tradelethergo
lethergo 时间:2021-01-15 阅读:()
UniversityofWisconsinMilwaukeeUWMDigitalCommonsUWMLibrariesOtherStaffPublicationsUWMLibraries5-1-2013Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStoryTylerScottSmithUniversityofWisconsin-Milwaukee,Tssmith@uwm.
eduFollowthisandadditionalworksat:https://dc.
uwm.
edu/lib_staffartPartoftheChineseStudiesCommons,andtheComparativeLiteratureCommonsThisArticleisbroughttoyouforfreeandopenaccessbyUWMDigitalCommons.
IthasbeenacceptedforinclusioninUWMLibrariesOtherStaffPublicationsbyanauthorizedadministratorofUWMDigitalCommons.
Formoreinformation,pleasecontactopen-access@uwm.
edu.
RecommendedCitationSmith,TylerScott,"Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory"(2013).
UWMLibrariesOtherStaffPublications.
1.
https://dc.
uwm.
edu/lib_staffart/1'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
htmlCinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStoryTylerScottSmithCinderella:BoundToChinaShoes,slippers,feetandsandalsplayoneofthemostpivotalrolesintheprominentCinderellastoriesthroughthetale'shistory.
TracingversionsofthetalegeographicallyasitspreadthroughoutCentralAsiaandthenthroughouttheglobecanexemplifythedifferenttraditionsandmoresasocietyentruststothestory.
However,feetandtheircoveringssurvivealloftheseretellingsafteracertainpoint.
FootbindingandthespreadofearlyversionsoftheCinderellatalesharethesametimeperiodsintheninth-century,andthetraditionoffootbindingmakesalastingimpactonthestoryonceitbeginsmovingfromsouthernChina.
1ReviewoftheLiteratureThepopularlyagreeduponoriginforthetaleisinsouthernChinaandisthoughttohavebeenrecordedbyDuanChengshiintheearlyninth-century.
HeiscreditedwithrecordingthetaleofYeh-Shen,amistreatedstepchildwhoissubjectedtohardshipbutlateriselevatedbyherselectionforamarriageintopowerandaffluence.
Themostextensiveresearchonthetale'soriginisauthoredbyMarianCoxwhocataloguedandclassifiedoverthree-hundredvariantsofthetalethroughouttheworld,inherbookCinderella:ThreeHundredandForty-fiveVariantsofCinderella,Catskin,andCapO'Rushes.
2SheexplainsthemotifsrequiredintheconstructionofaCinderellatale.
Coxstatesthatthe'TypeAmotif,'themostcommoninCinderellatales,ismadeupoftwokeyelements,an'ill-treatedheroine'andher'recognitionbymeansofashoe.
'3ThesesamemotifsareutilizedbyAnnaBirgittaRooth,whoupdatesandaugmentstheworkofCoxbybringinganother300versionsofthetaletotheattentionofresearchersinherwork,TheCinderellaCycle.
4AlanDundescompilesthescholarshipofbothCoxandRooth,alongwithmanyothers,inhisbook,Cinderella:ACasebook.
5ThevariantspointedoutbyRooth,CoxandDundesdisplaythatthetaleswhichreachEuropemaintaintheshoemotif.
CharlesPerrualt'srecordingtheLittleGlassSlipperin1697madetheimpactonthewesternizationofthestory.
HoweverPerrault'sversionallowsforCinderellatobenoticedforherbeautyandelegance,andevenaddsameetingbetweenthePrinceandCinderellabeforetheirmarriage.
TheseaspectsaremissingfromYeh-Shen.
6Later,in1812,theBrothersJacobandWilhelmGrimmpublishedtheircollectionofstories;theyalsomaintainedtheshoemotifandalsoallowforameetingbetweenCinderellaandthe1ThetimeperiodscitedforthisobservationarederivedfromdatacollectedandpublishedbyDorothyKo.
Ko'sworkexplainsthedevelopmentoffootbinding,whichiscomparedinthispapertotheemergenceoftheCinderellataleincorrelativeregions.
2MarianCox,Cinderella;ThreeHundredandForty-FiveVariantsofCinderella,Catskin,andCapO'Rushes(London:TheFolk-loreSociety,1893).
3Cox,xxv.
4AnnaRooth,TheCinderellaCycle(NewYork:ArnoPress,1951).
5AlanDundesandW.
Gregor,ed.
Cinderella,ACasebook(NewYork:WildmanPress,1988).
6Lai,'TwoTranslationsoftheChineseCinderellaStory',Perspectives:StudiesinTranslatology15.
1(2007)50.
'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
html2princebeforehisobtainingherslipper.
Thesetwowell-knownEuropeanversionsofthestoryrepresenttheversionsaftertheirjourneythroughChina.
Yeh-Shenwasbroughttotheattentionofthescholarlycommunityin1947whenArthurWaleypublishedhispaper,TheChineseCinderellaStory.
7HistranslationofthefolktalerecordedbyDuanChengshiintheninth-centurybecamethedefinitivetextforthestory.
Waleycreditstherootsofhisversionofthestorywiththe'aboriginesintheextremesouthofChina.
'8Theevidenceofgeographyandthetimeperiodpointtothe'aborigines'WaleyspokeofasthepeopleoftheYungchowClan.
DuanChengshiactuallystatedinhisoriginaltextthatthestorywasobtainedbyhisservant,LiShihYuan,whowasfromtheYungchowfamilialgroupintheregion.
9AlthoughthestoryiswidelyregardedashavingitsrootsinthesouthernmostpartofChina,WayneSchlepparguesthataversionofthetaleofYeShencanbefoundinTibetanditpredatestheChengshirecord.
10HecitestheTibetancollectiontales,TheTwenty-fiveStoriesoftheMagicCorpse,inwhichsimilarmotifsfromthestoryYeh-Shenareobserved.
InthetranslatedtalepresentedbySchleppthemaincharacteristrickedintokillingherownmotherandthenmovesinwithtwoogresseswhomistreather.
Whensheisgrantedwishesfromhermother,whohasbeenreincarnatedasacow,sheattendsalocalfairandtherecatchestheeyeofaprince.
Thegirlfleesthefairforfearoftheogressesandleavesherslipperwhichishowsheisthenconfirmedtobethebeautifulgirlatthefair.
IfSchleppiscorrectinhisanalysisofthetext,itwouldmeanthatstorytravelledalongtheTangDynasty'sTea-Horseroad.
11TheroadislikelyhowthetaletravelledfromSchlepp'sTibettoChina.
GarySigley's2010articleonChineseculturalheritagepointstothetwomajortraderoadsofancientChina.
Thefirstofthosetraderoutesbeingthewell-knownSilkRoad,whichwasthemainchanneloftradetoEurope.
Thesecondwasthelesser-knownTeaHorseRoad.
12SigleydescribestheTeaHorseRoadasbeingthemainroutethatranfromTibetintoChina,reachingitspeakofuseduringtheruleofTangDynasty.
