignitedaninvestigationonCyprus,thatwascarriedoutbytheEuropeanCommissionerofHumanRights.
In2008,theendreporthighlightedthefactthatalotof"victims4AllenR.
KatherineandAndreasG.
Philaretou,2005,'TheCabaretSexIndustryinTheRepublicofCyprus:AnExploratoryInvestigationofGreek-CypriotMaleCabaretPatronage',SexualityandCulture9,No.
1,(Winter),54.
5RantsevvCyprusandRussia,2004,ECJ259656Ibid.
6oftraffickingarerecruitedtoCyprusmainlyonthree-month'artiste'or'entertainment'visastoworkinthecabaretindustryincludingnightclubsandbarsorontouristvisastoworkinmassageparlorsdisguisedasprivateapartments.
"7Thiswasprooftothegovernmentthatcabaretownersweretakingadvantageofthesocalled'artistvisas'inordertorecruitandtraffickwomenintoCyprus.
Consequently,theartistvisawascancelledin2009inanattempttocombatthetraffickingofhumanbeingsandforcedprostitution.
EventhoughCypruscancelledtheartistvisa,theydidnotmakeanyamendmentstothepenalcodetotackleprostitution.
TheCyprusPenalCodecontainsnumerousarticlesillegalizingvariousactsconnectedtoprostitution(forexampleprocurement,solicitation,indecentexposure)butfailstotackleprostitutiondirectly.
Moreover,thepoliticalsituationthatexistsontheislandimpactsprostitutionasawholeinCyprus.
"In1974,TurkeyinvadedCyprusandoccupiedthenorthernpart;consequently,itproclaimeditsindependencein1983.
"8ThismeansthatthelawsoftheRepublicofCyprusdonotapplytothenorthernoccupiedside,whichisgovernedbyitsownlaws.
Though,"prostitutionontheTurkishoccupiedsideisillegal"9,amemberoftheTurkishCypriotParliamentmentionedinaninterviewthattherearealotofnightclubsontheoccupiedsidethat"areusedasbrothels.
Womenareusedassexslaves.
Everybodyknowsitbutnoonedoesanything.
"10Thesegirlscometotheoccupiedside"onthebasisofthe'konsomatris'visa(hostessvisa)"11whichissimilartotheartistvisathatCyprusoncehadinplace.
Thedivisionoftheislandandconsequently,thedivisionofthelawsontheisland,giveswayforillegalactivities(inthiscaseprostitutionandhumantrafficking)totakeplaceandthrive.
Sincethetwosidesdonothaveacommonapproachtotheproblem,thiscreatesloopholesthatcanbeeasilydiscoveredbypimpsandtraffickersandtakenadvantageoffortheirbenefit.
Thefactthatthereisnocooperationbetweenthetwosides,furthercomplicatesthesituationforCypriotauthorities.
AlotofthegirlsIhadachancetointerviewduringmyworkwiththeOfficeforCombatingHumanTraffickinginCyprus,werefirstprostitutedortraffickedintheNorthernsideofthe7RantsevvCyprusandRussia,2004,ECJ259658N.
KliotandY.
Mansfield,"ThePoliticallandscapeofPartition:ThecaseofCyprus",TheJournalofPoliticalGeography(Vol.
16/1997),495.
9"'Brothel'cabaretsThriveinTurkishCyprus:Report",DurriyetDailyNews,August23,2015.
AccessedMay24th2020.
10Ibid.
11Ibid.
7islandandthencametotheSouthsidebecauseofbettereconomicopportunities.
Therefore,thepoliticalsituationof'conflict'thatexistsontheislanduntiltoday,hasasignificantnegativeimpactonthetacklingofforcedprostitutionandhumantraffickingontheisland.
83.
MethodologyThischapterdealswithexplainingthechoiceofmethodsusedtocollectandanalyzethedatausedinanalyzingarticle164oftheCriminalCodeoftheRepublicofCyprusinanattempttoanswertheproblemquestion.
Thispaperwilladoptaqualitativeapproachincarryingoutacriticalpolicyanalysis.
AfterreadingthroughtheCyprusPenalCodeandspecificallyallthearticlesassociatedwithprostitution,itisclearthatthelawaroundthissubjectisagreyarea.
Therearearticlesdealingwithsuppressionofbrothels(art.
156),procuration(art.
157),allowingachildoryoungpersontofrequentabrothel(art.
158),procuringdefilementofwomanbythreats,orfraud,oradministeringdrugs(art.
159),detentionwithintenttobrothel(art.
162),procurementorpersistentlysoliciting(art.
164),womanaidingetc.
forgainsofprostitutionofanotherwoman(art.
165),andobscenepublicationsandexhibitions(art.
177).
However,thelawdoesnothaveaspecificarticlestatingifprostitution;forcedorvoluntary,isillegal.
Therefore,thisessaywillspecificallylookatarticle164oftheCypruspenalcodewhichdealswiththeillegalactofprocurement(livingoffprostitutionearnings).
ThisarticlewillbeconsideredusingCarolBacchi's'Whatistheproblemrepresentedtobe'approach(WPR)inordertounderstandwhattheproblemwasandhowitwasthoughtofbyauthoritiesontheisland.
Althoughtherearevariouspolicyanalysisapproaches,IfoundthatBacchi'swasthebestfitinacquiringaclearpictureofwhatlegislatorsthoughttheproblemtobeatthetimeandhowtheydecidedto'solve'it.
Otherpolicyanalysisapproacheswereconsidered;forexample,theinstitutionaltheoryapproach12(asexplainedbyscholarsEdwinAmentaandKellyM.
Ramsey)aswellasthesystemstheoryapproach(asexplainedbyscholarDavidEaston)13.
AmentaandRamseytalkedaboutthreetypesofinstitutionalism;historicalinstitutionalism,sociologicalinstitutionalismandpoliticalinstitutionalism.
Theyexplainthatthesimilaritybetweenthesethreeisthattheyallagreethat"somethingidentifiedatahigherlevelisusedtoexplainprocessesandoutcomesatalowerlevelofanalysis.
"14Thoughatfirstthisseemedasaverywell12EdwinAmentaandKellyM.
Ramsey,"InstitutionalTheory",HandbookofPolitics:StateandSocietyinGlobalPerspective,(2010),15.
13AdamA.
Anyebe,"AnOverviewofApproachestotheStudyofPublicPolicy",InternationalJournalofPoliticalScience,(Vol.
4,Issue1,2018).
13.
14EdwinAmentaandKellyM.
Ramsey,"InstitutionalTheory",HandbookofPolitics:StateandSocietyinGlobalPerspective,(2010),15.
9fittedtheoryfortheanalysisofthispaper,afterresearchingitmoreitseemedlikeitwasnottherighttheorytouse.
Thiswasmainlyduetothefactthatitisatheorythat"isstructurallybiasedandhasproblemsinexplainingsocialandpoliticalchange.
"15Hence,thistheorywasdeemed"risky"inthatitmayhavelimitedthescopeofthepaperandCarolBacchi'sWPRapproachseemedmoreappropriateforthepurposesofthisthesis.
Ontheotherhand,systemstheoryasfirstdevelopedbyDavidEaston"viewspoliticallifeasasystemofinterrelatedactivities;theseactivitiesderivetheirrelatednessorsystematictiesfromthefactthattheyallmoreorlessinfluencethewayinwhichauthoritativedecisionsareformulatedandexecutedforasociety.
"16(Authoritativedecisionsmeaningpolicies).
Toputitsimply,systemstheoryasexplainedbyEastonhere,looksathowdifferentinstitutionsofthegovernmentworktogether,howtheyinfluenceeachotherandhowthisaffectsthepoliciestheyenact.
Eastongivesasimpleformulatohistheory;"inputs(demandandsupport)-politicalsystemorprocesses-outputs(decisiononpolicies)"17.
Aswiththeinstitutionaltheory,thesystemstheoryatfirstglanceseemslikeafittingtheorytothepolicyanalysisofarticle164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCode.
Thoughsystemstheorywouldbeappropriatetouseforthepurposesofthisthesis,IchosetogowiththeCarolBacchi'sWPRapproachbecauseitallowsustoexaminearticle164(a)inamorewell-roundedway;pasttheinputs.
Tocontinue,theWPRapproachseemedmoreappropriatesinceitallowsustocloselylookataspecificpolicyandanalyzeitinawaywherewecanacquireagreatdealofinformation.
Suchaswhatwastheproblemthoughttobe,howthepoliticalsystemdealtwithit,whichgroupswereincluded/excluded,whatisleft'unsolved',etc.
Therefore,theexplicitnatureoftheWPRapproachandthequestionsitincludes,allowsustonarrowthefocusofthepaperandspecificallylookatprostitutionpoliciesinCyprus.
Moreover,thispaperwillfocusonthecaseoftheRepublicofCyprusforvariousreasons.
Firstly,asaforementioned,Cyprushaslongbeenadestinationcountryforwomentobetraffickedandprostitutionisveryapparentontheisland.
DuetoCyprus'locationandduetotheartistvisathatwasonceavailable,15Ibid.
16DavidEaston,"AnApproachtotheAnalysisofPoliticalSystems,"WorldPolitics9,no.
3(April1957),383,384.
17Ibid.
384.
10prostitutionskyrocketedinthe80sandthiscausedtheincreaseincabaretsandstripclubs.
Somepapershavebeenwrittenonthesubject;forexample,scholarsKatherineAllenandAndreasPhilaretou'spaper,"TheCabaretSexIndustryintheRepublicofCyprus:AnexplanatoryinvestigationofGreek-CypriotMaleCabaretPatronage"aswellasPhilaretou'spaper"Eastern-EuropeanSexWorkersinGreek-CypriotCabarets".
