demographicsbyebyelove

Psychologists'UseofMotionPicturesinClinicalPracticeGeorgiosK.
LampropoulosBallStateUniversityNikolaosKazantzisMasseyUniversityandWaitemataDistrictHealthBoardCognitiveTherapyCenterFrankP.
DeaneUniversityofWollongongDoprofessionalpsychologistsusemotionpicturesinclinicalpracticeIfso,dotheyconsidermotionpicturestohavetherapeuticvalueOf827licensedpracticingpsychologists,67%reportedtheuseofmotionpicturestopromotetherapygains.
Mostofthesepractitioners(88%)consideredtheuseofmotionpicturesaseffectiveinpromotingtreatmentoutcome,andonlyaminority(1%)reportedthemaspotentiallyharmful.
Comparedwiththeirpsychodynamiccounterparts,therapistspracticingwithineclectic–integrative,cognitive–behavioral,orhumanisticframeworksweremorelikelytovieworusemotionpicturesastherapeutictools.
Psychologistsprovidedindividualevaluationsof27motionpicturesthatdealwithavarietyofmentalhealthsubjects,andoveralltheywerecharacterizedas"moderatelyhelpful.
"Clinicalapplicationsandissuespertainingtousingmotionpicturesintherapyaresummarized.
Thereisincreasinginterestintheuseofself-helpmaterials,butrelativelylittleisknownaboutpsychologists'actualuseofself-helpmaterialsinclinicalpractice.
Recentadvancesinself-helpmaterials(booksandself-helpgroups)includetheuseofcinema-therapyorvideowork,thatis,theuseofentertainmentmotionpicturesfortherapeuticpurposes(Berg-Cross,Jennings,&Baruch,1990;Hesley&Hesley,1998;Solomon,1995;Sharp,Smith,&Cole,2002).
Motionpicturesholdseveraladvantagesoverotherself-helpmaterialsbecausetheyaretypicallymoreavailable,fa-miliar,andaccessible,andtheyoftenrepresenteasy,quick,andpleasurableactivitiesforclients(Hesley&Hesley,1998).
How-ever,thereislittleinformationontheextenttowhichthegeneralpsychologistpopulationusesmotionpicturesinclinicalpracticeandonwhichmotionpicturesareconsideredtohavetherapeuticvalue.
Theuseofmotionpicturesintherapymayalsovaryasafunctionofpractitioners'clinicalexperience,theoreticalorienta-tion,worksetting,andotherpracticecharacteristics.
Thepresentstudywasdesignedtoprovidedataonusingmotionpicturesinclinicalpractice.
Inthelate1970sRheaRubinprovidedadetailedaccountoftherationaleandbenefitsfortheclinicaluseoftheself-helpmaterials,suchaspsychologicalbooks,poetry,andliterature(Rubin,1978a,1978b).
Therangeoftherapeuticself-helpmaterialshassinceexpandedtoincludeclientautobiographies,theInternet,andmo-tionpictures(L'Abate,2004;Norcross,2000;Scogin,2003a).
Delphipollsofpsychotherapyexpertspredictedthatself-helpandself-changewouldbeamongtheclinicalinterventionsofthefuture(Norcross,Alford,&DeMichele,1992;Norcross,Hedges,&Prochaska,2002).
Thisexpansionissupportedbyavarietyofsocioeconomicandclinicalfactors(Norcross,2000),includingthestudyofclientself-changewithinandoutsidetherapy(Bohart&Tallman,1999;Prochaska&DiClemente,1992).
Motionpicturesarenotonlynarrativesthattransmitthevaluesandideasofourculture,butalsoaverypopularandwidespreadmethodofcommunicationandexpression.
Intreatment,moviescanbeseenastherapeuticmetaphorsthatcanintroduceclientstomaterialthatissensitiveorperceivedasthreatening(Hesley&Hesley,1998;Heston&Kottman,1997).
Moviecharacterscanessentiallyactascotherapistsforclients.
Inaddition,HesleyandHesley(1998)describedhowtherapistsusemotionpicturestopromotetherapeuticchangebyofferinghopeandencouragement,GEORGIOSK.
LAMPROPOULOSreceivedhisMAinclinicalpsychologyfromtheUniversityofCrete,Greece.
HeisadoctoralstudentincounselingpsychologyatBallStateUniversity,Muncie,Indiana,andascholarshiprecipientoftheAlexanderS.
OnassisPublicBenefitFoundation,Athens,Greece.
HeisalsoaninternattheCentreforAddictionandMentalHealth,MoodandAnxietyProgram,Toronto,Ontario,Canada.
Hisresearchinterestsincludepsychotherapyprocessandoutcomeresearch,psychother-apyintegration,self-help,andpsychotherapytraining.
