Centerfiretrap

NotesIntroduction:"TheMuqata"1.
"ForeignJournalistsSmuggled'Wanted'Persons,"Ma'ariv[daily],April1,2002.
2.
NoteverybodyinIsraellikedtheideaofthevisits.
Forexample,inagovernmentsession,theIsraeliinteriorministerwondered,"WouldanybodyaccepttheideaofallowingvisitstoBin-Laden"Ibid.
3.
Ma'ariv,May2,2002;RoniShaked,"FeelsLikeaHero,"YediotAchronot[daily],May2,2002.
4.
SeeaninterviewwiththemajorgeneraloftheCentralCommand,MosheKaplinsky,inSeptember2003,inwhichheblamestheAmericansforblockingtheIsraeliplanconcerningArafat.
AlexFishman,"WhenWeGetanOrdertoExpelArafat,WeWillKnowWhattoDo,"YediotAchronot,September26,2003.
Infact,wheneverArafatwasundersiege,theAmericansinterfered.
See,e.
g.
,Ma'ariv,April29,2002;September12,2002;September29,2003.
5.
AryeBender,"FullSupplytoArafat,"Ma'ariv,April29,2002;"Arafat'sListofGroceries,Maariv,April30,2002;IsraelMinistryofForeignAffairs,"IDFHumanitarianAssistancetothePalestinians,"April5,2002:http://www.
mfa.
gov.
il.
6.
OnTalia"thewrecker,"seeYediotAchronot,September23,2002.
7.
Onthissymbolicaspectoffullparticipationofwomeninthemilitary,seeRobbinsandBen-Eliezer(2000).
8.
NachumBarnea,"AnAccountfromRamallah,"YediotAchronot,March15,2002.
9.
Indeed,theIsraelinewspapersoftendefinedthesiegeontheMuqataasa"WaragainstArafat,"e.
g.
,theheadlineinYediotAchronot,April1,2002.
10.
BenCaspitetal.
,"U.
S.
:'GetOutImmediately,StoptheSiege,'"Ma'ariv,September29,2002.
Interestingly,theIsraelipublicaswelldidnotthinkthatthesiegewouldaccomplishitsdeclaredgoals.
SeeEphraimYaarandTamarHerman,"ThePeaceIndex,January,"Haaretz,February4,2002.
11.
"TheWantedMenEscaped,"Ma'ariv,September30,2002.
12.
MenachemRahat,"AngerintheRight:Sharon'sDecisionisaSpiritualWeakening,"Maariv,April29,2002.
1NewWarsintheGlobalEra1.
Onneoliberalandneorealisttheoriesininternationalrelations,seeBaldwin(1993).
2.
SeeFukuyama(1989).
Foracritiqueofthisposition,seeBarkawi(2006).
Notes2243.
Onnewrisks,seeBeck(1999).
On"newterror,"seethepioneeringworkofLaqueur(1996).
Ontheglobalwaronterror,seeJackson(2005)andCroft(2006).
4.
OntheoversensitivitytocasualtiesthathasdevelopedintheWest,seeLuttwak(1995).
5.
Thetermsstrongandweakstates,andnewwarswillbedealtwithextensivelylateron.
6.
Manywarsofthepastwerealsoundeclared.
Forexample,atthebeginningofthe1700s,AugustustheSecondofSaxony-PolandinvadedLivoniawithoutanydeclarationofwar,andsodidNaziGermanyinmanyofitsinvasions.
ChineseforcesinterferedintheKoreaWarintheearly1950swithoutanydeclarationofwar,andsoon.
7.
Ontheproblemthatthepositivisticdefinitionsofwararenotcompatiblewithcurrentreality,seeHolsti(1996)andJ.
Levy(2002).
8.
Oncasualtiesinethnicwars,seeGreen(1994)andSlim(2008).
9.
Kalyvas(2001),e.
g.
,claimedthatthereisnothingnewinthenewethnicwars.
However,hebasedhisargumentononlyafewelementsofthenewwarswhileignoringotherelementsthatcouldindicatenovelty.
10.
TheleadingbooksthatdiscussnewwarsarethosebyVanCreveld(1991),Kaldor(1999;2005b),andMunkler(2005).
SeealsoBrozoska(2004).
11.
See,e.
g.
,theworkofWeimannandConard(1994).
Ontheroleofthemediainethnicconflicts,seeAllenandSeaton(1999).
Infact,thelargebodyoflit-eraturethathasbeenwrittensincetheworkofLivingstononCNN'sinfluencedealswiththeroleofthemediaincurrentwarsandglobalterror.
Sometimesthisliteratureevenexaggeratesthemedia'srole.
12.
Onpeacekeepingarmies,seeBattistelli(1997)andWeissandCampbell(1991).
13.
EdwardSaidraisedtheclaimthattheWestseestheOrientthroughitsowneyes.
Theclaimabouta"clashofcivilizations"andthe"goodguys"versusthe"badguys"waspresentedbySamuelHuntingtonandhasbeencriticizedbymanyscholarssuchasOnealandRussett(2000),HendersonandTucker(2001),andRashid(2003).
ThisconceptresemblesPresidentBush'sperceptionofthedifferencesbetweentheWestandIslamasispresentedinchaptersixofthisvol-ume.
TheperceptionthatnewwarsaremostlyThirdWorldwarsissocommonthatRice(1988),e.
g.
,callsthem"warsofathirdkind.
"Hisintentionistodif-ferentiatethiskindofwarfrombothnuclearandconventionalwars.