However,thesepapersdonotconcernapolicyanalysisandmostimportantly,theyfocusoncabaretsinsteadofprostitutionasawhole.
Therefore,IhopethatthispapercanextendtheresearchregardingprostitutionpoliciesinCyprusandprovideadifferentperspective.
Finally,IwillbeapplyingthetheoriesofliberalfeminismaccordingtoJodyFreemanandneo-abolitionismasexplainedbyAlisonM.
Jagger,inunderstandingthecontradictingperceptionsofprostitution.
Thesetheorieswillbeappliedonarticle164(a),inquestion5oftheWPRinanattempttoexaminethedifferentsubjectificationeffectscreatedforsexworkersandforcedprostitutesbytheproblemrepresentation.
Liberalfeminismalsocommonlyreferredtoasthe'sex-work'approach,looksatprostitutionasanordinaryjobwherewomenshouldhavethefreedomtochooseitastheiroccupationfreelyandshouldbegiventhesamerightsasworkersofanyotheroccupationdo.
Neo-abolitionism,however,isastricterapproachtoprostitutionthatfallsundertheradicalfeminismumbrella.
Neo-abolitionistsbelievethatprostitutionisapatriarchalideathatlooksatwomenassexualobjectstosatisfymalesexualdrive.
TheuseofthesetwotheoriesallowsthispapertoexaminetwooppositepositionsaroundprostitutioninanattempttounderstandhowthepolicymakersinCyprusandconsequentlyCypriotsocietythinksofprostitutes.
Boththeorieswillbeexplainedinmoredetailinthefollowingchapter.
114.
TheoreticalApproachFeministperspectiveshavebeenveryapparentintheliteratureconcerningprostitution.
Sinceprostitutionisanactthatprimarilydealswithwomenprovidingsexualservices,itisonlylogicalthatitwouldigniteafeministdebatearoundtheideaofgender.
Thischapterwilldealwithexplainingthetwomainfeministtheoreticalperspectivesonprostitution;theliberalfeministapproachandtheneoabolitionismapproach.
4a.
'LiberalFeminism'-The'Sex-work'ApproachThefirstapproachisonethatpreferstoreplacetheword'prostitution'withtheterm'sex-work'.
Itderivesfromliberalfeminismwhichlooksatprostitutionthroughthegender-neutrallens.
LiberalfeminismwillbeusedinthisessayinthewayitwasexplainedbyJodyFreemaninherpaper"TheFeministDebateoverProstitutionReform:Prostitutes'RightsGroups,RadicalFeministsandthe(Im)possibilityofConsent.
'"LiberalfeminismaccordingtoFreeman,"istraceabletoliberalism,(asittoo)acceptsthenotionofapre-socialautonomousindividualcapableofconsentandchoice.
"18Thisapproacharguesthatallwomenarecapableofusingreasoningtofreelychoosetheiroccupationevenifthismeansthattheychosetoprovidesexinexchangeofmoney.
Itreflectstheideasof"individualism,equalityofopportunity,andthefreemarkettosexuallife.
"19Freemanexplainsthatbecause"liberalfeminismiscommittedtomaximizingautonomyandindividualchoice,(it)presumptivelyseesindividualexpressionsofsexualityasimplicitlyconsensual,liberating,andempowering.
"20Therefore,,"liberalfeministsseesexualfreechoiceasthebottomline,notingthattheseparationofsexandlovehasthecapacitytocontributetogenderequalitybyliberatingwomen.
"21Hence,Freemanarguesthatforliberalfeminists,"itisuptotheindividualwomantodecideifshewantstouseherbodyinawaythatbringshermoneyandsatisfaction,evenifthatmeans18JodyFreeman,"TheFeministDebateoverProstitutionReform:Prostitutes'RightsGroups,RadicalFeministsandthe(Im)possibilityofConsent,"inApplicationsofFeministLegalTheory,ed.
D.
KellyWeisberg(TempleUniversityPress,1960),238.
19KatieBeran,"ARTICLE:RevisitingtheProstitutionDebate:UnitingLiberalandRadicalFeminisminPursuitofPolicyReform,"Law&Inequality,30,19(Winter,2012).
https://advance-lexis-com.
zorac.
aub.
aau.
dk/api/documentcollection=analytical-materials&id=urn:contentItem:5537-M0H0-00CV-702C-00000-00&context=1516831.
20Ibid.
21JodyFreeman,"TheFeministDebateoverProstitutionReform:Prostitutes'RightsGroups,RadicalFeministsandthe(Im)possibilityofConsent,"inApplicationsofFeministLegalTheory,ed.
D.
KellyWeisberg(TempleUniversityPress,19960),239.
12tradinginsex.
"Therefore,Liberalfeminismviewsprostitutionasaformoffemaleempowermentand'takingmattersintotheirownhands'bychoosingtobenefitfromtheirsexuality.
Freeman,however,explainsthatthisapproachcomeswithlimitationsinthatitassumesconsent.
"Thatis,intheabsenceofclearevidencetothecontrary,awomanwhosays"yes"consents,regardlessofthesocialcontext,thewoman'spastexperience,ortheconstraintsofascribingmeaningtolanguage.
"22Therefore,theliberalfeminismapproach,doesnotlookbackatthereasonsawomanmaybeindirectly'forced'toconsenttobeingasexworker.
Evidently,liberalfeminismlooksatprostitutioninthewayitviewsanyotheroccupation.
Theybelievethatanywomaniscapableofreasoningandfreechoiceandiftheychoosetobea'sex-worker',itisaformoffemaleempowerment.
Asaresultofthisview,liberalfeministschoosetousethewords'sex-work'insteadof'prostitution'tofurthershowthatwhenawomandecidestoprovidesexualservicesformoney,shedoessoconsciouslyasanywomaninanyotheroccupationdoes.
However,theliberalfeminismviewisrestrictedasit"hastraditionallyadvocatedformalequality,withoutattemptingtosignificantlyrestructuresocietyorquestiontheassumptionofchoiceandconsentthatinformsliberaltheory.
"234b.
'Neoabolitionism'-TheRadicalFeminismApproachOntheotherendofthescale,thereisastricterapproachto'prostitution'andthatisthetheoryofneoabolitionismwhichderivesfromradicalfeministideas.
Radicalfeministsopposeprostitutionalltogetherandbelieveinthecriminalizationofallpartiesinvolvedapartfromtheprostitute;hencewhytheyarecalled'neoabolitionists'.
ThispaperwillusethedefinitiongivenbyScholarAlisonM.
Jagger.
Shegaveacleardefinitionoftheideasofradicalfeminismtowardsprostitutioninherpaper'ContemporaryWesternFeministPerspectivesonProstitution'.
2422Ibid.
23Ibid.
24AlisonM.
Jagger,"ContemporaryWesternFeministPerspectivesonProstitution",AsianJournalofWomen'sStudies,(3.
2,1997)https://doi.
org/10.
1080/12259276.
1997.
1166579413Jaggerarguesthatradicalfeminists"believethatwomendonotenterprostitutionvoluntarilybutareforcedintoit;moreobviouslybyeconomicneed.
"25Therefore,radicalfeministopinionisthatnowomanwouldvoluntarilyenterprostitutionifshewasn'tforcedbyotherreasonsliketheneedformoney.
Jaggerstatesthatthiseconomicneedexistsasa"consequenceof(women's)limitedopportunitiesforothertypesofwork;limitsthatareimposedbygenderdiscrimination.
"26Therefore,radicalfeminismlooksatprostitutionthroughthegenderdiscriminationlensandbelievesthatbecausewomendonothaveequalopportunitiestowork,theyareforcedtoenterprostitutiontosupportthemselves.
Tocontinue,Jaggerarguesthat"womenaresexualizedbysocietytheirwholelivesandare'trained'tosatisfymen'ssexualdesires.
"27Therefore,prostitutionaccordingtoneoabolitionismisaformofgender-basedviolenceaswomenareforcedtobe'subordinated'tomen.
Finally,Jaggerexplainsthattheradicalfeminismview"regardsprostitutesascontrolledbymalepimpswhoexploittheirlaborandsometimesliterallyenslavethem.
"28Hence,thisisanotherformofgenderinequalityhappeningwithinprostitutionsincemenareoftentheonescontrollingprostitutes'lives.
Theyrepeatedlyuseviolenceinanattempttocontrolprostitutes'livesfurther.
"Thisviewisalsogenderedsinceitpresentsprostitutionasadistinctivelyfeminizedformofexploitationreflectingmale-dominance.
"29Therefore,theneoabolitionismviewopposestheideathatprostitutioncanbelikeanyotherformofworkandthatitisaformofempowermentforwomen.
Instead,itarguesthatprostitutionisagenderbasedviolentactagainstwomenandawayformentocontrolwomenandexercisetheirpower.
Itfeedsthenotionthatmenhaveuncontrollablesexualdesireandwomenaretosatisfythatdesireselflessly.
Finally,neoabolitionismbelievesthatwomenareforcedintoprostitutionasaresultoftheunequaljobopportunitiesthatexistforwomenintoday'ssociety;hence,theyaredrivenbyeconomicneed.
25Ibid.
1226Ibid.
1227Ibid.
1328Ibid.
1229Ibid.
12145.
WPRApproach:Questions1-31.
Whatistheproblemrepresentedtobeinarticle164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCodeThefirstquestionofCarolBacchi'sWPRapproachtriestodiscoverwhatthe'problem'isthoughttobe;whatisthepolicytryingtofixAccordingtoBacchi,theargumentforthefirstquestionis:"sincehowyoufeelaboutsomethingdetermineswhatyousuggestdoingaboutit,itisequallytruetosaythatlookingatwhatisproposedasapolicyinterventionwillrevealhowtheissueisbeingthoughtabout.
"30BeforeapplyingthefirstquestiontothespecificpolicyinCyprus,itisvitalthatwereadthearticlewewillanalyze.
