leftistsacecamp

ACECamp2012-TheWesternCannonPartII–20thCenturyMilitaryHistory,Day1NotesByDavidMaddenFounder&Director,NationalHistoryBee&Bowldirector@historybowl.
comwww.
historybowl.
comwww.
hs.
historybee.
comDay1Notes–RussoJapaneseWartoSpanishCivilWar1.
Russo-JapaneseWar(1904-1905)ConflictoverambitionsinManchuria&Korealeadtowar;JapaneseattackRussiansatPortArthurinChina-UnpopularwarinRussialeadstoBloodySundaymassacreinSt.
Petersburg&Revolutionof1905(and1917)-BattleonlandincludeSandepu(indecisive)andBattleofMukden(hugevictoryforJapan)-MutinyonboardBattleshipPotemkinin1905–TheBattleshipPotemkinisafamousfilmbySergeyEisenstein-JapanesedestroyRussiansinBattleofTsushimaStrait(May1905)(lastbattleship&firsttelegraphnavalbattle)-TeddyRooseveltwinsNobelPeacePrizeforbrokeringTreatyofPortsmouth(i.
ePortsmouth,NH)toendwar-CountSergeiWitteleadsRussianpeacedelegation;JutarōKomuraleadsJapanese-BritishbattleshipHMSDreadnoughtappearsin1906,makesallpreexistingbattleshipssomewhatobsolete2.
WarsintheBalkans:1911/1912Italo-TurkishWar–ItalygainsLibyafromOttomans,firstuseofaerialbombing-AlbanianUprisingin1911helpsleadto1stBalkanWar(1912-13)wheretheBalkanLeague(Serbia,Greece,Montenegro,Bulgaria)defeatOttomans.
Squabblesoverspoilsleadto2ndBalkanWar(Summer1913).
Bulgarialoses,Serbia,backedbyRussia,isemboldened,leadingindirectlytoassassinationinSarajevoofFF.
-Greco/TurkishWar(1919-22)Greececan'tmaintainterritoryinW.
Anatolia,MustafaKemal(hereafterAtaturk)leadsTurkisharmytovictory,becomeswesternizingleaderofTurkey,TreatyofLausanneoverridesTr.
ofSevres3.
WorldWarI(1914-November11,1918)1914GavriloPrincipshootsAustrianArchdukeFranzFerdinand&DuchessSophieinSarajevo(belongstoYoungBosnia,organizedbyBlackHand/UnificationorDeath;NedeljkoCabrinovic&DanilioIsicalsoinonplot)Austria-HungaryinvadesSerbia;RussiadeclareswaronA-H,Germanyoffers"blankcheck"ofsupport&declareswaronRussia,FranceandGermanydeclarewar,BritaindeclareswarafterBelgianneutralitynotguaranteedGermanyusesSchlieffenPlanundervonMoltketoinvadeFrance.
Francestopsitat1stBattleoftheMarne;thentrenchwarfarebegins.
WWIpoets:SiegfriedSassoon,JohnMcCrae("InFlandersFields")WilfredOwen("DulceetDecorumEst"&"AnthemforDoomedYouth"),RupertBrooke&JoyceKilmer("Trees"–notaboutwar,butdiesinit)PaulvonHindenburg(laterpresidentofWeimarRepublicandzeppelinnamesake)&ErichLudendorffvictoriousinhaltingRussianoffensiveintoeasternGermanEmpireatBattlesofTannenbergandthenMasurianLakesNavalbattleoftheFalklandIslandsinDecseesGermanscruisersScharnhorst&GneisenausunkinBritishvictory19152ndBattleofYpres(Belgium)seesfirstuseofpoisongasbyGermans,ItalyleavesTripleAllianceinSecretTreatyofLondonandenterswaronalliedside,BulgariaenterswaronCentralPowers,SinkingoftheLusitania(RomannameforPortugal)enragesUS1916RomaniaenterswaronAlliedside,thoughbasicallydefeatedfollowingyearbyAustria-HungaryBattleoftheSommesees1millioncasualtiesoverthecourseofseveralmonths;~30,000deadonfirstdayaloneNavalbattleofJutland(inNorthSea)seesBritishunderJohnJellicoepreventGermanfleetfrombreakingout1917USdeclareswarduetoZimmermanTelegram(pledgingGermansupportforMexicotoregainSWUS)butprimarilyduetoresumptionofunrestrictedsubmarinewarfare.
