xedrockettube

Indexγ-raytransmissionmethod,28absorption,2,9,98,107absorptioncoecient,8,9,96,98–100absorptivity,114,153acousticlevitation,134activationenergy,26adiabaticcondition,100adsorption,39,40,43,56aerodynamiclevitation,2,134Ag,56,79,117,120–122Ag–Au,56Ag–Cu,56,117,125,126aircraft,133Al,73,115Al2O3,3,85,95Al65Cu25Co10,3Al–Cu,3Al–Ni,3AlCl3,18alkalinehalides,19alkalinemetals,184,189alloys,173AlNi,73AlNi1.
5–Al,75AlNi–Al,72alumina,1,2,8,10,14,93,177aluminumsmelting,17Andradelaw,17anomalousX-raydiraction,3Ar,45Archimedeanmethod,28,29Arrhenianbehavior,26Arrhenius,17,144As,85atomicattractiveforce,188atomicconguration,1,4atomicformfactor,9atomicscatteringfactor,4Au,117,120–122Au–Cu,142Au-Cu-Co,3AuCu,3Avogadroconstant,188B,3Ba–Ge,3BaB2O3,3Beltonequation,56Benard–Marangoni–Rayleighmecha-nism,41Benard–Rayleighcell,41Bi,75,79Biotnumber,101,140,166blackbody,96,111,112,116,119blackbodyradiation,116boilingtemperature,184Boltzmannconstant,12boronnitride,1,31boronoxide,94,107brightnesstemperature,112buoyancy,29,39,44,132,134,149buoyancyconvection,68,74,76,81,158buoyancyforce,61,150,170CaAl2O4,3CaF2,95198IndexCaO,85CaO/SiO2ratio,96capillarity,134capillarymethod,18capillaryrisemethod,47capillaryviscometer,19casting,39,56,149Ce–Cu,124,125centrifugalforce,132ceramics,1,2,10characteristicoscillationfrequency,179,180chemicalthermodynamics,53Co,93,100,103,107,117,122CO2laser,5,175Co80Pd20,3,138Co–Pd,3coherentintensity,9coldcrucible,46,117,121Comptonscattering,9computersimulations,2conduction,111,157CoNi,3conicalnozzlelevitation,3,11contactangle,30containerless,2,11,34,39,47,132,134,145,173,177continuouscasting,85continuouscastingpowder,95,100,107convection,87,111,149,150,158,163,169,170convectiveow,164coolingcurve,120,163,165,167,177coordinationnumber,13CoPd,3correctionfunction,153,167Coulombforce,173,174criticalcoolingrate,105criticalMarangoninumber,41crystalgrowth,39,41,56,149Cu,117,120,121,125Cu2Ce,125Cu–Ni,115,125CuCo,133CummingsandBlackburn,47,142Curietemperature,138CuZr,3Czochralski,41Czochralskimethod,85,189decaytime,180dendrite,46density,17,28,36,86,111,135,137,139,154,155,157,161,173,177,180–182densitylayer,70densitylayering,62,63,72,80,81desorption,54diraction,1diusioncoecient,61,63,68,71,73,75–77,79,82,86dilatometricmethod,28directcorrelationfunction,12directionalspectralemissivity,112dislocation,85disorderedmatter,1dropcalorimetrymethod,166droposcillationmethod,178,191droptower,77,133droptube,133dropweightmethod,47dynamicviscosity,40eddycurrent,2,117,158electricconductivity,135,137,138,161electricresistivity,138,163electricalresistivity,173electromagneticeld,137,158,159electromagneticforce,2,150,158,163,170electromagneticinductionheating,154electromagneticlevitation,2,3,47,54,57,115,117,120,132,134–136,142,145,158,169,173electromagneticlevitator,150,159,170electronbeambuttonmelting(EBBM),46electronbeammelting,39electronicemission,8electrostaticforce,2electrostaticlevitation,2,3,7,8,11,35,47,120,134,173,174,177,190,192electrostaticlevitator,4,5,14,139ellipsometer,122ellipsometry,114,115,119,120EMCZ(electromagneticCzochralski),44emission,98,107Index199emissivity,8,101,111,150,154,155,157,159,161–163,167,170EML,3energydispersiveX-raydiraction,3equilibriumPo2,52ESA,68ESL,3EXAFS,3extendedX-rayabsorptionnestructure,3extinctioncoecient,114Fe,3,54,85,93,100,103,107,115,117,122,123Fe–Cr,56Fe–Nb,124Fe–Ni,113Fe–V,124xed-pointblackbody,116oatmethod,28oatingzonemethod,189uiddynamics,41uorides,19Foton,63,66Foton-M2,62,77,82foundry,17Fouriertransform,13Fouriertransformation,4Fourier'slaw,111Fourier–Biotequation,86freeelectron,105freeelectrontransition,121freesurface,41Fresnel'sequation,114fusedsilica,1g-jitter,77,132,144Ga,79GaAs,85GaP,85Ge,104,107,117,173germaniumdetector,4,9Gibbsadsorptionisotherm,50glass,17glassformingalloy,2,105glassmaking,17glasstransition,139,144glass-formingmetallicalloys,139graphite,1,31graphitemonochrometor,9gravitationalacceleration,47gravity,132,134graybody,98–100growthstriation,39,41Hagen–Poiseuille'sequation,18He–Nelaser,7,174heatandmasstransport,39,57heatbalance,152,163heatcapacity,111,120,149,150,153,157,167,173heattransfer,85,92,111,157hemisphericalemissivepower,96hemisphericalspectralemissivity,112hemisphericaltotalemissivity,112,118,120,141,149,152,153,165,167,170heterogeneousnucleation,2,173Hf,183,187,188,191Hg,185high-energysynchrotronradiationX-ray,2high-energyX-ray,1high-energyX-raydiraction,14high-temperatureliquid,14,149high-temperaturemelts,2,5,17hotlaunch,8hydrostaticpressure,33IML-2,134,142IMPRESSproject,141impuritydiusion,81In,79In2O3,94IN718,46inductiveheating,136inelasticX-raydiraction,3InSb,88InSn–In,72interbandtransition,121interdiusion,66,67,69,75,79,81InternationalSpaceStation,ISS,57,64,77,132,135,145Ir,183,187,190,191isobaricheatcapacity,151,165isobaricmassheatcapacity,154isobaricmolarheatcapacity,166,170200IndexJAMICdroptower,143,145JapanAerospaceExplorationAgency(JAXA),64,174JapaneseExperimentModule,JEM,77JetPropulsionLaboratory(JPL),173jet-engineturbineblade,149Jouleheat,155kinematicviscosity,18Kirchho'slaw,114,153Knappwost'srelationship,21laserashmethod,86–88,100,104,107lasermodulationcalorimetry,150laser-pulsemethod,86latentheatoffusion,177Legendrepolynomial,178Levenberg–Marquardtmethod,157levitation,2,39,47,57,134levitationforce,135levitationmethod,28,34Lindemann'stheoryofmelting,188liquidmetals,1,61,79,115,137,184,189liquidstructuralanalysis,3liquidstructure,2,5,8,11liquidustemperature,105lithiumniobate,107longcapillary,61,62,81long-rangeperiodicatomicdistribution,103Lorentzforce,44,134,135,149,157Lorenznumber,138low-Pr-numberuids,56magneticeld,44,62,76,135magneticuxdensity,44magneticliquid,138magneticordering,138magneticpermeability,135,138magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)convection,158,159,164manometricmethod,28,32Marangoniconvection,61,65,68,134,149,158Marangonieect,40Marangoniow,39,41,44,52,53,57massabsorptioncoecient,9masstransport,40,68,82mathematicalmodel,157,170maximumbubblepressuremethod,28,33,47maximumdropmethod,47meltingtemperature,161metallicglass,104,105,173metallicmelt,4,100,111,149metals,10,17metastable,132Mg2SiO4,3MgAl2O4,3MgO,85,95microgravity,39,41,52,61,62,76,77,132–134,136,141,143,145microsecondpulseheating,118,119,122Mo,119,122,123,175,182,186,190,191modulatedlasercalorimetry,159,164,169modulationamplitude,152modulationcalorimetry,141,149,150