NIKOLAOSKAZANTZISreceivedhisPhDinpsychologyfromMasseyUni-versity,NewZealand,wherehecurrentlyholdsanappointmentasalecturer(equivalentassistantprofessor).
HeisalsoaclinicalpsychologistandcoordinatorofresearchattheWaitemataDistrictHealthBoardCog-nitiveTherapyCenter.
Hisresearchprogramisfocusedontheroleoftherapeutichomeworkassignmentsincognitive–behavioraltherapy.
FRANKP.
DEANEreceivedhisPhDinpsychologyfromMasseyUniversity,NewZealand.
HeisaprofessorinpsychologyanddirectoroftheIllawarraInstituteforMentalHealthattheUniversityofWollongong,Australia.
Hisresearchinterestsincludehelpseekingformentalhealthproblems,useofhomeworkinpsychosocialinterventions,treatmentadherence,andrecov-eryprocessesforrecurringmentalillness.
THISRESEARCHISSUPPORTEDinpartbyGrant1157553216andMasseyUniversityResearchAwardPR56786.
1207MURF,agrantfromtheIlla-warraInstituteforMentalHealth,UniversityofWollongong,andagrantfromtheLyellBussellMemorialGraduateFund,BallStateUniversity.
CORRESPONDENCECONCERNINGTHISARTICLEshouldbeaddressedtoGeor-giosK.
Lampropoulos,DepartmentofCounselingPsychology,TC622,BallStateUniversity,Muncie,IN47306.
E-mail:g_lamp@hotmail.
comProfessionalPsychology:ResearchandPracticeCopyright2004bytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation2004,Vol.
35,No.
5,535–5410735-7028/04/$12.
00DOI:10.
1037/0735-7028.
35.
5.
535535deepeningemotion,providingrolemodels,enhancingclientstrengths,reframingproblems,improvingcommunication,andreprioritizingvalues.
Tothesecanbeaddedthepotentialbenefitsofprovidingclientswithsupportandacceptancefortheircondi-tionandfacilitatingemotionalrelief,informationgathering,prob-lemawareness,andpreparationforaction.
Forexample,thede-pictionofthestruggletoovercomealcoholisminarelationshipinWhenaManLovesaWoman(Kerner,Avnet,&Mandoki,1994)andtheimportanceofachild'swelfareinacustodybattleinKramervs.
Kramer(Jaffe&Benton,1979)aretwowell-knownmotionpicturesthataddressimportantclinicalissues.
Indeed,thereisavastarrayofmotionpicturesthatdealwithabandonment,abuse,adoption,alcoholanddruguse,deathanddying,divorce,adolescence,family,vocation,friendship,gambling,eatingprob-lems,mentalillness,physicalillness,andsexuality.
Thesemate-rialshavebeensupportedbyanincreasingnumberofpractitionerrecommendationsonhowtousetheminclinicalpractice(seeDermer&Hutchings,2000;Hesley&Hesley,1998,2001;Norcrossetal.
,2000,2003;Solomon,1995,2001).
Evidencefromexperimentalresearchhassupportedtheasser-tionthatself-helpmaterialscanenhancetherapeuticeffectiveness.
Meta-analyticreviewshavedemonstratedthatcertainself-helpprogramsaresuperiortoplaceboandevenequallyeffectivewiththerapist-facilitatedinterventionsforavarietyofpsychologicalproblems(Cuijpers,1997;Gould&Clum,1993;Marrs,1995;Scogin,2003b;Scogin,Bynum,Stephens,&Calhoon,1990).
However,fewstudieshaveassessedtheextenttowhichself-helpmaterialsareusedinclinicalpractice.
Surveysofpractitioners'useofself-helpbooksandclientautobiographieshaveshownthatasubstantialpercentageofclinicianshaveusedthemfortherapeuticpurposes(Clifford,Norcross,&Sommer,1999;Marx,Royalty,Gyorky,&Stern,1992;Norcrossetal.
,2000,2003;Starker,1988).
Norcrossetal.
(2000)providedpreliminarydataontheclinicaluseofmoviesfrom401membersoftheclinicalandcounselingpsychologydivisionsoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA).
Theresearchersreportedthatalmostonehalfofrespon-dentsrecommendedmoviestotheirclientsandthat68%ofthesepractitionersfoundthemhelpful(2%perceivedthemasharmful).
Norcrossetal.
alsoobtainedqualityratingsforalistofmotionpicturesacross20problemareas,whichtheyhavesinceupdatedwiththeevaluationsofadditionaltitlesfromasubsequentsurveyof316clinicalandcounselingpsychologists(Norcrossetal.
,2003).
Despitetheseemergingdataonpractice,therearenopublishedreportsaboutthemethodsofmotionpictureuse,orwhetherpractitionerswithdifferentlevelsofexperience,theoret-icalorientation,worksetting,andothercharacteristicsdifferintheirclinicaluseofmotionpictures.
Similarly,therearenopub-lishedreportsonthespecificmotionpicturesmostcommonlyrecommendedtoclients.
ThisprojectprovidessuchinformationbysurveyingasampleofAPApractitioners.
1TheMoviesProjectConsistentwithpriorsurveysofpsychologists'useandevalu-ationofself-helpbooksandautobiographiesformentalhealthclients(Cliffordetal.
,1999;Marxetal.
,1992;Starker,1988),weaimedtoprovidepreliminarydatathatcouldassistpractitionersinevaluatingandusingpopularentertainmentmotionpicturesintherapy.
DopsychologistsbelievethatmotionpicturescanbetherapeuticandusedintreatmentHavetheyeverdiscussedorrecommendedamovietoaclientIfso,inwhatwayhavetheyuseditinsessionandwhatweretheresultsAretheyfamiliarwithsomeofthecommonlyusedmotionpicturesinclinicalpractice,andwouldtheyrecommendthemtootherpractitionersThepresentstudyobtainedinformationondemographics,the-oreticalorientation,attitudes,evaluation,patternsofclinicaluseofmotionpictures,andratingsofspecificmotionpictures.
Thelatterlistwasdevelopedonthebasisofthelistsofmotionpicturesdescribedinthetwomajorguidebooksoncinematherapy(Hesley&Hesley;1998;Solomon,1995),fromwhichwechoseonlythosetitlesthatwerealsorecommendedbythementalhealthprofes-sionalsinasmalllocalsurveybyDermerandHutchings(2000).
Thisprocedurewasusedtoensuretitlerecognitionandclinicaluseofmotionpicturesinoursurvey.
Thefinallistcomprised27titlesthatcoveredavarietyofproblemsanddisorders.
InSeptember2000,acoverletter,thesurvey,andapostage-paidreturnenvelopeweremailedto3,000randomlyselectedmembersoftheAPA.
ThemailinglabelswereprovidedbytheAPAwiththeconstraintsthatpsychologists(a)residedintheUnitedStates,(b)werelicensedpractitioners,and(c)hadindicatedthattheprovisionofhealthandmentalhealthserviceswastheirprimaryactivityintheirprimaryorsecondaryworksetting.
Twoweekslaterare-mindercardwassenttoallparticipants,and1monthlaterasecondsurveywasmailedto1,200randomlyselectedparticipantsfromtheoriginal3,000.
Thereturnrateof28%yielded840returnsandatotalof827usablereturns.
Allresponseswerecompletelyanonymous.
Thereturnenvelopeswerenotcodedandwerede-stroyedonreceipt.
Toevaluatetherepresentativenessoftherespondents,wecom-paredtheircharacteristicswiththoseoftheinitialsampleof3,000providedbytheAPA,aswellasthoseoftheAPAmemberswhoprovidementalhealthservices(providedbytheAPAresearchdepartment).
Therespondentshadalmostidenticalcharacteristicswithbothofthesegroupsintermsofgender,age,race–ethnicity,highestdegreeobtained,numberofyearssincedegree,andareaofhighestacademicqualification.
Forty-ninepercentofrespondentsweremenand95%ofrespondentswereCaucasian.
Themeanageofrespondentswas52.
43years(SD9.
64).
Intermsofprofes-sionaldegree,84%hadearnedaPhD,9%hadearnedaPsyD,4%hadearnedanEdD,and3%hadearnedanotheradvanceddegree.
Respondentshadbeenoutofgraduateschoolanaverageof18.
60years(SD9.
51).
Seventy-sixpercentofrespondentsidentifiedwithclinicalpsychology,18%withcounselingpsychology,2%withschoolpsychology,and4%with"other.
"Althoughthesam-plehadsimilarcharacteristicstotheinitialAPA-providedsampleandwassimilartorecentpractitionersurveys(i.
e.
,30%inAddis&Krasnow,2000),thefinalresponserateof28%doessuggestthatthefindingsshouldbeconsideredindicativeandpreliminary.
Seventy-fourpercentofrespondentsreportedindependentprac-ticeastheirprimaryemploymentsetting,and94%ofrespondentsindicateddirectpatientcontactastheirprimaryprofessionalac-tivity.
Themeanpercentageofrespondents'annualcaseloadseenindifferenttherapyformatswas72%(SD19%)forindividual1TheresultsoftheNorcrossetal.
(2000)studywerenotavailableatthetimewewereplanningandconductingthedatacollectionforthisproject.
