neededqueueuserworkitem

ResourcesBooksAbrams,Brad.
.
NETFrameworkStandardLibraryAnnotatedReference,Volumes1and2.
Boston,MA:Addison-WesleyProfessional,2004,2005.
Allison,Damon,AndyOlson,JamesSpeer.
VisualBasic.
NETClassDesignHandbook:CodingEffectiveClasses.
Berkeley,CA:Apress,2003.
Boehm,Anne.
Murach'sVisualBasic2005.
Fresno,CA:MikeMurach&Associates,2006.
Booch,Grady.
Object-OrientedAnalysisandDesignwithApplications.
Boston,MA:Addison-Wesley,1993.
Box,Don,withChrisSells.
Essential.
NET,Volume1:TheCommonLanguageRuntime.
Boston,MA:Addison-WesleyProfessional,2002.
Cwalina,Krzysztof,andBradAbrams.
FrameworkDesignGuidelines:Conventions,Idioms,andPatternsforReusable.
NETLibraries.
Boston,MA:Addison-WesleyProfessional,2005.
EcmaInternational.
StandardECMA-335:CommonLanguageInfrastructure(CLI),FourthEdition.
Geneva,Switzerland:EcmaInternational,2006.
Evjen,Bill,RockfordLhotka,BillyHollis,BillSheldon,KentSharkey,TimMcCarthy,RamaRamachandran.
ProfessionalVB2005.
Indianapolis,IN:JohnWiley&Sons,2005.
Fischer,Tom,JohnSlater,PeteStromquist,ChaurG.
Wu.
ProfessionalDesignPatternsinVB.
NET:BuildingAdaptableApplications.
Berkeley,CA:Apress,2006.
Fowler,Martin.
UMLDistilled,ThirdEdition:ABriefGuidetotheStandardObjectModelingLanguage.
Boston,MA:Addison-WesleyProfessional,2003.
Freeman,Elisabeth,EricFreeman,BertBates,KathySierra.
HeadFirstDesignPatterns.
Sebastopol,CA:O'ReillyMedia,2004.
Gamma,Erich,RichardHelm,RalphJohnson,andJohnVlissides.
DesignPatterns:ElementsofReusableObject-OrientedSoftware.
Boston,MA:Addison-WesleyProfessional,1995.
Griver,YairAlan,MatthewArnheiter,MichaelGellis.
VisualBasicDeveloper'sGuidetoUMLandDesignPatterns.
Hoboken,NJ:Sybex,2000.
Larman,Craig.
ApplyingUMLandPatterns:AnIntroductiontoObject-OrientedAnalysisandDesignandIterativeDevelopment.
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2004.
Lau,Yun-Tung.
TheArtofObjects:Object-OrientedDesignandArchitecture.
Boston,MA:Addison-WesleyProfessional,2000.
Lhotka,Rockford.
ExpertVB2005BusinessObjects,SecondEdition.
Berkeley,CA:Apress,2006.
Liberty,Jesse.
ProgrammingVisualBasic2005.
Sebastopol,CA:O'ReillyMedia,2005.
Moore,Karl.
KarlMoore'sVisualBasic.
NET:TheTutorials.
Berkeley,CA:Apress,2002.
395APPENDIXA396APPENDIXARESOURCESPatrick,Tim,andJohnClarkCraig.
VisualBasic2005Cookbook:SolutionsforVB2005Programmers.
Sebastopol,CA:O'ReillyMedia,2006.
Richter,Jeffrey.
AppliedMicrosoft.
NETFrameworkProgramming.
Redmond,WA:MicrosoftPress,2002.
Stephens,Rod.
VisualBasic2005Programmer'sReference.
Indianapolis,IN:JohnWiley&Sons,2005.
Stoecker,Matthew.
MCAD/MCSDSelf-PacedTrainingKit:DevelopingWindows-BasedApplicationswithMicrosoftVisualBasic.
NETandVisualC#.
NET.
Redmond,CA:MicrosoftPress,2003.
Sutter,Herb.
ExceptionalC++:47EngineeringPuzzles,ProgrammingProblems,andException-SafetySolutions.
Boston,MA:Addison-WesleyProfessional,1999.
Troelsen,Andrew.
ProVB2005andthe.
NET2.
0Platform.
Berkeley,CA:Apress,2006.
Yourdon,Edward,andLarryL.
Constantine.
StructuredDesign:FundamentalsofaDisciplineofComputerProgramandSystemsDesign.
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,1979.
ArticlesKaplan,Michael,andCathyWissink.
"CustomCultures:ExtendYourCode'sGlobalReachWithNewFeaturesInThe.
NETFramework2.
0.
"MSDNMagazine,October2005.
Robbins,John.
"UnhandledExceptionsandTracinginthe.
NETFramework2.
0.
"MSDNMagazine,July2005.
Schmidt,DouglasC.
"MonitorObject:AnObjectBehavioralPatternforConcurrentProgramming.
"DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering,WashingtonUniversity,St.
Louis,MO,April2005.
Toub,Stephen.
"HighAvailability:KeepYourCodeRunningwiththeReliabilityFeaturesofthe.
NETFramework.
"MSDNMagazine,October2005.
Vermeulen,Allan.
"AnAsynchronousDesignPattern.
"Dr.
Dobb'sJournal,June1996.
Web101SamplesforVisualBasic2005.
http://msdn2.
microsoft.
com/en-us/vbasic/ms789075.
aspxTheCodeProject.
www.
codeproject.
com/Developer.
com.
www.
developer.
com/net/vb/FreeBook-IntroducingMicrosoftVisualBasic2005forDevelopers.
http://msdn2.
microsoft.
com/en-us/vbrun/ms788235.
aspxMicrosoftVisualBasic2005ExpressEdition.
http://msdn.
microsoft.
com/vstudio/express/vb/VB.
NetHeaven.
www.
vbdotnetheaven.
com/VisualBasicDeveloperCenter.
http://msdn2.
microsoft.
com/en-us/vbasic/default.
aspxRunningtheExamplesThisappendixdescribesthevarioustypesofcodeexamplesthroughoutthebookandhowtorunthem.
Itismeanttoaidyouifyou'renewtotheVB2005environment.
ExampleTypesThisbookcontainsthreetypesofcodeexamples:codesnippets;classes,structures,andinterfaces;andconsoleapplications.