BattleofCaporettoonItalianFrontmajorvictoryforCentralPowers,butunabletofollowupeffectively.
GallipoliCampaignagainstOttomansfailstoopenupDardanelles;devisedby1stLordoftheAdmiraltyWinstonChurchill,leadstonationalidentityformationinAustralia&NewZealanddueto"AnZac"trooplosses.
Lenin(whowastransportedacrossGermanyinasealedtrain)toRussia,withdrawsRussiafromwar,leadingtotemporaryGermanterritorialgainsinTreatyofBrestLitovsk(March'18)1918ManfredvonRichthofen(akaRedBaron)finallyshotdownbygroundfire.
EddieRickenbackeristopAmericanairace(acesshotdown5planesormore).
"Fokker"isaGermanplane;"SopwithCamel"aBritishoneT.
E.
LawrenceofArabiaorganizesguerrillacampaignsagainstOttomansinMideastfromHejaz(WesternArabia)allthewaytoDamascus.
MadeintofamousmoviedirectedbyDavidLeanstarringPeterO'TooleGermanoffensive(duetoRussiabeingout)initiallysucceedsduringSpringOffensive,butfailsatSecondBattleoftheMarne,UStroopscounterattackatChateauThierry,BelleauWood,ArgonneForest(HundredDaysOffensive–whichincludes"MeuseArgonne"Offensive)TopUSgeneralisJackPershing,French(andoverallforallies)isFerdinandFoch,BritishisDouglasHaig"Tommies"areBritishsoldiers;theywouldgo"overthetop"innear-suicidalchargesAftermath:TreatyofTrianon–HungarylosesTransylvaniatoRomania,Croatiato(future)Yugoslavia,TreatyofSaintGermainEnLaye–withAustria(losesS.
Tyrol&TriestetoItaly,Czechoslovakia,Poland,etc.
),TreatyofNeuillywithBulgaria,TreatyofVersailles–withGermany(Articles231-248WarGuiltClause),TreatyofSevreswithOttomans.
Alsace-LorrainetoFrance,Rhinelandoccupied,laterdemilitarized,creationofPolandwithcorridortoBaltic,USSRregainsterritory,fightswarwithPoland–PolandwinsandsecuresindependenceBigfouratVersailles:VittorioOrlando(Italy),GeorgesClemenceau(France)DavidLloydGeorge(UK)Wilson(US)4.
RussianCivilWar(1917-1922)RedArmy(Communists–ledbyLenin&WarCommissarLeonTrotsky)defeatWhiteArmy(tsarists/liberals,ledbyAdmiralAlexanderKolchak)WesternAllies(includingUS)intervenetosupportWhitesduetoworriesoverBolshevism,loans,etc.
CzechoslovaklegionsoccupyTrans-SiberianRailroadforatime5.
BetweentheWorldWars-1920/26RifWarinMorocco–FranceandSpaindefeatRifRepublic,Spaindropsmustardgasbombs-1919/21IrishWarofIndependence(EasterRisingin1916againstBritish,putdown),leadstoIrishRepublicbeingdeclared.
"BlacksandTans"areBritishtroopsinIreland.
IrishleadersincludeMichaelCollins&EamondeValera-IrishCivilWar–ProandAntiTreatyfactions;Pro-treatyfactionwins,leavingUlsterinBritishhands,IRAobjects-KelloggBriandPact(1928)–Outlawswar,authoredbyUSSec.
ofStateFrankKellogg&FrenchForeignMinisterAristideBriand(whowinNobelPeacePrize)WashingtonNavalConference(1921)leadstoWashingtonNavalTreaty(1922,surfaceships),followedby1stand2ndLondonNavalTreaties('30&'36–moreonsubmarines)6.
SpanishCivilWar(July1936-April1939)-Popularfront(left¢er)defeatsNationalFront(rightists)in1936elections.
WarbeginswhenGeneralJoseSanjurjoleadscoupattemptagainstPresidentManuelAzaa.
