glucanotransferasechrome

APPENDIXAbbreviationsandSymbolsAbbreviationsADPAla6-APAArgAsnAspATPBISCATCM-CoACysDEAE-ECEDTAFADGInGluGlyGODHisIEPIleulOBLeuLysMetMWNADNADHZNADPNCONPGPALPEGPheProSerThrAdenosinediphosphateAlanine6-AminopenicillanicacidArginineAsparagineAsparticacidAdenosinetriphosphateBis(N,N')-MethylenebisacrylamideCatalaseCarboxymethyl-CoenzymeACysteineDiethylaminoethyl-EnzymeCommissionEthylenediaminetetraaceticacidFlavinadeninedinucleotideGlutamineGlutamicacidGlycineorglycocollGlucoseoxidaseHistidineIsoelectricpointIsoleucineInternationalUnionofBiochemistryLeucineLysineMethionineMolecularweight(NAD+)Nicotinamideadeninedinucleotide(NADH+H+)reducednicotinamideadeninedinucleotide(NADP+)NicotinamideadeninedinucleotidephosphateNomenclatureCommissiono-Nitrophenyl--D-galactopyranosidePyridoxalphosphatePolyethyleneglycolPhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonine190TPPThiaminepyrophosphateTrpTryptophaneTyrTyrosineValValineSymbolsThedimensionsgiventothesymbolsinthefollowinglistareonlyexamples.
Dependingonthecontext,otherdimensionsaresometimesmoreappropriate.
Theamountofasubstancecan,forexample,begivening,kg,mol,mmol,pmol,etc.
A(u/g)Activity(g/1)ProductconcentrationAo(u/g)Activityattime0At(u/g)ActivityattimetCOD(g/l)ChemicaloxygendemandD(h-1)Specificflowrate,dilutionrateDe(cm2/s)Effectivediffusionconstante(-)BasisofthenaturallogarithmE(-)ExtinctionE.
(cm2/pmol)ExtinctioncoefficientEa(kJ/mo1)ActivationenergyEao(kJ/mol)ActivationenergywithoutbiocatalystIl(-)Effectivityf(l/h)FlowrateF(cm2)SurfacearealIG(kJ/mo1)Freeenergyofareactionh(m)Height,layerdepthk(h-1)InactivationcoefficientKm(mol/I)MichaelisconstantKm,s(mol/I)ApparentMichaelisconstantkp(Pa/rn)CoefficientofpressurebuildupKs(mol/I)Monodconstantp(m2/s)ViscosityP(cm3/s)Permeabilityfactor!
::,.
P(Pa)Pressuredifference,pressurebuildupPv(g/l·h)VolumetricproductivityY'(-)Thielemodulusr(cm)Diffusiondistance,radiusR(J/mol·K)GeneralgasconstantS(mmol/cm3)SubstrateconcentrationM(mmol/cm3)DifferenceofsubstrateconcentrationSex(mmol/cm3)Substrateconcentrationoutside191Sen(mmol/cm3)SubstrateconcentrationinsideSh(-)SherwoodnumberT(K)AbsolutetemperatureT(mol)Amountofenzymaticturnovert(h)Time,durationtl/2(h)Half-lifetm(h)Averageresidencetimev(mmol/s)Reactionvelocity,conversionratevd(mmol/s)Diffusionvelocity,diffusionrateVo(m/s)SurfacevelocityV(1)VolumeVmax(mmol/s)Maximalreactionvelocity192LiteratureThenumberofpublicationsonimmobilizedbiocatalyststhathasappearedinrecentdecadesissovastthatonlyaverysmallselectioncanbementionedwithintheframeworkofanintroductorytextsuchasthis.
Inadditiontothereferencescited,somesummarizingbooksarelistedbelow.
Asaguidetofurtherreading,someofthemostrecentoriginalpubli-cationsandsurveyarticlesrelevanttoeachofthemainchaptersarepresented.
Toassistthereaderindecidingwhetherornotanarticleisofinteresttohirn,allreferencesaregivenwiththeirfulltitle.
BooksBuchholzK(ed)(1979)Characterizationofimmobilizedbiocatalysts,Dechemamonographs,vol84.
VerlagChemie,Weinheim,394ppChibataI(ed)(1978)Immobilizedenzymesresearchanddevelopment.
Wiley,NewYork,284ppChibataI,WingardLBjr(eds)(1983)Appliedbiochemistryandbioengineering,vol4,immobilizedmicrobialcells.
AcademicPress,NewYork,355ppGhoseTK,fiechterA,BlakebroughN(eds)(1978)Advancesinbiochemicalengi-neering,vol10,immobilizedenzymes1.
Springer,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork,177ppGhoseTK,fiechterA,BlakebroughN(eds)(1979)Advancesinbiochemicalengi-neering,vol12,immobilizedenzymes11.
Springer,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork,253ppLaskinAI(ed)(1985)Applicationsofisolatedenzymesandimmobilizedcellstobiotechnology.
Adison-Wesley,Amsterdam,300ppHattiassonB(ed)(1983)Immobilizedcellsandorganelles,volI.
CRCPress,BocaRaton,143ppHattiassonB(ed)(1983)Immobilizedcellsandorganelles,vol2.
CRCPress,BocaRaton,158ppHosbachK(ed)(1976)Methodsinenzymology,vol44,immobilizedenzymes.
AcademicPress,NewYork,999ppWebbC,BlackGH,AtkinsonB(1986)Processengineeringaspectsofimmobilizedcellsystems.
InstitutionChemicalEngineers,Rugby,240ppWingardLBjr,Katchalski-KatzirE,GoldsteinL(eds)(1981)Appliedbioche-mistryandbioengineering,vol3,analyticalapplicationsofimmobilizedenzymesandcells.
AcademicPress,NewYork,336ppWoodwardJ(ed)(1985)Immobilizedcellsandenzymes,apracticalapproach.
IRL-Press,Oxford,192pp193LiteratureCitedAh.
edf,DunlapRB(1984)Kineticstudiesofsepharose-andCH-sepharose-immobilizeddihydrofolatereductase.
BiotechnolBioeng26:1227-1232Aiza.
aW,WadaH,Kato5,5uzuki5(1980)ImmobilizedmitochondrialelectrontransportparticleforNADHdetermination.
BiotechnolBioeng22:1769-1783Angelino5AGf,Hüllerf,PlasHCvander(1985)Purificationandimmobili-zationofrabbitliveraldehydeoxidase.
BiotechnolBioeng27:447-455Bachllann5,GebickaL,GasynaZ(1981)Immobilizationofglucoseisomeraseonradiation-modifiedgelatinegel.
Starch/Strke33:63-66BanerjeeH,ChakravartyA,Hajumdar5K(1984)Characteristicsofyeast-galac-tosidaseimmobilizedoncalciumalginategels.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol20:271-274BarR,GainerJL,Kir.
an0J(1986)ImmobilizationofAcetobacteracetioncelluloseionexchangers:adsorptionisotherms.
BiotechnolBioeng28:1166-1171Barbaric5,KozulicB,LeustekI,PavlovicB,CesiV.
HildnerP(1984)Cross-linkingofglycoenzymesviatheircarbohydratechains.
In:3rdEurCongrBio-technol,voll.
VerlagChemie,Weinheim,pp307-312Beddo.
sCG,GuthrieJT,Abdel-HayfI(1981)Theuseofgraftcopolymersasenzymesupportsforimmobilizationofproteinsandenzymesonahydrolyzednylon-co-acrylnitrilesystem.
BiotechnolBioeng23:2885-2889Beddo.
sCG,GilHH,GuthrieJT(1982)Theimmobilizationofenzymes,bovineserumalbumin,andphenylpropylaminetopoly(acrylicacid)-polyethylene-basedcopolymers.
BiotechnolBioeng24:1371-1387Berg.
eyerHU,Ga.
ehnK,GraBlH(1974)L-Asparaginase.
In:BergmeyerHU(ed)MethodenderenzymatischenAnalyse,3rded,voll.
VerlagChemie,Weinheim,pp464-465BettmannH,RehmHJ(1984)Degradationofphenolbypolymerentrappedmicro-organisms.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol20:285-290BihariV,Gos.
a.
iPP,Rizvi5HH,KahnAW,Basu5K,VoraVC(1984)Studiesonimmobilizedfungalsporesofmicrobialtransformationofsteroids:lla-hy-droxylationofprogesteronewithimmobilizedsporesofAspergillusochraceusG8onpolyacrylamidegelandothermatrices.
BiotechnolBioeng26:1403-1408BlackGH,WebbC,Hatthe.
sTH,AtkinsonB(1984)Practicalreactorsystemsforyeastcellimmobilizationusingbiomasssupportparticles.
8iotechnolBioeng26:134-141BoudrantJ,CeheftelC(1975)Continuoushydrolysisofsucrosebyinvertaseadsorbedinatubularreactor.
BiotechnolBioeng17:827BrouersH,Hall00(1986)Ammoniaandhydrogenproductionbyimmobilizedcyano-bacteria.
JBiotechnol3:307-321CabralJH5,NovaisJH,CardosoJP(1984)Couplingofglucoamylaseonalkyl-aminederivativeoftitanium(IV)activatedcontrolledporeglasswithtannicacid.