536LAMPROPOULOS,KAZANTZIS,ANDDEANEtherapy,16%(SD12%)forcouplestherapy,14%(SD15%)forfamilytherapy,and10%(SD14%)forgrouptherapy.
Respondentsreportedtreatingmostlyadults(68%ofyearlycase-load;SD25%),followedbyadolescents(17%;SD15%),children(17%;SD18%),olderadults(12%;SD12%),andinfants(1%;SD4%).
Intermsofprimarytheoreticalorienta-tion,respondentsself-identifiedwithcognitive–behavioraltherapy(41%),psychodynamic–analytictherapy(25%),existential–humanistictherapy(8%),interpersonaltherapy(8%),familysys-temstherapy(4%),behavioraltherapy(2%),sociallearningther-apy(1%),andothertherapies(integrative–eclectic;12%).
TherangesandpercentagesoftheoreticalorientationswereconsistentwithasurveyofAPADivision12(ClinicalPsychology)members(Norcross,Karg,&Prochaska,1997).
AttitudesandUseofMotionPicturesinClinicalPracticeSixty-sevenpercentofrespondingpracticingpsychologistsei-theragreed(54%)orstronglyagreed(13%)that"qualityenter-tainmentmotionpicturesthatdealwithpsychologicalissuescanbebeneficialandcouldbeusedfortherapeuticpurposes(e.
g.
,awarenessraising,modelingbehavior,andclientinspiration).
"Twenty-fivepercentofrespondentsremainedneutral,andonly8%ofrespondentsindicatedtheyeitherdisagreedorstronglydis-agreedwiththeabovestatement(Mresponse3.
67,SD0.
90,onaLikert-typescalewithanchors1stronglydisagreeand5stronglyagree).
Wewereinterestedinexaminingwhethertheoreticalorientationwasrelatedtotheperceivedtherapeuticvalueofmotionpicturesfortworeasons.
First,assigningmotionpicturesintherapyhasbeendescribedasatypeofhomeworkassignment(Hesley&Hesley,1998),andhomeworkhasbeentraditionallyassociatedwiththepracticeofcognitive–behavioraltherapycomparedwithothertherapies(Blagys&Hilsenroth,2002;Kazantzis&Deane,1999).
Second,theuseofmotionpicturesasself-helpadjunctstotherapyisconsistentwiththetenetsofhumanistictherapy,whereclientsareseenasactiveself-healers(Bohart&Talman,1999).
Therefore,werecodedtheoreticalorientationintofivecategories(cognitive–behavioral,humanistic–existential,psychodynamic–analytic,interpersonal–familysystems,andeclectic–integrative)andconductedananalysisofvariance(ANOVA)toexaminedifferencesamongpractitionersofmajortheoreticalorientations.
Forthepotentialvalueofusingmotionpicturesintherapy,therewerestatisticallysignificantdifferencesamongrespondentsofdifferenttheoreticalorientations,F(4,760)4.
70,p.
001.
ATukeyposthoctestrevealedthatcognitive–behavioral(M3.
76,SD0.
87)andeclectic–integrative(M3.
81,SD0.
77)therapistsmorefrequentlyconsideredmotionpicturesastherapeu-tictoolsthandidpsychodynamic–analytictherapists(M3.
44,SD0.
95),p.
01.
Whenaskedaboutthenaturaloccurrenceofin-sessiondiscus-sionsofmotionpictures,90%ofrespondentsreportedthattheyhaddiscussedamotionpicturewithaclientintherapywithoutnecessarilyrecommendingit.
Sixty-sevenpercentofrespondentsreportedthattheyhadrecommendedamotionpicturetoaclient,asubstantiallyhigherproportionthanthe46%reportedintheNorcrossetal.
(2000)study.
Practitionerswhohadrecommendedamotionpicturetoaclientwereaskedtocheckuptofouroptionsdescribingthemethodtheyusedforincorporatingmotionpicturesintherapy.
Ofthe536respondentswhorecommendedamotionpicturetoaclient,95%discussedthemovieinsession,53%recommendedthemoviebutdidnotdiscussitinsession,29%assignedtherapeutichomeworkrelatedtothemovie,and5%watchedthemovieorpartsofitwiththeclientinsession.
Thepercentagesreportedfortheuseofeachmethodwerecomparablewiththosereportedforself-helpbooks(Marxetal.
,1992)andautobiographiesofmentalhealthclients(Cliffordetal.
,1999),suggestingthatthein-sessionuseofmotionpicturesmaybesimilartootheradjunctiveself-helpmaterials.
Achi-squareanalysisrevealedsignificantdifferencesamongpractitionersofmajortheoreticalorientationsintheiruseofmo-tionpictures,2(4,N772)35.
48,p.
001.