However,theassociationwiththeThirdWorldisunavoidable.
14.
SeealsoRice(1988),Jackson(1990),andSnow(1996).
Onweakstatesingen-eral,seeRothberg(2007).
Ontheanarchicconditionsthatsupposedlyaccom-panynewwars,seePosen(1993)withregardtotheformerYugoslavia,Russell(2007)withregardtoChechnya,orLakeandRothschild(1998)withregardtoAfricaatlarge.
15.
Onstatesthatarenotnecessarilyweak,buthaveaflexiblesystemofdomina-tion,seeWolf(2001),Hirst(2001),andBarrow(2005).
16.
Neoliberalstakenormsintoconsiderationaswell.
However,asKatzenstein(1996)wrote,theyallowfortheregulatory,constitutional,"thin"norms,notforthe"thick,"institutionalizednorms.
Formoreontheconstructivistapproach,seeReus-Smith(1996),Hopf(1998),Ruggie(1998),Copeland(2000),FinnemoreandSikkink(2001),Onuf(2002),andHolsti(2005).
17.
Onthewayinstitutionalarrangementsinfluencesocialorganizationsingen-eral,seePowellandDiMaggio(1991).
OninstitutionswithintheconstructivistNotes225approach,seeJepperson(1991),SuchmanandEyre(1992),andFinnemoreandSikkink(2001).
18.
Ontheinfluenceofthetwoenvironmentsonthestate,seeFinnemore(1996b),FinnemoreandSikkink(2001),andAdler(2002).
Anotherpossibilityisthattheexternalenvironmentdoesnotinfluencethestatedirectlybutthroughlocalorganizations,which,inturn,trytoinfluencethestate.
Risse,Ropp,andSikkink(1999)calledthisphenomenonthe"spiralmodel.
"19.
SeeUlrichBeck's(1996)distinctionbetween"globalpoliticsfromabove,"whichistheformalglobalgovernanceand"globalpoliticsfrombelow,"whichreferstoglobalcivilsocietyandinformalorganizations(16).
20.
JohnMeyerandhisstudents(e.
g.
,Meyer,Boli,andThomas,1987)wroteagreatdealabouttheglobalinstitutionalenvironmentthatinfluencesthestatefromtheoutside.
SeealsoWendt(1994;1999).
21.
Theterm"civilsociety"isopentomanyinterpretationsandcontroversies.
TwoofthebestbooksonthesubjectarestillCohenandArato(1992),andEliott(2003).
OncivilsocietyinIsrael,seePeledandOphir(2001),andBen-Eliezer(2003b).
22.
Amongthosewhodealwithpoliticsinthisway,seeFraser(1995),Melucci(1989),Laclau(1993),Nash(2010),andmanyothers.
23.
SeeKaldor's(2000)claimthateventhosewhoarecalled"globalization'sobjec-tors"areinfactglobalization'ssupporterswhoobjectonlytoitspoliticization.
24.
OnWestphaliaanditsmeaninginthehistoryofstatesovereigntyandonthechangesitisgoingthroughnow,seeKrasner(1999)andFalk(2004).
25.
Onidentitypolitics,seeZalewskiandEnloe(1995),Cerulo(1997),Hall(1992;1997),Rutherford(1998),andCroucher(2004).
Kaldor(1999)givesanexcel-lentanalysisofidentitypoliticsandnewwars.
26.
Oncollectiveidentity,seeKatzenstein(1996),Doty(1996),Croucher(2004),andCastells(2004).
Onimaginedcommunity,seeAnderson(1991).
27.
Thisisthecasenotonlyinstatesthatareconsideredperipheral,butalsoinacountrylikeBritain,asdemonstratedbyDoty(1996),forexample.
28.
Onfundamentalismandthenewreligiousmovementsingeneral,seeJuergensmeyer(1993),Eisenstadt(1999),andAlmond,Appleby,andSivan(2003).
Wewilldiscusstheseissuesextensivelylateron.
29.
Militarismembracesarelativelybroadrangeofbehavioralpatterns.
Onthemanydefinitions,seeBerghahn(1981),Elley(1986),Mann(1988),VanTuyll(1994),Sills(1968),andCarlton(2001).
Ontheideathatmilitarismisnottheoppositeofpacifismbutofcivilianism,seeVagts(1959:17).
30.
Praetorianismdescribesasituationinwhichmilitaryofficersplayadominantpoliticalrolebecauseoftheiractualorthreateneduseofforce(Nordlinger,1977).
Historically,militarycoupsandmilitaryregimeswerepreventednotsomuchbecauseofthestrengthofdemocraticinstitutionsbutbecausesocietywasunderaprotractedstateofwar.
SeeBen-Eliezer(1998b).
31.
ThebestbookthatdescribesthephenomenonofmilitarismisstillBerghahn(1981).
OnmilitarisminIsrael,seeKimmerling(1993),Helman(1997),Ben-Eliezer(1998a),Lomski-FederandBen-Ari(1999),Y.
Levy(2003),andBarakandSheffer(2006).
32.
Onacivilsocietyinthesenseofanantimilitaristicsociety,seeKaldor(1998;2003).
33.
Inordertoexplainthissituation,Maoz(2004)usedtheterm"pacifism"todescribestatesthatwereneverinvolvedinwars,andtheterm"fightaholism"toNotes226describestatesthatareaddictedtowarandconflict.
Thesameideaisdescribedinthisbookintermsofcivilianismandmilitarism.
34.