CodeSnippetsAcodesnippetisashortcodesampleusedtodisplaythesyntaxofanentiremethodorsinglefunctioncall.
Thesesamplesarenotmeanttobecompiledorexecuted.
Classes,Structures,andInterfacesTheseexamplescontainclass,structure,andinterfacedefinitions.
YoubuildthesebyusingtheClassLibraryprojecttype.
Chapter7containsseveralexamplesthatfallintothiscategory.
ConsoleApplicationsTheseexamples,builtusingtheConsoleApplicationprojecttype,arethemostprevalenttypeofcodeexampleinthebook.
Bydefault,VBcreatesaModule1.
vbfilewiththefollowingstub:ModuleModule1SubMain()EndSubEndModuleWerecommendthatyoureplacetheentireModulestubwiththeexampletext,whichcontainsaPublicEntryPointclassandaSharedMainmethod.
Next,inyourproject'sProper-tiespage,ontheApplicationtab,setthe"Startupobject:"to"SubMain.
"Forexamplesthatrequirecommand-linearguments,youcanenterthese,separatedbyspaces,inyourproject'sPropertiespage,ontheDebugtab,inthe"Commandlinearguments:"inputarea.
Finally,thefewsamplesthatdiscussglobalizationrequireamessageboxtodisplaytheresults.
Youshouldbuildandruntheseexamplesthesamewayasotherconsoleapplications,butyouneedtoaddareferencetoSystem.
Windows.
Formsinyourproject'sPropertiespage,ontheReferencestab.
397APPENDIXBRunningaConsoleAppviatheDebugStartWithoutDebuggingmenu,ortheCtrl+F5shortcut,willlaunchtheapplication,displayingeachoutputasneeded,thenpausewitha"Pressanykeytocontinue.
.
.
"messagewhenexecutioniscomplete.
Foramorethoroughunderstandingofanexample,placeabreakpointonthefirstexe-cutablelineinsidetheSharedMain(),and"StepInto"or"StepOver"eachlineofcodewhilereviewingthecallstack,anyvariables,andconsoleoutput.
AFewWordsRegardingModulesIfyou'reanexperiencedobject-orienteddeveloper,theconceptofamodulemayseemfor-eign.
TheModuleconstruct,whichisnotcreatable,isafeaturecarriedoverfromVisualBasic6.
0(VB6)tofacilitatemigrationofthoseapplicationsto.
NET.
Assuch,Moduleusagemaybedeprecatedinthefuture.
AModule,whencompiled,isconvertedtoaNotInheritableclasswithSharedmembers.
TheseSharedmembersareavailabletoyourentireapplication,actinglikeaglobalvariable.
Thismaynotbewhatyoudesire.
Classes,ontheotherhand,arenotautomaticallyShared.
WeconsidercreatinganEntryPointclass,containingaSharedSubMainmethod,tobethemuchbetterpracticeforcreatingobject-orientedsystemswithVB.
APPENDIXBRUNNINGTHEEXAMPLES398Symbols+(additionorplus)operatorcompositestringsand,201withintegervalues,8overloading,141–142withstringvalues,8:(colon)andlinesofcode,43AAbort(),295–297AbortRequestedstate,ofthreads,295accessmodifiers,51–53accessibilityofmembers,101–102accessors,94AcquireReaderLock(),320AcquireWriterLock(),320–321Add(),260–262Add(OfInteger),262Add(OfT),262AddHandlerstatement,250–251additionoperator(+)compositestringsand,201withintegervalues,8overloading,141–142withstringvalues,8allocatedresourcesandexceptions,177–181AllocateDataSlot(),301AllocateNamedDataSlotmethod,301anonymousfunctions,235AppDomain.
IsFinalizingForUnload,350AppDomain.
UnhandledException,155AppDomainUnloadException,155Append(),201AppendFormat(),201applicationdomainsandsharedfields,96ApplicationException,177ApplyRaiseOf(),244ArgumentException,223ArgumentOutOfRangeexceptionexception-neutralcodeand,165staticconstructorsand,161Throwstatementand,154Tryblockand,156ArgumentOutOfRangeExceptionandStringBuilderclass,201Arrayclass,254Array.
GetLength(),219ArrayList,255arraysdeclaring,215–216lowerboundof,219multidimensional,218–220multidimensionaljagged,220–221overviewof,215rangecheckingand,216real,indexerscomparedto,64sortabilityandsearchability,217synchronization,218typeconvertibilityandcovariance,216–217UnicodeUTF-16character,199Askeyword,270assembliescross-languagecompatibilityand,22culture-neutral,20headerinformation,14–16loading,21–22managed,18managementof,18manifest,16–17metadatain,17–18,22–23private,19shared,19–20sysglobal.
dll,190assemblylanguage,ILcomparedto,12assemblyloader,21–22assigningexplicitaliastonamespaces,42asynchronousmethodcalls,292,327–331AutoResetEvent,323–324Bbackgroundthreads,299–300BaseClassLibrary(BCL),8,185baseclassversionofmethods,calling,92–93BeginInvoke(),327–331BeginMethod()/EndMethod()pattern,293binaryoperators,137,139BinarySearch(),217black-boxreuse,109–111Booleankeyword,49booleanoperators,148–151borrowingimplementation,102boxingdescriptionof,68–69efficiencyof,73instancesof,71–72valuetypesand,387–388Index399boxingconversion,37Bridgepattern,248ByRefarguments,87–89ByValarguments,87CC#,1–2callbacksanddelegates,235CallDelegatesmethod,263callingbaseclassversionofmethods,92–93methods,49canonicalformsoverviewof,335reference-typecloneableobjectsand,338–344convertibleobjectsand,371–373defaulttoNotInheritableclasses,336disposableobjectsand,345–347equivalentobjectsand,355–361finalizableobjectsand,347–354formattableobjectsand,368–371GetHashCode()and,362–365immutablereferencetypes,378–381orderingand,365–368overviewof,335typesafetyand,373–378value-typeEquals(),overriding,382–386overviewof,381–382supportforinterfacesand,387typesafetyand,388–390carriagereturn/linefeed,43castingreferencetypes,36catchblock,155CER(constrainedexecutionregion),168–170chainingdelegates,238–240operationsonstringbuilder,202ChangeType(),372checklistsfordesignoverviewof,391referencetypes,391–392valuetypes,393classconstraints,271Classkeyword,32ClassLibraryprojecttype,397classtypesandNewkeyword,75–76classesaccessmodifiersand,51–53Array,254ClassLibraryprojecttypeand,397Comparer(OfT),282Console,40constructorsand,51Convert,35,371–372Coordinate,35CultureAndRegionInfoBuilder,189–190customexception,creating,174–177defining,7,50–51Delegate,238derivedEventArgs,250inheritanceand,101overridingmethodsin,91SafeHandle,170–174Dimensions,343EventHandler(OfT),250generic,257–258GraphCoordinate,35implementingcontractswith,127–133implementingmultipleinterfaceswith,122indexersand,62–64inheritanceand,54–57interfacesand,53–54Interlocked,168,304–308Iterator,61Monitorboxingand,313–314Enter()andExit(),309–313overviewof,304Pulse()andWait(),314–318Wait(),294MulticastDelegate,235–236MustInheritkeywordand,57–58Mutexaslockobject,322Monitorclasscomparedto,309overviewof,304nested,58,61–62.