Article164(a)oftheCypriotPenalCodedealswiththeoffenceofprocurement.
Procurementisgenerallydefinedas"obtainingsomeoneasaprostituteforanotherperson.
"31Specifically,thearticlestates;"Whoever,(a)knowinglylivesentirelyorpartiallyfromprostitutionprofits,whichareexercisedbetweenpersonsofeitherthesameordifferentsex;(…)isguiltyofmisconductandissubjecttoimprisonmentnotexceedingfiveyears.
"32Readingthroughthisarticleitlookslikeitisclearwhatthispolicyistryingto'fix'.
Thefirstpartofthisarticlewhichistheonewewillfocuson,suggeststhattheproblemisnotassuchprostitutionbut'procurement';profitingfromsomeonewhoissellingsexformoney.
Therefore,thearticletriesto'fix'theproblemofprocurement.
Thoughmoreobviouslythearticlehereportraystheproblemtobe'procurement',itcanbeseenthattheproblemrepresentedtobeisthe30CarolBacchi,"Introducinga'what'stheproblemrepresentedtobe'approachtopolicyanalysis"inEngagingwithCarolBacchi:StrategicInterventionsandExchanges,ed.
A.
Bletsas,C.
Beasley,(2012).
3.
31LexicoDictionary,accessedathttps://www.
lexico.
com/definition/procure32CyprusPenalCode15exploitationofprostitutesbysomeoneelse.
Thisideawillbeexploredinthenextsectionthatisconcernedwiththeassumptionsthatunderlyaproblemrepresentation.
162.
WhatpresuppositionsorassumptionsunderlietheserepresentationsoftheproblemMovingontothesecondquestionoftheWPRapproach,CarolBacchidealswithunderstandingwhatthisspecificpolicyassumesorpresupposes.
Sheexplainsthatpresuppositionsandassumptionsreferto"backgroundknowledgethatistakenforgranted.
"33Therefore,"thegoalofthisquestionistoidentifyandanalyzetheconceptuallogicsthatunderpinspecificproblemrepresentations.
"34Lookingatquestion2oftheWPRapproach,itcanbeseenthatarticle164(a)assumesthatprostitutionitselfisokaybutitbecomesaproblemwhensomeoneelsebenefitsfromit.
Therefore,thereisanunderlayingassumptionthatprostitutionislikeanyotherworkwhereexploitationshouldnotbehappening.
Takeforinstancethescenarioofanemployeewhoworkslonghoursatacementfactoryandispaidbelownationalminimumwage.
Thisisaformoflaborexploitationandthelawprescribesthatitisillegal.
Ontheonehand,workingatafactoryisnotillegal;ontheotherhand,forcingsomeonetoworkforverylittlepay,is.
ThelawinCypruslooksatprostitutioninasimilarwaythrougharticle164.
Thoughprostitutionisnotillegalassuch,theexploitationofaprostituteis.
Therefore,withinthisarticlethereisanassumptionthatprostitutionasanactisacceptableasanyotherwork.
Consequently,thisrepresentationoftheproblemliescloselywiththeliberalfeministviewthatwomencanprostitutethemselvesiftheywishtosinceitisaformoffemaleempowerment.
However,whensomeoneelseisprofitingfromthisact,itbecomesaproblemofexploitationofthatwomanwhodecidedtobecomea'sex-worker'.
Here,itisvitaltodistinguishbetweenprocurementandhumantrafficking.
Humantraffickingistherecruitment,transportationandexploitationofpeopleforvariouspurposes(sexualexploitation,laborexploitation,etc.
).
Therefore,procurementdoesnotfallunderhumantraffickingsinceitonlyinvolvessexualexploitationbutnotthetwootherfactorsneededforhumantraffickingtoberecognizedlegally;recruitmentandtransportation.
Procurementinarticle164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCode,involvespeoplethataretakingadvantageofwomenthathaveconsciouslymadethechoicetobecomeprostitutes.
Therefore,this33CarolBacchi,"Introducinga'what'stheproblemrepresentedtobe'approachtopolicyanalysis"inEngagingwithCarolBacchi:StrategicInterventionsandExchanges,ed.
A.
Bletsas,C.
Beasley,(2012).
5.
34Ibid.
5.
17articleassumesthatprostitutionanditsprocurementareadifferentoffencefromhumantraffickingthatshouldbedealtdifferently.
Movingon,CarolBacchiexplainsthatquestion2oftheWPRapproachisimportantin"thinkingaboutdiscourseasmeaningsystems;wherediscoursemeansmorethanlanguage.
"35Inidentifyingdiscourse,sheexploresthreeclassificationswithinquestiontwothatcanbeusedtoexamineapolicyanditsassumptions;binaries,keyconceptsandcategories.
Inrelationtobinariessheexplainsthat"theyassumeanA-notArelationshipandthatwhatisononesideofabinaryisconsideredtobeexcludedfromtheother.
"36Sheprovidesdifferentexamples;male/female,legal/illegal,public/private,national/international,etc.
Furthermore,sheexplainsthatbinariesareimportantin"revealingtheoperationofconceptuallogicsthatmayacttoconstrainorlimitourunderstandingofanissue.
"37Withinarticle164(a)wecanidentifyavoluntary/involuntarybinary.
Thisarticleassumesthatifsomeonelivesoffprofitsfromaprostitute,itisdonesobyforceoritautomaticallymeansthatthispersonisexploitingtheprostitute.
Itassumesthatanyprofitsgiventosomeoneelseotherthantheprostituteherself,aredoingsoinvoluntarily.
Thiscomesintoclashwiththeideawementionedbeforethatthepolicyshowsthatwomenarecapabletofreelyandconsciouslychoosetheiroccupationevenifitmeanssexwork.
Yetthebinariesassumedinthispolicyshowtheexactopposite;thatprostitutesarenotcapabletoknowinglyandvoluntarilygivingsomeoftheirprofitsfromprostitutiontosomeoneelse.
Whichraisestheissueofhowwomenareconstructedwithinthespecificpolicy.
DoesitthereforeassumethatwomenarenotcapableofvoluntarilysharingsomeoftheirprofitswithsomeoneelseDowomenhavethecapacitytochoosetoprostitutethemselvesbutnotthecapacitytochoosewithwhotheywillsharetheirprofitsThisisaveryseriousassumptionthatarisesfromlookingatthebinariesassumedwithinthisparticularpolicyanditiscontradictingtheinitialassumptionthatwomenwhochoosetoworkinprostitutionhavethefreedomandmaturitytochoosewhatevertheywant.
35CarolBacchi,"Introducinga'what'stheproblemrepresentedtobe'approachtopolicyanalysis"inEngagingwithCarolBacchi:StrategicInterventionsandExchanges,ed.
A.
Bletsas,C.
Beasley,(2012).
7.
36CarolBacchi,"Introducinga'what'stheproblemrepresentedtobe'approachtopolicyanalysis"inEngagingwithCarolBacchi:StrategicInterventionsandExchanges,ed.
A.
Bletsas,C.
Beasley,(2012).
7.
37Ibid.
18Tocontinue,Bacchiexplainsthatitisimportanttoidentifythekeyconceptsthatexistwithinapolicybecausealthoughkeyconceptsareopenended,theyfacilitateinunderstandingtheproblemrepresentationswithinapolicy.
Thoughkeyconceptsarenotalwaysclearcut,itcanbeidentifiedthatthekeyconceptinarticle164(a)isfreedom.
Morespecifically,theprostitutes'freedomtochoosehowtospendtheirprofitsandresources.
Thereisanassumptionthatprostitutesthatsharetheirprofitswithsomeoneelsearedoingsobecausetheyare'forced'ortakenadvantageof.
Therefore,prostitutesareportrayedtobe'incapable'ofchoosinghowtospendtheirprofits.
Consequently,thereisastrongassumptioninthewaytheproblemisrepresentedinthispolicy;thatthereisanincapabilitytochoosethatexistswithinwomenandhence,everyscenariowheretheysharetheirprofitsisconsideredprocurementbythepersonbenefittingfromtheirprofits.
Finally,Bacchiexplainsthatthethirdclassification,"categories,areconceptsthatplayacentralroleinhowgoverningtakesplace.
"38Sheexplainsthatthe"taskhereisnottoacceptthesecategoriesasgivenbuttoseehowtheyfunctiontogiveparticularmeaningstoproblemrepresentations.
"39WithintheCyprusPenalCodegenerally,themostobviouscategoryis'prostitute'.
Thoughthearticlereferstopeoplefromthebothsexes,thelawingeneralveryoften,usestheword"prostitute"(inGreekπρνη/po-rni)whichisawordusedtodescribefemales.
WithintheGreeklanguageitcannotbeusedtodescribeamananditisexplicitlyawordthatgrammaticallyhasfemaleconnotations.
Therefore,thecategorycreatedhereisprostitutesandasub-categorycouldbewomenbecauseoftheuseoflanguagewithinthearticle.
Moreover,article164(a)specificallystartsbysaying'whoever.
.
'.
InEnglish,theword'whoever'couldmeanbothmenandwomen.
InGreekhowever,o-pi-os('ποιο')isreferringtoamale.
Hence,onceagainitisclearlymakinganassumptionthatprostitutesarealwayswomenandiftheyweretobeexploited,theywouldalwaysbeexploitedbymen.
So,thisfeedsintotheassumptionthatmenarethisstrongfigurethatwillusetheirpowertotakeadvantageofawomanwhoisclearlyportrayed(inarticle164(a))asahelplessvictiminneedofprotection.
38CarolBacchi,"Introducinga'what'stheproblemrepresentedtobe'approachtopolicyanalysis"inEngagingwithCarolBacchi:StrategicInterventionsandExchanges,ed.
A.
Bletsas,C.
Beasley,(2012).