Gagnon(1994–1995)presentsanexampleofadiversionarymethodthatisrelatedtotheeconomybyshowinghowinnerconflictsinSerbiaaroundthedemandsforliberaleconomicreformsandthecreationofafreemarkethadastronginfluenceontheelites'decisiontogotowaragainstotherethnicgroupsintheformerYugoslavia.
35.
Inthisregard,oneshoulddistinguishbetweentwospecificformsoftextualanalysis,onefocusingonformalfeatures,suchasvocabulary,grammar,syntax,andsentencecoherence,andtheotherdealingwithbroaderinterdisciplinaryanalyses,withamoregeneralfocusonculture,politics,andsociety.
SeeJackson(2005:24–25).
2InternalStrugglearoundtheOsloAgreements1.
Onstatismingeneral,seeScholte(2005:188–192).
UnlikeLiebmanandDonYehiya(1983:81–122)whodescribedIsraelistatismasacivilreligionthatemergedoutofafunctionalnecessityfornationalunity,TroenandLucas(1995)andY.
Levy(1997)describeitasasystemofdomination.
2.
Infact,intheresearchonIsraelasanation-in-armstherearetwodifferentper-spectives:theonepresentedmainlybyHorowitzandLissak(1989)andtheirstudentscanbetermed"functional"and"liberal,"whereas,theother,whichIpresented(seeBen-Eliezer,1995;1998a;1998b),canbetermed"statist"andmilitaristic.
3.
StatementsbyRabbiZviYehudaHacohenKookinayeshivalecture,fromNaor(2001:265).
4.
Onfundamentalismingeneral,seeKaplan(1992)andEisenstadt(1999).
OnGushEmuniminparticular,seeNewman(1985),Shafat(1985),andLustick(1988;1993).
5.
OntheIDF'spoliticalinfluence,seePeri(1983:31–56;130–231),Ben-Meir(1995:179–180),Michael(2007),andYagilLevy(2010).
Seealsotheautobi-ographiesoftwofamousIsraeligenerals,EzerWeitzman(1975)andYitzhakRabin(1979).
6.
Onthefailureofthetalks,seeBen-Simon,"HotSpots,"Davar[daily],September13,1989;"TheDyingofthePeaceInitiative"(editorial),Davar,May17,1990;AkivaEldar,"Shari:CouldItbeThatPresidentBushwasReferringtotheArabs"Haaretz,October31,1991;MosheArnes,"ShamirwasDistraughtandStubborn,"YediotAcharonot,January13,1995.
7.
NehemiaStrassler,"TheEndofSocialism,"Haaretz,April29,1998.
8.
RonShechner,"ThereisNotAnotherIDF,"Nekuda178,1994;AdielMintz,"TheArmyisalsotoBlame,"Nekuda149,1996.
9.
RabbiMenachemFelix,"OurInjuredRabbiisCrying,"Nekuda217,1998.
10.
ThetermsthatwerechosenheretoillustratethenewdivisionthatwasformedinIsraelare"areligious-militaristicsociety,"ontheonehand,and"acivilsoci-ety,"ontheother.
ThesetermswerepreferredtothetermsthatmostIsraelisstilluse,"left"and"right.
"Suchtermsareobsolete,andinfact,wereneverfullyrelevantfordescribingIsraelisocietyinwhich,fromtheoutset,nationalismtranscendedanyclassdivision.
Thedistinctionbetween"thepeacecamp"and"thenationalistcamp,"whichisalsocommoninIsrael,isproblematicaswell,Notes227becausethelatterclaimsthatitsupportspeaceaswell,whereastheIsraelipeacecampwasneverantinational.
11.
KnessetProtocol,December21,1992.
12.
Ibid.
13.
GideonAlon,"ShamirInterrupted,"Haaretz,September24,1993.
14.
SeverPlotzker,"ThePalestinianAuthorityisTurningIntoanEconomicSuccess,"aninterviewwithShimonPeres,YediotAchronot,October8,1995.
15.
SeverPlotzker,"TheAgreementwiththePLO,"YediotAchronot,September26,1993.
Israel'sreadinesstohelpthePalestinianseconomicallywasalreadyevidentintheeconomicnegotiationsinParis.
SeeGideonKochandAmnonAtad,"NextWeekWeWillMeetinParis,"Davar,November17,1993.
16.
SeverPlotzker,"EconomicGrowthInsteadofHatred,"YediotAchrnonot,September22,1993.
ThereportwaswrittenbyAryehArnonandDaniGotlieb.
SeealsoBarnet(2002).
17.
Resolution242wasacceptedintheUNSecurityCouncilrightafterthe1967waronNovember22,1967.
FollowingtheBritishproposal,Resolution338wasacceptedintheUNSecurityCouncilonOctober22,1973,duringtheYomKippurWar.
Bothresolutionsweremeanttofindaformulaforpeacebetweenthepartiesfollowingdirectnegotiations.
18.
KnessetProtocol,July19,1993.
19.
Ibid.
20.
See"IntheLeaders'Words,"September13,1993;AnneJoyce,"Clinton,ShimonPeres,MahmoudAbbas,YitzhakRabin,YasserArafat,"MiddleEastPolicy2,1993.
SeealsoBarnet(1999).
21.
ThepollconductedbyTelesekerwaspublishedinthemass-circulationYediotAchronotontheeveoftheKnessetvoteonSeptember22.
22.
YosefLapid,"ToBeRelevant,"Ma'ariv,September28,1993.
23.
TalmaAdmon,"NotAllArabsAreMurderers,"Maariv,September23,1993.
24.