Morespecifically,87%ofeclectic–integrativepractitionershadrecommendedmo-tionpicturesasatherapyadjunct,whereas79%ofhumanistic–existentialpractitioners,65%ofinterpersonal–systemicpractitio-ners,65%ofcognitive–behavioralpractitioners,and54%ofpsychodynamic–analyticpractitionershadrecommendedmotionpictures.
Additionalchi-squaretestsbetweenpairsoftheoreticalorientationswereconducted,withalphasetatp.
01foralltests(toreducethelikelihoodofTypeIerror).
Thesetestsrevealedthat(a)eclectic–integrativetherapistsweremorelikelytorecommendmoviescomparedwithpractitionerswithinterpersonal,cognitive–behavioral,andpsychodynamicorientations,and(b)humanistic–existentialtherapistsweremorelikelytorecommendmoviesthantheirpsychodynamic–analyticcolleagues.
Statisticaltestswerealsoconductedtoexaminedifferencesinuseofmotionpicturesintermsofthefollowingfivevariablesofinterest:practitioners'gender,clinicalexperience,primaryem-ploymentsetting(privatepracticevs.
other),typeofacademicdegree(PhDvs.
PsyD),andareaofacademicdegree(clinicalvs.
counselingpsychology).
Malerespondentswereslightlymorelikelytohaverecommendedamovietoaclientthanwomen(72%vs.
60%),2(2,N802)12.
34,p.
001.
Psychologistsinprivatepracticewerealsomorelikelytohaverecommendedamovietoaclientcomparedwiththosewhoreportedadifferentprimaryemploymentsetting(70%vs.
58%),2(2,N791)10.
12,p.
001.
Intermsofclinicalexperience,psychologistswhohadrecommendedamotionpicturetoaclienthadmoreyearsofclinicalpractice(M21.
41,SD9.
08)thantheircolleagueswhohadneverrecommendedamovie(M19.
01,SD8.
70),t(797)3.
58,p.
001.
However,theuseofmotionpictureswasnotsignificantlydifferentamongthosewhowerePhDversusPsyDtrainedorbetweenthosetrainedinclinicalorcounselingdisciplines.
Tosurveytheperceivedtherapeuticeffectsofmotionpicturesasatherapyadjunct,weaskedpsychologiststoevaluatetheirownexperiencewithusingmotionpicturesintreatmentonaLikert-typescalewithanchorsof1(veryharmful)to5(veryhelpful).
Seventy-sixpercentofrespondentsratedtheeffectsassomewhathelpfulandanadditional12%asveryhelpful,whereas11%didnotperceiveanyeffectsandonly1%ratedthemassomewhatharmful(andnoneratedthemasveryharmful).
RatingsofTherapeuticValueforSpecificMotionPicturesWiththegoalofprovidingpreliminarydataforpractitionersregardingtheperceivedvalueofrecommendingparticularmotionpicturesintreatment,weprovidedparticipantswiththelistof27537PSYCHOLOGISTS'USEOFMOTIONPICTURESmotionpictures.
Table1presentsmotionpictures'titles,yearsofrelease,andmainpsychological–therapeuticsubjects.
Thelatterissuewasnotalwaysclear-cutbecausemostofthesemotionpicturesdealtwithavarietyofsubjects,anddescriptionswerebasedonareviewofdifferentsources(i.
e.
,Dermer&Hutchings,2000;Hesley&Hesley;1998;Solomon,1995).
Participantswhorecommendmotionpictures(n536)indi-catedwhethertheyhadseeneachmovie,withresponsesrangingfrom27(5%)to501(93%)respondentsforthemostpopularmovie(seeTable1).
Thetherapeuticqualityofeachmoviefortreatmentpurposeswasthenratedonthefollowingscale:–2extremelybad(thismovieexemplifiedtheworstofthesetypeofmotionpictures);–1moderatelybad(notagoodmovie,mayprovidemisleadingorinaccurateinformation);0neutral(anaveragemovieofthistype);1moderatelygood(providesgoodinsight,canbehelpful);2extremelygood(outstanding,highlyrecommended).
Thisscalewasbasedonthoseusedinsimilarstudiesofself-helpbooks(Santrock,Minnett,&Campbell,1994)andmentalhealthclientautobiographies(Cliffordetal.
,1999).
Table1presentsthemeansandstandarddeviationsoftherapeu-ticqualityratingsforthe27movietitles.
Movieratingsrangedfrom0.
29to1.
33forthemostvaluablemotionpictures,whicharepresentedinrankedorder.
Overall,thesespecificmotionpictureswereconsideredtobemoderatelyhelpful,andnoneofthemreceivednegativemeanratings.
Practitionerswerealsogiventheoptiontociteandevaluatetheirownmotionpicturesattheendofourpreparedlist,inaresponsechoicemarkedas"other.