Inwar,Right-wingNationalistsdefeatRepublicans(leftists¢rists)NationalistsreceivesupportoftheFalange(orFalangists–Spanishfascists)&Carlists(antiBourbonroyalists).
InterntionalBrigadesfightforRepublicans,includeAbrahamLincolnBrigadefromUSvolunteers-bombingofGuernica(Basquetown)byGermanCondorLegion–depictedinfamousPicassowork-deathofFedericoGarciaLorca(Spanishpoet&dramatist–BloodWedding&TheHouseofBernardaAlba)-EmilioMola(Nationalistgeneral)declareshehasa"fifthcolumn"insideMadrid-"TheFifthColumn"isHemingway'sonlyplay;alsoForWhomtheBellTollsaboutRobertJordaninIntlBrigades-"dressrehearsal"forWW2–Italy,Germany,PortugalsupportNationalists;USSRsupportsRepublicans-RobertCapa,Hungarianwarphotographer,takesphoto"TheFallingSoldier"–foundouttobestaged,though-HomagetoCataloniabyGeo.
Orwell;poem"Spain"byWHAuden,whoalsowrotepoem"1September1939"Day2Notes:BuilduptoWorldWar2andWorldWar2Itself1.
LooseEnds-PhilippineInsurrection(1899-1902),EmilioAguinaldoleadsrevolt,fails.
MoroRebellionuntil1913.
-PanchoVilla(PunitiveExpedition:1916-17)Pershing(butalsoPattonandothers)seekoutVillaforColumbus,NMraid-LocarnoPact–1925,bordersinW.
Europefixed,leavesdooropenforrevisionsofGerman/Polishborders-DawesPlan(1924)draftedforGermanytopayWW1reparations.
Whenthatisimpossible,YoungPlan(1929)isdrafted2.
WarsduringbuilduptoWorldWarII-SecondItalo-AbyssinianWar(1935-36)ItalydefeatsAbyssinia(akaEthiopia)ledbyHaileSelassie.
LeagueofNationscannotstopaggression,despiteviolationofArticleX.
-MukdenIncident–1931,usedaspretextforinvasionofManchuria,Japaneserenameit"Manchukuo"-MarcoPoloBridgeIncident–1937,JapaninstigatesconflicttocaptureBeijing,RapeofNankingfollows-BattleofKhalkinGol(1939)inMongolia–Soviets&MongoliansdefeatJapanese(won'tfightagainuntil'45)3.
Winter&ContinuationWars:USSRinvadesFinlandin1939,subsequentlyexpelledfromLeagueofNations.
FinlandledbyCarlMannerheimresistsfiercely,ultimatelygivesupterritorywithpeacein1940.
SimoHyh(aka"WhiteDeath)isthemostsuccessfulsniperinhistory;fightsforFinland.
ContinuationWar(1941-1944)seesFinlandallyw/Germany.
4.
WorldWarII(Sep.
11939-Sep.
21945)BackgroundHitlerwasrejectedfromAcademyofFineArtsinVienna,decoratedcorporalinWWI,believesJewsbetrayedGer.
inWWI.
WritesMeinKampfinprisonforleadingBeerHallPutschinMunich(1923–failedcoup)Hitlerseizespowerin1933,blamesCommunistsforReichstagfire,urgesPres.
HindenburgtogetridofCommunists,thusallowingNazistoobtainmajority.
DachauConcentrationCampoutsideMunichopensin'331934–NightoftheLongKnives("Colibri")–HitlerpurgesSA(Brownshirts)ledbyErnstRohmaspotentialrival1936–RemilitarizationoftheRheinlandinviolationofTreatyofVersailles,1938–Anschluss(annexingAustria)1938–MunichConference(NevilleChamberlainappeasesHitler,"peaceforourtime")SudetenlandtoGermany1938–Kristallnacht(11/9)triggeredbyassassinationofGer.
diplomatErnstvomRathbyHerschelGrynszpan1939–GermanyinvadesrestofCzechoslovakia,ItalyconquersAlbania.
French/BritishultimatumtoGermanynottoinvadePoland;GermanyinvadesonSep.