"PeresinCairo:'ComputersAreMoreImportantthanRifles,'"YediotAchronot,May5,1994;"Peres:'IPromiseYou,WeWon'tStopHere,'"Davar,May5,1994.
25.
Onidentitypoliticsinthismanner,seeHall(1992).
OnthecrisisinidentitypoliticsinIsraelatthistime,seeWaxman(2006).
SeealsoBarnet(2002)andRam(1999;2005).
26.
DanielShalit,"FacetoFaceDiscussion,"Nekuda,October1993.
27.
MosheReuven,"WeHaveAlreadyTriedWars,"Davar,May5,1994.
28.
DanielShalit,"WhatHasChanged"Nekuda,October1993.
29.
YairDreifus,"TheRiseandFalloftheJewishState,"Nekuda,October1993.
30.
DavidGrossman,"ToImaginePeace,"YediotAchronot,September29,1993.
31.
Onthistypeofmilitarism,seeBen-Eliezer(1998a).
32.
OntherelationsbetweenthefamilyandtheIDFatlarge,seeHerzog(2003).
33.
"BereavedParentsAreOrganized,"YediotAchronot,April21,1993;RuthLevin,"ShulaMelet-TragedyofaMother,"YediotAchronot,February8,1994.
34.
Forthestruggleoverthegravestonesinthelastdecade,see,e.
g.
,EitanRabbinandSharonSade,"DeclarationtotheSupremeCourt,"Haaretz,December4,1995;TomSegev,"DaysofIndividualism,"Haaretz,March29,1995;MosheReinfeldandSharonSade,"TheSupremeCourtOrderedtheMinisterofDefensetoPermitPersonalWriting,"Haaretz,March28,1995.
35.
H.
Segal,"BacktoTrumpeldor,"Ma'ariv,March8,1998.
36.
ManuelaDviri,Ma'ariv,March19,1999.
Onthebereavedparents'protestingeneral,seeNaveh(1998)andDoronandLebel(2005).
Notes22837.
S.
Yizhar,Ma'ariv,May3,1998.
38.
HaimMarantz,"InsufficientEffort,"Nekuda,June1993.
39.
YossiBlum-Halevi,"ACivilWarWillEruptintheSummer,"fromGushKatifwebsite,www.
katif.
net.
40.
Onthemurderer'swords,seeGrinberg(2000:154).
41.
NadavHaetzni,"HoldingBattles,"YediotAchronot,July3,1994.
Ingeneral,ontheserelations,seeSheleg(2000).
42.
ZviZinger,"TheRightWillDemonstrate,"YediotAchronot,May3,1994.
43.
DavidHaneshka,"TheEternalExistenceofIsraelisnotDependentupon'EternalZionism,'"Nekuda,September1995.
44.
YerachTal,"RabinAttackedtheRevisionistLies,"Haaretz,July4,1997.
45.
Theterm"liberalpeace"referstothepeacetheUnitedNations,ortheUnitedStateswiththeUnitedNations,triestoimposeondifferentcountries,some-timeswith"peace-makingarmies.
"46.
EliAzulai,YediotAchronot,March4,1996;RinAbuksis,YediotAchronot,March4,1996.
47.
Seewww.
a7.
org.
Also,"Arafat'sVisit,Reactions,"Ma'ariv,July3,1994.
48.
IlanaBaum,"AngerRegardingthePosterofRabininNaziUniform,"YediotAchronot,October6,1995;NechamaDuek,"Rabin:'ThisisIncitingEmotions,'"YediotAchronot,October8,1995.
49.
See,e.
g.
,NadavShragi,"Hammer:'WeDidNotExplainWellEnough,'"Haaretz,November10,1995.
50.
OnthecharacterizationoftheextremerightwinginIsrael,seePeri(2005:102–103).
51.
YaelGvirtz,"HeHastheMandate,"YediotAchronot,November9,1995.
SeealsoLeaRabin'sstatementinHaaretz,November13,1995.
52.
MeirShalev,"MourningUs,"YediotAchronot,November5,1995.
53.
Atthattime,aplaycalled"CivilWar"putonintheHabimaTheatreinTelAvivhadtremendoussuccess.
Thosewhoconstantlytalkedaboutthepossibilityofacivilwar,evenbeforetheassassinationofRabin,werethesettlers,whoblamedleft-winghatred.
Forexample,HaimMarantz,"InsufficientEffort,"Nekuda,June1993.
54.
AmielUnger,"TheLeftMustAdmit,"YediotAchronot,March4,1996.
55.
ZalmanShoval,"InWarasinWar,"YediotAchronot,March6,1996.
56.
ShlomoTzenza,"AmiAyalon:'AnyoneWhoSeesYigalAmirasaPassingPhenomenonisEscapingReality,'"Ma'ariv,September20,2000.
57.
Shmuel,Meiri,"MinistryofEducationWillInvestigatetheAmountofAdmirationRegardingYigalAmir,"Haaretz,August11,1996.
58.
ZadokYechieli,"TheMillionaireBehindtheTunnel,"YediotAchronot,October4,1996.
SeealsoRaniShaked,"HowtheSecretLobbyoftheWallTunnelOperatedintheTerritories,"YediotAchronot,September27,1996.
59.
"FireintheTerritories,"YediotAchronot,September25,1996.
60.
RaniShaked,"FireintheTerritories,TheBattleovertheBarrier,"YediotAchronot,September26,1996.
61.
Ontheculturalmotiveof"doubtsconcerningourexistence"inIsrael,seeKimmerling(2000).
62.