13ShiShou,aprofessorandresearcherattheCenterforTibetanStudiesofSichuanUniversityconfirmsSigley'sdescriptionoftheTeaHorseRoad.
Shouexplainsthattheroadwas'notonlyachannelforancestors'migrationandalsoakeytunnelforancientinterculturalcommunicationamongtheseregions.
'14IfSchleppiscorrectinhisassertionthatthestoryofYeh-ShenisfromTibet,thentheversionhetranslateswouldbeunaffectedbythesouthernChinesetraditionoffootbinding.
Schlepphimselfnotesthatalthoughthestorycontainsashoe,itis'notprotractedandseems7ArthurWaley,'TheChineseCinderellaStory,'Folklore58.
1(1947),226-38.
8Waley226.
9BrianMilne,'GoodScience,BadScience:TheContributionoftheModernAnthropologisttotheDeliveryofHumanRights,'AnthropologistSpecialIssue1(2002)191.
10WayneSchlepp,'CinderellainTibet,'AsianFolkloreStudies61.
1(2002)123-47.
11LiQian,'AForgottenAncientPassageway,'BeijingReview45(2002)23-4.
12GarySigley,'CulturalHeritageTourismandtheAncientTeaHorseRoadofSouthwestChina,'InternationalJournalofChinaStudies1.
2(2010)535.
13Sigley536.
14ShiShou,'Changdu:JunctionontheAncientTea-HorseRoadanditsAncientCulture,'JournalofTibetUniversity4(2003)12.
'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
html3almostmatteroffactbycomparison.
'HegoesontostatethattheTibetanauthorswerelikelyconcernedwiththingsotherthantheshoes.
15Itshouldbesaid,thatSchleppdoesnottouchuponthepossibilityofthemonogenesisspreadofthetale.
StithThompsonarguesthatLang,whowroteCox'sintroduction,believedthetalewasnotoneofpolygenesis.
16ThompsonalsocitesthecriticismsofapolygenesistheorybeingappliedtothestoryofYeh-Shen.
Hesaysthatthistheoryisbasedon'thepresumptionofaparalleldevelopmentofcultureeverywhere,aparallelismwhichwouldmanifestitselfinanalogoustales.
'17GeraldGressethagreeswithThompson'sassessment.
HeanalyzesRooth'stextandexplainsthelikelihoodofthetalehavingastationaryoriginandtravelinginvariouscultures.
18TheagreementofThompsonandGressethmakesthetaletravelingalongtheTea-Horseroadentirelyprobable.
Yeh-ShenandCinderellaInWaley'stranslation,Chengshitellsthestoryofayounggirl,whoisadoptedbyherstepmotherafterthedeathofhermotherandfather.
Thegirlfindsafishinanearbypond.
Thefishisanincarnationofhermotherandshefeedsthefish.
Thestepmotherfindsoutwhothefishisandpromptlykillsandeatsit.
Yeh-Shenfindstheremains,whichgrantherwishes.
Yeh-Shenattendsaroyalgatheringinakingfishercloakandshewearsshoesofgold.
Yeh-Shengrowsfearfulofherstepmotherfindingheratthegatheringsosheflees,leavingbehindagoldslipper.
Thekingobtainstheslipperandsetsouttofindtheoriginalwearer.
Heordersallofthewomeninthekingdomtotryiton,butnoneoftheirfeetweresmallenoughtofittheshoe.
Finallythekingfindsawomanwithsmallenoughfeettofit,Yeh-Shen.
ThekingmarriesYeh-Shenandtheyreturntohiscourtwiththefishbonesfromhermother.
Thekingmisusesthebonesandsuffersamutinybyhissoldiers.
19Thevariantsforcomparisonshowaninterestingtrendwiththeshoemotif.
ThethreevariantswithwhichtocompareYeh-ShenaretheTibetanCinderellapresentedbySchlepp,theCinderellatalewrittenbyPerraultandfinallytheBrothersGrimmandtheirstoryretelling.
Allofthestorieshavethestructureofayounggirlseparatedfromherbiologicalparentsandbeingabusedbyhernewcaretakers.
AllofthevariantsalsoofferamagicbeingwhohelpstheCinderellacharactertoattendacelebrationofsomekind.
WherethestorieslackcongruencyisthatinSchlepp,PerraultandGrimmtheprince/headmanisinattendanceatthecelebration.
InYeh-Shentherulerisnowhereonthepremises.
InSchlepp'sretellingthegirlgoestothefairandseestheprince:Thegirlwenttothefair;shecircledthecrowdtotherightandsawthatthosetwowerebeggingforsomethingtoeat.
Shethencircledagainstthedirectionofthesunandtheresawagreatprincewhowasmosthandsomeofall.
Sheenjoyedherselfverymuchlookingatallthethingsatthefair.
Beforethecrowddispersed,shehurried15Schlepp138.
16StithThompson,TheFolktale(NewYork:DrydenPress,1946)380.
17Thompson380.
18GeraldGresseth,'TheOdysseyandtheNalopakhyana,'TransactionsoftheAmericanPhilologicalAssociation109(1979)7119Waley227-9.
'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
html4homebutonthewaybackshelostoneofherslipperswhilejumpingacrossastream.
Whenshegothomeshehidawayallherclothesandjewelry.
20Theprinceuponbeingpresentedwiththeshoelostbythegirlremembersher,havingseenherduringthefair:Whentheprince'shorsekeeperwentouttowaterthehorses,thebayhorsesdidnotdrinkbutinsteadwanderedupstreamandthekeeperfollowedafterit.
Thehorsesniffedoutabeautifulslipper,whichthekeeperpickedup,andwhenthehorseswerewatered,heledthembackandgavetheslippertotheprinceandreportedthematter.
Theprincesaid,'Yesterdayamongthecrowdwasagirlaboutfifteenyearsoldwhohadallthesignsandmarksofagoddess.
Ifshecomesagaintoday,sinceIhavefoundherthrough[thegoodofficesof]thisfinehorse,Ishallmakehermyqueenandtakeherintothepalace.
'21Itisclearthattheprincewasenamoredofher,describingherashavingmarksofagoddess.
Inhisdescriptionofherthoughhedoesnotmentionhershoes,onlyherbeauty,hisonlyinterestintheshoeisthatwillbeausefultoolinidentifyingtheyoungladyhesaw.
MarianCox,AnnaB.
RoothandAlanDundesallidentifythatoneofthemostcommonmotifsofallvariantsoftheCinderellastoryisheridentificationbyhershoe.
Rooth,whobuiltheavilyontheresearchdonebyCox,definesthelossofafootcoveringasa'TypeA'Cinderellamotifbecauseofitsfrequencyandassociativenaturetothestory.
22Perrault'sversionofthetalehasasimilarsequenceofeventstoSchlepp's.