"Respondentswhorecommendmotionpictures(n536)alsoindicatedwhichofthelistedmotionpicturestheyhadrecom-mendedtoaclient,withthenumberoftherapistshavingrecom-mendedeachtitlerangingfrom3to188(seeTable1).
Asaseconddescriptiveanalysisofthesedata,thepercentageofthesamplethathadviewedandsubsequentlyusedamovieintherapycanbeusedtoindicatehow"recommended"amoviemightbe.
ThehighestpercentagewasforOrdinaryPeople(41%ofthesamplewhoviewedituseditintherapy),whichalsoreceivedthehighestqualityrating.
Theproportionoftherapistsusinganyspecificmovierangedbetween41%and11%.
Someinfrequentlyseenmotionpicturesmaybeusedrelativelyfrequentlybythesmallnumberoftherapistswhohaveseenthem(e.
g.
,UndertheInflu-ence,19of71,or27%,usedit).
Thesedatamayprovideprelim-inaryguidelinestohelpcliniciansselectandassessthetherapeuticqualityofspecificmotionpictures.
SummaryandImplicationsforPracticeOurstudyattemptedtoclarifyclinicians'attitudesandpatternsofuseofmotionpicturesfortherapeuticpurposesandprovideTable1FrequencyofRespondents(n536)WhoPersonallyViewedandTherapeuticallyUsedMotionPicturesandMeanRatingsofTheirTherapeuticQualityMotionpicture(yearandmainsubject)ViewedUsedTherapeuticqualitynn/%MSDnRankOrdinaryPeople(Schwary&Redford,1980;multigenerationalissues,loss)453188/411.
330.
724121Philadelphia(Saxon&Demme,1993;AIDSandprejudice)34268/201.
170.
803072TheGreatSantini(Pratt&Carlino,1979;father–sonrelationship,abuse)25289/351.
140.
852273OnGoldenPond(Gilbert&Rydell,1981;agingandrelationships)471126/271.
140.
764224TriptoBountiful(Vanwagenen,Forte,&Masterson,1985;ageandageism)19840/200.
970.
771795MyLife(Lowry&Rubin,1993;terminalillnessanddying)8421/250.
940.
85836Kramervs.
Kramer(R.
C.
Jaffe&Benton,1979;divorceandcustody)46297/210.
930.
814097Dad(Kennedy,Marshall,Spielberg,&Goldberg,1989;agingandfamily)7815/190.
910.
64758DeadPoetsSociety(Haft,Witt,Thomas,&Weir,1989;adolescence,familyissues)453105/230.
850.
764029WhenaManLovesaWoman(Kerner,Avnet,&Mandoki,1994;alcoholism)18447/260.
840.
8917010TermsofEndearment(Brooks,1983;terminalillness)43677/180.
840.
8538411Parenthood(Grazer&Howard,1989;parent–childrelationships)19244/230.
780.
8217212SteelMagnolias(Stark&Ross,1989;friendship,grief)38180/210.
770.
8034213OneFlewOvertheCuckoo'sNest(Douglas,Zaentz,&Forman,1975;mentalhealth)501116/230.
761.
0444714TheAccused(S.
R.
Jaffe,Lansing,&Kaplan,1988;sexualassault)15223/150.
760.
9513815UndertheInfluence(Greene&Carter,1986;alcoholisminthefamily)7119/270.
750.
777116It'saWonderfulLife(Capra,1946;meaninginlife,suicide)42277/180.
740.
8436817FourSeasons(Bregman&Alda,1981;divorceandremarriage)23234/150.
670.
7921218HowtoMakeanAmericanQuilt(Pilsbury,Sanford,&Moorhouse,1995;intimacy)13618/130.
670.
6112119LikeWaterforChocolate(Arau,1993;familyoforigin)28353/190.
640.
7825020ForestGump(Finerman,Starkey,Tisch,&Zemeckis,1994;mentalchallenges,labeling)47587/180.
640.
8642721TheBigChill(Kasdan,1983;friendship,grief)40052/130.
590.
7535622Nuts(Corman,Schwartz,Streisand,&Ritt,1987;sexualabuse)18634/180.
540.
9917423Bye,ByeLove(Goldberg,Hall,&Weisman,1995;divorce)273/110.
370.
792724DoloresClaiborne(Mulvehill&Hackford,1995;violenceandsexualabuse)15317/110.
340.
9114225WaroftheRoses(Brooks,Milchan,&DeVito,1989;conflictresolution)35265/180.
291.
1831526PrinceofTides(Karsch&Streisand,1991;sexualabuse)39782/210.
291.
3236227Note.