SeeAlufBen,"TheGovernmentSupportedthePrimeMinister,"Haaretz,September29,1996.
Also"Netanyahu,'ThisisaWaronOurExistence,'"YediotAchronot,September29,1996.
Notes22963.
AmiraSegev,"HugeGatheringinHebronAskingNetanyahuNottoMakeAnyConcessions,"Haaretz,October1,1996.
64.
"AuthorsandPoetsBrokethroughThreeBarriersandArrivedinHebron,"Ma'ariv,October5,1996.
65.
ZviZinger,"TheSettlers:'HundredDaysofDisappointment,'"YediotAchronot,September6,1996.
3TheMilitaryPoliticsoftheIsraeliDefenseForces1.
Theterm"newprofessionalism"firstappearedintheworkofStepan(1973),albeitinadifferentmeaningthantheonethatappearshere.
2.
Oneexamplewasthethreatbyreservistpilotstogoonstrike.
SeeFelixFrish,"TheWaronReserve,"Ynet,September26,2001.
3.
"ChiefofStaff:'WeWillMakeaRevolutionofQualityintheIDF,'"YediotAchronot,March23,1993.
4.
Onthesetendencies,seeYediotAchronot,December1,1998.
5.
Onthearmies'reformsingeneral,seeCohenetal.
(1998).
SeealsoDandeker(1994)onthechangingroleofarmiesintheglobalera.
AsforIsrael,seeZeevShiff,"IDF2003,"Haaretz,September19,1997.
6.
AccordingtoaMay1992reportofB'Tselem,anIsraelihumanrightsorganiza-tion,since1988theseunitshadkilled86Palestinians,ofwhomonly28werewanted,only27werearmed,and21ofwhomwereshotwhiletryingtoavoidarrest.
B'TselemReportontheSpecialUnits'ActivitiesintheTerritories,May1992:http://www.
btselem.
org.
Seealso"B'TselemReport,"Haaretz,June4,1992.
7.
HagarEnosh,"TheIDFDoesNotAcceptThem,"YediotAchronot,July21,1991;DaniSade,"IDFReleased4500Soldiers,"YediotAchronot,May12,1993.
AlsoseeEilam(2002).
Regardingthereleaseofthosewithmentalhealthproblemsinthe1990s,seeAmosHarel,"InaYear,a30%DeclineintheExemptionforHealthReasons,"Haaretz,November7,2002.
8.
FormoreonthesechangesintheIDF,seeShelah(2003)andY.
Levy(2003;2007).
9.
ArieKeizal,"TwoYearMilitaryServiceOnly,"YediotAchronot,September22,1994.
AlsoEilam(2002).
10.
SeeVeredLevi-Barzilai,"OurMichael,Actually,NotAnyMore,"Haaretz,January24,2003.
11.
SeeYediotAchronot,September7,1998;AmosHarel,"MotivationfromKindergarten,"Haaretz,September15,1998.
12.
EitanRabin,"ACommitteetoExamineMotivation,"Haaretz,May20,1997.
13.
See"DefenseMinisterVisitedtheBakum,"Haaretz,August6,1996;EitanRabin,"TheIDFAdmitsfortheFirstTime:'ThereisaDeclineinMotivation,'"Haaretz,June9,1996;"ACommitteetoExamineMotivation,"Haaretz,May20,1997;LieutenantColonelRonStern,"RevolutionintheMotivationtoDoMilitaryService,"Maarachot,no.
36,pp.
28–35,1998.
14.
SeeAviramaGolan,"TheNewSoldiers,"YediotAchronot,September20,1998.
15.
EitanRabin,"TheAdjutantGeneralBranchPreparedaProgramthatChangestheMethodofDraft,"Haaretz,June9,1993.
ThistendencywasalsoindicatedNotes230bytheShafirCommitteethatwasestablishedin1993.
See"TheShafirCommitteeConclusions,"Haaretz,January6,1994.
16.
AmirRappoport,"TheWaronMotivation,"YediotAchronot,July17,1997.
Onthefutureresultsofthisprocess,seeLevy,Lomsky-Feder,andHarel(2007).
17.
SeeYediotAchronot,September7,1998;Harel,"MotivationfromKindergarten";Stern,"RevolutionintheMotivationtoDoMilitaryService.
"18.
Seeeditorialarticle,"ClearHorizonwithinPoliticalUncertainty,"Nekuda,April2000.
19.
Ze'evShiff,"ADangerousArrangement,"Haaretz,December13,1995;"AnArmyWithoutHesders,"Haaretz,December12,1996.
20.
AvichaiBeker,"ReligiousCourse,"Ma'ariv,March8,1996.
21.
Onadifferentapproachtothesamephenomenon,whichpresentsitasdilemmasofreligionandmilitaryserviceinIsrael,seeCohen(1997).
22.
ArielaRingel-Hofman,"SkullcapYouthInsteadofKibbutzimYouth,"YediotAchronot,August27,1993;ZviAlush,"TheHesderSoldiersareTorn,"YediotAchronot,July1,1995;AvichaiBeker,"SkullcapJourney,"Ma'ariv,March8,1996.
23.
RachelGini,"MottiKarpelToretheFabric,"Nekuda,September1993.
24.
"StormFollowingtheRabbinicHalakhicRulingofRefusal,"YediotAchronot,March31,1994.
25.
AviramaGolan,"AReligiousOfficer,NotanOfficerofReligion,"Haaretz,February25,1995.
26.
ShefiGabai,"LebanonUnderthePressureoftheRefugees,"Ma'ariv,July28,1993.
27.