9.
39Ibid.
19Allinall,question2oftheWPRisveryimportantinunderstandinghowtheproblemisbeingthoughtof.
Assumptionsareveryfrequentlytakenforgrantedandhence,identifyingtheseassumptionshelpsusanalyzethepolicythoroughlyandfacilitatesusincomprehendingwhattheproblemisandhowitisthoughtof.
Clearly,article164(a)makesalotofassumptionsaboutwomenandmenaswellasthecapacityofprostitutestochoosefreelyhowtospendtheirprofits.
Thoughatfirstglancetheproblemthispolicyistryingtofixseemstobetheexploitationofprostitutes,theseassumptionsshowthattherealproblemaddressedwithinarticle164(a)isthe'inability'ofprostitutestohaveconsentintheirowneconomicaffairs.
Therefore,thisarticleconstructsgendersbyportrayingprostitutesaspowerlessvictims;andmenthattakeadvantageofthemasmanipulativeandcontrolling.
203.
HowhasthisrepresentationoftheproblemcomeaboutSincewehavediscoveredwhattheproblemhasbeenrepresentedtobeinarticle164(a)andhaveexaminedtheassumptionsthatunderlywithinthisproblemrepresentation,wecannowmovetoquestion3oftheWPRapproachwhichdealswiththegenealogy.
Question3triestouncoverthebackgroundreasonsthatledtothisproblemrepresentation.
Bacchiexplainsthatthepurposeofquestion3"istohighlighttheconditionsthatallowaparticularproblemrepresentationtotakeshapeandtoassumedominance.
"40Therefore,inthissection,wewilltrytoexplorethemotivesthatresultedinthisrepresentationoftheproblem.
Firstly,itisimportanttonotethatarticle164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCode,hasbeenpartofthelegislationontheislandsinceCypruswasaBritishcolony.
Therefore,procurementwasanoffenceunderCypriotLawsincebeforeCyprusgotitsindependencefromtheBritishin1960.
Sincethenanduntiltodaytherehasonlybeenoneamendmenttothisarticle.
Upto2002,article164(a)waswrittenasfollows:"whoever,knowinglylivesoffprofitsfromprostitution,….
Isguiltyofmisconductandissubjecttoimprisonmentthatdoesnotexceed5years.
"41In2002though,anamendmenthasbeenmadetothisarticletoincludethephrase:"whichareexercisedbetweenpersonsofeitherthesameordifferentsex.
"Thoughlookingatparliamentarydiscussionsfromthetime,itcanbeseenthatthereisnoclearjustificationastowhatbroughtthisamendment,thebackgroundofCypriotpoliticsseemspromisinginprovidingananswer.
In2004,CyprusbecameamemberoftheEuropeanUnionafteryearsoflongtalks.
In2002,CypruswasatthecenterofEUtalkssinceitwas40CarolBacchi,"Introducinga'what'stheproblemrepresentedtobe'approachtopolicyanalysis"inEngagingwithCarolBacchi:StrategicInterventionsandExchanges,ed.
A.
Bletsas,C.
Beasley,(2012).
1141CyprusCriminalCode,article164(a)21desperatelytryingtojointheEU.
AnimportantpartofEUaccessiondiscussionswasthatforcountriestojointheEUtheyneedtoshowthattheysharethesamevaluesandideas;thisincludestheideaofgenderequalityandinclusivitythattheEUisknowntobepromotingforthepastdecades.
ItshouldbenotedthatinCyprus,"thepromotionofgenderequalitythroughpolicyandlegislationisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.
"42Cyprushasonlystarteddoingamendmentstoitslegislationtobemoregenderinclusiveinthe2000s.
AccordingtotheEuropeanInstituteofGenderEquality,"Cyprushaspassedsignificantnumberoflegislativemeasuresrelatedtogenderequalityinthelastdecade,coveringtheareasofequaltreatmentinemployment,equalpay,maternityprotection,parentalleaveandviolenceinthefamily,amongothers,asaresultofCyprus'sharmonizationwiththeEUacquisCommunautaire.
"43Therefore,itcouldbearguedthatCyprus'attempttojointheEU,ignitedtheamendmentofarticle164(a)tobemoregenderinclusive.
Meaningthatnow,itdidnotonlycovertheprocurementofwomenbutalsotheprocurementofmen.
ThoughwelacksignificantevidencetosupportthestatementthatitwasEUaccessionthatdirectlyignitedtheamendmentofarticle164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCode,theEuropeanInstituteofGenderEqualityprovidesuswithenoughindicationthatitisnonethelessanimportantpointtoconsider.
AsmentionedintheOverviewsectionofthisthesis,in2004CyprushadtofaceaEuropeanCourtofHumanRightscaseagainstthem;thecaseofRantsevvCyprusandRussia.
44ThiscaseactedasareminderfortheCypriotGovernmentthatforcedprostitutionshouldbetakenasseriousashumantrafficking.
Insummary,thiscaseinvolvedagirlthatwasinCyprusonanartistvisa,leftherworkatthecabaret,andafewdayslaterwasfounddead(shefellfromabuilding).
Whatissignificantaboutthiscaseisthatthewomanwasatapolicestationthedaybeforeherdeathandwasaskingtobesenthome;thepolicehowever"returnedhertothecabaretmanagerastheyconsideredthathewasresponsibleforher,andaskedhimtotakeherto42EuropeanUnion.
EuropeanInstituteofGenderEquality.
GenderMainstreaminginCyprus.
AccessedonMay26th2020.
43Ibid.
44RantsevvCyprusandRussia,2004,ECJ2596522immigrationservicesthenextmorning.
"45Shediedafewhoursbeforethemeeting.
CypruswasfoundinbreachofvariousEUarticlesandwasgivenrecommendationsbytheEuropeanCourtofHumanRights.
ThiscasewasfundamentalbecauseitignitedaEuropeaninvestigationintoCyprus46andthepoliciesthattheCypriotgovernmenthasinplaceindealingwiththesematters.
Moreover,ithighlightedthefactthatforcedprostitutionandhumantraffickingcouldnolongerbeignoredandshouldbetackledthroughsimilarmeans.
Finally,itemphasizedtheextenttowhichtheartistvisawasbeingabusedforpurposesotherthantheonesintendedbythegovernment.
Tocontinue,theCypriotParliamentaryCommitteepublishedareport/nationalactionplanin2005aroundthesubjectsofprostitutionandhumantrafficking.
Throughouttheirnumerousdiscussionsthattookplacebetween2003and2005aroundthesubject,theymentionedthatanimmediateproblemtheyhadtodealwith,wastheso-called'artistvisa'.
Asmentionedintheoverviewofthisthesis,theartistvisawastakenadvantageofbycabaretandstripclubownersthatusedittoemploy(mostlyEasternEuropean)womenasdancersandusedtheirstripclubasacovertoprostitutethemagainsttheirwill.
Thisreportstressedtheurgencyoftheforcedprostitutionproblemthatarosebecauseoftheartistvisaandconsistentlymentionedthatsomethinghadtobedonetoprotecttheseyoungwomenfrombeingprostitutedagainsttheirwill.
Inthereport,theymentionthatatthetimetherewere"1,602womenfromcountriesotherthanCyprusworkingatthesekindsofbarsontheartistvisa.
"47Theyalsomentionedthatby2004,theCypriotPoliceexaminedaround100casesthatconcernedtheissueofforcedprostitutionwithinthesebars.
"48Undoubtedly,forcedprostitutionwasanissuethatworriedthegovernmenttoagreatextendatthetime.
Asaresultofthisactionplan,theparliamentarycommitteeproposedtotheparliamentvariouswaystodealwiththeproblem.
Theyproposedformoreoftenchecksatthesebarstobecarriedoutbythepoliceinanattempttoensurethatthesewomenworkasbarmaidsorasdancersandarenotforcedintoprostitution.
45EuropeanUnion.
EuropeanCourtofHumanRights.
InformationnoteontheCourt'sCaselawNo.
126,RantsevvCyprusandRussia,2004,ECJ25965.
46RantsevvCyprusandRussia,2004,ECJ2596547ReportoftheParliamentaryCommitteeonCrimeontheissueentitled"Prostitution-trafficking"(2000),7.
48Ibid.
23Theyalsopurposedamongstothersolutions,toincreaseinvestigationsintothefinancesofthesebarsandthewomenworkingthereinordertomakesurethattheyweregettingpaidandnotexploited.
Consequently,theartistvisawascancelledaltogetherin2009asameasuretopreventwomencomingintoCyprussoeasilytoworkattheseplacesinanattempttominimizeforcedprostitution.
Therefore,thoughthisisnotdirectlyconnectedtoarticle164(a),forcedprostitutionisaproblemthathasconcernedtheCypriotgovernmentandiscontinuingtoconcernthemtoday.
Itisnotsurprisingthen,thatarticle164(a)oftheCypruspenalcoderepresentstheproblemtobeprocurement.
Itislogicalthatittriestotacklethisproblembyassumingthatwomenthatsharetheirprofitsorresourcesfromprostitutionwithothersarevictimsofmenthattakeadvantageofthem.
Theseabovementionedstatisticsalongwiththereportoftheparliamentarycommittee,stressthegravityoftheproblemofforcedprostitutionontheislandandtherefore,itisseenthatthisarticleassumesthatprostitutesarevictimsandmengainingfromtheirprostitutionaretheperpetrators.
Moreover,asmentionedearlier,Cypriotlawmakesadistinctionbetweenprostitutionandhumantrafficking.
ItisvitaltonotethatthereisaseparateCypriotlawthatdealswiththeissueofhumantrafficking.
Hence,theCypriotGovernmentlooksathumantraffickingasaseparatematter.
ThelawonthePreventionofTraffickinginPersonsandtheProtectionofVictims49isoneofthestricterlegislationsinCypriotLawandprohibitsanyformofhumantrafficking.