Thegirlgoestotheeventandfindshertruelovewhoseesherasabeauty:Theking'sson,whowastoldthatagreatprincess,whomnobodyknew,hadarrived,ranouttoreceiveher.
Hegaveherhishandasshealightedfromthecoach,andledherintothehall,amongallthecompany.
Therewasimmediatelyaprofoundsilence.
Everyonestoppeddancing,andtheviolinsceasedtoplay,soentrancedwaseveryonewiththesingularbeautiesoftheunknownnewcomer.
Nothingwasthenheardbutaconfusednoiseof,'Howbeautifulsheis!
Howbeautifulsheis!
'…Shejumpedupandfled,asnimbleasadeer.
Theprincefollowed,butcouldnotovertakeher.
Sheleftbehindoneofherglassslippers,whichtheprincepickedupmostcarefully.
Shereachedhome,butquiteoutofbreath,andinhernastyoldclothes,havingnothingleftofallherfinerybutoneofthelittleslippers,thematetotheonethatshehaddropped.
2320Schlepp128.
21Schlepp128.
22Rooth73.
23CharlesPerrault,Histoiresoucontesdutempspassé,avecdesmoralitésed.
DeeAshliman:'Cinderella,'2003,UniversityofPittsburgh,03/31/2013http://www.
pitt.
edu/~dash/type0510a.
html.
'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
html5Theconsistenttrendbeingthattheprinceisawareofthegirl,heseesherandisawareofherbeauty.
Itisonlyafterheisinloveandawareofherbeautythattheshoemakesanimportantshowinginthestory.
TheGrimmstory,thoughmoregrizzlywiththeidentificationprocesshasthesameorderofimportance.
Firsttheprincenoticesthegirl,fallsinlovebecauseofherbeautyandthenusestheshoetofindthegirlhefellinlovewith:Thenthebirdthrewagoldandsilverdressdowntoher,andslippersembroideredwithsilkandsilver.
Shequicklyputonthedressandwenttothefestival.
…Theprinceapproachedher,tookherbythehand,anddancedwithher.
Furthermore,hewoulddancewithnooneelse.
Heneverletgoofherhand,andwheneveranyoneelsecameandaskedhertodance,hewouldsay,'Sheismydancepartner.
'…WheneveningcameCinderellawantedtoleave,andtheprincetriedtoescorther,butsheranawayfromhimsoquicklythathecouldnotfollowher.
Theprince,however,hadsetatrap.
Hehadhadtheentirestairwaysmearedwithpitch.
Whensherandownthestairs,herleftslipperstuckinthepitch.
Theprincepickeditup.
Itwassmallanddainty,andofpuregold.
Thenextmorning,hewentwithittotheman,andsaidtohim,'Nooneshallbemywifeexceptfortheonewhosefootfitsthisgoldenshoe.
'24AlloftheseversionscontradicttheorderofeventsinYeh-Shen.
Withtheaforementionedvariantssheisnotedasabeautyandtheshoeislaterfoundbyabyapasser-byandtheshoeissubsequentlysenttoaking.
Thekinglovestheshoe'ssmallsizeandgoestogreatlengthstofindthepersonwhocanfitintoit,despiteneverhavingseenher:Whenthetimecameforthecave-festival,thestep-motherwent,leavingthegirltokeepwatchoverthefruit-treesinthegarden.
Shewaitedtillthestep-motherwassomewayoff,andthenwentherself,wearingacloakofstuffspunfromkingfisherfeathersandshoesofgold.
Herstep-sisterrecognizedherandsaidtothestep-mother,'That'sverylikemysister.
'Thestep-mothersuspectedthesamething.
Thegirlwasawareofthisandwentawayinsuchahurrythatshelostoneshoe.
Itwaspickedupbyoneofthepeopleofthecave.
Whenthestep-mothergothome,shefoundthegirlasleep,withherarmsroundoneofthetreesinthegarden,andthoughtnomoreaboutit.
Thiscavewasneartoanislandinthesea.
OnthisislandwasakingdomcalledT'o-han.
Itssoldiershadsubduedtwentyorthirtyotherislandsandithadacoastlineofseveralthousandleagues.
ThecavemansoldtheshoeinT'o-han,andtherulerofT'o-hangotit.
Hetoldthoseabouthimtoputiton;butitwasaninchtoosmallevenfortheoneamongthemthathadthesmallestfoot.
Heorderedallthewomeninhiskingdomtotryiton;buttherewasnotonethatitfitted.
Itwaslightasdownandmadenonoiseevenwhentreadingonstone.
ThekingofT'o-hanthoughtthecave-manhadgotitunlawfully.
Heputhiminprisonandtorturedhim,butdidnotendby24JacobandWilhelmGrimm,'Aschenputtel,'Kinder-undHausmrchened.
DeeAshliman:'Cinderella,'2003UniversityofPittsburgh,03/31/2013.
http://www.
pitt.
edu/~dash/type0510a.
html.
'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
html6findingoutwhereithadcomefrom.
Sohethrewitdownatthewayside.
Thentheywenteverywhere,throughallthepeople'shousesandarrestedthem.
Iftherewasawoman'sshoe,theyarrestedthemandtoldthekingofT'o-han.
Hethoughtitstrange,searchedtheinner-roomsandfoundYeh-Shen.
Hemadeherputontheshoe,anditwastrue.
25Theheroineofthestory,isidentifiedandpropelledintowealthandpowerbymarryingthekingbecauseofthesizeofherfeet,whereasintheothervariantstheshoeisusedsolelyasaformoffindingher.
InYeh-Shenthekinghasneverevenseenthegirlwhoworetheshoe,hismadcrusadetofindtheownerisfueledonlybyhisloveoftheslipperandtheassumptionthatthewearermustbebeautifulbecauseoftheshoessmallsize.
This'TypeA'storylineisfoundfirstinChina.
ThedevelopmentoftheslipperorshoemotifisalsoderivedfromtheChineseinfluenceonthestory.
RoothstatesthattheshoemotifsurvivesintotheothervariantsthatleavesouthernChinaaftertheshoecomponentisaddedandcontinueonintotheEuropeanandNearEasternversions.
26Herbeautyandworthwereallbasedonthefactthatshewastheonlygirlinthekingdomwithfeetsmallenoughtofittheslipper.
Thisisevidencethatratherthanthe'loveatfirstsight'motifthatthewesternCinderellaisrenownedfor,Yeh-Shenisnotfalleninlovewithbecauseofheraesthetics.
Sheisstillonlyrecognizedandappreciatedbythekingforthesizeofherfeet,notherbeauty.
FootbindingandYeh-ShenLessthanone-hundredyearsaftertherecordingofChengshi'stale,southernChinasawtheemergenceofthecustomknownasfootbinding.
Whilethetimelinepresentedhereforfootbindingputstherecordingofthetalepriortotherebeingstaticevidenceoffootbinding,itiswidelybelievedbyresearchersthatthecustomhadbeeninpracticeforcenturiesbeforethestorycametoChina.