NETBaseClassLibraryand,8NotInheritable,defaultto,336NotInheritablekeywordand,57operatorsand,8partial,64PlayerUI,250PlayEventArgs,249QueueProcessor,292Regex,203RuntimeHelpers,168sealed,NotInheritable,93sharedmethodsand,85SpinLock,308StringBuilder,201–202StringComparer,198System.
Attribute,23System.
Char,185System.
ExceptionCatchclauseand,156constructors,174–177innerexceptionsand,158System.
Monitor,218System.
Object,26INDEX400System.
Reflection,23System.
String,185,198System.
Text.
Encoding,186,199–201System.
Thread,291ThreadPoolasynchronousmethodcalls,327–331overviewof,326–327timers,332–333usesof,323WaitHandle,322–326cleaningupdirectlyheldresources,348CLI(CommonLanguageInfrastructure),11,185Clonemethod,185,343.
SeealsoICloneableinterfacecloneableobjectsandcanonicalforms,338–344Close(),179–180closedtypes,256CLR(commonlanguageruntime)CommonLanguageInfrastructurestandardand,11commontypesystem,4–5descriptionof,1–2entry-pointmethodand,18exceptionsand,153featuresof,3garbagecollector,3internalstringrepresentationformatof,200JITcompilingand,13–14typecategories,28CLS(CommonLanguageSpecification),28,137codeHelloWorld!
program,5IFormattableinterface,369managed,1reusingandinheritance,108terminatinglinesof,43unsafe,inC#,2writingexception-neutralconstrainedexecutionregions,168–170criticalfinalizersandSafeHandle,170–174structureof,163–168writingexception-safe,153Seealsosyntaxcodesnippets,397code-generationtoolsandpartialclasses,64collectiontypesandgenerics,272–274Collection(OfT),258collectionscomparingICollection(OfT)withICollection,222–223dictionariesand,226listsand,224–225overviewof,221synchronizationand,223–224System.
Collection.
ObjectModelnamespace,226–229typesthatproduce,224colon(:)andlinesofcode,43COM,metadatacomparedto,22–23COMbinaries,.
NETbinariescomparedto,11Combine(),238–240,251commands,newobject-related,6Commit(),181CommonLanguageInfrastructure(CLI),11,185commonlanguageruntime(CLR)CommonLanguageInfrastructurestandardand,11commontypesystem,4–5descriptionof,1–2entry-pointmethodand,18exceptionsand,153featuresof,3garbagecollector,3internalstringrepresentationformatof,200JITcompilingand,13–14typecategories,28CommonLanguageSpecification(CLS),28,137commontypesystem(CTS),4–5CompareExchange(),306–308Comparer(OfT)class,282CompareTo(),365–368,388–391comparingstrings,197–198comparisonoperators,142,145–146compilermethodoverloadingand,90partialclassesand,64CompilerServicesnamespace,168complexnumbers,referencesto,358compositestrings,201consoleapplications,397–,398Consoleclass,40Console.
WriteLine(),192–195Constfields,97constantsdefinedinenumerations,30constrainedexecutionregion(CER),168–170constraintsclass,271genericsandnonclasstypes,271–272overviewof,267–271IConvertible,283New,271primary,270structure,271INDEX401Finditfasterathttp://superindex.
apress.
com/constructedtypescontrolaccessibilityand,267creatingdynamically,285–287declaring,257constructorsclassesand,51CorePlayer,250defining,49instance,51,78Privatecopy,340Shared,76–78static,51,161–162structure,initializingresourceswithin,67System.
Exceptionclass,174–177valuetypesand,65–66Consumer(OfT),257Containeridentifier,257containertypesandgenericdelegates,261–262Container(OfT),257containment,inheritancecomparedto,109–111Continuecommand,6Continuestatement,47contractsdefining,127descriptionof,117,269implementingclassescomparedtointerfaces,130–133withclasses,127–129withinterfaces,129controlaccessibilityandconstructedtypes,267controlflowandexceptions,154controlflowconstructs,44–45conversionoperatorsdescriptionof,137operatoroverloadingand,146–148parametertypesand,138conversionsandboxing,71–72Convertclass,35,371–372ConvertAll(OfTOutput)(),265Converter(OfT,OfR)delegate,261Converter(TInput,TOutput)delegate,262convertibleobjects,371–373convertingfloating-pointvaluestostrings,188instancesofonetypetoanother,33–35referencetypesfromonetypetoanotherboxingconversion,37CTypefunction,35–36DirectCastandTryCastkeywords,36operators,38–40Coordinateclass,35copies,shallowcomparedtodeep,339Copy()andstrings,185copyingvalueofreferencetypevariables,49CopyTo(),223CorePlayerconstructor,250couplingandinheritance,109covarianceofarrays,216–217CreateClosedType(OfT)(),286CreateDelegate(),244CreateInstance(),286criticalfinalizers,168–174CriticalFinalizerObject,170cross-languagecompatibilityofassemblies,22CTS(commontypesystem),4–5CTypefunction,35–36culture-neutralassemblies,20CultureAndRegionInfoBuilderclass,189–190CultureInfoinstancecomparingstringsand,198custom,creatingandregistering,189–190descriptionof,188,369customexceptionclasses,creating,174–177Customkeyword,250–251customtypes,stringformattingin,193–195Ddeclarativemapping,120declaringarrays,215–216constructedtypes,257delegates,235genericmethods,259generictypes,253,257interfaces,118–120jaggedarrays,220namespaces,41nestednamespaces,41properties,94–95stringliterals,186–187decouplingmethodcalledfromactualcaller,235Decrement(),305deepcopy,339definingcollectiontypes,226–229contracts,127fields,111generictypes,256Delegateclass,238Delegatekeyword,236delegateschaining,238–240creatingandusing,236–238descriptionof,235–236eventsand,248–250generic,261–264iteratingthroughdelegatechains,241–242INDEX402open-instance,242–246removingfromlists,239Strategypatternand,246–247delegation,inheritancecomparedto,111deployingsharedassemblies,20derivedclassesEventArgs,250inheritanceand,101overridingmethodsin,91SafeHandle,170–171designchecklistsforreferencetypes,391–392forvaluetypes,393designpatterns,114,251.