Theseriousnessoftheoffenceofhumantraffickingisevidentfromtherecentamendmentsmadetothelawregardingsentencesandcriminalliability.
InJuly2019,theParliamentmadetwoverysignificantamendmentstothehumantraffickinglaw.
Thefirstamendmentbroughtchangesregardingwhoiscriminallyliable.
Thoughbeforetheamendment,peoplepurchasingservicesfromatraffickingvictimhadnocriminalliability,withthenewamendment,nowall"peoplepurchasingservicesfromatraffickingvictimarecriminallyliable.
"50Thesentenceforapersonpurchasingservicesfromatraffickingvictimis10yearsimprisonment.
Thesecondamendment,broughtchangestothesentencingoftraffickers.
Whatwaspreviouslya25-yearimprisonmentsentence,isnowlifeimprisonmentwiththenewamendmentsfromJuly2019.
5149PreventionofTraffickinginPersonsandtheProtectionofVictims(60(I)/2014)50PreventionofTraffickinginPersonsandtheProtectionofVictims(60(I)/2014),article2.
51PreventionofTraffickinginPersonsandtheProtectionofVictims(60(I)/2014),articles7,8,10,11.
24Tosummarize,forcedprostitutionisanissuethathasbeenconcerningtheCypriotgovernmentforyearsnow.
Theyhavehadtodealwithnumeroushumantraffickingandforcedprostitutioncasesovertheyears.
Withinhumantraffickingandprostitution,themajorityofvictimsusuallyiswomen.
Hence,theproblemrepresentationofarticle164(a)isunderstandablyaresultofthesecaseswherewomenareforcedtosellthemselvesorwherewomenaretakenadvantageofbymen.
Theextentofinvoluntaryprostitutionontheislandiswhathelpedshapethisproblemrepresentationwithinthegovernmentandconsequently,thisistheproblemreflectedwithinthepoliciesofCyprus.
256.
WPRApproach:Questions4-64.
WhatisleftunproblematicintheseproblemrepresentationsWhatarethesilencesCantheproblembethoughtaboutdifferentlyNextinBacchi'sWPRapproach,isthefourthquestionwhichlooksathowtheproblemcanbethoughtaboutdifferentlyaswellaswhattheproblemfailedtoconsider.
"Thegoalofquestionfouristoraiseforreflectionandconsiderationissuesandperspectivessilencedinidentifiedproblemrepresentations.
"52So,thisquestiontriestodiscoverwhatisnotmentionedorcoveredintherepresentationoftheproblem;whathasnotbutcouldhavebeenconsidered.
Throughthisquestion,wewillconsiderthesilencesthatexistwithinthisproblemrepresentationandthesignificanceoftheCypriotgovernmentnotmakingacleardistinctionaboutsex-workandprostitutionandwhetheritislegal.
LookinggenerallyattheCyprusPenalCode,itisshockingtoseethatthereisnoarticleexplicitlystatingwhetherprostitutionislegalornotinCyprus.
Moreover,thereisnootherlawthatcoversthissubject.
Thoughtherearealotofarticlesdealingwithoffencesrelatedtoprostitution(asaforementionedinthemethodologysection)andthisgivestheimpressionthatprostitutionisillegal,inrealityitisconfusingtoseethatthelawdoesn'tdirectlyprescribeprostitution'slegality.
Therefore,theCyprusPenalCodefailstoconsidertheissuesthatmayarisewithnotexplicitlymakingprostitutionlegalorillegalandhence,thelegislationlacksalot.
Thiscreatesahugegrayarea,andthismeanstwothings;firstly,thereisalotofconfusionastowhatisallowed,meaningthatwomenwhochoosetobecomeprostitutesareleftconfusedbytheunclearlegislationandsecondly,thisgiveswayfortraffickersandorpimpstoescapeconsequences.
Wewillnowexpandupontheseissuesbelow.
52CarolBacchi,"Introducinga'what'stheproblemrepresentedtobe'approachtopolicyanalysis"inEngagingwithCarolBacchi:StrategicInterventionsandExchanges,ed.
A.
Bletsas,C.
Beasley,(2012).
13.
26Takingintoconsiderationarticle164(a)specifically,itcanbedeterminedwhichsilencesexistaswellaswhattheproblemrepresentationfailedtoconsider.
Tobeginwith,itimpliesthatvoluntaryprostitutionislegal;however,thiscomeswithcertainlimitations.
Ifprostitutionislegal,therearenoarticlesintheCyprusPenalCode(orinanyotherlegislation)thatexplainshowthiswillberegulated.
Thismeansthatthestatedoesnotgetinvolvedinprostitutionaffairsandthiscreatesalotofuncertainty.
Consideringthattherearenumerouslaborlaws;forexample,theMinimumWageLaw53,theHourlyEmploymentLaw54,theLaborRelationsAct,55etc.
,itraisesaquestionastowhytherearenosuchlawsaroundprostitution.
Alltheselaborlawsaimtohelpprotectworker'srightsandgiveguidanceonhow'business'mustbeconductedwithinsociety.
Thereisnosuchthingforprostitutionhowever,meaningthatifthelawisindirectlylegalizingprostitution,thereisnoprotectionfortheprostitutesinvolvedandtherearenoguidelinestohelpensurethatprostitutesgetthesameprotectionoftheirrightsasworkersinanyotherlineofwork.
Thisallowsforperpetratorstotakeadvantageofthesituation;meaningthatsinceitisnotregulated,theycanmoreeasilyescapeconsequencesforforcingwomenintoprostitutionortakingadvantageofwomenthatprostitutethemselves.
Hence,thelawfailstoconsidertheissuesthatmayarisewiththenon-interferenceofthestateinprostitutionaffairs.
Ifthelawindirectlyimpliesthatprostitutionislegal,thereshouldbesomewayofregulatingprostitutioninordertoensuretherightsofprostitutesaswellasprotectwomenonamoregeneralscale.
Moreover,CyprusLawhasbeenunsuccessfulinaddressingtheissueofconsent.
Theissuewiththis,isthatitdoesnotportraywomenascapableandresponsiblehumanbeingsthatcouldconsciouslyandvoluntarilyconsenttosharingtheirprofitsorresourcesfromprostitutionwithsomeoneelse.
Thougharticle164(a)(orthelegislationgenerally)doesn'tcriminalizetheprostitute,itdoesnotportraytheideathatanywomancanempowerherselfandusehersexualitytobenefitfinanciallyfromprostitution.
Itdoesnotclearlyviewprostitutionasanyotheroccupation,anditdoesnotlooklikeprostitutionisseenasempowering.
IrememberwhenIwasworkingwiththeOfficeforCombatingHumanTraffickinginCypruslastyear,thatallcaseswherethepolicecarriedoutoperationsandfoundwomentobeprostitutedwillinglyornot,these53Chapter18354Chapter182,1967.
55100(I)/200027womenwerealwaystreatedlikehumantraffickingvictims.
Theywereneveraskediftheychoseprostitutionorifsomeoneelsewascoercingthemtodoit.
Therefore,thepoliceworkedontheassumptionthatprostitutionisillegalalltogetherandtheytreatedwomenlikevictimsinneedoftheirprotection.
Hence,itdidnotseemtomattertoauthoritiesifthesewomenknowinglyandresponsiblychoseprostitutionastheiroccupation.
Therefore,thoughatfirstglanceitlookslikethearticleencompassestheideaofastrongempoweredfemaleastheliberalfeministview,inpractice,thesilencescreatedbythisarticleareportrayingtheexactoppositeimageofanempoweredwoman.
Ontheotherhand,fromtheneoabolitionismfeministview,theCyprusPenalCodefailedtotakeintoconsiderationtheconsequencesofnotclearlymakingprostitutionillegal.
Thoughtherearenumerousarticlesthatforbidalotofotheractscloselyrelatedtoprostitution,theCyprusPenalCodefailstoprovideclarityonthelegalityofprostitution.
Thiscouldmeanthatthereisanassumptionthatprostitutionisillegalsincesomanyotheractionsrelatedtoitaredeemedillegal.
However,thisisjustamereassumption.
Thiscreatesconfusionandgiveswayfortraffickersandpimpstotakeadvantageofthelaw'suncertainty.
Furthermore,itdoesnotprescribethecriminalliabilityofeachpersoninvolved,furthercomplicatingthatuncertainty.
Onanothernote,takeintoconsiderationthelanguageusedinthearticleandwhatisleftunsolvedbecauseofthechoiceoflanguage.
Thoughthearticlereferstobothmenandwomen,asaforementioned,theuseoflanguageportraysthewomanasavictimandthemanastheperpetrator.
Genderisconstructedinawaywheregenderinequalityisveryapparent.
Therepresentationoftheproblemfeedsintotheideathatwomenaremeresexualobjectsthatexisttosatisfymen'suncontrollablesexualdesire.
Hence,fromtheneoabolitionismview,itcanbearguedthatthelawconstructsgenderinawaythatisunfairtowardswomen.
Consequently,theCyprusPenalCodefailstodealwithissuesthatmayarisebyconstructinggenderinthisway.
285.
WhatDiscursive,SubjectificationandLivedeffectsareproducedbytheserepresentationsoftheproblemMovingon,thefifthquestionlooksatthedifferentdifficultiesthatmaybeproducedasaresultofspecificproblemrepresentations.
Bacchiexplainsthat"theWPRapproachtopolicyanalysisstartsfromthepresumptionthatsomeproblemrepresentationscreatedifficultiesformembersofsomesocialgroupsmoresothanformembersofothergroups.
"56Sheaimstolookatthedifferenttypesofeffectsthisproblemrepresentationmayhaveonspecificgroupsofpeoplewithinthesociety.