modulationfrequency,153molarheatcapacity,166moleculardynamics(MD)simulation,13,14,79momentumtransfer,4monochromator,116MonteCarlo(MC)simulation,13MSL-1,134,137–139,141MSL-EML,MaterialsScienceLab–Electro-MagneticLevitator,135,145mullite,93multiplescattering,2,9Na2O,95naturalconvection,61Navier–Stokesequation,131,142Nb,119,182,186,190,191Ndglasslaser,88,93Nd–Fe–B,3Nd:YAGlaser,175,176nearnetshapecasting,131neutrondiraction,1,4neutronscattering,2,3,9Newton'sequationsofmotion,132Newtonian,18Index201Ni,3,93,100,103,107,115,117,119,120,122,123,125,126,182,186,189,191Ni–Cr,115,124Ni–Cu,117Ni–Fe,124Ni–V,3Ni-75%Zr,126nickelalloy,119,127nickelbasedalloy,125NiZr,3noblemetals,117,120non-Newtonian,18noncontact,139noncontactmodulatedlasercalorimetry,164noncontactmodulationcalorimetry,139,149,150nonferrousmetallurgy,17nonlinearopticalmaterials,95normalspectralemissivity,112,114–116,118–120,153nuclearreactors,4nucleation,47,173,177numericalanalysis,176numericalmodeling,57,145numericalsimulation,64,149,150,158,170Nyquisttheorem,142opticalconstants,114opticalprocesses,113opticalpyrometers,112Os,175,183,187,190,191oscillatingcylindermethod,18oscillatingdropmethod,47,57,141,143oscillatingmethod,18,26oscillatingvesselmethod,26oscillatingviscometer,19,21oscillation,22oscillationfrequency,47,48,137oxidation,53oxidemelts,94oxides,17oxygen,39,40,44,45,47,53oxygenpartialpressure,49oxygensensor,53oxygentransport,53P,85P2O5,94packingfraction,13parabolicight,64,66,68,77,135,137,139,143,145Pb,73,79PbAg5,73PbAg–Pb,72,76PbGa5,73PbGa–Pb,72Pd,119,183Pd–Cu–Si,104Pd–Ni–P,104Pd-basedalloy,104,105PdCuSi,3,143pendantdropmethod,47permittivityofvacuum,179phasedierence,48,152–154,157,159,166,167,170physicalproperties,161Planck'slawofradiation,112,116polarization,9,114proportionalcounter,4Pt,88,177,184,185,187,189,191Pt–Ni–P,104pulseheating,119pycnometer,31pycnometricmethod,28,31radialdistributionfunction,4radiance,112radiation,87,97,111,116,153,155,163,164radiationintensity,112radiativeheattransfer,96,98Ratto'smodel,53Rayleigh,47Rayleigh–Benardconvection,134Rayleigh–Benardinstability,134Rayleigh–Marangoni–Benardcell,44Re,175,183,187,190,191realbody,111,119recalescence,8,177reection,114reectivity,99,114refractiveindex,114refractorymetal,25,46,173,177,180,182,185,186,190–192relaxationtime,153202IndexReverseMonteCarlo(RMC)simulation,13Reynoldsnumber,18Rh,183,187,191Roscoe'sequation,21rotatingmagneticeld,176,177rotatingmethod,18,26rotatingviscometer,28rotation,48Ru,182,186,190,191rubylaser,93salts,17sapphire,1,93,101sapphirewindow,5satellite,62,77Sb,79scatteringangle,4scatteringintensity,4segregation,63self-diusion,13,79,81semiconductor,10,56,85,149,173semiconductorlaser,150,163sensitivity,170sensitivityanalysis,159,163sessiledropmethod,28,34,47shearcell,62,64–68,72,80,82shearconvection,64,65,68,71,72,82shearstress,40Si,2,3,8,10,13,14,39–41,49,56,104,107,116–118,120,124,125,166–168,170,173Si75Ge25,139Si–Ge,139silicon,149,150,153,157–159,161,163singlecrystal,39,85,95singlecrystallinesilicon,163single-colorpyrometer,5,176SiO,41SiO2,3,41,50,85,95skindepth,135,137,138slag,17slitscollimation,4Sn,65,69,73,79Sn47In53,69Sn90In10,69Sn-In,79SnBi3,71,73SnBi3–Sn,74SnBi1.