1ongroundsoffalseflagactionsnearDanzig(akaGdansk)USSRtakesEasternPolandundertermsofMolotov-RibbentropNon-AggressionPact;"Sitzkrieg"/"PhonyWar"1940–FallofFrance(MaginotLinefailstorepulse,GermansgothroughArdennesforest)ChurchillreplacesChamberlainafter"NorwayDebate.
"BattleofBritaintakesplaceinSep.
-Dec.
1940.
MeanttoachieveaerialsuperiorityinadvanceofOperationSeaLion(Germaninvasion).
Britishwin(inSpitfires&Hurricanesvs.
Messerschmitt).
HenriPetain(WWIheroinFrance)leadsVichyregime.
Denmark&Norwayfall,VidkunQuislingbecomeNazipuppetrulerinNorway.
DenmarkbestatprotectingJews.
TripartitePactformalizesAxisPowers.
Sweden(ironoresupplier),Portugal,Spain,Switz.
,Ireland,&Turkeyareneutral.
Lend-LeasesendsaidtoAllies.
1941–GermanbattleshipBismarckissunkaftersinkingHMSHoodinBattleofDenmarkStrait.
GermanyinvadesUSSRinJunein"OperationBarbarossa",delayduetoItalyintheBalkans,poorsupply,largestlandtheatreinhistory.
GetasfarasMoscowsuburbs;unabletotakecity.
FDR&ChurchillmeetonHMSPrinceofWales&USSAugustainPlacentiaBayoffNewfoundland,issueAtlanticCharterwithAlliedgoals.
Japanlacksoil–embargofromUSAaftertakeoverofFrenchIndochina–Japanoptsforwar.
Dec.
7,PearlHarbor"ToraToraTora!
"–attacksignal.
Adm.
Yamamotoknowsit'sabadidea.
cf.
JapanesebattleshipYamato.
1942–JimmyDoolittleleadsminorairraidoverTokyo.
ClaireChennault&"FlyingTigers"assistChinese.
BattleoftheCoralSea–firstbattlebetweencarrierbasedfleets,JapanbombsDarwin,butcannotseversupplyofAustralia.
InvadesKiska&AttuinAleutians.
BattleofMidway,June–JapanesecarriersfoundbyWadeMcCluskey,Akagi,Hiryu,Soryu,Kaga(allsunk)ChesterNimitzismainadmiral,GeorgeMarshallisArmychiefofstaff,Gen.
DouglasMacArthurproclaims"Ishallreturn"uponleavingthePhilippines(thereaftersiteofBataanDeathMarch).
BritishFieldMarshalBernardMontgomerystops"DesertFox"ErwinRommelatElAlamein(NWEgypt).
NazisincludeHermannGoering(Luftwaffe)JosephGoebbels(propaganda)AdolfEichmann(Holocaust)GermangeneralvonPaulussurrenders~500,000menatStalingrad(VasilyZaitzevisUSSRsniper)1943CasablancaconferencewithFDR,Churchill,DeGaulleinJan.
–plansEuropeanstrategy(invasionofItaly,aidtoUSSR,noinvasionofFranceuntil'44).
USwinsvictoryonGuadalcanalinSolomonIslands.
OperationTorch(invasionofN.
Africa).
BattleofKursk(largesttankbattle)seesGermanoffensivefail.
AlliesinvadeSicily–Mussoliniisousted,rescuedinGranSassoRaidbyOttoSkorzeny&commandoes.
1944:June6–AlliesinvadeNormandy(OperationNeptune–overallcampaignisOperationOverlord)OperationsGlimmerandTaxablearedecoystunts.
5Beaches:Gold&Sword(British),Juno(Canadian)Utah&Omaha(American).
EisenhowerisSupremeAlliedCommander.
OmarBradleylargelyinchargeofUSoperations.
Summer–OperationDragoon–invasionofSouthernFrance.
SovietslaunchOperationBagrationinBelarus,mostsuccessfuloffensiveofwar,namedforNapoleoniceracommander.
HugenavalvictoriesforUSatBattlesofPhilippineSea&LeyteGulf(largestseabattleever)MacArthurreturns.
Dec.