Specifically,Bacchiexplainsthat"itisadequatetoidentifythreeinterconnectedandoverlappingkindsofeffects;discursiveeffectswhichfollowfromthelimitsimposedonwhatcanbethoughtandsaid,subjectificationeffectswhicharethewaysinwhichsubjectsandsubjectivitiesareconstitutedindiscourse,andlivedeffectswhicharetheimpactonlifeanddead.
"57Tobeginwith,discursiveeffectsaccordingtoCarolBacchiare"linkedtoquestions2,3and4(oftheWPRapproach),whichidentifydeep-seatedassumptionsandpresuppositionswithinproblemrepresentations.
"58Thispartofquestion5basicallylooksatwhatlimitsareimposedbycertainproblemrepresentationsonthewaytheyarethoughtof.
Sheexplainsthat"ifsomeoptionsforsocialinterventionareclosedoffbythewayinwhicha'problem'isrepresented,thiscanhavedevastingeffectsforcertainpeople.
"59Toputitsimply,thewaysomeproblemsarerepresentedthroughapolicy,makesitdifficultfortheproblemstobethoughtofinadifferentway.
Asabovementioned,theproblemrepresentedinarticle164(a),isprocurement.
Inquestion2wehavediscussedwhatassumptionsunderlytherepresentationoftheproblem.
These56CarolBacchi,"Introducinga'what'stheproblemrepresentedtobe'approachtopolicyanalysis"inEngagingwithCarolBacchi:StrategicInterventionsandExchanges,ed.
A.
Bletsas,C.
Beasley,(2012).
15.
57Ibid.
58CarolBacchi,"Introducinga'what'stheproblemrepresentedtobe'approachtopolicyanalysis"inEngagingwithCarolBacchi:StrategicInterventionsandExchanges,ed.
A.
Bletsas,C.
Beasley,(2012).
16.
59Ibid.
29assumptionsorthingstakenforgranted,makesitdifficultforustothinkabouttheprobleminadifferentway.
Byrepresentingtheproblemtobeprocurementandassumingthatallwomenthatsharetheirprofitsfromprostitutionarebeingprocured,article164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCodemakesitdifficultforustoviewtheproblemotherwise.
Wearebeing'blinded'inawaybythisproblemrepresentationandwefailtothinkaboutthewomenthatconsciouslyandvoluntarilychoosetobeprostitutes.
Merely,article164(a)oftheCypruspenalcodecreatessuchastrongassumptiononthe'involuntary'element,thatwefailtoconsiderthe'voluntary'elementandconsequently,thiscanhaveoverwhelmingeffectsonprostitutesthatchosethisastheiroccupation.
Moreover,thelanguageusedasexplainedinquestion2createscertainassumptionsindiscourse.
Theuseoflanguageassumesthatwomenarealwaysthevictimsandmenarealwaystheperpetrators.
Thiscreatesaverystrongassumptionoftheportrayalofrolesinourminds.
Hence,weareunknowinglybiasedintothinkingofwomenbeingweakandunprotectedandmenasstrongandmanipulative.
Subsequently,wearesoblindedbythisrepresentationthatwefailtoconsiderthescenariowhereitmaybeamanthatisactuallythevictimofprocurement.
Therefore,thiscouldcreateharmfuleffectsformenthataregoingthroughthisscenario,butthelawfailedtoconsiderinitsrepresentationoftheproblem.
Secondly,subjectificationeffectsaccordingtoBacchi,incorporatethe"ideathatwebecomesubjectsofaparticularkindpartlythroughthewaysinwhichpoliciessetupsocialrelationshipsandourplacewithinthem.
"60Therefore,therearecertainsocialrelationshipscreatedbypoliciesandinthewaytheyrepresenttheproblem.
Shecontinuesbysayingthat"problemrepresentationswithinpoliciesoftensetgroupsofpeopleinoppositiontoeachother"61andgiveexampleslikeemployed/unemployed,bingedrinkers/sociallyresponsibledrinkers,etc.
Inthecaseofarticle164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCode,theproblemrepresentationcreatesoppositionbetweenprostitutesthatchoseprostitutionandthosethatwereforcedintoit.
Ontheonehand,itcouldbearguedthatarticle164(a)createspositivesubjectificationeffectsforwomenthatareforcedintoprostitution.
Meaningthatthewayarticle164(a)isdrafted,itprotectswomenthatendupbeing60CarolBacchi,"Introducinga'what'stheproblemrepresentedtobe'approachtopolicyanalysis"inEngagingwithCarolBacchi:StrategicInterventionsandExchanges,ed.
A.
Bletsas,C.
Beasley,(2012).
16.
61Ibid.
30prostitutesinvoluntarily.
Ontheotherhand,though,itcanbearguedthatitsfailuretoconsiderwomenthatchosetoworkasprostitutes,createsacertainoppositionbetweenthetwogroups;forcedprostitutesand'sexworkers'.
Thisiswherethetheoriesofliberalfeminism(the'sex-work'approach)andneoabolitionism(theradicalfeministapproach)comeintoplace.
Liberalfeminismwouldcondemnarticle164(a)onthegroundsthatitfailstoconsiderwomenthatchoosetobecomesexworkers.
Accordingtotheliberalfeminismview,'sex-work'isseenasaformofempowermentforwomenbecausetheyarerecognizedasconsciousbeingsthatusetheirownrationalitytochoosefreelytheiroccupation.
Therefore,article164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCode,couldbeviewedas'takingaway'thisempowermentfromthesewomen.
Itassumesthatallwomenthatsharetheirprofitswithsomeoneelsearevictimsofprocurementandhence,thewholepointoffemaleempowermentandfemalecapabilityisbeingcompletelydisregarded.
Thisisinclearoppositionoftheliberalfeminismview.
Ontheotherhand,article164(a)anditsassumptionsfavoringreatparttheneoabolitionismview.
Asmentionedinthetheorysection,neoabolitionismviewsprostitutionasawaytofeedintotheideathatmenhavethisuncontrollablesexualdesireandwomenarevictimizedinordertosatisfymen'sdesires.
Inasimilarway,article164(a)portrayswomenasvictimsandmenastheperpetrators.
Thisarticlemakesitillegaltoprocureawomanandhence,thestateispresentedastheprotectorofthesewomen.
Therefore,neoabolitionismisquiteevidentinarticle164(a),sincethisarticleportraystheideathatmentakeadvantageofwomen.
Allinall,thoughthisarticleaimstoprotectwomenthatareforcedintoprostitution,itfailstoconsiderwomenthathavevoluntarilychosetoworkasprostitutes.
TakeintoconsiderationBacchi'sexampleofbingedrinkersandsociallyresponsibledrinkers;ifweweretoillegalizealcoholaltogetherinanattempttosavebingedrinkers,wearefailingtoconsiderthesociallyresponsibledrinkersthatwillbestrippedoftheir31righttoconsumealcohol.
Similarly,thisarticlefailstoconsiderprostitutesthatchosetobecome'sexworkers',(opposingtheliberalfeminismview)inanattempttosavewomenthatarebeingforcedintoprostitution(supportingtheneoabolitionismview).
Sincearticle164(a)portrayswomenasvictimsandinneedoftheprotectionofthestate,itcreatesanegativesubjectificationeffectonwomenthatchoseprostitutionastheirlineofworkandmostprobablydonotwishtobeseenasvictimssincetheychosethisoccupationforthemselves.
Finally,Bacchimentionstheimportanceofthelivedeffectsthatarecreatedbycertainproblemrepresentationswithinapolicy.
Sheexplainsthatthelivedeffectsincludethe"materialimpactonpeople'slivesthattheseproblemrepresentationshave.
"62Itisimportanthere,totakeintoconsiderationthefactthattheCyprusPenalCodedoesnotexplicitlystateifprostitutionislegalornot.
Quiteobviously,thiscouldalsocreatecertainlivedeffects.
Thereisanegativeeffectonthesafetyofwomenthatchoosetobeprostitutessincethelawdoesnotregulatetheiroccupationlikeitdoeswithothers,andtheyareofferednoprotectionoftheirrightsbythestate.
Forexample,theOccupationalSafetyandHealthLawofCyprus63ensurestheprotectionofthepsychological,mentalaswellasthephysicalwell-beingofworkers.
ThereisnoequivalentlawinCyprushowever,toensurethatprostitutes'mentalandphysicalhealthisprotected.
SincethelegislationofCyprusdoesnotregulateprostitutionanddoesnotlooklikeittreatsitlikeanyotherwork,prostitutesareleftunprotectedandvulnerable.
InGermanyforexample,prostitutionislegalandregulatedundertheProstitutionActof200264whichrecognizesprostitutesassexworkers.
ThisAct"offerssexworkerstherighttoaccesshealthinsuranceandobtainsocialbenefitssuchasunemploymentbenefitsandpension.
"65Evidently,inGermanywhereprostitutionisseenthroughtheliberalfeministlens,prostitutesandtheirrightsareprotectedbythestate.
InCyprusontheotherhand,prostitutesarenotofferedthesamesupportfromthegovernmentthatworkersinotheroccupationsdoandthiscreatescertainlivedeffects.
62CarolBacchi,"Introducinga'what'stheproblemrepresentedtobe'approachtopolicyanalysis"inEngagingwithCarolBacchi:StrategicInterventionsandExchanges,ed.
A.
Bletsas,C.
Beasley,(2012).
17.
63OccupationalSafetyandHealthLaws.
(N.
89(I)/1996).
64TheActRegulatingtheLegalSituationofProstitutes(ProstitutionAct),2002.
65VivianeBremer,KarinHaar,MartynaGassowski,OsamahHamoudaandStineNielsen,"STItestsandproportionofpositivetestsinfemalesexworkersattendinglocalpublichealthdepartmentsinGermanyin2010/11",BMCPublicHealth,(2016),2.