Seealsospecificpatternsdestroyingobjects,79–80destructor,347deterministicdestruction,177deterministicfinalization,82dictionaries,226Dimensionsclass,343DirectCastkeyword,36directlyheldresources,cleaningup,348disassemblerutility,12.
SeealsoMSILDisassemblerdisposableobjectscanonicalformsand,345–347IDisposableinterface,80–82Usingkeyword,82–83DisposablepatternandIDisposableinterface,346Disposemethodfinalizationand,350–351IDisposableinterfaceand,80–82overviewof,178–180,233Usingkeywordand,6,82–83SeealsoIDisposableinterfaceDLLHell,22DoloopingconstructandContinuecommand,6DoUntilstatement,47DoWhilestatement,47DoSomeWorkmethod,247DowngradeFromWriterLock(),321dynamicallycreatingconstructedtypes,285–287Eearlybinding,latebindingcomparedto,3EcmaInternational,11efficiencyandgenerics,254–256Employee.
ApplyRaiseOfmethod,242encapsulationbenefitsof,114–115containmentand,111exampleof,111–114inheritanceand,109propertiesand,93enclosingtype,139encodingandstrings,199–201EncodingGetByteCount(),200EndInvoke(),327–331EndProcessData(),292Enter()Monitorclass,309–314SpinLockclass,308entry-pointmethod,executionof,18EntryPointclass,397–398enumerations,30–31,53enumerators,creating,229–233Environment.
HasShutdownStarted,350equalitybetweenreferencetypes,75equalityoperators,361Equals()equivalentobjectsandcanonicalforms,355–361Objectkeyword,74overriding,359–361,382–386Eventkeyword,250EventArgsderivedclass,250EventHandler(OfT)class,250eventscustom,250–251delegatesand,248–250descriptionof,235,248raising,250synchronizingthreadsand,323–324ExceptionAssistantdialogs,162exceptionhandlingallocatedresourcesand,177–181controlflowand,154customexceptionclassesand,174–177exceptionnamingconventionsand,175Expertpatternand,153finalizersand,80,160–161Finallyblockand,159–160mechanicsof,154overviewof,153rethrowingexceptionsandtranslatingexceptions,157–159rollbackbehaviorand,181–184staticconstructorsand,161–162throwingexceptions,154–155Trystatementand,155–156unhandledexceptions,155Seealsospecificexceptions;writingexception-neutralcodeException.
InnerExceptionproperty,158Exchange(),306–308ExitForstatement,46Exit(),Monitorclass,309–313Expertpattern,153explicitalias,assigningtonamespaces,42explicitconversion,functionsfor,34–35INDEX403Finditfasterathttp://superindex.
apress.
com/Ffeatures,6–8fieldsConstkeyword,97defining,111descriptionof,96initializersand,98–100instance,96private,113public,112ReadOnly,95,97–98Sharedmodifier,96finalizationqueue,351finalizationthread,354Finalizedestructor,3Finalize()destroyingobjects,79–80Objectkeyword,74finalizermethod,49finalizerscritical,168–174destroyingobjectsand,79–80destructorcomparedto,347exceptionsand,80,160–161IDisposableinterfaceand,80–82forobjects,canonicalformsand,347–354asresourcesink,354valuetypesand,67Finallyblockexceptionsthrownin,159–160Trystatementand,155Finishedstate,ofthreads,293floating-pointvalues,strings,convertingto,188ForEachstatementarraysand,216collectionsand,224iterationand,229–233jaggedarraysand,221multidimensionalarraysand,219typesafetyand,374–378ForEach.
.
.
Nextstatement,45–46ForloopingconstructandContinuecommand,6For.
.
.
Nextstatement,46foregroundthreads,299–300formatspecifiersandstrings,187formatstrings,191–192formattableobjects,368–371fullyqualifiednamespace,42functionalityandinheritance,104functionsanonymous,235CType,35–36forexplicitconversion,34–35PrintCoordinates,35Win32,173GGAC(globalassemblycache),19–20gacutil.
exe,20garbagecollectionandmemoryleaks,79GarbageCollector(GC)descriptionof,3finalizerperformanceimpacton,351referencetypesand,32systemheapand,49GC.
SuppressFinalize(),350GenerateNumbers(),229genericclassesandstructures,257–258genericcomparer,273genericconstraintsnonclasstypes,271–272overviewof,267–271genericdelegates,261–264genericinterfaces,125–126,258genericmethods,126–127,259–261genericsystemcollections,272–274generictypeconversion,265generictypeplaceholdernamingconventions,256generictypesconversionandoperatorswithin,274–285declaring,253defining,256genericscollectiontypesand,272–274efficiencyandtypesafetyof,254–256overviewof,7supportfor,253typeparametersand,253–254Getaccessors,94Get()andmultidimensionalarray,220GetEnumerator(),230–232GetFormat(),195,369GetHashCode(),74,290,362–365GetInvocationListmethod,241GetLength(),219GetLowerBound(),219GetMinThreads(),327GetNamedDataSlot(),303GetString(),200GetTypemethod,Objectkeyword,74GetUpperBound(),219globalassemblycache(GAC),19–20Globalkeyword,6globalizationCultureInfoinstanceand,189–190stringsand,187GraphCoordinateclass,35groupingandsearchingstrings,204–208Hhaltingthreads,297–298Handleproperty,cautionand,326INDEX404headerinformationinassemblies,14–16HelloWorld!
program,codeandoutput,5hidinginterfacemembers,123IIAsyncResultinterface,329ICloneableinterfacedescriptionof,74,185,338documentationfor,339implementing,339–340,344Privatecopyconstructorand,340valuetypesand,381ICollectioninterfacecomparingwithICollection(OfT),222–223synchronizationand,218ICollection(OfT)interface,comparingwithICollection,222–223IComparableinterfacearraysand,217CompareTo(),365–368,388–391descriptionof,75,142,145–146,273System.