BiotechnolBioeng26:386-388CannonJJ,ChenL-f,flickingerHC,TsaoGT(1984)Thedevelopmentofanimmobilizedlactateoxidasesystemforlacticacidanalysis.
BiotechnolBioeng26:167-173CantarellaH,HigliaresiC,TafuriHG,Alfanif(1984)Immobilizationofyeastcellsinhydroxymethacrylategels.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol20:233-237ChipleyJR(1974)Effectsof2,4-dinitrophenolandN,~-dicyclohexylcarbodiimideoncellenvelope-associatedenzymesofEscherichiacoliandSalmonellaenteriti-dis.
Microbios10:115-120194C1arkD5,Bai1eyJE(1984)Deactivationkineticsofimmobilizeda-chymotrypsinsubpopulations.
BiotechnolBioeng26:1090-1097CocquellpotHF,ThomassetB,BarbotinJN,GellfG,ThomasD(1981)Comparativestabilizationofbiologicalphotosystemsbyseveralimmobilizationprocedures.
2.
Storageandfunctionalstabilityofimmobilizedthylakoids.
EurJApplMicrobiolBiotechnol11:193-198CohenfordHA,SantaroPF,Urbano.
skiJC,DainJA(1986)Effectofimmobili-zationonthephysicalandkineticpropertiesofsolubleandinsolubletrypsin-albuminpolymers.
BiotechnolBioeng28:736-740D'AngiuroL,CremonesiP(1982)Immobilizationofglucoseoxidaseonsepharosebyuv-initiatedgraftcopolymerization.
BiotechnolBioeng24:207-216DecleireH,HuyhnNvan,HotteJC(1985)HydrolysisoflactosesolutionsandwheysbywholecellsofKluyveromycesbulgaricus.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol21:103-107DeoYH,GaucherGH(1984)Semicontinuousandcontinuousproductionofpeni-cillin-GbyPenicilliumchrysogenumcellsimmobilizedink-carrageenanbeads.
BiotechnolBioeng26:285-295OeRosaH,GambacortaA,LallaL,Nico1ausB(1981)Immobilizationofthermophiliemicrobialcellsincrudeeggwhite.
BiotechnolLett3:183-188DiLuccioRC,Kir.
anDJ(1984)EffectofdissolvedoxygenonnitrogenfixationbyA.
vinelandii.
11.
Ionicallyadsorbedcells.
BiotechnolBioeng26:87-91DppnerT,HartmeierW(1984)Glucoseoxidationbymodifiedmouldmycelium.
Starch/Strke36:283-287DuaRD,KUllar5,VasudevanP(1985)CaboxypeptidaseAimmobilizationonacti-vatedstyrene-malicanhydridesystems.
BiotechnolBioeng27:675-680D.
yerDF,KrummeHL,Boyd5A,TiedjeJH(1986)Kineticsofphenolbiodegra-dationbyanimmobilizedmethanogenicconsortium.
ApplEnvironmMicrobiol52:345-351EhrhardtHH,Reh.
HJ(1985)Phenoldegradationbymicroorganismsadsorbedonactivatedcarbon.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol21:32-36EiklleierH,RehmHJ(1984)ProductionofcitricacidwithimmobilizedAsper-gillusniger.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol20:365-370FrbergC,HggstrmL(1984)Adsorbedcellsystemscontro11edbythenutrientdosingtechnique.
In:3rdEurCongrBiotechnol,vol2.
VerlagChemie,Weinheim;pp115-120FradetH,ArnaudA,RiosG,GalzyP(1985)Hydrationofnitrilesusingabac-terialnitrile-hydrataseimmobi1izedonDEAE-cellulose.
Biotechno1Bioeng27:1581-1585FriendBA,ShaghaniKH(1982)CharacterizationandevaluationofAspergillusoryzaecoupledtoaregenerablesupport.
BiotechnolBioeng24:329-345Fukushima5,YamadeK(19B2)Rapidcontinuousa1coholfermentationofcarbo-hydratesinanovelimmobilizedbioreactor.
In:DellwegH(ed)5thSympTechnMikrobiol.
VLSF,Berlin,pp346-354GainerJL,Kir.
anDJ,FosterJA,Sey1anE(1980)Useofadsorbedandcova-lentlyboundmicrobesinreactors.
BiotechnolBioengSymp10:35-42GardeVL,ThomassetB,TanakaA,GellfG,ThomasD(1981)Comparativestabili-zationofbiologicalphotosystemsbyseveralimmobilizationsystems.
1.
ATPproductionbyimmobilizedbacterialchromatophores.
EurJApplMicrobiolBio-techno111:133-138GianettoA,BerrutiF,GlickBR,KemptonAG(1986)TheproductionofethanolfromlactoseinatubularreactorbyimmobilizedcellsofKluyveromacesfragilis.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol24:277-281GiardDJ,LoebDH,ThillyWG,WangDIC,LevineDW(1979)Humaninterferon195productionwithdiploidfibroblastcellsgrownonmicrocarriers.
BiotechnolBioeng21:433-442GreenbergNA,HahoneyRA(1981)Immobilizationoflactase(-galactosidase)foruseindairyprocessing:areview.
ProcessBiochemistry16(no2):2-8and49HaechtJLvan,Bolipo.
boH,RouxhetPG(1985)ImmobilizationofSaccharomyt:escerevisiaebyadhesion:treatmentofthecellsbyAlions.
BiotechnolBioeng27:217-224Hart.
eierW(1977)ImmobilisierteEnzymefürdieLebensmitteltechnologie.
Gordian77:202-210,232-237Hart.
eierW,TeggeG(1979)VersuchezurGlucoseoxidationinGlucose-Fructose-GemischenmittelsfixierterGlucoseoxidaseundKatalase.
Stareh/Strke31:348-353HavewalaNB,WeetaUHH(1973)Foraminouscontainersinastirrershaft.
USPatno3.
767.
535HofsteeBHJ(1973)Immobilizationofenzymesthroughnon-covalentbindingtosubstitutedagaroses.
BiochemBiophysResCommun53:1137-1144HossainHH,0000(1985)Fundamentalstudiesofglucoseoxidaseimmobilizationoncontrolledporeglass.
BiotechnolBioeng27:842-851Ibrahi.
H,HubertP,DellacherieE,HagdalouJ,HuUerJ,SiestG(1985)Covalentattachmentofepoxidehydrolasetodextran.
EnzMicrobTechnol7:66-72I.
aiK,Shio.
iT,UchidaK,HiyaH(1986)Immobilizationofenzymesontopoly(ethylene-vinylalcohol)membrane.
BiotechnolBioeng28:198-203InternationalUnionofBioche.
istry(ed)(1984)Enzymenomenclature.
AcademicPress,London,646ppItohN,ChengLV,Izu.
iV,Va.
adaH(1987)ImmobilizedbromoperoxidaseofCorallinapiluliferaasamultifunctionalbiocatalyst.
JBiotechnol5:29-38JennissenHP(1986)Proteinbindingtotwo-dimensionalhydrophobiebinding-sitelattices:sorptionkineticsofphosphorylasebonimmobilizedbutylresidues.
JColloidInterfaceSc111:570-586JackTR,ZajicJE(1977)TheenzymaticconversionofL-histidinetourocanicacidbywholecellsofMicrococcusluteusimmobilizedoncarbodiimideactivatedcarbxymethylcellulose.
BiotechnolBioeng19:631JirkuV,TurkovaJ,Kru.
phanzlV(1980)Immobilizationofyeastwithretentinofcelldivisionandextracellularproductionofmacromolecules.
BiotechnolLett2:509-513KarubeI,AizawaK,IkedaS,SuzukiS(1979)Carbondioxidefixationbyimmo-bilizedchloroplasts.
BiotechnolBioeng21:253-260KarubeI,KawaraiH,HatsuokaH,SuzukiS(1985)ProductionofL-glutamatebyimmobilizedprotoplasts.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol21:270-272KatoT,HorikoshiK(1984)ImmobilizedcyclomaltodextringlucanotransferaseofanalkalophilicBacillusspno38-2.
BiotechnolBioeng26:595-598KaulR,D'SouzaSF,NadkarniGB(1984)Hydrolysisofmilklactos,ebyimmobi-lized-galactosidase-heneggwhitepowder.
BiotechnolBioeng26:901-904KhanSS,SiddiqiAH(1985)Studiesonchemicallyaggregatedpepsinusingglutaraldehyde.
BiotechnolBioeng27:415-419KobayashiT,Oh.
iyaK,Shi.
izuS(1975)Immobilizationof-galactosidasebypolyacrylamidgel.
In:WeetallHH,SuzukiH(eds)Immobilizedenzymetechno-logy.
PlenumPress,NewYork;pp169-197KogaJ,Va.
aguchiK,GondoS(1984)Immobilizationofalkalinephosphataseonactivatedaluminaparticles.
BiotechnolBioeng26:100-103KrakowiakW,JachH,KoronaJ,SugierH(1984)Immobilizationofglucoamylaseonactivatedaluminiumoxide.