32AnotherpossiblelivedeffectoftheCyprusPenalCodefailingtolegalizeorillegalizeprostitutioncouldbetheimpactsthatthishasonthehealthofthesewomen.
TaketheexampleoftheNetherlandswhereprostitutionisalsolegalandregulated.
IntheNetherlands,thegovernmentpaysforclinicstotestfemalesexworkersforfree.
"ThoughitisnotmandatoryforprostitutestoundergoSTI(SexuallyTransmittedInfection)checks,iftheywish,theycantakethetestforfree.
"66Therefore,thegovernmentoftheNetherlands'involvementinregulatingprostitution,meansthatthesewomenareofferedsomeservicesorprotection.
SincethereisnolawregulatingprostitutioninCyprushowever,itmeansthatprostitutesinCyprusarenotofferedthiskindofsupport.
ThiscouldcreatecertainlivedeffectsonthehealthofthesewomensincetheywillhavetopaytogetanSTIcheck.
Takingintoconsiderationthestigmathatexistsaroundprostitutesontheisland,itislogicaltoassumethatnotalotofthesewomenwouldactuallygotogettested.
Consequently,thereareseriouslivedeffectsonthelivesofthesewomen,createdbythisproblemrepresentation.
Thisproblemrepresentationdoenotonlyleavethesewomenareunsupportedintermsofhealthissuesbutalsointermsoftheirsafety.
BecauseofthedeficiencyofthelawinCyprusaroundprostitution,manyofthesewomenareforcedtolookforprotectionthroughothermediums;mostcommonlyfromthemafiawhichoftentakesadvantageofthesewomen'svulnerableposition.
Consequently,thiscouldmeanthatevensexworkerscanbetakenadvantageofandexploited.
Hence,thereareveryseriousnegativelivedeffectscreatedbythelaw'sabstinenceinprostitutionaffairs.
InSwedenontheotherhand,theyhaveadoptedaverydifferentapproach.
"In1999theyenactedtheActProhibitingthePurchaseofSexualServices,whichcriminalizedonlythe'buyers'ofprostitution.
"67Thiswasasignificantchangeinapproachforhumantraffickingandprostitutionpolicies.
Swedenadoptedanabolitionismapproachtoprostitutionandtheirrationalebehinditshowsthattheysupportedtheideathatprostitutionisaformofgender-basedviolence.
Specifically,66MaudM.
A.
Verschejiden,PetraJ.
Woestenberg,HanneloreM.
Gtz,MaaikeG.
VanVeen,FemkeD.
H.
Koedijk,BrigitH.
B.
VanBenthem,"SexuallytransmittedinfectionsamongfemaleworkerstestedatSTIclinicsintheNetherlands2006-2013",EmergingThemesinEpidemiology,(Vol2.
/2015),1.
67GangoliGeetanjaliandWestmarlandNicole,InternationaApproachestoProstitution:LawandPolicyinEuropeandAsia,PolicyPress,2006.
67.
33"theSwedishgovernmentexplicitlynotedthatthefemalebodycannotbelookeduponasmerchandisewhichcanbeboughtorsold…Alltradeisbiasedonthefactthattherearecustomersanddemand.
Hence,iftherewerenocustomerslookinguponwomen'sbodiesasobjects,therewouldbenomarketwherethevictimsforthistradecouldbeofferedandexploited.
"68Throughthislegislation,Swedentriedto"'sendamessage'or'markastance'thatsocietydidnotacceptprostitution.
"69Therefore,thoughthisapproachwasabsolute,itsaimwastoshowthatbycriminalizingthe'client',societalnormsandthoughtscouldbechallengedandchangedinanattempttoachievegreatergenderequality.
Consequently,ononehandthisrepresentationoftheproblemintheSwedishlawhascertainnegativelivedeffectsonwomenthatwanttobecomesex-workersinSweden;ontheotherhand,itcreatesonlypositivelivedeffectsonwomenthatareforcedintoprostitution.
Cyprus,however,hasstayed'outside'prostitutionaffairsbynotprescribingitslegalitywithintheCyprusPenalCode.
Thiscouldbecriticizedtoagreatextent,takingintoconsiderationtheSwedishmodelandtherationalethatdrivesit.
Cyprus'absencefromstatingprostitution'slegality,meansthatprostitutesareleftunprotectedandvulnerable.
Evidently,thisabsencecreatesnumerousnegativeeffectsonbothsexworkersandforcedprostitutes.
Italsomeansthatalotofthese'clients'ofprostitutioncanescapethelawandcontinuetoexploitwomen.
Consequently,thismeansmorenegativelivedeffectsonthesewomen.
Finally,theSwedishmodeldealswithprostitutioninthesamewaythatitdealswithhumantrafficking;asanunacceptableformofgender-basedviolenceandinfringementofbasichumanrights.
Cyprusinstead,looksatprostitutionandhumantraffickingasseparateissues.
Asmentionedbeforeunderquestion3,therecentamendmentsofthePreventionofTraffickinginPersonsandtheProtectionofVictimsAct,70havemanagedtoprovehowseriouslyhumantraffickingistakenbythegovernmentduetothestrictlegislationthattheyputinaplace.
Therefore,whenitcomestotraffickingofhumanbeings,Cyprushasaverystrict68MargarethaWinberg,MinistryofGenderEqualityofSweden,Riksdagsprotokoll(2000/01:67,February15th),section1.
69NiklasJakobssonandAndreasKotsadam,"GenderEqualityandProstitution:AnInvestigationofAttitudesinNorwayandSweden",FeministEconomics,(17:1/2011),33.
70(60(I)/2014)34approachandtherearelimitedlivedeffectsofthisproblemrepresentationonwomenforcedintoprostitution,sincetheyareprotectedbythelaw.
Toputitinperspective,thefactthatCyprusdoesnotprescribeprostitutiontobeillegallikeitdoeswithhumantrafficking,createscertainnormsandideaswithinsocietythatthesetwoaredifferent.
Policiesalotofthetimeshapesocietyandthewayitthinksofcertaingroups.
Hence,thisdistinctionbetweenprostitutionandhumantrafficking,couldmeanthatwomenforcedintothisareseenbysocietyas'wanting'thisor'bringingituponthemselves'sincetheyaretreatedbythelawdifferentlycomparedtohumantraffickingvictims.
Inconclusion,question5isveryimportantinthecriticalanalysisofaspecificpolicyasitfacilitatesustolookatthe'biggerpicture'.
Article164(a)createsoppositionbetweenwomenthatwereforcedintoprostitutionandthosethatchoseitasanoccupationsinceitconsidersthefirstbutfailstotakeintoaccountthelatter.
Moreover,thefactthatitfailstoconsidervoluntaryprostitutescreatesvariousnegativeeffectsonthesewomenandmoregenerally,ontheirlivesandtheirsafety.
ThisisquiteevidentwhenwecompareprostitutioninCyprusand'sex-work'intheNetherlandsandGermanywhereprostitutionisclearlymadelegalbythelawandthestatehasanactiveroleinprostitutionaffairs.
Moreover,thelaw'sdifferentapproachestoprostitutionandhumantraffickingcreatescertainnormsandthoughtswithinsocietywhichsubsequentlyaffectsthewomeninvolvedinprostitutioninvoluntarily.
Clearly,question5providesuswithguidanceinunderstandingwhateffectsaspecificproblemrepresentationcouldcreateaswellashowaproblemrepresentationcouldconstructrolesandputtheminoppositiontoeachother.
Therefore,question5hasallowedustocriticallyconsiderarticle164(a)andtheCyprusPenalCodemoregenerally,andbetterunderstandtheeffectsitcreatesbyrepresentingtheproblemtobeprocurement.
356.
How/whereisthisrepresentationofthe'problem'withinarticle164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCodeproduced,disseminatedanddefendedHowcoulditbequestioned,disruptedandreplacedFinally,theaimofthelastquestionofBacchi'sapproachisto"payattentionbothtothemeansthroughwhichsomeproblemrepresentationsbecomedominant,andtothepossibilityofchallengingproblemrepresentationsthatarejudgedtobeharmful.
"71Therefore,question6allowsustochallengecertainproblemrepresentationswithinpoliciesandpossiblyreplacethemwithamoresuitableproblemrepresentation.
Tobeginwith,article164(a)reflectstheworriesofthestateveryclearly.
Itdealswiththeactofprocurementwhichhasbeenanissueontheislandfordecadesnow.
Asexplainedaboveintheoverviewsection,theartistvisathatwasonceavailableinCyprus,gavewayforalotofwomentobeprocuredandtakenadvantageof.
AstheEuropeanHighCommissionerforHumanRightsmentionedinhisreportaboutCyprusin2003,"thenumberofyoungwomenmigratingtoCyprusasnightclubartistesiswelloutofproportiontothepopulationontheisland.
"72TherewerealotofwomenthatcametoCyprusontheartistvisatoworkasbarmaidsordancersatstripclubsandtheownersofthesebarstookadvantageofthemandprocuredthem.
Thefactthatwithina"20-yearperiod(1992-2002)therewasanincreaseof111%inthenumbersofcabaretsinCyprus"73,showsthatthisisanissuethatwasobviousontheislandforalotofyears.
Therefore,theproblemrepresentationofarticle164(a)reflectstherealitythatCypriotofficialshadtodealwith.
Procurementwasseenasoneofthemainproblemsthatconcernedauthorities.
Evidently,article164(a)managestoclearlyrepresentthisproblem.
71CarolBacchi,"Introducinga'what'stheproblemrepresentedtobe'approachtopolicyanalysis"inEngagingwithCarolBacchi:StrategicInterventionsandExchanges,ed.
A.
Bletsas,C.
Beasley,(2012).
19.
72ReportonCyprusbytheEUHighCommissionforHumanRights,Mr.