Int32and,125IComparerinterface,198,273,282IConvertibleconstraint,283IConvertibleinterfaceSystem.
Int32and,125ToType(),373ICustomFormatterinterface,195–197identityequality,355–358IDictionary(OfTKey,TValue)interface,226IDisposableinterfacedescriptionof,80–82,178,182,233,326,345destructorcodeand,347Disposablepatternand,346implementing,345valuetypesand,381IDL(InterfaceDescriptionLanguage),22IEnumerable(OfT)interface,229–233,258IEnumerableinterfacecollectiontypesand,221descriptionof,61iterationand,229–233System.
Arrayand,216IEnumerable(OfT)interface,258IEnumeratorinterface,229–233,375–376IEnumerator(OfT)interface,229–233IEquatable(OfT),362,384If.
.
.
Then.
.
.
Elseconstruct,44IFormatProviderinterfaceGetFormat(),195implementing,188replacementstringsand,193IFormattableinterfacecodefor,369implementing,188,193–195System.
Int32and,125ToStringmethod,188,193,370IL(intermediatelanguage)asassemblylanguage,12descriptionof,1–2JITcompilerand,13–14VBcompilerand,11IList(OfT)interface,224–225,255IListinterface,218,224–225immutablereferencetypes,378–381implementationborrowing,102inheriting,109implementingcontractswithclasses,127–129classescomparedtointerfaces,130–133withinterfaces,129genericdictionaries,226ICloneableinterface,339–340,344IDisposableinterface,345interfaces,117–118,124–125multipleinterfaces,122Implementsclause,120IMPLEMENTSrelationship,modeling,133Implementsstatement,120implicitconversion,103–104Importsstatementandnamespaces,42Increment(),305Index(),217indexersandclasses,62–64IndexOf(),203IndexOutOfRangeException,216inheritanceaccessibilityofmembers,101–102borrowingimplementationwith,102classesand,54–57exampleofbad,107–108implementationsand,109interfacesand,121asis-arelationship,104memberhidingand,104–107overriddenmethodsand,92overviewof,101pitfallsofchoosingbetweeninterfaceandclassinheritance,107–109delegationandcontainmentcomparedto,109–111staticnatureof,111Inheritskeyword,101initializationoffields,98–100initializerexpressions,78initializingresourceswithinstructureconstructors,67innerexceptions,158InnerExceptionproperty,161INDEX405Finditfasterathttp://superindex.
apress.
com/Insert(),201instanceconstructors,51,78instancefields,96instancemethods,85–86instantiatinginstanceofdelegate,236Integerkeyword,49InterfaceDescriptionLanguage(IDL),22interface-baseddesignpatterns,114interfaceschoosingbetweenclassinheritanceand,107–109ClassLibraryprojecttypeand,397classesand,53–54comparingICollection(OfT)withICollection,222–223componentsof,120declaring,118–120delegatesand,248descriptionof,117generic,125–126,258genericmethods,usingin,126–127hidingmembersof,123IAsyncResult,329ICloneabledescriptionof,74,185,338documentationfor,339implementing,339–340,344Privatecopyconstructorand,340valuetypesand,381ICollection,218,222–223IComparablearraysand,217CompareTo(),365–368,388–391descriptionof,75,142,145–146,273System.
Int32and,125IComparer,198,273,282IConvertible,125,373ICustomFormatter,195–197IDictionary(OfTKey,TValue),226IDisposabledescriptionof,80–82,178,182,233,326,345destructorcodeand,347Disposablepatternand,346implementing,345valuetypesand,381IEnumerablecollectiontypesand,221descriptionof,61iterationand,229–233System.
Arrayand,216IEnumerable(OfT),229–233,258IEnumerator,229–233,375–376IEnumerator(OfT),229–233IEquatable(OfT),362,384IFormatProviderGetFormat(),195implementing,188replacementstringsand,193IFormattablecodefor,369implementing,188,193–195System.
Int32and,125ToString(),188,193,370IList,218,224–225IList(OfT),224–225,255implementing,117–118,124–125implementingmultiple,122inheritanceand,121IShape,269membersof,53methodsand,120polymorphismand,134–135Strategypatternand,246supportfor,387valuetypesand,67Interlockedclass,168,304–308intermediatelanguage(IL)asassemblylanguage,12descriptionof,1–2JITcompilerand,13–14VBcompilerand,11internpool,186Interrupt(),295,298IntToLongConvertermethod,261–262InvalidCastException,255–256,372InvalidOperationException,217,222Invokemethod,236,327IOException,178IOUpattern,292,329Isoperator,TypeOfkeywordand,38–39is-arelationship,modeling,133IShapeinterface,269IsInvalidproperty,174IsNotoperator,TypeOfkeywordand,39iteratingthroughdelegatechains,241–242iterationForEachstatementand,229–233loopingconstructsandContinue,47DoWhileandDoUntil,47ForEach…Next,45–46For…Next,46Iteratorclass,61Jjaggedarrays,multidimensional,220–221JIT(just-in-time)compiler,2JIT(just-in-time)compiling,ILand,13–14Join(),294,298–299INDEX406Kkernelmodeobjects,323KeyNotFoundException,226keywordsAs,270Boolean,49Class,32Custom,250–251Delegate,236DirectCast,36Event,250Global,6Inherits,101Integer,49Me,66–67,313MustInherit,57–58MyBase,54–56MyClass,56–57New,75–76NotInheritable,57Object,26,73–74Of,253–254ParamArray,89–90Partial,64Shadows,61,106Structure,29,50SyncLock,218,223,311TryCast,36TypeOf,36,38–39Using,6,82–83,181–182value,251LLastIndexOf(),203,217LastIndexOfAny(),203latebinding,3LDML(LocaleDataMarkupLanguage)file,189lightweightsynchronizationwithInterlockedclass,304–308linesofcode,terminating,43List(OfT)class,259lists,224–225,239ListSwap(),167,170loadingassemblies,21–22LocaleDataMarkupLanguage(LDML)file,189lockingobjectsMutex,322overviewof,319ReaderWriterLock,319–322MMainmethod,5,260–262MakeGenericType(),285managedapplications,11managedassemblies,18managedcode,1managedthreadsdefinitionof,289statediagram,293–295managementofassemblies,18manifestandassemblies,16–17ManualResetEvent,323–324mappingmultidimensionalarraystomathematicalconcepts,220Match(),204,211MatchEvaluatordelegate,209–210Meidentifier,instancemethodsand,86Mekeywordlocking,313valuetypesand,66–67Mereference,unboxingand,73Me.