Stareh/Strke36:396-398196KuboI,KarubeI,5uzuki5,NallbuY,EndoT,Oka.
ara"(1986)Substitutedpoly-methylglutamatemembraneforimmobilizationofurease.
JBiotechnol4:27-33KühnW,Kirstein0,"ohrP(1980)DarstellungundEigenschaftentrgerfixierterGlukoseoxydase.
ActaBiolMedGerm39:1121-1128"adryN,locherR,GrodzkiK,KleinkaufH(1984)Selectivesynthesisofdepsi-peptidesbytheimmobilizedmultienzymeenniatinsynthetase.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol20:83-86"akryaleasK,5cheperT,5chügerlK,Kula"-R(1985)EnzymkatalysierteDar-stellungvonL-AminosuremitkontinuierlicherCoenzym-RegenerierungmittelsFlüssigmembran-Emulsionen.
ChemInglech57:362-363"arek",Valentova0,KasJ(1984)Invertaseimmobilizationviaitscarbohydratemoiety.
BiotechnolBioeng26:1223-1226"azu.
derTK,50no.
otoK,TanakaA,Fukui5(1985)SequentialconversionofcortexolonetoprednisolonebyimmobilizedmyceliaofCurvularialunataandimmo-bilizedcellsofArthrobactersimplex.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol21:154-161"essingRA,Opper.
annRA(1979)Poredimensionsforaccumulatingbiomass.
I.
Microbesthatreproducebyfissionorbudding.
iotechnolBioeng21:49-58"itz"A(1956)Newinsolubleactivederivativeofanenzymeasamodelforstudyofcellularmetabolism.
Science123:1076-1077"iya.
aH,KobayashiT,NosakaY(1984)Immobilizationofenzymeonnyloncon-tainingpendantquaternizedaminegroups.
BiotechnolBioeng26:1390-1392"iya.
aki0,WingardjrLB(1984)Electrochemicalandenzymaticactivityofflavindinucleotideandglucoseoxidaseimmobilizedbyadsorptiononcarbon.
BiotechnolBioeng26:1364-1371"onsanP,Co.
bes0(1984)Applicationofimmobilizedinvertasetocontinuoushydrolysisofconcentratedsucrosesolutions.
BiotechnolBioeng26:347-351"onsanP,Co.
bes0,Ale.
zadehI(1984)Invertasecovalentgraftingontocornstover.
BiotechnolBioeng26:658-664"oriT,5atoT,TosaT,ChibataI(1972)Studiesonimmobilizedenzymes.
X.
Preparationandpropertiesofaminoacylaseentrappedintoacrylamidegel-lattice.
Enzymologia43:213-226Nakaji.
aH,50no.
otoK,UsuiN,5atoF,Ya.
adaY,TanakaA,Fukui5(1985)EntrapmentofLavendulaveraandproductionofpigmentsbyentrappedcells.
JBiotechnol2:107-117NavarroJ",DurandG(1971)Modificationofyeastmetabolismbyimmobilizationontoporousglass.
EurJApplMicrobiolBiotechnol4:243-254NelsonJ",GriffinEG(1916)Adsorptionofinvertase.
JAmChemSoc38:1109-1115Ogino5(1970)Formationoffructose-richpolymerbywater-insolubledextran-sucraseandpresenceofaglycogenvalue-loweringfactor.
AgricBiolChem34:1268-1271OkitaWB,Bonha.
0B,GainerJL(1985)Covalentcouplingofmicroorganismstoacellulosicsupport.
BiotechnolBioeng27:632-637PapageorgiouGC,LagoyanniT(1986)Immobilizationofphotosyntheticallyactivecyanobacteriainglutaraldehyde-crosslinkedalbuminmatrix.
ApplMicrobiolBio-technol23:417-423PastorinoA",Dalzoppo0,FontanaA(1985)Propertiesofsepharose-bound-lactamasefromEnterobactercloacae.
JApplBiochem7:93-97QureshiN,Ta.
haneDV(1985)Productionofmeadbyimmobilizedwholecellsof5accharomycescerevisiae.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol21:280-281RaghunathK,RaoKP,JosephUT(1984)Preparationandcharacterizationofureaseimmobilizedontocollagen-poly(glycidylmethacrylate)graftcopolymer26:197104-109RichterG,HeineckerH(1979)Conversionofglucoseintogluconicacidbymeansofimmobilizedglucoseoxidase.
Starch/Strke31:418-422Ro.
anovskayaVA,KarpenkoVI,PantskhavaE5,GreenbergTA,"alashenkoYR(1981)Catalyticpropertiesofimmobilizedcellsofmethane-oxidizingandmetha-nogenicbacteria.
In:Moo-YoungM(ed)AdvancesinBiotechnology,vol3.
Pergamon,Toronto;pp367-3725chppW,Gruno.
"(1986)ImmobilizationofyeastADHbyadsorptionontopoly-aminomethylstyrene.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol24:271-276ShankarV,Kot.
al5",Rao55Yeastcellsentrappedinlow-gellingtemperatureagaroseforthecontinuousproductionofethanol.
BiotechnolLett7:615-618Shi.
izu5,"oriokaH,TaniY,OgataK(1975)SynthesisofcoenzymeAbyimmobi-lizedmicrobialcells.
JFermentTechnol53:77-835uzukiH,Oza.
aY,"aedaH(1966)Studiesonthewater-insolubleenzyme.
Hydro-lysisofsucrosebyinsolubleyeastinvertase.
AgrBiolChem30:807-812TalskyG,GianitsopoulosG(1984)Intermolecularcrosslinkingofenzymes.
In:3rdEurCongrBiotechnol,voll.
VerlagChemie,Weinheim;pp299-305TanakaA,Yasuhara5,GelffG,Osumi",Fukui5(1978)Immobilizationofyeastmicrobodiesandthepropertiesofimmobilizedmicrobodyenzymes.
EurJApplMicrobiolBiotechnol5:17-27TanakaA,HagiN,GellfG,Fukui5(1980)Immobilizationofbiocatalystsbyprepolymermethods.
Adenylatekinaseactivityofimmobilizedyeastmitochondria.
AgricBiolChem44:2399-2405TosaT,"oriT,FuseN,ChibataI(1967)Studiesoncontinuousenzymereactions.
I.
Screeningofcarriersforpreparationofwater-insolubleaminoacylase.
Enzymo-logia31:214-224TosaT,"oriT,ChibataI(1969)Studiesoncontinuousenzymereactions.
IV.
EnzymaticpropertiesoftheDEAE-Sephadex-aminoacylasecomplex.
AgricBiolChem33:1053-1059TsaiY-L,5chlasner5",Tuovinen0H(1986)Inhibitorevaluationwithimmo-bilizedNitrobacteragiliscells.
ApplEnvironmMicrobiol52:1231-1235TsuchidaT,YodaK(1981)ImmobilizationofD-glucoseoxidaseontoahydrogenperoxidepermselectivemembraneandapplicationforanenzymeelectrode.
EnzymeMicrobialTechnol3:326-335U.
emuraI,Taka.
atsu5,5atoT,TosaT,ChibataI(1984)Improvementofpro-ductionofL-asparticacidusingimmobilizedmicrobialcells.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol20:291-295VilanovaE,"anjonA,IborraJL(1984)Tyrosinehydroxylaseactivityofimmobi-lizedtyrosinaseonEnzacryl-AAandCPC-AAsupports:stabilizationandproper-ties.
BiotechnolBioeng26:1306-1312VogelHJ,BrodeliusP(1984)Aninvive31pNMRcomparisonoffreelysuspendedandimmobilizedCatharanthusroseusplantcells.
JBiotechnolI:159-170WeetallHH,"asonRD(1973)Studiesonimmobilizedpapain.
BiotechnolBioeng15:455-466WiegelJ,Dykstra"(1984)Clostridiumthermocellum:adhesionandsporulationwhileadheredtocelluloseandhemicellulose.
ApplMicrobiol8iotechnol20:59-65Work.
anWE,DayDF(1984)Enzymatichydrolysisofinulintofructosebyglutar-aldehydefixedyeastcells.
Biotechnol8ioeng26:905-910YounesG,BretonA",Guespinn-"ichelJ(1987)ProductionofextracellularnativeandforeignproteinsbyimmobilizedgrowingcellsofMyxococcusxanthus.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol25:507-512198FurtherLiteraturetotheMainChaptersGeneralFundamentalsBarker5A(1980)Immobilizedenzymes.
In:RoseAH(ed)Microbialenzymesandbioconversions.
AcademicPress,London,pp331-367BuckeC(1983)Immobilizedcells.
PhilTransRSocLond8300:369-389ChibataI,TosaT,SatoT(1986)Immobilizedcellsandenzymes.
JMolCatalysis37:1-24CreightonTE(1986)Proteins-structuresandmolecularproperties.
Freeman,Oxford,515ppDell.
egH(1984)IndustrielleErzeugungvonprimrenFermentationsprodukteninderBundesrepublikDeutschlandundinderEuropischenGemeinschaft.
ForumMikrobiol(SonderhBiotechnol)7:4-11fershtA(1984)Enzymestructureandmechanism.