Thecongruenceofthesetwoeventsinhistoryismorethancoincidental.
ByfollowingtheTea-HorseRoadfromTibetintosouthernChina,thestorywassharedbytradesmenortravellersastheytransportedtheirgoods.
Inthestory,theTibetanauthorsandstorytellerstreatshoesindifferently,howeverinthesouthernChineseversionintheearlyninth-centuryitbecomesatalethatdecidestheprotagonist'sfateonhershoesandfootsize.
AssouthernChinesetraditionsinfiltratedthestory,itwasalsomovingacrossthecountry,makingitswaynorthandwestalongthetraderoutes.
Itfollowsthesamepaththatsawthedevelopmentoffootbindinganddidsoinlessthanacenturybeforethecustombecamestandard.
Theembeddedmotifofsmallfeetandshoesbecamesoindoctrinatedtothestorythatevencenturieslater,inacontinentaway,thesmallestfeetinthekingdomstillresultedinroyalmarriage.
ThehistoryoffootbindingwaslongthoughttohaveitsrootsinthecourtoftheTangDynasty(618–907CE).
WhilecourtwasbeingheldatthecityofNanjing,thedancinggirlsarecommentedonbecauseofhaving'bow-shoes'givingtheirfeetthelookofbeingvery25Waley228-9.
26Waley192.
'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
html7smallandbeautiful.
ThecentraldancinggirlmentionedisYaoniang,andshedancedfortheruleroftheSouthernTangDynasty,LiYu.
27DorothyKowhosebook,Cinderella'sSisters:ARevisionistHistoryofFootbinding,28suppliesthemostcomprehensivestudyonthesubject,presentsthemostrecentandaccurateretellingofYaoniangandLiYu(937-78CE).
KotranslatesfromthetextofZhouMi,aneleventh-centuryscholar,thatYaoniang'sfeetwerewrappedwithsilktomakethemsmallandslim.
SoenticingwerehertinyfeetthatLiYuconstructedasix-foottallgoldenlotusstatueinherhonor.
ItisbelievedlikelythatYaoniangneverexisted,butthestatueandYu'sdesireforsmallfeetareafactofthestory.
29Thestoryalsoalludestotheconnectionbetweenbeautyintheformofsmallfeetandtheacquisitionofincreasedsocialandeconomicstatusattainedthroughtheuseofthemasasexualobject.
KocitestwolesserknownstoriesthatsharesimilaritieswiththeYaonianglegend.
Sheexplainsthatthesourcesforthetwo'origin'storiesarenotconcrete,whichiswhytheyareoftenignoredbyscholars.
BoththestoryoftheDukeofDonghun'sspouse,ConsortPan,andthestoryofConsortYangareindicatedasfootbindingrecordsthatpredatetheZhouMiwritings.
ConsortPan,datedinthesixth-centuryandYangdatedinthemideight-century,makenodirectspecificindicationofboundfeet.
Itisthelackofthisspecificitythatcausesthemtobediscreditedassources.
30Inasearchfortextualevidenceoffootbindingthatisconsidereddecisivelydependable,ValerieHansen,inherbookTheOpenEmpire:AHistoryofChinato1600,31lookstoZongyiTao'sNancunchuogenglu32translatinghisnotestoread,…onecanknow[that]flattenedfeetbeganonlysincetheFiveDynasties(907-60CE).
BeforetheXining(1068-77CE)andYuanfeng(1077-86CE)reigns,thepracticewasrare.
Recentlypeoplehavecopiedeachotherandnolongerfeelshame.
33Hansenviewsthisexcerptasthemostdependable,textualevidenceoftheoriginationoffootbinding.
ShepointsoutthatmostresearchersofthesubjectstillconsidertheTangpoeticdescriptionsofcourtdancersbindingtheirfeettobetheevidentialkey,however,sheexplainsthatitisnotgroundedinrecordedtextandthereforeshouldbecarefullyusedasasource.
FootbindingwasacustomuniquetothesouthernregionsofChina,spreadingmostaggressivelyduringtheSouthernSongdynasty(1127–1279CE).
ThecustomdidnotbecomeadoptedinnorthernChinauntiltheYuandynasty(1279–1368CE).
Thecustomitselfwas27SidneyGamble,'TheDisappearanceofFoot-bindinginTinghsien,'TheAmericanJournalofSociology,49.
2(1943)181.
28DorothyKo,Cinderella'ssisters:ARevisionistHistoryofFootbinding(Berkeley,Calif:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,2005).
29Ko114.
30Ko112-14.
31ValerieHansen,TheOpenEmpire:AHistoryofChinato1600(NewYork:Norton,2000).
32ZongyiTao,Nancunchuoenglu,(Beijing:Zhonghuashuju:XinhuashudianBeijingfaxingsuofaxing,1360).
33Hansen286-7.
'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
html8rootedinthesouthernregionsduringtheTangDynasty.
34Foroverthreehundredyears,thepeopleofthenorthdidnotwraporbindtheirfeet.
Itwasconsideredtobeasoutherncustomwellintothefourteenthcentury.
35ConclusionYeh-Shendidnotbindherfeet,nordidCinderella;howevertheybothbecameemblematicforthecustomoffootbinding.
Byperpetuatingthebeliefthatsmallfeetwillallowapotentialbridetomarrywell,thesestoriesembodytheculturalcustomoffootbindingandvalidateitthroughfolklore.
Thetimeperiods,geographicalspreadandmanipulationofvariantsallareevidencethatfootbindingfounditsrootsinthesoutherntaleofagirlwiththesmallestfeetinthekingdom.
34Ko114.
35Gamble181.
eduFollowthisandadditionalworksat:https://dc.
uwm.
edu/lib_staffartPartoftheChineseStudiesCommons,andtheComparativeLiteratureCommonsThisArticleisbroughttoyouforfreeandopenaccessbyUWMDigitalCommons.
IthasbeenacceptedforinclusioninUWMLibrariesOtherStaffPublicationsbyanauthorizedadministratorofUWMDigitalCommons.
Formoreinformation,pleasecontactopen-access@uwm.
edu.
RecommendedCitationSmith,TylerScott,"Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory"(2013).
UWMLibrariesOtherStaffPublications.
1.
https://dc.
uwm.
edu/lib_staffart/1'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
htmlCinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStoryTylerScottSmithCinderella:BoundToChinaShoes,slippers,feetandsandalsplayoneofthemostpivotalrolesintheprominentCinderellastoriesthroughthetale'shistory.
TracingversionsofthetalegeographicallyasitspreadthroughoutCentralAsiaandthenthroughouttheglobecanexemplifythedifferenttraditionsandmoresasocietyentruststothestory.
However,feetandtheircoveringssurvivealloftheseretellingsafteracertainpoint.