New(),instanceconstructorsand,51memberhiding,104–107members,accessibilityof,101–102MemberwiseClone(),74,339–340memoryleaks,79metadatainassembliesadvantagesof,22–23reflection,23viewing,17–18methodoverloading,90methodsbaseclassversionof,calling,92–93calling,49decouplingcalledfromactualcaller,235descriptionof,85entry-point,executionof,18fieldinitializationand,99finalizer,49generic,126–127,259–261implementing,49indexerscomparedto,62instance,86interfacesand,120naming,118Objectkeyword,74parametertypesByRefarguments,87–89ByValarguments,87ParamArraykeyword,89–90shared,85typesof,85Seealsospecificmethodsmirroroverload,140Moduleconstruct,398Module1.
vbfile,397Monitorclassboxingand,313–314Enter()andExit(),309–313overviewof,304INDEX407Finditfasterathttp://superindex.
apress.
com/Pulse()andWait(),314–318Wait(),294MoveNext(),232MSILDisassemblerassemblymanifestand,16–18boxingand,73Windowsinterfaceof,12MulticastDelegateclass,235–236multidimensionalarrays,218–220multidimensionaljaggedarrays,220–221multithreading.
SeethreadingMustInheritkeyword,57–58MustOverridemethod,90mutatingoperands,139Mutexclassaslockobject,322Monitorclasscomparedto,309overviewof,304Mynamespaces,8MyBaseidentifier,92–93MyBasekeyword,54–56MyBase.
New(),instanceconstructorsand,51MyClasskeyword,56–57MyCollection(OfInteger),254MyCollection(OfLong),254MyCollection(OfT),253MyContainer(OfInteger),260MyContainer(OfT),260Nnamespacesassigningexplicitaliasto,42CompilerServices,168declaring,41descriptionof,40fullyqualified,42ImportsstatementandMy,8,42ObjectBrowserand,42partialclassesand,64System,built-intypesin,28System.
Activator,286System.
Collection.
ObjectModel,226–229System.
Collections,221,255,272System.
Double,191System.
Globalization,189System.
Object,26,65,73–75,215System.
Threading,168System.
Type,285using,42namingconventionsforcultures,189forexceptions,175generictypeplaceholders,256formethods,118narrowingconversion,146–150nestedclasses,58–61nestednamespaces,declaring,41.
NETBaseClassLibrary(BCL),8,185.
NETbinaries,COMbinariescomparedto,11.
NETFrameworkandthreading,289.
NETruntime,1–2.
Seealsocommonlanguageruntime(CLR).
NET2.
0,unhandledexceptionsin,155Newconstraint,271Newconstructor,32Newkeyword,75–76Newoperator,262non-nestedclasses,58Non-VirtualInterface(NVI)pattern,129,336–336nonclasstypes,constraintson,271–272nondeterministicdestruction,67,82NonGenericmethod,256nongenerictypes,256NotInheritableclasses,defaultto,336NotInheritablekeyword,57NotInheritablemodifier,93NotSupportedException,229nullabletypes,265–267NullReferenceException,155,250NVI(Non-VirtualInterface)pattern,129,336–338OObjectBrowserandnamespaces,42Objectkeyword,26,73–74objectreferences,tracking,49object-orientedprogrammingcharacteristicsof,101encapsulation,111–115inheritanceaccessibilityofmembers,101–102borrowingimplementationwith,102asis-arelationship,104memberhidingand,104–107pitfallsof,107–111polymorphismandspecialization,102–104Object.
Equals(),355,359–361Object.
ToString(),187,191ObjectDisposedException,345objectsbehaviorof,49boxing,68capabilitiesof,49cloneableandcanonicalforms,338–344convertible,371–373creatinginstanceconstructors,78Newkeyword,75–76overviewof,49,75Sharedconstructor,76–78INDEX408CultureInfo,369destroying,79–80disposable,80–83,345–347equivalent,andcanonicalforms,355–361finalizable,andcanonicalforms,347–354formattable,368–371instancemethodsand,86internalstateof,49kernelmode,323locking,319–322orderingand,365–368referencetypesand,32systemheapand,49System.
Thread,290thread-hot,348Timer,332–333typesand,28Win32synchronization,324–326Seealsofields;propertiesOfkeyword,253–254OOprogramming.
Seeobject-orientedprogrammingopentypes,256–257open-instancedelegates,242–246operands,mutating,139operatoroverloadingaddition(+)operator,141–142booleanoperators,148–161comparisonoperators,142,145–146conversionoperators,146–148descriptionof,8,137disadvantagesof,137parameterorderand,140typesandformatsofoperators,138–139unary,binary,andconversionoperators,137operatorsboolean,148–151comparison,142,145–146conversion,137–138,146–148equality,361referencetype,38–40standard,8unary,137,139withingenerictypes,274–285optimizations,performingatruntime,13OptionExplicitsetting,26–27OptionStrictOff,150OptionStrictsetting,27orderofexecutioninmultithreadedprograms,301orderingofobjects,365–368OSthreads,289OutOfMemoryException,168–170overloadinginstanceconstructors,51Overloadsmodifier,123Overridablemethodcanonicalformsand,336cautionswhenusing,93NotInheritablemodifierand,93overviewof,90Shadowsmodifierand,91–92overridingEquals(),382–386GetHashCode(),362–365inheritanceand,106,110Object.