AlvaroGil-Robles(CommDH(2004)2),8.
73RantsevvCyprusandRussia,2004,ECJ2596536Nonetheless,article164(a)canbequestionedinthatitfailstoconsiderthelimitationswithinthisproblemrepresentation.
Article's164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCodeaimistoprotectwomenthatareprostitutesfromthemen(orwomen)thataimtotakeadvantageofthemandprocurethem.
However,itportraysprostitutesasvictimsandthepeoplethatprocurethemastheperpetrators.
Therefore,itconstructsanimageofwomenbeingvictimsinneedofprotectionofthestate.
Whatarticle164(a)hasfailedtoconsiderthough,isthatwomenarenotalwaysvictimsandalotofthetimesitiswomenthatprocureotherwomen.
InmostcasesIhaveworkedwithwhileworkingattheOfficeforCombatingtheTraffickingofHumanBeingsoftheCyprusPolice,therewasawomaninvolvedasa'madam'(thefemalewordforpimp)orasafacilitatorforpimpstorecruitanddeceivewomenintoprostitution.
Therefore,article164(a)canbechallengedinthatitfailstoconsiderthefactthatwomencanbeperpetratorsaswellasvictims.
Tocontinue,iftheCyprusPenalCodewascleareronthelegalityofprostitution,itwouldhavemadetheproblemrepresentationwithinthelawmuchclearer.
Itlacksinclarityandthisgiveswayforcriticism.
Thereshouldbeanarticlewithinthelawthatwouldclearlystatethatprostitutionislegalorillegal.
Thiscouldmeanthatthereismoreprotectionforwomenthatareforcedintoprostitutionaswellaswomenthatchoosetobeprostitutes.
IfthestatebecomesamoreinvolvedactorwithinprostitutionlikeintheNetherlandsforexample,thentheliberalfeministviewwillbemoredominantwithinCypriotpoliciesanditmeansthatprostitutionwillbeseenasanyothertypeofwork.
Ifthelawfollowsneoabolitionismandmakesprostitutioncompletelyillegal,(hence,notdifferentiatingitwithhumantrafficking)likeinSweden,thenthiscouldpossiblymeanthattherewillbelesswomenforcedintoprostitution.
Prostitutionwillberegardedasaviolentcrimeagainstwomenandhence,greatergenderequalitywillbetheultimategoal.
Insummary,takingintoconsiderationthefactthatprocurementwasthemostevidentprobleminCyprusforalongperiodoftime,itcanbesaidthatarticle164(a)successfullyachievestorepresentthisproblemclearly.
However,thiscomeswithsomelimitationsthatgivesusthechancetochallengeandquestionthisproblemrepresentation.
Itisabsoluteinitsrepresentationsofwomenbeing'weak'andvictimsaswellasinitsrepresentationsofmenbeingtheperpetratorswaitingtotakeadvantageofthesewomen.
Therefore,the37wayitconstructsthetworolesofperpetratorandvictimcanbecriticized.
Finally,theCyprusPenalCode'sfailuretodirectlydeemprostitutionlegalorillegalaltogether,causesconfusionandallowsforopeninterpretation;thisconsequentlycarriesitsowncost.
387.
DiscussionThisresearchpaper,asexpected,hashadtofaceafewlimitations.
Henceforth,thissectionwillprovideafewofthelimitationsthatwerefacedduringtheresearchinansweringtheproblemformulationaswellassomesuggestionsforfurtherstudy.
.
Tobeginwith,sincethelawaroundprocurementandmoregenerallyprostitutionisthesameonethatwasinplacesincebeforeCyprusacquireditsindependence,thismeansthattherewerecomplicationsinunderstandingwhatexactlytriggeredthisproblemrepresentation.
Therefore,question3oftheWPRapproachfocusedonthegeneralsituationinCyprusandhowprocurementhasalwaysbeenanissueontheisland.
Consequently,itwasdifficulttofindaclearconnectionbetweenaspecificeventorachangeinpoliticsthatignitedtheenactmentofthispublicpolicy.
ThoughwehavemanagedtoidentifyCyprus'ascensiontotheEUasfundamentalinamendingarticle164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCode,wehavenotaccomplishedtofindasimilarconnectionfortheinitialenactmentofthisarticle.
Thepoliticsoftheislandhavealwaysbeenverycomplicatedduetoitslocationandresources.
CypruswasapartoftheOttomanEmpire,thenaBritishColonyandtodayhalfoftheislandisstilloccupiedafterTurkey'sinvasionin1974.
Perhaps,wecouldhavefoundaconnectionbetweenaneventorapoliticalchangeandtheinitialenactmentofarticle164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCodeifwehadthetimetoresearchthepoliticsoftheRepublicofCyprustoagreaterextent.
WecouldhavepossiblydiscoveredthisconnectionbylookingatthepoliticsandhistoryoftheUnitedKingdom(thenGreatBritain)specifically.
ThisisthecaseastheCyprusPenalCodewasdraftedonthebasisofBritishlawsinceCypruswasaBritishColonybeforeitgaineditsindependence.
However,forthepurposesofthisessay,wewouldhavebeenmovingpastthescopeofthethesisifwehadresearchedtheUnitedKingdom'spoliticsandpolicies.
39Ifasimilarstudywastobeconductedinthefuture,itcouldfocusoninterviewswithwomeninprostitutioninCyprusinordertobetterunderstandtherealitythatexistsontheisland.
Thoughwehaveidentifiednumerousgapsinthelawthatcouldcreatenegativeeffectsonthesewomen,inpracticetherecouldbealotmoreleftundiscovered.
Additionally,ifweweretoconductinterviewswithofficialsfromthepolice,publicpolicyofficersandNGOsthatworkwiththismatter,wecouldbetterunderstandtherationalebehindtheCypriotgovernment'sabsencefromprostitutionaffairsandtheeffectsthishasonsocietyasawhole.
Allthingsconsidered,thisessayattemptedtoanswertheproblemformulationandtakeintoconsiderationasmanyfactorsasitcould,giventhetimeframeprovidedforthisthesis.
Thereisalwaysroomforimprovementandthisessayisnoexception.
SincethereisverylittleresearchdonespecificallyontheprostitutionlawsofCyprus,anycontributionwouldexpandourunderstandingofthesituation.
Finally,futureresearchcouldexpandonthisstudyandprovideforadifferentperspective;hopingthatthegovernmentofCypruswillidentifytheproblemofbeingabsentfromprostitutionaffairsanddecideonahead-onapproachinthenearfuture.
408.
ConclusionInconclusion,thispaper'saimwastousetheWPRapproachinacriticalanalysisofarticle164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCode,inordertobetterunderstandtheissueofprostitutionthroughtheoffenceofprocurementandhowitisthoughtofbythestateofCyprus.
ItcanbestatedthattheCyprusPenalCodeArticle164(a)managestotackletheproblemofprocurement.
CarolBacchi'sWPRapproachallowedustoexaminetheassumptionsthatexistwithinthisproblemrepresentationalongwiththebackgroundeventsthatcausedtheenactmentofthispublicpolicy.
Thoughtherearealotofthingsthatthisarticlefailstoconsider,itatleastmanagedtodealwithoneaspectofprostitution.
However,therearealotofquestionsleftunansweredinregardtothelegalityofprostitution.
Ifthestate'ssoleaimwastoprotectwomenthatareforcedintoprostitution,thenitcanbearguedthatthisaimhasbeenachievedtosomeextent.
Ontheotherhand,thestatewillneedtoconsideritsroleinprostitutionaltogetheranddecideonanapproachtothisissue.
Isitgoingtosupporttheliberalfeminismviewthatlooksatprostitutesas'sex-workers'entitledtothesamerightsandaccesstotheeconomicmarketasotherworkersIsitgoingtosupporttheneoabolitionismviewthatprostitutionisagenderbasedviolentactwherewomenarealwaysconsideredtobeforcedintothisTheseareonlyafewofthequestionsthatCypruswillhavetoconsiderforthefuture.
Furthermore,themodelsthatexistintheNetherlandsandGermanywhereprostitutionislegalandregulated,andSweden'smodelwherethepurchaseofprostitutionservicesisillegalaltogether,canactasanexampletotheCypriotgovernmenttodecidewhichapproachitwantstoadopttocombatthisphenomenon.
Thiswillclearlydependonthepoliticsoftheislandandwhereitsviewsstand;withliberalfeminismorwithneoabolitionismInordertofullybeabletoprotectwomenfromprocurement,prostitutionasawholeandthestate'sapproachtoitmustbeconsideredandrethought.
Finally,thereisafinelinebetweenprostitutionandhumantrafficking.
Thestatemustactfastinregulatingprostitutionorillegalizingitaltogether.
Dealingwithprostitutionheadon,istheonlywaytoensuretheprotectionofallthesewomenandyounggirlsthatareforcedintoprostitutioneveryday.
419.
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44AppendixAArticle164(a)oftheCyprusPenalCodeOriginalText:164.
-(1)ποιοπου-(α)ενγνσειτουζειεξ'ολοκλρουερικαπκρδηπορνεα,πουασκεταιεταξπροσπωνετετουιδουδιαφορετικοφλου·(β)επιδδεταισεγραπελατνετετουιδουετελλουφλουσεδησιοχροεποναπαρενοχλεφορτικγιαανθικουσκοπο,οποιοδποτεπρσωπο,ετετουδιουετετουλλουφλου,εναινοχοπληελατοκαιυπκειταισεφυλκισηπουδενυπερβανειταπντετη.
TranslatedText:"Whoever,(a)knowinglylivesentirelyorpartiallyfromprostitutionprofits,whichareexercisedbetweenpersonsofeitherthesameordifferentsex;(…)isguiltyofmisconductandissubjecttoimprisonmentnotexceedingfiveyears.
"