FootbindingandthespreadofearlyversionsoftheCinderellatalesharethesametimeperiodsintheninth-century,andthetraditionoffootbindingmakesalastingimpactonthestoryonceitbeginsmovingfromsouthernChina.
1ReviewoftheLiteratureThepopularlyagreeduponoriginforthetaleisinsouthernChinaandisthoughttohavebeenrecordedbyDuanChengshiintheearlyninth-century.
HeiscreditedwithrecordingthetaleofYeh-Shen,amistreatedstepchildwhoissubjectedtohardshipbutlateriselevatedbyherselectionforamarriageintopowerandaffluence.
Themostextensiveresearchonthetale'soriginisauthoredbyMarianCoxwhocataloguedandclassifiedoverthree-hundredvariantsofthetalethroughouttheworld,inherbookCinderella:ThreeHundredandForty-fiveVariantsofCinderella,Catskin,andCapO'Rushes.
2SheexplainsthemotifsrequiredintheconstructionofaCinderellatale.
Coxstatesthatthe'TypeAmotif,'themostcommoninCinderellatales,ismadeupoftwokeyelements,an'ill-treatedheroine'andher'recognitionbymeansofashoe.
'3ThesesamemotifsareutilizedbyAnnaBirgittaRooth,whoupdatesandaugmentstheworkofCoxbybringinganother300versionsofthetaletotheattentionofresearchersinherwork,TheCinderellaCycle.
4AlanDundescompilesthescholarshipofbothCoxandRooth,alongwithmanyothers,inhisbook,Cinderella:ACasebook.
5ThevariantspointedoutbyRooth,CoxandDundesdisplaythatthetaleswhichreachEuropemaintaintheshoemotif.
CharlesPerrualt'srecordingtheLittleGlassSlipperin1697madetheimpactonthewesternizationofthestory.
HoweverPerrault'sversionallowsforCinderellatobenoticedforherbeautyandelegance,andevenaddsameetingbetweenthePrinceandCinderellabeforetheirmarriage.
TheseaspectsaremissingfromYeh-Shen.
6Later,in1812,theBrothersJacobandWilhelmGrimmpublishedtheircollectionofstories;theyalsomaintainedtheshoemotifandalsoallowforameetingbetweenCinderellaandthe1ThetimeperiodscitedforthisobservationarederivedfromdatacollectedandpublishedbyDorothyKo.
Ko'sworkexplainsthedevelopmentoffootbinding,whichiscomparedinthispapertotheemergenceoftheCinderellataleincorrelativeregions.
2MarianCox,Cinderella;ThreeHundredandForty-FiveVariantsofCinderella,Catskin,andCapO'Rushes(London:TheFolk-loreSociety,1893).
3Cox,xxv.
4AnnaRooth,TheCinderellaCycle(NewYork:ArnoPress,1951).
5AlanDundesandW.
Gregor,ed.
Cinderella,ACasebook(NewYork:WildmanPress,1988).
6Lai,'TwoTranslationsoftheChineseCinderellaStory',Perspectives:StudiesinTranslatology15.
1(2007)50.
'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
html2princebeforehisobtainingherslipper.
Thesetwowell-knownEuropeanversionsofthestoryrepresenttheversionsaftertheirjourneythroughChina.
Yeh-Shenwasbroughttotheattentionofthescholarlycommunityin1947whenArthurWaleypublishedhispaper,TheChineseCinderellaStory.
7HistranslationofthefolktalerecordedbyDuanChengshiintheninth-centurybecamethedefinitivetextforthestory.
Waleycreditstherootsofhisversionofthestorywiththe'aboriginesintheextremesouthofChina.
'8Theevidenceofgeographyandthetimeperiodpointtothe'aborigines'WaleyspokeofasthepeopleoftheYungchowClan.
DuanChengshiactuallystatedinhisoriginaltextthatthestorywasobtainedbyhisservant,LiShihYuan,whowasfromtheYungchowfamilialgroupintheregion.
9AlthoughthestoryiswidelyregardedashavingitsrootsinthesouthernmostpartofChina,WayneSchlepparguesthataversionofthetaleofYeShencanbefoundinTibetanditpredatestheChengshirecord.
10HecitestheTibetancollectiontales,TheTwenty-fiveStoriesoftheMagicCorpse,inwhichsimilarmotifsfromthestoryYeh-Shenareobserved.
InthetranslatedtalepresentedbySchleppthemaincharacteristrickedintokillingherownmotherandthenmovesinwithtwoogresseswhomistreather.
Whensheisgrantedwishesfromhermother,whohasbeenreincarnatedasacow,sheattendsalocalfairandtherecatchestheeyeofaprince.
Thegirlfleesthefairforfearoftheogressesandleavesherslipperwhichishowsheisthenconfirmedtobethebeautifulgirlatthefair.
IfSchleppiscorrectinhisanalysisofthetext,itwouldmeanthatstorytravelledalongtheTangDynasty'sTea-Horseroad.
11TheroadislikelyhowthetaletravelledfromSchlepp'sTibettoChina.
GarySigley's2010articleonChineseculturalheritagepointstothetwomajortraderoadsofancientChina.
Thefirstofthosetraderoutesbeingthewell-knownSilkRoad,whichwasthemainchanneloftradetoEurope.
Thesecondwasthelesser-knownTeaHorseRoad.
12SigleydescribestheTeaHorseRoadasbeingthemainroutethatranfromTibetintoChina,reachingitspeakofuseduringtheruleofTangDynasty.
13ShiShou,aprofessorandresearcherattheCenterforTibetanStudiesofSichuanUniversityconfirmsSigley'sdescriptionoftheTeaHorseRoad.
Shouexplainsthattheroadwas'notonlyachannelforancestors'migrationandalsoakeytunnelforancientinterculturalcommunicationamongtheseregions.
'14IfSchleppiscorrectinhisassertionthatthestoryofYeh-ShenisfromTibet,thentheversionhetranslateswouldbeunaffectedbythesouthernChinesetraditionoffootbinding.
Schlepphimselfnotesthatalthoughthestorycontainsashoe,itis'notprotractedandseems7ArthurWaley,'TheChineseCinderellaStory,'Folklore58.
1(1947),226-38.
8Waley226.
9BrianMilne,'GoodScience,BadScience:TheContributionoftheModernAnthropologisttotheDeliveryofHumanRights,'AnthropologistSpecialIssue1(2002)191.
10WayneSchlepp,'CinderellainTibet,'AsianFolkloreStudies61.
1(2002)123-47.
11LiQian,'AForgottenAncientPassageway,'BeijingReview45(2002)23-4.
12GarySigley,'CulturalHeritageTourismandtheAncientTeaHorseRoadofSouthwestChina,'InternationalJournalofChinaStudies1.
2(2010)535.
13Sigley536.
14ShiShou,'Changdu:JunctionontheAncientTea-HorseRoadanditsAncientCulture,'JournalofTibetUniversity4(2003)12.
'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
html3almostmatteroffactbycomparison.