Freeman,Oxford,475pGodfreyT,ReicheltJ(1983)Industrialenzymology:theapplicationsofenzymesinindustry.
MacmillanLtd.
,London,600ppHackingAJ(1986)Economicaspectsofbiotechnology.
CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,306ppHepnerL,"aleC(1983)Industrialenzymes-presentstatusandopportunities.
In:LaffertyRM(ed)Enzymetechnology.
Springer,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork,pp7-8KlibanovA"(1983)Immobilizedenzymesandcellsaspracticalbiocatalysts.
Science219:722-727LaschJ(1987)Enzymkinetik.
Springer,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork,148ppRoseAH(1980)Historyandscientificbasisofcommercialexploitationofmicro-bialenzymesofbioconversions.
In:RoseAH(ed)Microbialenzymesandbiocon-versions.
AcademicPress,London,pp1-47WorldHealthOrganization(1984)Healthimpactofbiotechnology.
SwissBiotech2(5):7-32lechR,DOllagk(1986)Enzyme.
VerlagChemie,Weinheim,184ppMethodsofImmobilizationBeddo.
sCG,Gil"H,GuthrieJT(1986)ImmobilizationofBSA,enzymesandcellsofBacillusstearothermophilusontocellulose,polygalacturonicacidandstarchbasedcraftcopolymerscontainingmaleicanhydride.
BiotechnolBioeng28:51-57CabralJ"5,NovaisJ",KennedyJf(1986)Immobilizationstudiesofwholemicrobialcellsontransitionmetalactivatedinorganicsupports.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol23:157-162HulstAC,Tra.
perJ,RietKvan't,WesterbeekJ""(1985)Anewtechniquefortheproductionofimmobilizedbiocatalystinlargeqantities.
BiotechnolBioeng27:870-876KleinJ,Wagnerf(1983)Methodsfortheimmobilizationofmicrobialcells.
In:ChibataI,WingardLB(eds)Appliedbiochemistryandbioengineering,vol4,AcademicPress,NewYork,pp11-51199ItoH,Shi.
izuA,IchikizakiI(1986)Preparationandpropertiesofstablewater-insolublederivativesofglutathiones-aryltransferase.
BiotechnolBioeng28:97-100KuceraJ(1986)Thepolymericp-ando-quinonesasthereactivesupportsforenzymesimmobilization.
BiotechnolBioeng28:110-111Ku.
akura",KaetsuI,Nisiza.
aK(1984)Cellulaseproductionfromimmobilizedgrowingcellcompositespreparedbyradiationpolymerization.
BiotechnolBioeng26:17-21HartyJ-L(1985)Applicationofresponsesurfacemethodologytooptimizationofglutaraldehydeactivationofasupportforenzymeimmobilization.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol22:88-91Hattiasson8(1982)Immobilizationmethods.
In:MattiassonB(ed)Immobilizedcellsandorganelles,voll.
CRCPress,BocaRaton,pp3-25"ayerLD,8a11y"8,Hope"J,CullisPR(1986)Techniquesforencapsulatingbioactiveagentsintoliposomes.
ChemPhysLipids40:333-345OkitaW8,Bonha.
D8,GainerJL(1985)Covalentcouplingofmicroorganismstoacellulosicsupport.
BiotechnolBioeng27:632-637Papisov"I,"aksi.
enkoAV,TorchilinVP(1985)Optimizationofreactionconditionsduringenzymeimmobilizationonsolublecarboxyl-containingcarriers.
EnzMicrobTechnol7:11-16RouxhetPG,HaechtJLvan,DidelezJ,GerardP,8riquet"(1981)Immobilizationofyeastcellsbyentrapmentandadhesionusingsiliciousmaterials.
EnzymeMicrobialTechnol3:49-54Sikyta8(1986)Methodsofcellimmobilization.
MicrobiologicalSci3:16-17TanakaH,Kurosa.
aH,KokufutaE,VelikyIA(1984)PreparationofimmobilizedglucoamylaseusingCa-alginategelcoatedwithpartiallyquaternizedpoly(ethy-leneimine).
BiotechnolBioeng26:1393-1394TsugeH,OkadaT(1984)Immobilizationofyeastpyridoxaminephosphateoxidasetohalogenoacetylpolysaccharides.
BiotechnolBioeng26:412-418VorlopKD,KleinJ(1983)Newdevelopmentsinthefieldofcellimmobilization-formationofbiocatalystsbyionotropicgelation.
In:LaffertyRM(ed)Enzymetechnology.
Springer,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork,pp219-235WangHY,Lee55,TakachY,Ca.
thonL(1982)Maximizingmicrobialcellloadinginimmobilizedcellsystems.
BiotechnolBioengSymp12:139-146WongkhalaungC,Kashi.
agiY,"agaeY,OhtaT,SasakiT(1985)Cellulaseimmobi-lizedonasolublepolymer.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol21:37-41CharacteristicsofImmobilizedBiocatalysts8ourdi11onC,HervagaultC,ThollasD(1985)Increaseinoperationalstabilityofimmobilizedglucoseoxidasebytheuseofanartificialcosubstrate.
BiotechnolBioeng27:1619-1622BuchholzK(1982)Reactionengineeringparametersofimmobilizedbiocatalysts.
In:FiechterA(ed)Advancesinbiochemicalengineering,vol24.
Springer,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork,pp39-718uchholzK(1983)Parametersinvolvedinheterogeneousbiocatalysis.
In:LaffertyRM(ed)Enzymetechnology.
Springer,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork,pp9-21DagysRJ,PauliukonisA8,KazlauskasDA(1984)Newmethodforthedetermi-nationofkineticconstantsfortwo-stagedeactivationofbiocatalysts.
Bio-technolBioeng26:620-622200Oavis.
.
E,WatsonLT(1985)Analysisofadiffusion-limitedhollowfiberreactorforthemeasurementofeffectivesubstratediffusivities.
BiotechnolBioeng27:182-1860000(1985)DeterminationofKmandDefromaone-shotexperimentofenzymeimmobilization.
BiotechnolBioeng27:882-886HannounBJ",StephanopoulosG(1986)Diffusioncoefficientsofglucoseandethanolincell-freeandcell-occupiedcalciumalginatemembranes.
BiotechnolBioeng28:829-835Hossain.
.
.
.
,0000(1985)Modelingofenzymeimmobilizationinporousmembranes.
BiotechnolBioeng27:1126-1135JuangH-O,WengH-S(1984)Performanceofbiocatalystswithnonuniformlydistri-butedimmobilizedenzymes.
BiotechnolBioeng26:623-626KonecnyJ(1983)Kineticsandthermodynamicsofreactionscatalyzedbypenicillinacylase-typeenzymes.
In:LaffertyRM(ed)Enzymetechnology.
Springer,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork,pp309-314LendersJ-P,CrichtonRR(1984)Thermalstabilizationofamylolyticenzymesbycovalentcouplingtosolublepolysaccharides.
BiotechnolBioeng26:1343-1351HadovichJ.
.
(1985)Masstransfereffectsinfermentationsusingimmobilizedwholecells.
EnzymeMicrobialTechnol7:2-10TanakaH,"atsu.
ura.
.
,VelikyIA(1984)DiffusioncharacteristicsofsubstratesinCa-alginategelbeads.
BiotechnolBioeng26:53-58UlbrichH,SchellenbergerA,Da.
erauW(1986)Studiesonthethermalinactivationofimmobilizedenzymes.
BiotechnolBioeng28:511-522VallatI,"onsanP,RibaJP(1985)Influenceofglucoseonthekineticsofmaltodextrinhydrolysisusingfreeandimmobilizedglucoamylase.
BiotechnolBioeng27:1274-1275ReactorsforImmobilizedBiocatalystsAdlerI,fiechterA(1983)CharakterisierungvonBioreaktorenmitbiologischenTestsystemen.
SwissBiotech1:17-24AndrewsGf,PrzezdzieckiJ(1986)Designoffluidized-bedfermentors.
BiotechnolBioeng28:802-810ChingCB,HoYY(1984)Flowdynamicsofimmobilizedenzymereactors.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol20:303-309ChotaniGK,ConstantinidesA(1984)Immobilizedcellcross-flowreactor.
Bio-technolBioeng26:217-220Oale.
.
C,Okos.
.
R,WankatPC(1985)Animmobilizedcellreactorwithsimul-taneousproductseparation.
11.
Experimentalreactorperformance.
BiotechnolBioeng27:943-952flaschelE,HaetzE,RenkenA(1983)Developmentofatubularrecyclemembranereactorforcontinuousoperationwithsolubleenzymes.
In:LaffertyRM(ed)Enzymetechnology.
Springer,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork,pp285-295GoldsteinL,Levy.
.
(1983)Kineticsofmultilayerimmobilizedenzyme-filterreactors:behaviorofurease-filterreactorsindifferentbuffers.
BiotechnolBioeng25:1485-1499Guiot5H,BergLvanden(1985)Performanceofanupflowanaerobicreactorcombiningasludgeblanketandafiltertreatingsugarwaste.
BiotechnolBioeng27:800-806Hermanowicz5W,GanczarczykJJ(1985)Mathematicalmodellingofbiological201packedandfluidizedbedreactors.