Viewednumberoftherapistswhoindicatedtheyhadpersonallyviewedthemovie.
Usednumberoftherapistswhoindicatedtheyhadusedthemoviefortherapeuticpurposeswithclients.
%usedpercentageoftherapistswhohadusedthemoviefromthosewhohadviewed.
Therapeuticqualityratingsofperceivedqualityofthemoviefortherapeuticpurposes(scalerangedfrom2extremelybadto2extremelygood).
538LAMPROPOULOS,KAZANTZIS,ANDDEANEpilotdataontheusefulnessofspecificmotionpicturesthatdealwithpsychologicalsubjects.
Overall,thefindingsareconsistentwiththoseofNorcrossetal.
(2000)inthatthemajorityofre-spondingpsychologistshaveatsomepointdiscussedamovieinsession,havepositiveattitudestowardmotionpictures,andusemotionpicturesinclinicalpractice.
Thesepreliminaryfindingsalsosuggestthatmotionpicturesarealmostaspopularandhelpfulasself-helpbooks,atleastaccordingtopractitioners'reports(seealsoNorcrossetal.
,2000).
However,ahigherpercentageofrespondentsinthepresentstudy(67%)hadrecommendedamo-tionpicturetoaclientthanintheNorcrossetal.
study(46%).
Consistentwiththis,88%inthepresentstudyconsideredtheuseofmotionpicturestobehelpfulintherapy,whereasalowerproportion(68%)ratedthemashelpfulintheNorcrossetal.
study.
ThesedifferencesmaybeduetooursamplehavingmoreprivatepractitionerscomparedwithNorcrossetal.
(74%and41%,re-spectively).
Privatepractitionersseemedtobemorewillingtorecommendmoviestotheirclients,aswasalsothecasewithself-helpbooks(seeMarxetal.
,1992).
Similartotheattitudestowardself-helpbooks(Campbell&Smith,2003),eclectic–integrative,cognitive–behavioral,andhumanistictherapistsweremorelikelytovieworusemotionpicturesastherapeutictoolscomparedwithpsychodynamic–analytictherapists.
Givensuchcommonuseandtheperceivedvalueofmotionpicturesintherapy,thereremainsaneedforresearchtoquantifytheeffectsonpsychotherapyprocessesandsubsequentoutcomes.
However,becauseitmaybeunrealistictoexpectthatspecificstudieswillbeconductedinthenearfutureforeachmotionpictureasatherapeutictool,ithasbeensuggestedthatpractitionerscouldexploretheclinicaluseoffilmsthathavealreadybeenpositivelyevaluatedandrecommendedbyhundredsoftherapists(Norcross,2003).
Theresultsofthepresentstudy,togetherwiththeNorcrossetal.
(2000,2003)studieshaveprovidedpreliminaryratingsontheperceivedvalueofseveralspecificmotionpicturesthatcoveravarietyofproblems.
Itisnotablethatthemajorityofthemotionpictureslistedinthisstudywereevaluatedpositivelybypractitio-nersinthepresentstudy.
Attheveryleast,thesefindingscanbeusedasapreliminaryclinicalresourceforselectingandusingmotionpicturesinclinicalpractice.
Althoughsomepractitionersdescribedtheuseofmotionpic-turesmorethanothers,ourdatasuggestthatpractitionersofalldifferentorientationsandtherapeuticmodalitieshaveusedthemasclinicaltools.
Practitioners'responsesincludedavarietyofin-sessionusesoffilms,fromsimplydiscussingafilminsession,toassigninghomeworkrelatedtoit,orevenwatchingpartsofitwiththeclient.
Motionpicturescanbeusefultherapyassignments,becausetheiraccessibility,familiarity,brevity,andentertainmentvaluecansparkclientcuriosity,buildtherapeuticrapport,andenhancehomeworkcompliance(Hesley&Hesley,2001).
How-ever,therapeuticviewingisdifferentfromentertainment,inthatitfocusesontheanalysisofmoviecharacters,theirrelationships,andbehaviorsandstrivesforclientinsightthroughconsciousidentificationwiththecharacters(Hesley&Hesley,2001).
Theevaluationsofmoviesprovidedbythepresentstudycanassistselection,butwealsorecommendconsultingotheravailablesourcestoobtainadditionalclinicalguidelineswithsuggestionsofspecificmoviesforspecificproblems(e.
g.
,Dermer&Hutchings,2000;Hesley&Hesley,1998,2001;Norcrossetal.
,2000,2003;Solomon,1995,2001).
Alternatively,interestedclinicianscanreadactualcasesofcinematherapy(e.
g.
,Heston&Kottman,1997;Wedding&Niemiec,2003)orevenanalysesofspecificmovietitlesfromdifferenttheoreticalorientations(e.
g.