Equals(),359–361PP/Invokelayer,324–325ParamArraykeyword,89–90parametersofmethodsByRefarguments,87–89ByValarguments,87ParamArraykeyword,89–90partialclasses,64Partialkeyword,64partiallynamedassemblies,20PassByRefmethod,88–89PassByValuemethod,88passingstringdatatoandfromothersystems,200performingoptimizationsatruntime,13PlayerUIclass,250PlayEventidentifier,250PlayEventArgsclass,249plus(+)operatorcompositestringsand,201withintegervalues,8overloading,141–142withstringvalues,8pointers,355polymorphisminterfacesand,134–135specializationand,102–104PrepareConstrainedRegions(),168primaryconstraints,270PrintCoordinatesfunction,35privateassemblies,19Privatecopyconstructor,340Privatemembers,101probing,21ProcessResultstype,238propertiesaccessors,94declaring,94–95descriptionof,85,93indexerscomparedto,62read-only,write-only,andread-write,95–96ProtectedFriendmembers,101Protectedmembers,101ProtectedOverridablemethod,250INDEX409Finditfasterathttp://superindex.
apress.
com/Publicmembers,101PublicSharedOperatormethods,138publish-subscribeusagepattern,248Pulse(),Monitorclass,314–318Qqueueandfinalization,351Queue.
Clear(),222QueueProcessorclass,292QueueUserWorkItem(),327RRidentifier,258RaiseEventstatement,250–251raisingevents,250rank,ofarrays,217,220RankException,217read-onlyproperties,95–96read-writeproperties,95–96ReaderWriterLock,319–322ReadOnlyfields,97–98ReadOnlypublicfields,95realarrays,indexerscomparedto,64reentrantwaitmechanism,308referencetypevariables,copyingvalueof,49referencetypesarraysand,215boxingconversion,37casting,36convertingfromonetypetoanother,35–36CTS,4descriptionof,25,29designchecklist,391–392equalitybetween,75immutable,378–381initializing,32interfacesas,117–118operators,38–40valuetypescomparedto,33,387reference,passingvariableby,87reference-typecanonicalformscloneableobjectsand,338–344convertibleobjectsand,371–373defaulttoNotInheritableclasses,336disposableobjectsand,345–347equivalentobjectsand,355–361finalizableobjectsand,347–354formattableobjectsand,368–371GetHashCode()and,362–365immutablereferencetypes,378–381NVIpattern,using,336–338orderingand,365–368overviewof,335typesafetyand,373–378reflection,23Regexclass,203Regex.
Replacemethod,208–211RegexOptionstype,211–213RegionInfotype,189Register(),190registeringassembliesinGAC,20customCultureInfotypes,189–190regularexpressions,searchingstringswithgroupingand,204–208Regexclass,203–204Regex.
Replacemethod,208–211RegexOptionstype,211–213regular-expressionsubstitutions,210ReleaseHandle(),174ReleaseMutex(),322ReleaseReaderLock(),321ReliabilityContractAttribute(ListSwap()method),170Remove(),239–240,251RemoveAll(),239–240RemoveHandlerstatement,250–251removingdelegatesfromlists,239Replace(),204,211replacingtextforsearchingstrings,208–211Reset(),232ResetAbort(),295–297resourcesallocatedandexceptions,177–181directlyheld,cleaningup,348initializingwithinstructureconstructors,67unmanaged,351Resume(),298,304rethrowingexceptions,157–159RndThreadFuncmethod,306Rollback(),181rollbackbehavior,181–184rudethreadabort,295runningconsoleapplications,398Runningstate,ofthreads,293–295RuntimeHelpersclass,168Ssafepoints,298SafeHandlederivedclass,170–174searchabilityofarrays,217searchingstringswithregularexpressionsgroupingand,204–208Regexclass,203–204Regex.
Replacemethod,208–211RegexOptionstype,211–213Select.
.
.
Caseconstruct,45semanticsandoperatoroverloading,137SerializableAttribute,175Setaccessors,94Set()andmultidimensionalarray,220SetMinThreads(),327INDEX410Shadowskeyword,61,106Shadowsmodifier,91–93shallowcopy,339sharedassemblies,19–20Sharedconstructor,76–78Sharedfields,96sharedmethods,85Sharedmodifier,85sharingassembliesacrossmultiplelanguages,22Shutdownmethod,318shuttingdownthreads,318simpleprogram,codeandoutput,5single-inheritancehierarchy,exampleofbad,108Singletondesignpattern,129,258Sleep(),293,297,304–,306SomeFunctionmethod,85SomeOperationmethod,86sortalgorithm,default,111sortabilityofarrays,217SortStrategydelegate,247specialization,102–104spinlocks,306SpinLockclass,308SpinLockManager,308,311Stack.
Clear(),222StackOverflowException,168startingthreads,290–292StartsWith(),203statements,43–44statesofthread,293–295staticconstructors,51,161–162staticnatureofinheritance,111StaticCompute(),240Strategydesignpattern,111,246–247StreamWriter,308stringliterals,declaring,186–187String.
Clone()implementation,342String.
Compare(),198String.
Format(),192–195String.
Intern(),187StringBuilderclass,201–202StringBuilder.
AppendFormat(),195StringComparerclass,198StringComparer.
Create(),198StringComparisonenumeration,198stringscomparing,197–198composite,201Console.
WriteLine()andString.
Format(),192–193convertingfloating-pointvaluesto,188creatingandregisteringcustomCultureInfotypes,189–190format,191–192formatspecifiersand,187formattingincustomtypes,193–195ICustomFormatterinterfaceand,195–197IFormatProviderinterface,188IFormattableinterface,188Object.
ToString(),187fromoutsidesources,workingwith,199–201overviewof,185searchingwithregularexpressionsgroupingand,204–208Regexclass,203–204Regex.
Replacemethod,208–211RegexOptionstype,211–213ToString(),187stronglynamedassemblies,18–20stronglytypedlanguage,25–27structureconstraints,271Structurekeyword,29,50structuresClassLibraryprojecttypeand,397defining,65generic,257–258implementinginterfacesin,124–125SeealsovaluetypesSubmitWorkItem(),318supportforinterfaces,387Suspend(),295,298,304Suspendedstate,ofthreads,295SuspendRequestedstate,ofthreads,295syncevents,323synchronizationarraysand,218collectionsand,223–224SeealsosynchronizingthreadsSynchronizationLockException,314Synchronized(),224synchronizingthreadsevents,323–324kernelmodeobjects,323lightweightsynchronizationwithInterlockedclass,304–308lockingobjects,319–322Monitorclassboxingand,313–314Enter()andExit(),309–313Pulse()andWait(),314–318overviewof,303–304Win32synchronizationobjectsandWaitHandleclass,324–326SyncLockkeyword,218,223,311syntaxcontrolflowconstructs,44–45enumerations,30–31iterationandloopingconstructsContinue,47DoWhileandDoUntil,47INDEX411Finditfasterathttp://superindex.
apress.
com/ForEach…Next,45–46For…Next,46namespaces,40–42referencetypes,32statements,43–44strongtyping,25–27typecategories,27–29typeconversioninstances,33–35referencetypes,35–40valuetypes,29–30sysglobl.
dllassembly,190systemheap,49Systemnamespace,built-intypesin,28System.