'HegoesontostatethattheTibetanauthorswerelikelyconcernedwiththingsotherthantheshoes.
15Itshouldbesaid,thatSchleppdoesnottouchuponthepossibilityofthemonogenesisspreadofthetale.
StithThompsonarguesthatLang,whowroteCox'sintroduction,believedthetalewasnotoneofpolygenesis.
16ThompsonalsocitesthecriticismsofapolygenesistheorybeingappliedtothestoryofYeh-Shen.
Hesaysthatthistheoryisbasedon'thepresumptionofaparalleldevelopmentofcultureeverywhere,aparallelismwhichwouldmanifestitselfinanalogoustales.
'17GeraldGressethagreeswithThompson'sassessment.
HeanalyzesRooth'stextandexplainsthelikelihoodofthetalehavingastationaryoriginandtravelinginvariouscultures.
18TheagreementofThompsonandGressethmakesthetaletravelingalongtheTea-Horseroadentirelyprobable.
Yeh-ShenandCinderellaInWaley'stranslation,Chengshitellsthestoryofayounggirl,whoisadoptedbyherstepmotherafterthedeathofhermotherandfather.
Thegirlfindsafishinanearbypond.
Thefishisanincarnationofhermotherandshefeedsthefish.
Thestepmotherfindsoutwhothefishisandpromptlykillsandeatsit.
Yeh-Shenfindstheremains,whichgrantherwishes.
Yeh-Shenattendsaroyalgatheringinakingfishercloakandshewearsshoesofgold.
Yeh-Shengrowsfearfulofherstepmotherfindingheratthegatheringsosheflees,leavingbehindagoldslipper.
Thekingobtainstheslipperandsetsouttofindtheoriginalwearer.
Heordersallofthewomeninthekingdomtotryiton,butnoneoftheirfeetweresmallenoughtofittheshoe.
Finallythekingfindsawomanwithsmallenoughfeettofit,Yeh-Shen.
ThekingmarriesYeh-Shenandtheyreturntohiscourtwiththefishbonesfromhermother.
Thekingmisusesthebonesandsuffersamutinybyhissoldiers.
19Thevariantsforcomparisonshowaninterestingtrendwiththeshoemotif.
ThethreevariantswithwhichtocompareYeh-ShenaretheTibetanCinderellapresentedbySchlepp,theCinderellatalewrittenbyPerraultandfinallytheBrothersGrimmandtheirstoryretelling.
Allofthestorieshavethestructureofayounggirlseparatedfromherbiologicalparentsandbeingabusedbyhernewcaretakers.
AllofthevariantsalsoofferamagicbeingwhohelpstheCinderellacharactertoattendacelebrationofsomekind.
WherethestorieslackcongruencyisthatinSchlepp,PerraultandGrimmtheprince/headmanisinattendanceatthecelebration.
InYeh-Shentherulerisnowhereonthepremises.
InSchlepp'sretellingthegirlgoestothefairandseestheprince:Thegirlwenttothefair;shecircledthecrowdtotherightandsawthatthosetwowerebeggingforsomethingtoeat.
Shethencircledagainstthedirectionofthesunandtheresawagreatprincewhowasmosthandsomeofall.
Sheenjoyedherselfverymuchlookingatallthethingsatthefair.
Beforethecrowddispersed,shehurried15Schlepp138.
16StithThompson,TheFolktale(NewYork:DrydenPress,1946)380.
17Thompson380.
18GeraldGresseth,'TheOdysseyandtheNalopakhyana,'TransactionsoftheAmericanPhilologicalAssociation109(1979)7119Waley227-9.
'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
html4homebutonthewaybackshelostoneofherslipperswhilejumpingacrossastream.
Whenshegothomeshehidawayallherclothesandjewelry.
20Theprinceuponbeingpresentedwiththeshoelostbythegirlremembersher,havingseenherduringthefair:Whentheprince'shorsekeeperwentouttowaterthehorses,thebayhorsesdidnotdrinkbutinsteadwanderedupstreamandthekeeperfollowedafterit.
Thehorsesniffedoutabeautifulslipper,whichthekeeperpickedup,andwhenthehorseswerewatered,heledthembackandgavetheslippertotheprinceandreportedthematter.
Theprincesaid,'Yesterdayamongthecrowdwasagirlaboutfifteenyearsoldwhohadallthesignsandmarksofagoddess.
Ifshecomesagaintoday,sinceIhavefoundherthrough[thegoodofficesof]thisfinehorse,Ishallmakehermyqueenandtakeherintothepalace.
'21Itisclearthattheprincewasenamoredofher,describingherashavingmarksofagoddess.
Inhisdescriptionofherthoughhedoesnotmentionhershoes,onlyherbeauty,hisonlyinterestintheshoeisthatwillbeausefultoolinidentifyingtheyoungladyhesaw.
MarianCox,AnnaB.
RoothandAlanDundesallidentifythatoneofthemostcommonmotifsofallvariantsoftheCinderellastoryisheridentificationbyhershoe.
Rooth,whobuiltheavilyontheresearchdonebyCox,definesthelossofafootcoveringasa'TypeA'Cinderellamotifbecauseofitsfrequencyandassociativenaturetothestory.
22Perrault'sversionofthetalehasasimilarsequenceofeventstoSchlepp's.
Thegirlgoestotheeventandfindshertruelovewhoseesherasabeauty:Theking'sson,whowastoldthatagreatprincess,whomnobodyknew,hadarrived,ranouttoreceiveher.
Hegaveherhishandasshealightedfromthecoach,andledherintothehall,amongallthecompany.
Therewasimmediatelyaprofoundsilence.
Everyonestoppeddancing,andtheviolinsceasedtoplay,soentrancedwaseveryonewiththesingularbeautiesoftheunknownnewcomer.
Nothingwasthenheardbutaconfusednoiseof,'Howbeautifulsheis!
Howbeautifulsheis!
'…Shejumpedupandfled,asnimbleasadeer.
Theprincefollowed,butcouldnotovertakeher.
Sheleftbehindoneofherglassslippers,whichtheprincepickedupmostcarefully.
Shereachedhome,butquiteoutofbreath,andinhernastyoldclothes,havingnothingleftofallherfinerybutoneofthelittleslippers,thematetotheonethatshehaddropped.
2320Schlepp128.
21Schlepp128.
22Rooth73.
23CharlesPerrault,Histoiresoucontesdutempspassé,avecdesmoralitésed.
DeeAshliman:'Cinderella,'2003,UniversityofPittsburgh,03/31/2013http://www.
pitt.
edu/~dash/type0510a.
html.
'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
html5Theconsistenttrendbeingthattheprinceisawareofthegirl,heseesherandisawareofherbeauty.
Itisonlyafterheisinloveandawareofherbeautythattheshoemakesanimportantshowinginthestory.
TheGrimmstory,thoughmoregrizzlywiththeidentificationprocesshasthesameorderofimportance.