AccordingtoGeneralUriSagi,whowas,atthetime,theheadoftheIntelligenceBranch,ChiefofStaffBarakproposedanattackonBeirutinordertocompelthecivilianpopulationinLebanonto,inturn,placepressureontheirgovern-menttorestrainHezbollah.
Thistheory,however,towhichSagiwasopposed,wasalsonotacceptedbyPrimeMinisterRabin,andthuswasnotimplemented.
SeeAkivaEldar,"IWasToldtheArmyHastoBackUptheRear,"Haaretz,July18,2006.
28.
"AnInterviewwiththeMajorGeneraloftheNorthernCommand,AmiramLevin,"Ma'ariv,April5,1996.
29.
ShimonShifferetal.
,"IDFAugmentedForces,LebaneseVillagersFlew,"YediotAchronot,April11,1996.
30.
"IDF:HezbollahisunderDistress,ButCanShootMoreKatyushaRockets,"YediotAchronot,April14,1996.
31.
Onthedifferencesbetweeninstrumentalrationalityandvaluerationality,seeWeber(1968:24–26).
OnthewayitwasusedbytheFrankfurtSchool,seeHeld(1980:65–70).
32.
Inherbook,Tuchman(1984:39)claimedthattheJapanesedecisiontoattacktheUnitedStatesresultedfrom"culturalignorance.
"TheJapanesethoughttheattackwoulddestroyAmericanmoral,anddidnotexpectthattheoppositewouldoccur.
33.
Onmilitarismasagame,seeMann(1988:166–187).
WithintheIsraelicon-text,seeEliYishai,"WhataWonderfulWar,"DavarRishon,April29,1996.
34.
See"Between'DecidingtheCampaign'and'Victory,'ADayofStudy,"January28,2001,IyuniimBevitachonLeumi,v.
2,July2001.
35.
ElyakimHaetzni,"TheImmediateSuspect,"YediotAchronot,August14,1996.
Notes23136.
"StormFollowingLandau'sCommentsonIDFOfficers,"YediotAchronot,August6,1996.
37.
NechemyaStresler,"TheSecurity-EconomicSituation,"Haaretz,September20,1998;AmirOren,"Lipkin-ShahakStep,"Haaretz,July12,1996.
38.
AlonGideonetal.
,"Shahak:'NoSectorwasHurtliketheIDF,'"Haaretz,July10,1996.
39.
EitanRabin,"GeneralStaffDecidedtoAllowInterviewswithOfficersWhoObjectCuttingtheArmyBudget,"Haaretz,July17,1996.
40.
MotiBasokandAmnonBarzilai,"TheBudgetwasAffirmedbytheGovernment,"Haaretz,September14,1998.
41.
AsstatedbyMajorGeneralOrenShahur,NetayahudismissedShahurfromtheIDFfollowinghissecretmeetingswithShimonPeres,theoppositionleader.
InterviewwithShahur,YediotAchronot,January22,1999.
42.
"ChiefofStaffataMemorialAssemblyforRabin,"Haaretz,October31,1996.
43.
ShalomYerushalmi,"SimplyNormal,Mr.
ChiefofStaff,"Ma'ariv,November4,1996.
44.
SeeareportinYediotAchronot,March1,1999;AvichaiBecker,"ErezoftheLebanon,"Haaretz,April1,1999.
45.
IdithAvrahami,"TheProtestsinIsraelThreatenMyLife,"Ma'ariv,March3,1999.
46.
AvichaiBecker,"MeandYouWillChangetheWorld,"Haaretz,April28,2000.
47.
EitanGluckman,"Dishrags,"YediotAchronot,February16,2000.
48.
AmosHarel,"LebanonBrigadeCommander:'WiththeDeathofGerstein,ThereisaReluctancetoContinueOffensiveActivityinSouthernLebanon,'"Haaretz,March3,1999;DavidMakowskiandAmosHarel,"SeniorsintheIDF:'There'sNoIntentiontoWithdrawfromLebanonWithoutaPoliticalAgreement,'"Haaretz,March4,1999.
49.
AlexFishman,"BrigadeCommander:'StoptheParentsInterferenceinSouthernLebanon,'"YediotAchronot,March3,1999.
50.
AvichaiBeker,"Eisen,"Haaretz,September10,1999.
51.
Seechaptertwo,p.
49.
52.
LieutenantColonelA.
,"A-SymmetricWar,"Maarachot,371,2000;LieutenantColonelIdo,"LowIntensityConflict,BasicCharacteristics,"Maarachot380–381.
SeealsoGolanandShay(2004).
Needlesstosay,theIDFwasnottheonlyarmythattriedtodealwiththenewthreats.
Forexample,WippmanandEvangelista(2005).
53.
ColonelEpiIdanandCaptainMayaPeker-Rinat,"TheLimitationoftheUseofForceintheTerritoriesduringtheAgreementPeriod,"Maarachot,172,2000.
54.
ShmuelNir,"TheisNoTrapHere,"Maarachot,January2003.
SeealsoNir(2004).
55.
Dr.
IsaacBenIsrael,"TechnologyandDecision,ThoughtsontheIDFFollowingKosovo,"Maarachot,July2000.
56.
TheIDFdoctrineoflow-intensityconflictwasdisplayedintheIDFbulletins.
SeealsoGolanandShay(2004),andOrGalzaer,"TheMission:ToWintheIntifada,"Ma'ariv,July8,2002.
57.
ShmuelNir,"ThereisNoTrapHere,"Maarachot,January2003;GolanandShai(2004);Michael(2007).