In:Joergensen5E,GromiecMJ(eds)Mathema-ticalmodelsinbiologicalwastewatertreatment.
Elsevier,Amsterdam,pp473-524Klooster.
anJ,Lilly"D(1985)Anairliftloopreactorforthetransformationofsteroidsbyimmobilizedcells.
BiotechnolLett7:25-30ParkTH,Ki.
IH(1985)Hollow-fibrefermenterusingultrafiltration.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol22:190-194ParkY,Davies"E,WallisDA(1985)Analysisofacontinuousaerobicfixed-filmbioreactor.
11.
Dynamicbehavior.
BiotechnolBioeng26:468-476PatwardhanV5,KaranthN,G(1982)Filmdiffusionalinfluencesonthekineticparametersinpacked-bedimmobilizedenzymereactors.
BiotechnolBioeng26:763-780ShiotaniT,Ya.
aneT(1981)Ahorizontalpacked-bedbioreactortoreduceC02gasholdupinthecontinuousproductionofethanolbyimmobilizedyeastcells.
EurJApp1MicrobiolBiotechnol13:96-101WandreyC(1984)BioreaktorenfürdenEinsatzvonEnzymen.
ForumMikrobiol(SonderhBiotechnol)7:33-39Ya.
aneT,Shillizu5(1982)Theminimum-sizedidealreactorforcontinuousalcoholfermentationusingimmobilizedmicroorganisms.
BiotechnolBioeng24:2731-2737Zlokarnik"(1981)VerfahrenstechnischeGrundlagenderReaktorgestaltung.
ActaBiotechnolI:311-325IndustrialApplicationsBoerRde,Ro.
ijnDJ,Straats.
aJ(1982)Hydrolysedwheysyrupsmadewithimmobilized-galactosidaseinafluidized-bedreactor.
NethMilkDairyJ36:317-331Borglu.
GB,"arshallJJ(1984)Thepotentialofimmobilizedbiocatalystsforproductionofindustrialchemieals.
ApplBioehernBiotechnol9:117-130Cheetha.
P5J(1980)Developmentsintheimmobilizationofmicrobialcellsandtheirapplication.
In:WisemanA(ed)Topicsinenzymeandfermentationbio-technology,vol4.
JohnWiley,NewYork,pp189-238ChibataI,TosaT(1981)Useofimmobilizedcells.
AnnRevBiophysBioeng10:197-216ChibataI,TosaT,SatoT(1983)Immobilizedce11sinpreparationoffinechemieals.
AdvBiotechnolProcesses1:203-222Hart.
eierW(1985)AnwendungimmobilisierterBiokatalysatoren.
ChemInd37:321-323KennedyJF,CabralJ"5(1983)Immobilizedlivingcellsandtheirapplication.
In:ChibataI,WingardLB(eds)Appliedbiochemistryandbioengineering,vol4.
AcademicPress,NewYork,pp189-280LeuchtenbergerW,Karrenbauer",PlckerU(1984)HerstellungvonL-Aminosurenundentsprechendena-HydroxysurenineinemEnzym-Membran-Reaktor.
ForumMikro-biol(SonderhBiotechnol)7:40-45LinkoP,LinkoY-Y(1983)Applicationsofimmobilizedmicrobialcel1s.
In:ChibataI,WingardLB(eds)Appliedbiochemistryandbioengineering,vol4.
AcademicPress,NewYork,pp53-151LinkoP,LinkoY-Y(1984)Industrialapplicationsofimmobilizedcells.
CritRevBiotechnolI:289-338LuongJHT,Tseng"C(1984)Processandtechnoeconomicsofethanolproductionbyimmobilizedcells.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol19:207-216202MessingRA(1982)Immobilizedmicrobesandahighratecontinuouswastepro-cessorfortheproductionofhighBTUgasandthereductionofpollutants.
BiotechnolBioeng24:1115-1123Nagashi.
aM,Azu.
aM,Noguchi5,InuzukaK,5amejimaH(1984)Continuousethanolfermentationusingimmobilizedyeastcells.
BiotechnolBioeng26:992-997RobertsJ(1985)Mathematicalmodelsforthetricklingfilterprocess.
In:JoergensenSE,GromiecMJ(eds)Mathematicalmodelsinbiologicalwastewatertreatment.
Elsevier,Amsterdam,pp243-3245ayed5,Zeeu.
Wde,lettingaG(1984)AnaerobictreatmentofslaughterhousewasteusingaflocculantsludgeUASBreactor.
AgricWastes11:197-226VandammeEJ(1983)Immobilizedenzymeandcelltechnologytoproducepeptideantibiotics.
In:LaffertyRM(ed)Enzymetechnology.
Springer,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork,pp237-270ViraraghavanT,landineRC,WinchesterEl,WassonGP(1984)Activatedbio-filterprocessforwastewatertreatment.
EffluentWaterTreatJ24:378-384AnalyticalApplicationsAI-HittiIK,MoodyGJ,Tho.
asJ0R(1984)Glucoseoxidasemembranesystemsbasedonpoly(vinylchloride)matricesforglucosedeterminationwithaniodideion-selectiveelectrode.
Analyst109:1205-1208Blu.
lJ,CouletPR,Gautheron0C(1985)CollagenstripwithimmobilizedluciferaseforATPbioluminescentdetermination.
BiotechnolBioeng27:232-237Bo.
ersl°(1986)Applicationsofimmobilizedbiocatalystsinchemicalanalysis.
AnalChem58:513A-530ABradleyCR,RechnitzGA(1986)Comparisonofoxalateoxidaseelectrodesforurinaryoxalatedeterminations.
AnalLett19:151-162Bo.
ersl0,CarrPW(1980)Immobilizedenzymesinanalyticalchemistry.
In:FiechterA(ed)Advancesinbiochemicalengineering,vol5.
Springer,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork,pp89-129ClarkMF,AdamsAN(1977)Characteristicsofthemicroplatemethodofenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassayforthedetectionofplantviruses.
JgenVirol34:475-483Clarke0J,Blake-ColemanBC,CalderMR,CarrRJG,Moody5C(1984)Sensorsforbioreactormonitoringandcontrol-aperspective.
JBiotechnol1:135-158DanielssonB(1983)Useofenzymethermistorasaflowanalyzerinbiotechnology.
In:LaffertyRM(ed)Enzymetechnology.
Springer,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork,pp195-206GuilbaultGG(1981)Applicationsofenzymeelectrodesinanalysis.
AnnNewYorkAcadSci369:285-294JansonJ-C(1984)Large-scaleaffinitypurification-stateofartandfutureprospects.
TrendsBiotechnol2:31-38KarubeI,MatsunagaT,5uzuki5,AsanoT,Itoh5(1984)Immobilizedantibody-basedflowtypeenzymeimmunosensorfordeterminationofhumanserumalbumin.
JBiotechnolI:279-286Kashi.
abaraK,HoboT,KobayashiE,5uzuki5(1985)Flowinjectionanalysisfortracesofzincwithimmobilizedcarbonicanhydrase.
AnalChimActa178:209-215KingdonCFM(1985)Biosensordesign:microbial10adingcapacityofacetylcellu-losemembranes.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol21:176-179KrickalJ,ThorpeHG(1986)Immobilizedenzymesinanalysis.
TrendsBiotechnol4:253-258203LiuM-T,RamBP,HartLP,PestkaJJ(1985)Indirectenzyme-linkedimmuno-sorbentassayforthemycotoxinzearalenone.
ApplEnvironMicrobiol50:45-49MakovosEB,LiuCC(1985)Measurementsoflactateconcentrationusinglactateoxidaseandanelectrochemicaloxygensensor.
BiotechnolBioeng27:167-170Margineanu0G,VaisH,Arde1eauI(1985)Bioselectiveelectrodeswithimmo-bilizedbacteria.
JBiotechnol3:1-9MattiassonB,MandeniusCf,Danie1ssonB,Har1anderP(1983)Computercontroloffermentationswithbiosensors.
AnnNewYorkAcadSci413:193-196PacakovaV,Stu1ikK,Brabcova0(1984)UseoftheClarkoxygensensorwithimmobilizedenzymesfordeterminationsinflowsystems.
AnalChimActa159:71-79RaghavanKG,Devasagaya.
TPA,RamakrishnanV(1986)Immobilizedenzymebrushesforclinicalanalyses:ureadetermination.
AnalLett19:163-176RennebergR,Schubertf,Sche11erf(1986)Coupledenzymereactionsfornovelbiosensors.
TrendsBiochemSci11:216-220Sche11erfW,Schubertf,RennebergR,MüllerHG,JaenchenM,WeiseH(1985)Biosensors:trendsandcommercialization.
Biosensors1:135-160Schüger1K(1985)Sensor-MetechnikeninderbiotechnologischenforschungundIndustrie.
Naturwissenschaften72:400-407Tho.
psonRQ,Crough5R(1984)Stopped-flowkineticdeterminationofglucoseandlactatewithimmobilizedenzymes.
AnalChimActa159:337-342WieckHJ,HeiderGH,YacynychAM(1984)Chemicallymodifiedreticulatedvitreouscarbonelectrodewithimmobilizedenzymeasadetectorinflow-injectiondeterminationofglucose.