Firsttheprincenoticesthegirl,fallsinlovebecauseofherbeautyandthenusestheshoetofindthegirlhefellinlovewith:Thenthebirdthrewagoldandsilverdressdowntoher,andslippersembroideredwithsilkandsilver.
Shequicklyputonthedressandwenttothefestival.
…Theprinceapproachedher,tookherbythehand,anddancedwithher.
Furthermore,hewoulddancewithnooneelse.
Heneverletgoofherhand,andwheneveranyoneelsecameandaskedhertodance,hewouldsay,'Sheismydancepartner.
'…WheneveningcameCinderellawantedtoleave,andtheprincetriedtoescorther,butsheranawayfromhimsoquicklythathecouldnotfollowher.
Theprince,however,hadsetatrap.
Hehadhadtheentirestairwaysmearedwithpitch.
Whensherandownthestairs,herleftslipperstuckinthepitch.
Theprincepickeditup.
Itwassmallanddainty,andofpuregold.
Thenextmorning,hewentwithittotheman,andsaidtohim,'Nooneshallbemywifeexceptfortheonewhosefootfitsthisgoldenshoe.
'24AlloftheseversionscontradicttheorderofeventsinYeh-Shen.
Withtheaforementionedvariantssheisnotedasabeautyandtheshoeislaterfoundbyabyapasser-byandtheshoeissubsequentlysenttoaking.
Thekinglovestheshoe'ssmallsizeandgoestogreatlengthstofindthepersonwhocanfitintoit,despiteneverhavingseenher:Whenthetimecameforthecave-festival,thestep-motherwent,leavingthegirltokeepwatchoverthefruit-treesinthegarden.
Shewaitedtillthestep-motherwassomewayoff,andthenwentherself,wearingacloakofstuffspunfromkingfisherfeathersandshoesofgold.
Herstep-sisterrecognizedherandsaidtothestep-mother,'That'sverylikemysister.
'Thestep-mothersuspectedthesamething.
Thegirlwasawareofthisandwentawayinsuchahurrythatshelostoneshoe.
Itwaspickedupbyoneofthepeopleofthecave.
Whenthestep-mothergothome,shefoundthegirlasleep,withherarmsroundoneofthetreesinthegarden,andthoughtnomoreaboutit.
Thiscavewasneartoanislandinthesea.
OnthisislandwasakingdomcalledT'o-han.
Itssoldiershadsubduedtwentyorthirtyotherislandsandithadacoastlineofseveralthousandleagues.
ThecavemansoldtheshoeinT'o-han,andtherulerofT'o-hangotit.
Hetoldthoseabouthimtoputiton;butitwasaninchtoosmallevenfortheoneamongthemthathadthesmallestfoot.
Heorderedallthewomeninhiskingdomtotryiton;buttherewasnotonethatitfitted.
Itwaslightasdownandmadenonoiseevenwhentreadingonstone.
ThekingofT'o-hanthoughtthecave-manhadgotitunlawfully.
Heputhiminprisonandtorturedhim,butdidnotendby24JacobandWilhelmGrimm,'Aschenputtel,'Kinder-undHausmrchened.
DeeAshliman:'Cinderella,'2003UniversityofPittsburgh,03/31/2013.
http://www.
pitt.
edu/~dash/type0510a.
html.
'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
html6findingoutwhereithadcomefrom.
Sohethrewitdownatthewayside.
Thentheywenteverywhere,throughallthepeople'shousesandarrestedthem.
Iftherewasawoman'sshoe,theyarrestedthemandtoldthekingofT'o-han.
Hethoughtitstrange,searchedtheinner-roomsandfoundYeh-Shen.
Hemadeherputontheshoe,anditwastrue.
25Theheroineofthestory,isidentifiedandpropelledintowealthandpowerbymarryingthekingbecauseofthesizeofherfeet,whereasintheothervariantstheshoeisusedsolelyasaformoffindingher.
InYeh-Shenthekinghasneverevenseenthegirlwhoworetheshoe,hismadcrusadetofindtheownerisfueledonlybyhisloveoftheslipperandtheassumptionthatthewearermustbebeautifulbecauseoftheshoessmallsize.
This'TypeA'storylineisfoundfirstinChina.
ThedevelopmentoftheslipperorshoemotifisalsoderivedfromtheChineseinfluenceonthestory.
RoothstatesthattheshoemotifsurvivesintotheothervariantsthatleavesouthernChinaaftertheshoecomponentisaddedandcontinueonintotheEuropeanandNearEasternversions.
26Herbeautyandworthwereallbasedonthefactthatshewastheonlygirlinthekingdomwithfeetsmallenoughtofittheslipper.
Thisisevidencethatratherthanthe'loveatfirstsight'motifthatthewesternCinderellaisrenownedfor,Yeh-Shenisnotfalleninlovewithbecauseofheraesthetics.
Sheisstillonlyrecognizedandappreciatedbythekingforthesizeofherfeet,notherbeauty.
FootbindingandYeh-ShenLessthanone-hundredyearsaftertherecordingofChengshi'stale,southernChinasawtheemergenceofthecustomknownasfootbinding.
Whilethetimelinepresentedhereforfootbindingputstherecordingofthetalepriortotherebeingstaticevidenceoffootbinding,itiswidelybelievedbyresearchersthatthecustomhadbeeninpracticeforcenturiesbeforethestorycametoChina.
Thecongruenceofthesetwoeventsinhistoryismorethancoincidental.
ByfollowingtheTea-HorseRoadfromTibetintosouthernChina,thestorywassharedbytradesmenortravellersastheytransportedtheirgoods.
Inthestory,theTibetanauthorsandstorytellerstreatshoesindifferently,howeverinthesouthernChineseversionintheearlyninth-centuryitbecomesatalethatdecidestheprotagonist'sfateonhershoesandfootsize.
AssouthernChinesetraditionsinfiltratedthestory,itwasalsomovingacrossthecountry,makingitswaynorthandwestalongthetraderoutes.
Itfollowsthesamepaththatsawthedevelopmentoffootbindinganddidsoinlessthanacenturybeforethecustombecamestandard.
Theembeddedmotifofsmallfeetandshoesbecamesoindoctrinatedtothestorythatevencenturieslater,inacontinentaway,thesmallestfeetinthekingdomstillresultedinroyalmarriage.
ThehistoryoffootbindingwaslongthoughttohaveitsrootsinthecourtoftheTangDynasty(618–907CE).
WhilecourtwasbeingheldatthecityofNanjing,thedancinggirlsarecommentedonbecauseofhaving'bow-shoes'givingtheirfeetthelookofbeingvery25Waley228-9.
26Waley192.
'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
html7smallandbeautiful.
ThecentraldancinggirlmentionedisYaoniang,andshedancedfortheruleroftheSouthernTangDynasty,LiYu.