16–BattleoftheBulge–lastmajorGermanoffensive,directedagainstAntwerp,101stAirborne(US)DivisionissurroundedatBastogne,doesnotsurrender.
Gen.
McAuliffesays"nuts"whenaskedto.
RelievedbyGeorgePatton(leaderof3rdArmy,famousforaggressivetactics,slappingincidentinSicily,portrayedinBestActorOscarwinningrolebyGeorgeC.
Scott–whodeclinesit).
Patton'stroopsreachintoCzechoslovakiabyend.
NaziweaponsincludeV1(flyingbomb)V2(earlymissile)andV3(supergun)atendofwar&firstjetfightersAlliesfarsuperiorinbreakingcodes(BritishatBletchleyParkincludeAlanTuring–earlycompscipioneer)1945:Feb.
seesYaltaConferenceinCrimea,AlliesagreeonpostwardivisionofGermany,SovietswillfightJapanFDRdiesinWarmSprings,GAinApril–Trumantakesover.
US&USSRtroopsmeetonElbeRiverinGermany.
May8–VEDay,MarshalGeorgyZhukovisthemainSovietcommander;heacceptssurrenderPotsdamConference–ChurchillreplacedbyClementAttlee,TrumandecidestouseABombsIwoJima(photobyJoeRosenthalonMt.
SuribachiofMarines)fallsbyMarch,OkinawabyJune.
ManhattanProject–ledbyRobertOppenheimer(scientist)&Gen.
LeslieGroves(military)leadstoTrinitytestandatomicbombs(LittleBoy&FatMan)droppedbyplanes(EnolaGay&BocksCarrespectively)inAugust.
SovietsinvadeperYalta,takeSakhalin&KurileIslands.
HirohitostaysemperorbutJapansurrendersonUSSMissourionSept.
2endingthewar.
Aftermath:Majorterritorialchanges,Polandispushedeast,SovietskeepBaltics,smallerFinland.
YugoslaviaunderTitoiscommunist,butindependent,otherEasternblocstatesbecomeSovietsatellites.
TreatyofSanFranciscosignedin1951withJapan.
UnitedNationsfounded,ColdWarsoonbeginsundernuclearthreat.
Day3–PostWorldWarIItoKosovoWar&KargilWarattheendofthe20thcentury.
1.
ColdWarNATOformedin1949inresponsetoBerlinBlockade(BerlinAirliftatTempelhofAirportkeepsBerlinsupplied).
WarsawPact(EasternBloc,laterMongolia&Cubaaswell)formsin'55inresponsetoWestGermanyinNATO;dissolvesin1991.
HungarianUprising1956–LedbyImreNagytoexpelUSSR.
Fail.
BloodintheWaterMatch(WaterPoloat'56Olympics)BayofPigsInvasion(April1961)–CubanexilestrainedbyCIAinvadeatPlayaGiron.
EmbarrassesJFK,CIAdirectorAllanDullesresigns.
CIAstudiedas"Groupthink"example.
FollowedupbyCubanMissileCrisis(Oct.
'62)whereUSblockadepersuadesUSSRtowithdrawmissiles.
AdlaiStevensonwaits"untilhellfreezesover"atUN.
JupitermissilestakenfromTurkeyinreturn.
RudolfAndersonissolecombatcasualty(USU2pilotonoverflight).
Moscow-Washingtonhotlinecreated.
PragueSpring(1968)–CzechoslovaksledbyAlexanderDubcek(socialismwithahumanface)tryandliberalize.
Fail.
"SinatraDoctrine"oflettingEastBlocgotheirownwayespousedbyGorbachevensuresnointerventioninPolandor'892.
KoreanWar(1950-53)SovietscontrolNorthernKorean,USSouthernKoreaafterWorldWarII.
KimIl-SungbecomesSovietclientleader.
UNforcesauthorizedtointervene,asSovietsboycottUNduetoChinabeingatthetimestillrepresentedbyTaiwan,notmainlandChina.
UNforcesinitiallypushedbacktoPusanPerimeter,reinforcementsalmostreachYaluRiver(Chineseborder),thenChinesetroopsinvadeinOctober1950.
USMarinesfightdesperatebreakoutbattleatChosinReservoir.