AnalChimActa158:137-141MedicalApplicationsGoosenMfA,IJ"SheaGM,GharapetianHM,Chou5,Sun,AM(1985)Optimizationofmicroencapsulationparameters:semipermeablemicrocapsulesasabioartificialpancreas.
BiotechnolBioeng27:146-150JarvisAP,GrdinaTA(1983)Productionofbiologicalsfrommicroencapsulatedlivingcells.
Biotechniques1:22-27KleinM0,LangerR(1986)Immobilizedenzymesinclinicalmedicine:anemergingapproachtonewdrugtherapies.
TrendsBiotechnol4:179-186La.
bertifV,SeftonMV(1983)MicroencapsulationoferytrocytesinEudragit-RL-coatedcalciumalginate.
BiochimBiophysActa759:81-91Li.
f(ed)(1984)Biomedicalapplicationsofmicroencapsulation.
CRC-Press,BocaRaton,168ppSakaiT,KatsuragiT,Tono.
uraK,Nishiya.
aT,Kawa.
uraY(1985)Implantableencapsulatedcytosinedeaminasehaving5-fluorocytosine-deaminatingactivity.
JBiotechnol2:13-21Senatoreff,BernathfR(1986)Urokinaseboundtofibrocollagenoustubes:aninvitrakineticstudy.
BiotechnolBioeng28:58-63Senatoreff,BernathfR(1986)Parametersaffectingoptimumactivityandstabilityofurokinaseboundfibrocollagenoustubes.
BiotechnolBioeng28:64-72ApplicationsinBaseResearchBickerstaffGf(1984)Applicationofimmobilizedenzymestofundamentalstudies204onenzymestructureandfunction.
In:WisemanA(ed)Topicsinenzymeandfermen-tationbiotechnology,vol9.
Wiley,NewYork,pp162-201BüchnerKH,ZiJlllerJlannU(1982)Waterrelationsofimmobilizedgiantalgalcells.
Planta154:318-325ClarkD5,BaileyJE(1984)CharacterizationofheterogeneousimmobilizedenzymesubpopulationsusingEPRspectroscopy.
BiotechnolBioeng26:231-238LendersJ-P,Ger.
ainP,CrichtonRR(1985)Immobilizationofasolublechemi-callythermostabilizedenzyme.
BiotechnolBioeng27:572-578MercerDG,O'DriscollKf(1981)Kineticmodelingofamultipleimmobilizedenzymesystem.
11.
Applicationofthemodel.
BiotechnolBioeng23:2465-2481SchferH-J(1987)Photoaffinitylabelingandphotoaffinitycrosslinkingofenzymes.
In:EyzaguirreJ(ed)Chemicalmodificationofenzymes:activesitestudies.
EllisHorwood,Chichester,pp45-62SiegbahnN,MosbachK(1985)Covalentimmobilizationofthemultienzymeenniatinsynthetase.
BiotechnolLett7:297-302Walters5N,D'SilvaAP,fasse1VA(1982)Immobilizedenzymesystemfortheconversionofbenz(a)pyrenetofluorescentmetabolites.
AnalChem54:2571-2576SpecialDevelopmentsandTrendsAnderssonE,JohanssonA-C,Hahn-HgerdalB(1985)a-Amylaseproductioninaqueoustwo-phasesystemswithBacillussubtilis.
EnzymeMicrobialTechnol7:333-338BrinkLE5,Tra.
perJ(1985)Optimzationoforganicsolventinmultiphasebiocatalysis.
BiotechnolBioeng27:1258-1269BrodeliusP,MosbachK(1982)Immobilizedplantcells.
In:PerlmanD(ed)Advan-cesinappliedmicrobiologyvol28.
AcademicPress,NewYork,pp1-26BrodeliusP,NilssonK(1983)Permeabilizationofimmobilizedplantcellsresul-tinginreleaseofintracellularlystoredproductswithpreservedcellviability.
EurJApplMicrobiolBiotechnol17:275-280BrouersM,HallD0(1986)Ammoniaandhydrogenproductionbyimmobilizedcyano-bacteria.
JBiotechnol3:307-311DeshpandeA,D'Souza5f,NadkarniGB(1987)CoimmobilizationofD-aminoacidoxidaseandcatalasebyentrapmentofTrigonopsisvariabilisinradiationpoly-merisedpolyacrylamidebeads.
JBiosci11:137-144feItenPvon,ZürrerH,BachofenR(1985)ProductionofmolecularhydrogenwithimmobilizedcellsofRhodospirillumrubrum.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol23:15-20Hahn-HgerdalB(1983)Co-immobilizationinvolvingcells,organelles,anden-zymes.
In:MattiassonB(ed)Immobilizedcellsandorganelles,vol2.
CRC-Press,BocaRaton,pp79-94Hart.
eierW(1985)ImmobilisierteBiokatalysatorenaufdemWegzurzweitenGene-ration.
Naturwissenschaften72:310-314Hart.
eierW(1985)Immobilizedbiocatalysts-fromsimpletocomplexsystems.
TrendsBiotechnol3:149-153JeanfilsJ,LoudecheR(1986)Photoproductionofammoniabyimmobilizedhetero-cysticcyanobacteria-effectofnitriteandanaerobiosis.
BiotechnolLett8:265-270KuK,KuoMJ,DelenteJ,WildeB5,federJ(1981)Developmentofahollow-fibresystemforlarge-scaleculturecfmammaliancells.
BictechnolBioeng23:79-95205LiUy"0,Wood1eyJ"(1985)Biocatalyticreactionsinvolvingwater-insolubleorganiccompounds.
StudOrgChem22:179-192LydersenBK,PughGG,Paris"5,5harllaBP,NoULA(1985)Ceramicmatrixforlargescaleanimalcellculture.
Bio/Technol3:63-67"akrya1easK,ScheperT,5chüger1K,Ku1a"-R(1985)EnzymkatalysierteDarstel-lungvonL-AminosuremitkontinuierlicherCoenzym-RegenerierungmittelsFlüssig-membran-Emulsionen.
ChemIngTech57:362-363"artinekK,BerezinIV,Kh.
e1nitskiYL,K1yachkoNL,LevashovAV(1987)Enzymesentrappedintoreversedmicellesofsurfactantsinorganicsolvents:Keytrendsinappliedenzymalogy(biotechnology).
Biocatalysis1:9-15"attiassonB(1983)Applicationsofaqueoustwo-phasesystemsinbiotechnology.
TrendsBiotechnol1:16-20"iya.
aki0,WingardLBjr,BrackinJ5,5i1verR5(1986)FormationofpropyleneoxidebyNocardiacorallinaimmobilizedinliquidparaffin.
BiotechnolBioeng28:343-348"usgrave5C,KerbyNW,CoddGA,5te.
artWDP(1982)Sustainedammoniapro-ductionbyimmobilizedfilamentsofnitrogen-fixingcyanobacteriumAnabena27893.
BiotechnolLett4:647-652Ni1ssonK(1987)Methodsforimmobilizinganimalcells.
TrendsBiotechnol5:73-78Ni1ssonK,"osbachK(1984)Peptidesynthesisinaqueous-organicsolventmixtureswitha-chymotrypsinimmobilizedtotresylchloride-activatedagarose.
BiotechnolBioeng26:1146-1154RosevearA,LambeCA(1985)Immobilizedplantcells.
In:FiechterA(ed)AdvancesinBiochemicalEngineeringvol31.
Springer,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork,pp37-58SpierRE(1980)Recentdevelopmentsinthelargescalecultivationofanimalcellsinmonolayers.
In:FiechterA(ed)AdvancesinBiochemicalEngineeringvol14.
Springer,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork,pp119-162ThollassetB,BarbotinJ-N,Thollas0(1984)Theeffectsofhighconcentrationsofsaltsonphotosyntheticelectrontransportofimmobilizedthylakoids:functionalstability.
ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol19:387-392TschoppA,CogoliA,Le.
is"L,"orrison0R(1984)Bioprocessinginspace:humancellsattachtobeadsinmicrogravity.
JBiotechnol1:287-293VerlaanP,Hu1stAC,TramperJ,van'tRietK,LuybenKCA"(1984)Immobili-zationofplantcellsandsomeaspectsoftheapplicationinanairliftloopreactor.
In:3rdEurCongrBiotechnol.