58.
InordertoavoidviolatingIsrael'scensorshiplaws,thereisnoreferenceheretotheIDF'sconfidentialdocumentsthatdealwiththelow-intensityconflict.
Notes23259.
MosheYa'alon,latertobecomeIsrael'schiefofstaff,talkedmanytimesabouthowhislackofbeliefinthePalestiniansdevelopedinthe1990s.
See,e.
g.
,YoavLimor,"TheChiefofStaffoftheConsensus,"Ma'ariv,July12,2002.
60.
Thedifferencebetweenthetwotypesofrationalismwasmentionedalready.
Seenote42.
4"NoPartnerforPeace"1.
SeeSassonReport,"AbstractofOpinionontheIllegalSettlements,"theGovernmentOfficeCommunicationsSection.
Infact,BaruchKimmerlingwasrightinsayingthattherewerenolegalsettlements.
BaruchKimmerling,"ThereAreNoLegalOutposts,"YediotAharonot,October13,1999.
Moreonthatpointinchapterten.
2.
ZviSinger,"TheBattleOvertheOutposts,"YediotAchronot,October13,1993.
Also,ZviSingerandYuvalKarni,"TheYeshaCouncilHasAgreed,"YediotAchronot,October14,1999.
Nekuda,editorial,February2000.
3.
SharonGal,"ChiefofStaffCallsforaDecisiveReactioninLebanon,"Haaretz,February2,2000;ItamarIchnerandHaimShibi,"Ministers:ChiefofStaffTriestoExertPressureonUs,"YediotAchronot,February16,2000.
4.
AmirRappoport,"ChiefofStaff,'UnilateralExitfromLebanonisAnUnreasonableRisk,'"YediotAharonot,April14,2000;BenCaspit,"ThisisBarak'sPlantoGetOutofLebanonUnilaterally,"Ma'ariv,February18,2000;ArieBenderandYehudaGolan,"Mofaz:'TheNorthernSettlementsMightbeHurtaftertheWithdrawal,'"Ma'ariv,March8,2000.
5.
FormoreonBarak's"CivilRevolution,"seeRuthLevine,"TheLaborPartyisAlsoNotEnthusiastic,"Ma'ariv,September21,1999.
6.
YoskeShapira,"OntheAgenda,theStateofIsrael,"Hatzofe,October13,2000.
7.
AndsodidtheKnessetbydealingwithsixurgentproposalsinthemiddleoftherecess.
Alloftheproposalsdealtwithtwothemes:thecivilrevolutionandthepoliticalprocess.
KnessetProtocol,September26,2000.
8.
ArielKahana,"TheLastZionists,"Nekuda,February2000;alsoEladShefer,"Indeed,Slightly,Slightly,"Nekuda,May2000.
9.
AmosHarel,"MofazontheDesignatedDateforaFinalSolution,"Haaretz,September16,1999.
10.
Onthetalksingeneral,seeRubinsteinetal.
(2003);CampDavidProjection,July2000,inwww.
passia.
org.
publications/bookmaps;RobertMalleyandHusseinAgha,"CampDavid:TragedyofErrors,"NewYorkReviewofBooks,August9,2001.
11.
AkivaEldar,"ThingsWeDon'tKnow,"Haaretz,September25,2009.
SeealsoBennyMorris,"CampDavidandAfter:AnExchange,"TheNewYorkTimesBookReview,"June13,2002.
12.
See,e.
g.
,B'Tselem(May2002b),Pundak(2001),Hass(2004),Gordon(2008),andKlein(2010:49–50).
13.
Ross(2004).
AlsoNonnaGoilovskaya,"TheMissingPeace,"MotherJones,October20,2004.
14.
RobertMalleyandHusseinAghaseetheCampDavidConferenceasatragedyofmistakes.
SeeRubinsteinetal.
(2003:64–98).
Whileitispossibletoblameallthreesidesforthefailure,thisdoesnotminimizeArafat'sresponsibilityforrejectingtheproposals,whichcouldhavebeenagreathistoricalachievementforthePalestinians.
Notes23315.
OnJanuary10,2000,thereligiouspartyYahadutHatorahleftthegovernment.
OnMay28,2000,theministeroftransportation,ItzhakMordechai,leftthegovernment.
OnJune21,2000,threeministersfromMeretzresigned.
OnJuly9,2000,followingCampDavid,Shas,Mafdal,andIsraelBaaliyaleftthecoali-tion,andonAugust2,2000,DavidLeviresignedfromthegovernment.
16.
YotamFeldman,"IamtoBlame,WearetoBlame,"Haaretz,December21,2007.
17.
AkivaEldar,"Ex-DirectoroftheMilitaryIntelligence,MajorGeneralAmosMalka:'MajorGeneralGiladDistorted,'"Haaretz,June10,2004;YoavStern,"AnUnbasedConception,"Haaretz,June17,2004.
18.
ConfirmationalsocamefromColonelEphraimLavie,whowasinchargeofthePalestiniandeskintheresearchdivisionofMilitaryIntelligenceatthestartoftheintifada.
TheopinionwasalsosharedbyShinBetchiefAmiAyalonandcon-tinuedtobeespousedatthehighestlevelsofthesecretserviceevenafterAyalonleftandtheintifadabrokeout.
ThiswasalsotheviewoftheMossadespionageagency.
SeeAkivaEldar,"HisRealFace,"Haaretz,June10,2004.
19.
OntheattitudeoftheIsraelipresstoBarak'saccusations,seeDor(2003).
20.