27DorothyKowhosebook,Cinderella'sSisters:ARevisionistHistoryofFootbinding,28suppliesthemostcomprehensivestudyonthesubject,presentsthemostrecentandaccurateretellingofYaoniangandLiYu(937-78CE).
KotranslatesfromthetextofZhouMi,aneleventh-centuryscholar,thatYaoniang'sfeetwerewrappedwithsilktomakethemsmallandslim.
SoenticingwerehertinyfeetthatLiYuconstructedasix-foottallgoldenlotusstatueinherhonor.
ItisbelievedlikelythatYaoniangneverexisted,butthestatueandYu'sdesireforsmallfeetareafactofthestory.
29Thestoryalsoalludestotheconnectionbetweenbeautyintheformofsmallfeetandtheacquisitionofincreasedsocialandeconomicstatusattainedthroughtheuseofthemasasexualobject.
KocitestwolesserknownstoriesthatsharesimilaritieswiththeYaonianglegend.
Sheexplainsthatthesourcesforthetwo'origin'storiesarenotconcrete,whichiswhytheyareoftenignoredbyscholars.
BoththestoryoftheDukeofDonghun'sspouse,ConsortPan,andthestoryofConsortYangareindicatedasfootbindingrecordsthatpredatetheZhouMiwritings.
ConsortPan,datedinthesixth-centuryandYangdatedinthemideight-century,makenodirectspecificindicationofboundfeet.
Itisthelackofthisspecificitythatcausesthemtobediscreditedassources.
30Inasearchfortextualevidenceoffootbindingthatisconsidereddecisivelydependable,ValerieHansen,inherbookTheOpenEmpire:AHistoryofChinato1600,31lookstoZongyiTao'sNancunchuogenglu32translatinghisnotestoread,…onecanknow[that]flattenedfeetbeganonlysincetheFiveDynasties(907-60CE).
BeforetheXining(1068-77CE)andYuanfeng(1077-86CE)reigns,thepracticewasrare.
Recentlypeoplehavecopiedeachotherandnolongerfeelshame.
33Hansenviewsthisexcerptasthemostdependable,textualevidenceoftheoriginationoffootbinding.
ShepointsoutthatmostresearchersofthesubjectstillconsidertheTangpoeticdescriptionsofcourtdancersbindingtheirfeettobetheevidentialkey,however,sheexplainsthatitisnotgroundedinrecordedtextandthereforeshouldbecarefullyusedasasource.
FootbindingwasacustomuniquetothesouthernregionsofChina,spreadingmostaggressivelyduringtheSouthernSongdynasty(1127–1279CE).
ThecustomdidnotbecomeadoptedinnorthernChinauntiltheYuandynasty(1279–1368CE).
Thecustomitselfwas27SidneyGamble,'TheDisappearanceofFoot-bindinginTinghsien,'TheAmericanJournalofSociology,49.
2(1943)181.
28DorothyKo,Cinderella'ssisters:ARevisionistHistoryofFootbinding(Berkeley,Calif:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,2005).
29Ko114.
30Ko112-14.
31ValerieHansen,TheOpenEmpire:AHistoryofChinato1600(NewYork:Norton,2000).
32ZongyiTao,Nancunchuoenglu,(Beijing:Zhonghuashuju:XinhuashudianBeijingfaxingsuofaxing,1360).
33Hansen286-7.
'Cinderella'sLessonsonFootbinding:HowTinyFeetFoundtheirWayintotheChineseCinderellaStory.
'TylerScottSmith.
TransnationalLiteratureVol.
5no.
2,May2013.
http://fhrc.
flinders.
edu.
au/transnational/home.
html8rootedinthesouthernregionsduringtheTangDynasty.
34Foroverthreehundredyears,thepeopleofthenorthdidnotwraporbindtheirfeet.
Itwasconsideredtobeasoutherncustomwellintothefourteenthcentury.
35ConclusionYeh-Shendidnotbindherfeet,nordidCinderella;howevertheybothbecameemblematicforthecustomoffootbinding.
Byperpetuatingthebeliefthatsmallfeetwillallowapotentialbridetomarrywell,thesestoriesembodytheculturalcustomoffootbindingandvalidateitthroughfolklore.
Thetimeperiods,geographicalspreadandmanipulationofvariantsallareevidencethatfootbindingfounditsrootsinthesoutherntaleofagirlwiththesmallestfeetinthekingdom.
34Ko114.
35Gamble181.
- tradelethergo相关文档
- Marialethergo
- interestlethergo
- Magdylethergo
- ofanimallethergo
- 11.32lethergo
- latedlethergo
易探云美国云服务器评测，主机低至33元/月,336元/年
美国服务器哪家平台好?美国服务器无需备案，即开即用，上线快。美国服务器多数带防御，且有时候项目运营的时候，防御能力是用户考虑的重点，特别是网站容易受到攻击的行业。现在有那么多美国一年服务器，哪家的美国云服务器好呢？美国服务器用哪家好?这里推荐易探云，有美国BGP、美国CN2、美国高防、美国GIA等云服务器，线路优化的不错。易探云刚好就是做香港及美国云服务器的主要商家之一，我们来看一下易探云美国云服...
DediPath（$1.40），OpenVZ架构 1GB内存
DediPath 商家成立时间也不过三五年，商家提供的云服务器产品有包括KVM和OPENVZ架构的VPS主机。翻看前面的文章有几次提到这个商家其中机房还是比较多的。其实对于OPENVZ架构的VPS主机以前我们是遇到比较多，只不过这几年很多商家都陆续的全部用KVM和XEN架构替代。这次DediPath商家有基于OPENVZ架构提供低价的VPS主机。这次四折的促销活动不包括512MB内存方案。第一、D...
legionbox：美国、德国和瑞士独立服务器,E5/16GB/1Gbps月流量10TB起/$69/月起
legionbox怎么样?legionbox是一家来自于澳大利亚的主机销售商，成立时间在2014年，属于比较老牌商家。主要提供VPS和独立服务器产品，数据中心包括美国洛杉矶、瑞士、德国和俄罗斯。其中VPS采用KVM和Xen架构虚拟技术，硬盘分机械硬盘和固态硬盘，系统支持Windows。当前商家有几款大硬盘的独立服务器，可选美国、德国和瑞士机房，有兴趣的可以看一下，付款方式有PAYPAL、BTC等。...
lethergo为你推荐
-
域名价格什么是域名的商业价值？？vps虚拟主机请问VPS和虚拟主机有什么不一样，为什么VPS贵那么多。广告的别来！网络服务器租用网络公司租用什么服务器好（想开个网络公司，租用服务器，但是不知道哪个好？什么价位？求高手指导。）vpsvps是什么？com域名空间我想注册个.com域名和买一个100M空间。asp主机空间asp空间是什么空间域名空间和域名是什么？香港虚拟空间香港虚拟空间哪家好?虚拟空间哪个好虚拟内存一般设多大比较好？免费网站空间那里有免费网站空间