5,73SnBi1.
5–Sn,75SnBi–Sn,72SnBiIn–Sn,72SnIn1–Sn,75SnIn3Bi5,73SnIn10,73SnIn10–Sn,76SnIn–Sn,72SnSb3,73SnSb5–Sn,78SnSb–Sn,72solidication,1,4,8,63,131,164solubility,55solutocapillary,40soundingrocket,39,77,133,135,137,141,145Soyuz-Urocket,77spaceshuttle,57,61,77,80Spacelabmission,134,137,138,141,142specicheat,86,139,141,154,155,161spectralemissivity,173SPring-8,4,7,8stainlesssteel,45,54standarddeviation,166,168,169staticmagneticeld,49,149,150,158,159,163,168–170staticstructurefactor,4,9,11steel,39,95steelmaking,17,85Stefan–Boltzmannconstant,101,120,152Steinberg'srelation,185structuralanalysis,2STS-83,144STS-94,144sulfur,39,44–46,53superconductingmagnet,150,163supercooled,118surfacefreeenergy,1surfaceoscillation,142,149,178surfacetension,30,33,34,39–41,43,46,49,54,56,65,134,137,141–143,145,170,173,177–181,185,186,188,189,192surfactant,47,53SUS304,54synchrotronradiation,1,4,7,9,11,14Index203Ta,119,175,183,187,190,191tantalum,184telephotocamera,177temperaturecoecient,45temperaturecoecientofdensity,184temperaturecoecientofsurfacetension,39,161TEMPUS,134,139,145TEXUSsoundingrocket,133thermalconductance,153thermalconductivity,85,86,101,111,149,150,154,155,157,159,161,162,168,170,173thermalcontactresistance,101thermaldiusivity,85–87,91,93,94,97–100,103,104,107thermalexpansion,139thermalexpansioncoecient,161,189,190thermionicemission,8thermocapillary,40,158thermocapillaryforce,150,170thermocouple,113ThermoLabproject,143thermophysicalproperty,131,136,145,173,176Ti,3,46,122,173,182,186,191Ti39.
5Zr39.
5Ti21,3Ti46Al8Nb,141Ti–Al,124Ti–Fe–Si–O,3Ti–V,124TIG(tungsteninertgas),44titaniumalloy,119TiZrNi,3transitionmetals,117,122,189transmissivity,99,114,117turbineblade,56two-axisdiractometer,4two-colourpyrometer,117uncertainty,47,57,166–168,181,191undercooledliquid,1,2,8undercooledmelt,132UVimagingtechnique,177UVlamp,177V,182vaporpressure,18viscometer,18,19,25viscosity,13,17,19,22,36,40,111,136,141–143,161,173,178,180,181,185,190–192Vogel–Fulcherbehavior,144W,119,122,124,175,183,187,190,191weldpool,39,44,45weldability,39,44welding,39,44,56,149wettability,93wetting,30,134Wiedemann–Franzlaw,138,149,169Wien'sequation,112X-rayabsorptioncoecient,2X-raydiraction,1–5,9,10X-rayscattering,2,7xenonarclamp,120Y,182,186,190,191Y2O3,3YAG,3ZARM,133ZnSewindow,5Zr,3,7–10,12,120,122,125–127,173,177,182,186,191Zr55Al10Ni5Cu30,104Zr60Al15Ni25,104Zr65Al7.
5Cu17.
5Ni10,141Zr65Al7.
5Cu27.
5,104Zr-basedalloy,104,105ZrO,3