VerlagChemie,Weinheim,pp151-154IndexAbbreviation9,10,189fAbsidia100Absonal166Aceticacid(seevinegar)Acetobacter23Acetycellulose39Acrylate31,32,131Actinoplanesmissouriensis91Activation3f,49,51ff,56f-chloride26,Jlf-cyanogenbromide26,29f,50,151-energy3f,52ff,190-group26ffActivecenter7f,59,62f,117f,119Activecharcoal18,20,23,IJ9ffActivesite(seeactivecenter)Activity190-asparaginase113,174ff-catalase147f-fermentation159ff--galactosidase155ff-glucoamylase152-invertase140,143Acyltransferase9Adhesion22,83,126Adogen184ADP10,48,189Adsorption15,22f,24,45f,104,IJ9ffAffinity62f,lOJfAgar36,37,39,125,128Agarose23,29f,39,104,125Airlift75fAjmalicin125Alanine6,89f,189Alaninedehydrogenase89fAlbumin35,39,42,46,128,155fAlgae133fAlginate36f,38,39,63,67,125,130,158ffAlcoholdehydrogenase10f,12,23Aldehydereductase(seealcoholde-hydrogenase)Aldehydeoxidase25Alkalinephosphatase23Aluminium23Amberlite25,31Amidelink(seepeptidebond)Aminoacid5ff,18,19,86fffromhydroxyacid89f-fromketoacid19,88f-membranereactor18,88fproduction18,25,86ff-sequence6f-structure5ff-usingaminoacylase86ffAminoaciddehydrogenase89Aminoacidoxidase107Aminoacylase19,20,25,39,86ff,145Aminoamidase(seeaminoacylase)6-Aminopenicillanicacid(see6-APA)Ampici11in94Ampicillinacylase94oc-Amylase12,20,100,150-Amylase11,12,13,14i-Amylase(seeglucoamylase)Amyloglucosidase(seeglucoamylase)AnalyticalprocedureslOJff,165ff-affinitychromatographylOJf-autoanalyzerl04fbiochemicalelectrodel06f-enzymethermistorl08f-immunomethodsl09ffAnchoragedependence126Anthrachinone125Antibody5,103,l09ff,112fAntigen31,103,l09ff6-APA9JffApoenzyme8f,16,48ff,88Application17-aminoacid86ffanalysislOJff,165ffaceticacid(seevinegar)asparticacid95fautomaticanalyzerl04fbasicresearch117ffclassicalfields17,8Jffelectrodel06ff,165fffructosesyrup90ffglucoseisomerization90ffHFCS90ff-industrial18f,50,82ff-isosyrup90ff-lactosebreakdown96ff-long-term57ff,71-medicine95,112ff-milktreatment96ff-penicillinderivatization9Jff-sensor(seeelectrode)-simulation122f-starch21,lOOf-sugarfactory99f-technical(seeindustrial)-therapy112-thermistorl08f-vinegar18,22,8Jf133-wastewater18,84f,101f,133-wheytreatment9BArrheniusplot52f,56fArginine6,189Argininosuccinatelyase13Asparaginase112f,114,173ffAsparagine6,113,173,189Aspartase95f,124Asparticacid6,95f,113,173,189Aspergillus87,98,100,150,154fAlP9,48,189Atomiclinkage(seecovalentbinding)AutoanalyzerID4fAzotobacter25,30,133Bacilluscoagulans91Bacillussubtilis30Bakery21Batchprocess73fBead15,68,130f,159,164Bifunctionalreagent27Biocatalysis,principle3fBiogasproduction101fBiotin(seecoenzyme)Biotin-CoAligase13BIS3B,189Binding-adsorptive15,22f,24,45f,104,139ff-covalent15,25,26ff,150ff-ionic15,24f,91,145ff-heteropolar(seeionic)-homopolar(seecovalent)-hydrophobie8,22,35Bisdiazobenzidine35Breakingstrength6BfBrevibacterium99Brewery21Bromoperoxidase39Calfrennin20Callus124Carbodiimide49,50,131Carboxychlorideresin32Carboxylase9Carboxypeptidase32Carrageenan37,39,96,99,125,128Carrier-activecharcoal18,20,23,139ff-ceramies63,91-cornstover30-glass23,27f,63,81,127-ionexchanger24f,87,91,115,145ff,182ff-inorganic23,27ff-microcarrier126f-naturalpolymer23,29f-polyanionic24f,60-polycationic24f,60f-syntheticpolymer18,23,JlfCatalase4,12,18,20,24,25,107,111,113,145ff,165ffCatalyticcenter(seeactivecenter)Catharanthusroseus125Cellex25Cellulase12,20,177ffCellulose-acetate37,38f,169ff-adsorbent23-carrier29f,30,49-CM-cellulose30,146ff,178ff-DEAE-cellulose24,25,91-degradation177ff-derivatives23ffCeramies63,91Characteristics-activationenergy3f,52ff,190-breakingstrength6Bf-half-life55f,87,91,98,99,134,191207-inactivationcoefficient55ff,190-inactivationenergy56f-kinetics62ff,66f-Kmvalue17,62ff,72,92,131,190-Michaelisconstant(seeKmvalue)-pHdependency17,59ff,96-physical65ff,6Bff-stability17,54ff,101-temperaturedependency17,52ff,9lf,96-Vmax62ff,191Charcoal,active18,20,23,139ffChill-proofing6Chlorella133fChlorideactivation31fChloroplasts127f,134Cholesterin107Cholesterinoxidase107Chromatophores128Chymotrypsin30,35Classification-enzymes10,13f-immobilizedbiocatalysts14ffClostridium23,133fCoA(seecoenzyme)Coacervation42Co-cross-linking15,33ff,91,103,155COD102,190Co-entrapment129ff,15BffCoenzyme5,Bf,15f,48,133-ADP10,48,189-AlP9,48,189-bindingtoenzymes4Bff-Biotin9-CoA9,189-co-immobilization133-FAD9,189-immobilization4Bff-molecularenlargement49f,88ff-NAD,NADH9,10f,14,48,88ff,189-NADP,NADPH9,48,133,189-PAL9,189-regeneration18f,BBff208-TPP9,190Cofactor(seecoenzyme)Co-immobilization128ffCollagen127Columnreactor69,87,92,9,105,171Conformation7f,26,33,120fContinuousprocess40,73ff,140Cornstover30Covalentbinding15,25,26ff,150ffCross-linking15,33ff,45f,48,91,131154ffCyanobacteria39Cysteine6,120,189Dairyindustry21Daucuscarota125Decarboxylase9Definition-biocatalyst3f-immobilized14Degeneration119ff(seealsode-naturation)Dehydrogenase9Denaturation118f(seealsoinacti-vation)Developments,special124ffDextran29f,50,126Dextranase12Dextransucrase12,13,25Dextrinogenamylase(see~-amylase)Dialdehydestarch30,35Diazotization27Diffusion62ff,65ff,132,162Digitalislanata125Digitoxin125Digoxin125Dihydrofolatereductase30Distillery21,150Eadie-Hofsteeplot64ECnumberUfEcononicaldata-enzymemarket19ff-applicationfields21-glucoseisomerization92f-penicillinderivatization94Effectiveness67Electrode,biochemical106f,165ffEUSAUOfElution104Encapsulation15,4Off,47-liposometechnique43f-microencapsulation40ff,112ff,173ff-nanoencapsulation112Energy-free3f,190-ofactivation3f,52ff,190Enlargementofcoenzymes49f,88ffEnniatinesynthetase23Enterobacteria28Entrapment14f36ff,47,158ff,128-co-entrapment129ff,158ff-ionotropicgelation36f,38,130-polycondensation37f-polymerization37f,41,173f-prepolymerization47-spinning38f,97,154,169ff-thermoreversiblegelation36fEnzyme-apoenzyme8f,16,48ff,88-application17,20f-classification10,13f-conformation26,120f-function3f-market20f-nomenclature10ff-numeration13f-proteinmoiety5ff-structure5ff,117f-subunits118ffEpichlorhydrine29,129Epimerase13Epoxidehydrolase30Epoxyresin37Escherichiacoli94,96,107,134Eupergit31,151fExplant125FAD9,189Fatty-acidsynthase13Fermentationexperiment159ffFiber15,36,97,169ffFick'slaw65fFluidizedbed77f,92,101fFluorometer105Formatedehydrogenase13,88fFreeenergy4Fringsgenerator83f-Fructofuranosidase(seeinvertase)Fructosesyrup90ffFumarase98,182ffFumaratereductase13~-Galactosidase99f-Galactosidase12,20,32,35,52,63,82,97ff,154ff,158ff,169ffGelatine34f,37,42,46,63,91Gelation-ionotropic36f,38,130,158ff-thermoreversible36fGenetechnology134fGitoxigenin125Glass23,27f,63,81,127Glucan1,4-~-glucosidase(seegluco-amylase)-Glucanase20,180ffGlucanotransferase23Glucoamylase11,12,20,23,57,58,100f,129,150ffGlucoseisomerase12,13,15,20,35,9lff,100,124,129Glucoseoxidase12,13,20,23,25,28,55,63,67,107,165ff,189Glucoseoxyhydrase(seeglucoseoxidase)Glucose-6-phosphateisomerase12Glucox166Glutamatedehydrogenase13Glutamateracemase13Glutamicacid6,107,189Glutamine6,189Glutaraldehyde27,33ff,37,45,125,129,131,155fGlutardialdehyde(seeglutaraldehyde)Glutathionesynthase13Glycine6Glycogenase(seeamylase)GOD(seeglucoseoxidase)Half-life55f,87,91,98,134,191Hanesplot64at-Helix7Herpes127Heteropolarbinding(seeionicbinding)Hexamethylenediamine37,41Hexamethylenediisocyanate34Hexamethylenediisothiocyanate34HFCS90ffHistidine6,189Historyofimmobilization18fHollow-fiber44,79fHomopolarbinding(seecovalentbinding)Hybridization119fHydrogenase133Hydrolase11,13Hydroxyproline5Hydrogenbond7,8,22,35Hydrophobicinteraction8,35IEP(seeisoelectricpOint)Imidocarbonate29Immobilization-coenzyme48ff-history18f-methods22ff-reasonsfor16fImmunomethods100ffImportance,economical19ff,92f,127,140Inactivation25,47,51,55ff,122f-energy56f-coefficient55ff,190Interferon127Intracorporealtherapy112fInulase(seeInulinase)Inulinase12,35Invertase5,12,18,20,25,28,30,32,35,99,139ffIonexchanger24f,87,91,115,145ff,182ffIonicbinding15,24f,91,145ff209Ionotropicgelation36f,130Isoelectricpoint24,96,145,189Isoleucine6,189Isomaltase12Isomerase13Isosyrup90ffIsothiocyanate27Jet-loopreactor75fJuice21Karion166Kidney,artificial115fKieselguhr28Kinase9Kinetics62ff,66fKluyveromycesmarxianus154Kmvalue17,62ff,72,92,131,190-Lactamase30,94,107Lactase(see-galactosidase)Lactatedehydrogenase14,25,89fLactateoxidase30Lactoflavin(seeriboflavin)Lactosebreakdown96ffLeather17,21Leucine6,189Levansucrase12Ligase9,13Limitdextrinase(seeisomaltase)Lineweaver-Burkplot64Linkage-adsorptive15,22f,24,45f,104,139ff-covalent15,25,26ff,150ff-ionic15,24f,91,145ff-heteropolar(seeionic)-homopolar(seecovalent)-hydrogenbond7,8,22,35-hydrophobic8,22,35Lipase12,20Liposomes43f,50,113Liquid-dryingmethod42Liquidmembrane182ffLiterature192ffLithospermumerythrorhizon125Loopreactor75fLyase13Lymphosarcoma113Lysine6,107,189Lysinedecarboxylase107Lysine-tRNAligase13Macroenvironment61Maleateisomerase13Malicacidproduction98f,182ffMammaliancell25,126fManugel159Matrixentrapment15,36ff,47,158ff210Maxazyme91Meattenderizing6Melibiase(see~-galactosidase)Membraneconfinement14,40ffMethanobacteria28,39,101Methionine6,87f,189Methodsofimmobilization15,22ff-adsorption22f,45f,104,139ff-combinedmethods45ff-co-cross-linking15,33ff,91,103,155-co-entrapment129ff,158ff-co-immobilization128ff-coenzymeimmobilization48ff-covalentbinding15,26ff,151ff-cross-linking15,33ff,45f,48,91,131154ff-entrapment15,36ff,47,158ff-ionicbinding24f,87,91,145ff-ionotropicgelation36f,130-liposometechnique43f-membraneconfinement14,40ff-microencapsulation40ff,112ff,173ff-polycondensation37f-polymerization37f,41,173f-prepolymerization47-spinning38f,97,154,169ff-thermoreversiblegelation36fMichaelisconstant(seeKmvalue)Microbacteriumarborescens91Microcarrier126fMicrococcusluteus30Microencapsulation40ff,HZff,173ffMicroenvironment60fMicrosomes127fMitochondria127fMonodconstant162,190Morindacitrifolia125Mortierellavinacea100Mutarotation107Myxobacteria39NAD,NADH9,10f,14,48,88ff,189NADP,NADPH9,48,133,189Nanoencapsulation112Nigerin(seeglucoseoxidase)Nitrilehydratase25Nitrobacteria39Nomenclature10ffNotatin(seeglucoseoxidase)Numerationofenzymes13fNylon32,41f,81,112,114f,122f,173ffONPG189,155fOptisweet91Organelle26,37,124,127f,234Organ,artificial115fOxidase9Oxidoreductase10,12,13,14Oxiran31,150ffPackedbed69ff,77,92,95,97PAL9,189Pancreasprotease20Papain6f,13,20,28,51Pectatelyase13Pectin37Pectinase12,20Pectinate125Pectindepolymerase(seepectinase)Pectinesterase12,13Pectinmethylesterase(seepectinesterase)PEG50,88,189Penicillin93ff,107-acylase20,93ff,124-amidase(seeacylase)-derivatization93ffPenicillinase(see-lactamase)Pepsin20,35Peptidebond5,31,35Percolatingprocess(seetricklingprocess)Periplogenin125Permeabilityfactor65,190Permeabilization125Peroxidase9,107Peroxisomes128Phenylalanine6,87f,189pHdependency17,59ff,96Phosphatase23Phosphoglyceratemutase13Physicalproperties65ff,68ffPlantcells39,125fPlasmolysis125Platinum4Plugflow78Polarimeter105Polio127Polyacrylamide31,37f,39,63,128Polyamide(seenylon)Polyanioniccarrier24f,60Polycationiccarrier24f,60fPolycondensation(seemethods)Polyester23Polyethyleneglycol(seePEG)Polyethyleneimine50Polygalacturonase(seepectinase)Polylysine50,127Polymerization(seemethods)Polymethacrylamide37Polystyrene37,42,91PolyureaH2Polyurethane37,39Prepolymerization47Pressurebuiltup69ff,190Primarystructure6Principlesofbiocatalysis3fProductionprocesses-aminoacid86ff-aceticacid(seevinegar)-asparticacid95ffructosesyrup90f-HFCS90ff-industrial18f,82ff-isosyrup90f-malicacid98f-penicillinderivatives93ff-vinegar18,22,83f,133Productivity17,74f,77,87,164,180fProline5,6,189Properties52ff-activationenergy3f,52ff,190-breakingstrength68f-half-life55f,87,91,98,99,134,191-inactivationcoefficient55ff,190-inactivationenergy56f-kinetics62ff,66f-Kmvalue17,62ff,72,92,131,190-Michaelisconstant(seeKmvalue)-pHdependency17,59ff,96-physical65ff,68ff-stability17,54ff,101-temperaturedependency17,52ff,9lf,96-Vmax62ff,191Prostheticgroup5,9,16Protease6,20,117Pseudomonas23,94Pyruvatecarboxylase13Pyruvatedecarboxylase13Racemase13Raffinose99Reactor72ff-anaerobicfilter101f-air1ift75f-bedreactors76ff,92,101f-column69,87,92,99,105,171-fluidizedbed77f,92,101f-generator83f-hollowfiber44,79f-jet-loop75f-loopreactor75f-membranereactor15,18,44,78ff,88ff,177ff-packedbed69ff,77,92,95,97-pressurebuiltup69ff-rhomboidreactor81-sieve-stirrer81-specialforms80ff-stirredtank73ff,94f-tubularreactor81-UASBreactor102-weIl-mixedlayer78Reassociation119Regeneration119ffRennin20Resin-carboxylgroup31-epoxy37-photocross-linked3-synthetic23,24Rhizopus150Rhomboidreactor81Riboflavin9Ribosylhomocysteinase13211Saccharase(seeinvertase)Saccharogenamylase(see-amylase)Saccharomycescerevisiae30,100,132,140,159,163Schiff'sbase33Schuezenbachprocess84Secologanin125Secondarystructure7Sensor(seeelectrode)Sephadex25,87,104Sepharose25,49,63,104Sequence(seeaminoacid)Serine6,189Serpentin125Sherwoodnumber67,191Shikonin125Sieve-stirrerreactor81Silochrome28Simulation122fSindbis127Spacer16,26,48,61Spectrophotometer105Spezyme91Spinning38f,97,154,169ffSpinningapparatus170Spreading126Stability17,54ff,101Starch21,30,100fStainlesssteel23Streptomycesphaechromogenes91Streptomycesrubiginosus91Structure-enzyme5ff,117f-oe-helix7-primary6-secondary7--sheet7studies117f-subunits118ff-tertiary7quaternary8Sucrase(seeinvertase)Sweetase91Sweetzyme91Symbols190Synthetase9Syntheticpolymer18,23,31fSystematicnames10ffTakasweet91Temperaturedependency17,52ff,91f,96Tertiarystructure7212Therapy44,113ff-extracorporeal115f-intracorporeal113fThermistor108fThermoreversiblegelation36fThielemodulus66ff,190Thiolligase9Thiolmethyltransferase13Threonine6,189Thylakoids128Toluenedidisocyanate34,129TPP9,190Transaldolase13Transaminase9Transferase9,11,13Trends124ffTributyrase(seelipase)Trichosporoncutaneum107Tricklingprocess18,83ff,133Trivialnames11fTrypsin32,35,120,122Tryptamin125Tryptophane6Tubularreactor81Two-phasesystems135fTyrosinase32Tyrosine6,190UASB(seereactors)Ultrafilter44,78ff,90,178ffUrease18,32,107,115Use(seeapplication)Vaccines127VanderWaalsforces7,20,35Valine6,87f,190Vesicle(seeliposome)Vinegar18,22,83f,133Virus127Vitamins9Vmax62ff,191Washingpowder21Wastewater18,84f,101f,133Whey98Wine21Xylose92Xyloseisomerase(seeglucoseisomerase)Yeast5,14,23,28,32,39,128,132,134,159ff,163Yieldofbinding23,157Yield,relative147Zirconium28