MacArthurinvadesatIncheon,wantstouseatomicweaponsagainstChinese.
FiredbyTruman.
M*A*S*HisTVshow.
MiGAlleyisthesiteofmanydogfights.
Endofthewarresultslargelyinstatusquoante.
DMZseparatesN&SKorea.
3.
WarsfeaturingIsrael-IsraeliWarofIndependence(1948)DavidBenGurionleadsIsraelis,becomesfirstprimeminister-SuezCrisis(1956)–TakesplaceatsametimeasHungarianUprising,NassertriestonationalizeSuezCanal,takeoverfromBritish.
Eisenhowerwon'tsupportUK,France,Israel.
-SixDayWar(1967)–Israelisattackpreemptively.
IsraeltakesSinaiPeninsulaandGolanHeights.
-YomKippurWar(1973)–IsraelisareattackedbySyriaandEgyptonYomKippur.
IsraelledbyMosheDayan(eyepatch)SubsequentCampDavidaccordsin1978-79brokeredbyJimmyCarter(AnwarSadat&MenachemBegin)-IsraeliAirforcedestroysIraqinuclearprogramatOsirak4.
VietnamWar(1950's-1975)DienBienPhuislastmajorFrenchstrongholdinIndochina.
FallstoVietMinh,ledbyGen.
VNguyênGiápin1954.
USemploys"hamletsystem"totryandpacifyVietnamesecountryside.
NgìnhDimisSouthVietnameseleader,killedin1963coup.
WilliamWestmorelandandCreightonAbramsareprimaryUSgenerals.
1964USSMaddoxinvolvedintheGulfofTonkinincident,GulfofTonkinResolutionpassed.
HoChiMinhtrail,mostlythroughLaosandCambodia,resuppliesVietCong(SouthVietnamesecommunists).
NorthVietnameseArmyconsistsofregulartroops,supportedbySovietUnionandChina.
OperationRollingThunderispartofbombingcampaignagainstN.
Vietnaminmid'60sledbyUSAFGen.
CurtisLeMayNguynVnThiutakesoverSouthVietnamin1965,SEATOnationssendtroops1968TetOffensive(repulsed,butpropagandavictoryforN.
Vietnam-WalterCronkiteexpressesonairdisappointmentwithconductofthewar).
IaDrangValleyandHuearescenesofprolongedfighting.
HanoiisbombedbyUSAF.
1968LBJdecidesnottorunforreelection.
Nixonhas"secretplan"toendthewar.
InvadesCambodia.
HenryKissingerandLeDucThoshareNobelPeacePrizeforParisPeaceAccords,whosetermsaresubsequentlyignored.
MyLaiMassacre–WilliamCalley,famousphotoshowingfleeingchildInvasionofCambodiain1970,leadstoKentStateMassacre(song"Ohio"byCrosby,Stills,Nash&Young)PentagonPapersleakedtoNYTimes,detailDept.
ofDefensedoubledealing.
Saigonfallsin1975endingthewar.
YalearchitecturestudentMayaLindesignsmemorialinDC.
5.
FalklandsWar(April-June1982)Argentinemilitarydictatorshipunder…claimssovereigntyoverBritishheldFalklandIslands(S.
AtlanticOcean).
InvadesanddefeatBritish,whothenreconquerit.
GeneralBelgranoisArgentineshipthatgetssunk.
UseofFrench-madeExocetmissiles.
Argentinescallislands"LasMalvinas.
"FightingoccursaroundPortStanley(capital),AscensionIslandisusedasastagingarea.
Adm.
JorgeAnayaandGen.
LeopoldoGaltieriareArgentinejuntamemberswhoplaninvasion.
GlamorganandSheffieldareBritishshipssunkinthewar.
Inwar'saftermath,Thatcher'scoalitionreelected&juntafalls.
6.
PersianGulfWar(1990-91)–IraqinvadesKuwait,declaresitanewprovince.
US(GeorgeHWBush-president,ColinPowell–ChairofJointChiefs,NormanSchwarzkopf–theatercommander)organizescoalitiontoejectIraqiforces.
Airwarcommences,lastforaboutamonth,followedby100hourgroundwar.