,Cocks,1991;Paden-Levy,2000).
Thefollowingsummaryofgeneralrecommendationsandcau-tionsareofferedtoclinicianswhowanttointegratecinematherapyintotheirclinicalpractice.
1.
Therapistsshouldcarefullyconsiderwhoisandwhoisnotagoodcandidateforthetherapeuticuseofmotionpictures.
Someprerequisitesincludeatleastmoderateclientfunctioning,client'sinterestandenjoymentinwatchingmovies,andclient'sabilitytounderstandthemovie.
Theageoftheclient,degreeofimpairment,aswellasabilitytodistinguishbetweenfantasyandrealityareimportantconsiderations.
Inaddition,culturalanddisabilityissuesshouldbeconsidered,andspecialcautionisadvisedforclientswithseveretraumaorviolenceissues(Dermer&Hutchings,2000;Hesley&Hesley,1998,2001;Schulenberg,2003).
2.
Therapistsshouldchoosethetimingoftheinterventionandassignamoviethatisappropriateforclient'sproblems.
Moviesareusedastherapeutictoolsforspecificpurposesandshouldbewellintegratedinthetherapeuticprocess,caseformulation,andtreat-mentplan.
Usingonlyonemovieatatimeispreferredtomaxi-mizethebenefitoftheexperienceandnotoverwhelmtheclient(Hesley&Hesley,1998,2001;Solomon,1995;Sharpetal.
,2002;Schulenberg,2003).
3.
Movieselectioncriteriaincludechoosingtitlesthatclientsenjoyorarefamiliarwithandthoserecommendedbyotherther-apists.
Consideringaclient'sinputandbuildingonaclient'spreviousmovie-viewingexperiencemayalsoincreasecooperationwiththeassignmentandtheclient'sbenefitfromit(Hesley&Hesley,1998,2001;Schulenberg,2003).
4.
Desirablemoviecharacteristicsincludetheabilitytoinspireandevokeemotions,thedepictionofcharacterssolvingproblems,and,generally,ofappropriaterolemodels.
Itispreferablethatclientshavesimilardemographics,values,andlifestyleswithcharactersintheassignedmovies,sotheycanbetterrelate(Hesley&Hesley,1998,2001;Heston&Kottman,1997).
5.
Therapistsshouldviewamoviebeforeassigningittoaclientandhaveaclearrationalefordoingso.
Cliniciansshouldfirstnormalizetheexerciseandexplainittoclients.
Thisincludesexplainingexpectations,identifyingthecharacterstheclientshouldfocuson,andgivingspecificmovie-viewinginstructions(e.
g.
,watchfocused,pauseandreplayimportantscenes,keepnotesofinsightsandemotions,andpermissiontoturnthemovieoff).
Inaddition,therapistsshoulddiscussanyscenesthatmaybeoffensiveorproblematicaheadoftimeandaddressanyclientconcerns(Dermer&Hutchings,2000;Hesley&Hesley,1998,2001;Sharpetal.
,2002;Schulenberg,2003).
6.
Therapistsshouldprocesstheexerciseinadebriefingsessionandaddressanynegativeclientresponses.
Itisequallyimportanttoconsolidateclientinsightsandbenefitsfromwatchingthemovieaswellastoexamineandresolveanyfailedconnectionsoradverseeffects.
Last,therapistsshouldadaptandconnectthemovietotheclient'sreal-lifecontextandmakesuretheexerciseisintegratedintreatment(Dermer&Hutchings,2000;Hesley&Hesley,1998,2001;Heston&Kottman,1997;Solomon,1995;Sharpetal.
,2002;Schulenberg,2003).
Inconclusion,cliniciansareencouragedtoconsidermotionpicturesasanadjuncttoin-sessionorbetween-sessionsactivity.
539PSYCHOLOGISTS'USEOFMOTIONPICTURESInterestedpractitionersmayfindithelpfultofollowtheguidelinesforeffectivehomeworkassignments(seeKazantzis,Deane,Ro-nan,&L'Abate,inpress;Kazantzis&Lampropoulos,2002)aswellasthespecificrecommendationsforusingmotionpicturesintherapy(Hesley&Hesley,2001)tohelpclientsgaintherapeuticbenefitfromwatchingmovies.
Aspartofageneralscientist–practitionerapproachtoclinicalwork,wealsostronglyencouragepractitionerstoregularlymonitortheprocessandoutcomeoftheirclinicaluseofmotionpictures(seediscussionsinLambertetal.
,2003;Lampropoulosetal.
,2002).
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ReceivedJuly28,2003RevisionreceivedOctober24,2003AcceptedJanuary28,2004Ⅲ541PSYCHOLOGISTS'USEOFMOTIONPICTURES