Activatornamespace,286System.
Array,215,220System.
Attributeclass,23System.
Charclass,185System.
Collectionsnamespace,221,255,272System.
Collections.
ObjectModelnamespace,226–229System.
Doublenamespace,191System.
ExceptionclassCatchclauseand,156constructors,174–177innerexceptionsand,158System.
Globalizationnamespace,189System.
Int32valuetype,125System.
Int32.
MaxValue,201System.
Monitorclass,218System.
Objectnamespacedescriptionof,26,73–74,215equalityand,75IComparableinterface,75valuetypesand,65System.
Reflectionclass,23System.
Stringclasscomparingstringsand,198ICloneable.
Clonemethod,342overviewof,185System.
Text.
Encodingclass,186,199–201System.
Threadclass,291System.
Threadobject,290System.
Threadingnamespace,168System.
Typenamespace,285System.
TypeInitializationException,161TTidentifier,258terminatinglinesofcode,43threads,295–297TestForEquality(),356–357thread-hotobjects,348thread-localstorage,300–303Thread.
Abort(),295–297Thread.
AllocateDataSlot(),301Thread.
AllocateNamedDataSlotmethod,301Thread.
Interrupt(),295,298Thread.
Join(),294Thread.
ResetAbort(),295–297Thread.
Resume(),304Thread.
Sleep(),293,297,304–306Thread.
Suspend(),295,298,304ThreadAbortException,155,168,295–298ThreadFuncmethod,290threading.
NETFrameworkand,289orderofexecutioninmultithreadedprograms,301overviewof,289SeealsothreadsThreadInterruptedException,295,298ThreadPoolclassasynchronousmethodcalls,327–331overviewof,326–327timers,332–333usesof,323threadsasynchronousmethodcalls,292creating,290–292finalization,354foregroundandbackground,299–300haltingandwaking,297–298IOUpattern,292managed,289,293–295OS,289shuttingdown,318starting,290–292statesof,293–295synchronizingevents,323–324kernelmodeobjects,323lightweightsynchronizationwithInterlockedclass,304–308lockingobjects,319–322Monitorclass,309–318overviewof,303–304Win32synchronizationobjectsandWaitHandleclass,324–326terminating,295–297waitingforthreadtoexit,298–299ThreadStartdelegate,290–291ThreadStateenumeration,293ThreadStaticAttributeattribute,300Throwstatementdescriptionof,154exception-neutralcodeand,163rethrowingexceptions,157–159throwingexceptions,154–155Timerobject,332–333TimerProc(),333TInputplaceholderidentifier,261TLBs(typelibraries),11,22INDEX412TLSClass,301TLSFieldClass,301ToString()defaultimplementationof,187descriptionof,368–371Objectkeyword,74String.
Format()and,193ToType(),373TOutputplaceholderidentifier,261translatingexceptions,157–159Trystatementexception-neutralcodeand,163,166exceptionsand,155–156Try/Finallyblocksandexceptionhandling,179–181TryCastkeyword,36TryGetValue(),226typearguments,125typecategories,27–29typeconversionarrays,216–217generic,265instances,33–35operatorswithingenerictypes,274–285referencetypesboxing,37CTypefunction,35–36DirectCastandTryCastkeywords,36operators,38–40typelibraries(TLBs),11,22typeparameters,125,253–254typesafetydescriptionof,254–256reference-typecanonicalformsand,373–378value-typecanonicalformsand,388–390TypeConverter,373TypeInitializationException,161,174TypeOfkeywordIsoperatorand,38–39IsNotoperatorand,39referencetypeconversionand,36typesdescriptionof,25generic,253,256,274–285nonclass,constraintson,271–272nongeneric,256nullable,265–267open,256–257ProcessResults,238producingcollections,224RegexOptions,211–213RegionInfo,189Seealsoreferencetypes;typeconversion;typesafety;valuetypesUunaryoperatorsdescriptionof,137parametersand,139unboxingdescriptionof,69–70,255efficiencyof,73Seealsoboxingundeclaredvariables,26unhandledexceptions,155UnhandledExceptionEventArgs,155UnicodeUTF-16characterarrays,199unmanagedresources,351unsafecodeinC#,2Unstartedstate,ofthreads,293UpgradeToWriterLock(),321user-definedvaluetypes,29Usingkeyword,6,82–83,181–182Usingstatement,346–347utilitiesdisassembler,12gacutil.
exe,20SeealsoMSILDissassemblerVvalueequality,358valuekeyword,251valuetypesconstructorsand,65–66creating,29CTS,4defining,65descriptionof,25,29,64designchecklist,393enumerations,30–31finalizersand,67implementinginterfaceswith,125interfacesand,67Mekeywordand,66–67Newkeywordand,75passing,29–30referencetypescomparedto,33,387Structurekeywordand,50user-defined,29value-typecanonicalformsEquals(),overriding,382–386overviewof,381–382supportforinterfacesand,387typesafetyand,388–390ValueType.
Equals(),358variablespassingbyreference,87reference,equalitybetween,355–356referencetype,copyingvalueof,49stronglytyped,25–27undeclared,26INDEX413Finditfasterathttp://superindex.
apress.
com/Variantdatatype(VB6),27VBcompilerandIL,11versioning,assemblyloadtimeand,21VisualBasic6.
0(VB6)Variantdatatype,27VB2005comparedto,3WWait(),Monitorclass,294,314–318WaitAll(),324WaitAny(),324WaitHandleclass,322–326waitingforthreadtoexit,298–299WaitOne(),322–323WaitSleepJoinstate,ofthreads,293wakingthreads,297–298WhileloopingconstructandContinuecommand,6white-boxreuse,109wideningconversion,33,146–14Win32functions,173Win32Synchronizationobjects,324–326Win32Heapexamplewithfinalizer,349–350modified,352–354write-onlyproperties,95–96WriteLine(),192–193writingexception-neutralcodeconstrainedexecutionregions,168–170criticalfinalizersandSafeHandle,170–174structureof,163–168writingexception-safecode,153INDEX414