GroundforcesdonottakeBaghdad.
ScudmissileattacksonSaudiArabia&IsraelcounteredbyPatriotmissiles.
AKAOperationDesertStorm(precededbyOperationDesertShield)SaddamHusseincallsit"MotherofAllBattles"–ledto"MotherofAllRetreats"(DickCheney).
Afterwar,OperationSouthernWatchresultsinno-flyzoneoversouthernIraq.
RetreatingIraqisburnoilwellsinKuwait.
7.
BosnianWar(1992-1995)YugoslaviadissolvesinthewakeofendofColdWarandSlobodanMilosevic'sSerbnationalismantagonizingotherconstituentnations.
Slovenia,Macedonia&Croatiawinquickindependence;conflictcentersaroundethnicallydividedBosnia.
3partiesinwar,Muslims(Bosniaks),Croats(Catholics)andSerbs(Orthodox).
Bosniaks&Croatsallyin1994undertermsofWashingtonAgreement.
CroatsregainterritoryinOperationStormin'95.
1995seesDaytonAccords(signedinDayton,Ohio),leaveBosniaunitedformally,inpracticelargelydividedintwo.
RadovanKaradzicandRatkoMladic(president&chiefofstaffofarmedforcesofSerbRepublic)arenowontrial.
MassacreatSrebrenicaInJuly1995seesabout8000MuslimskilledbySerbs.
8.
OtherWarsChineseCivilWar(1920's-1950):Communists,ledbyMaoZedong,defeatKuomintang(akaNationals)underChiangKai-Shek.
TheLongMarchisasuccessfulstrategicretreatbythecommunistsinthe1930's.
NationalistsretreattoTaiwan.
AlgerianWarofIndependence:Francev.
FLN(NationalLiberationFront)1954-1962,leadstofallofFrenchFourthRepublic.
Frenchsuccessfulmilitarily,butdeGaullecomestoseeindependenceasinevitable.
Referendumleadstovoteforindependence&EvianAccords.
Pro-FrenchAlgeriansareknownasharkis.
CamuswritesagainsttortureinCombat.
SoccerWar:ElSalvadorv.
Hondurasin1969.
TensionsoverexpatriateSalvadoreanexpatsexacerbatedbysoccermatch.
ElSalvadorwinsthewarinaboutfourdays,butultimatelywithdrawsitstroopsasperOASnegotiatedcease-fire.
RussianinvasionofAfghanistan(1979):USboycotts1980Olympics,Sovietssupportpuppetleader,leadstooverreachIran-IraqWar(1980's):Iraq(underSaddamHussein)issupportedbyUSA.
Statusquoanteatendofwar.
InvasionofGrenada:(1983)USAunderReaganinvades;MauriceBishop(NewJewelMovement)istooclosetoCubaKosovoWar:(1998-9)KLA(KosovoLiberationArmy)&laterNATOv.
Serbia.
Kosovo,ethnicAlbanianmajoritypartofS.
Serbia,winsdefactoindependencefromSerbia.
MilosevicleadsSerbs.
USerrantlybombsChineseEmbassyinBelgrade.
Indo-PakistaniWars:(1947–duetouncertainstatusofKashmirattimeofIndian&Pakistaniindependence,1965,1971–coincideswithEastPakistanbecomingBangladesh),1999–KargilWar.
SporadicfightingcontinuesonSiachenGlacier.
FurtherReadingDay1:BarbaraTuchman:TheGunsofAugustHewStrachan:TheFirstWorldWarErnestHemingway:AFarewelltoArms&ForWhomtheBellTollsAntonyBeevor:TheSpanishCivilWarFurtherReadingDay2:AntonyBeevor:WorldWarII,Stalingrad,Berlin,1945:TheDownfall,DDayCarloD'Este:Patton–AGeniusforWar,Eisenhower:CrusadeinEurope,ChurchillTheSecondWorldWar(Nobelprizeinlit)FurtherReadingDay3:NoelMalcolmBosniaandKosovo.
GrahamAllison:EssenceofDecision:TheCubanMissileCrisis,DeanAcheson:PresentattheCreation,DavidHalberstam:TheBestandtheBrightest(onVietnamWar)