YoramPeri,"ThereisNoOnetoTalkTo,"ChaimHerzogInstitute,TelAvivUniversity,2005.
21.
DrukerandShelah(2005)claimthatbyblamingArafat,Barakcreatedasafetynetforhimself,makingitpossibleforhimtolateruseaggressionagainstthePalestinians.
BarakknewthatthissafetynetwasbaseduponthefactthattheIsraelisstilldistrustedtheArabs,particularlybecauseoftheunrelentingterror-istattacks(27–28).
22.
SeealsoBar-SimanTov(2003)andBar-SimanTovetal.
(2005).
23.
ArielSharon,"WhatCausedtheFire,"Haaretz,October3,2000.
24.
Ibid.
25.
AswasmentionedbytheMitchellReport,andalsoinnote18.
26.
EliKamir,"ToughMeetingwithShirak,"Ma'ariv,October5,2000.
27.
Morethanameanstoinvestigatetheincidents,theMitchellReportwaswritteninordertofindawaytoreconcilethepartiesbybuildingtrust.
Still,itconsid-eredtheIsraelipoliceamajorcontributingfactortotheescalation.
Seenote18.
28.
YehuditDasberg,"Sharon'sProvocation,"Hatzofe,October4,2000.
29.
RaulTeteilbaum,"StonesandEconomy,"Globes,October5,2000;AviramaGolan,"ButTheyareIsraelis,"Haaretz,October5,2000;UriNir,"TheNewArabIsraeli,"Haaretz,October6,2000.
30.
SalimJubran,"WeareneitherTourists,norSubtenants,"YediotAchronot,October12,2000.
31.
Accordingtovarioussurveys,themajorityofthePalestinianslivinginIsraelrecognizetherightofIsraeltoexist.
Onlyaminorityof8percentsupportstheremovalofIsraelfromthearea.
WhilethePalestinianelementiscentraltothePalestinianidentity,theystilldonotseethisidentificationascompletelycontradictorytobeingIsraeli.
SeeGhanemandOzacky-Lazar(2001),Smooha(2002),andOzacky-LazarandGhanem(2003).
ThisthesisisprobablyopposedtotheRabinowitzandAbu-Baker(2002)claimthattheyounggenerationofIsraeliPalestiniansisgraduallylosingtheirattachmenttotheIsraeliaspectoftheiridentity.
32.
SeeOrCommission(2003).
Also"TheOfficialSummationoftheOrCommissionReport,"Haaretz,September1,2003;andAdallaNotebooks,issueno.
3,summer2002.
Notes23433.
YoavLimoretal.
,"CombatHelicoptersandMissilesVersusRampages,"Ma'ariv,October2,2000.
34.
AmirRappoport,"EnoughtoRestrain,"YediotAharonot,October5,2000.
35.
DannyShalom,"TheBoyA-DuraahwasnotKilledbyIDFSoldiers,"Hazofe,November28,2000.
36.
See"France:TheCriticsoftheA-DuraahTapesdidnotLie,"Ynet,May22,2008;ReuvenPehazur,"MuhammaddidnotDie,"Haaretz,January24,2010.
37.
DannyShalom,"TheBattleOvertheNetzarimIntersection,"Hazofe,October13,2000.
38.
EliBuhadanaetal.
,"TheIDFBlewUpthe'TwinTowers,'"Ma'ariv,October10,2000.
39.
YoavLimoretal.
,"IDFSnipersSurroundedNablus,Ma'ariv,October3,2000.
40.
"HeDiedfromNegligence,"Ma'ariv,October3,2000.
41.
Seethetestimonyoftheparamedicatthesite,ShoshMula,"WeDon'tLeavetheTomb,"YediotAchronot,July16,2004.
42.
AtilaShempelbi,"TheDecisionintheMadhatYusufAffairwasaMistake,"Ynet,December4,2002;YoavLimor,"ADeathTrapinJoseph'sTomb,"Ma'ariv,October2,2000.
43.
RabbiAzriel,"Children'sBloodandFather'sGraves,"Hatzofe,October20,2000.
SeealsoNadavHaetzni,"IfIwereBeilin,"Ma'ariv,October6,2000.
44.
ColonelAdiri'spermissiveattitudetowardthesettlershadaprice.
Hewentontoauthorizeasettlers'outingtoMountIbal,overridingastandingprohibitionagainstvisitsthere.
DisasterstruckwhenPalestiniansopenedfireonthegroup,killingoneandwoundingseveralothers.
SeeShlomoZenzaetal.
,"TheBloodJourneytotheCursedMountain,"Ma'ariv,October20,2000.
45.
ArelSegal,"TheLastPalmachnik,"Ma'ariv,October20,2000.
46.
YoavLimoretal.
,"WeCouldActDifferently,"Ma'ariv,October3,2000;AmosHarel,"TheTrustbetweentheIDFandthePAisLost,"Haaretz,October2,2000;"IntheCentralCommand,TheyWerePrepared,"Haaretz,October5,2000.
47.
Ynet,October18,2000.
48.
YoavLimoretal.
,"IJustKilledYourHusband,"Ma'ariv,October13,2000;RonMieberg,"WeWon'tForget,WeWon'tForgive,"Ma'ariv,October13,2000.
49.
YoavLimoretal.
,"TheMissilesonGazaandRamallahareJustASignal,"Ma'ariv,October13,2000.
50.
"MissilesonRamallahandJericho,"YediotAchronot,October13,2000;EliKamiretal.
,"Barak:'ThePoliticalProcessCompletelyCollapsed,'"Ma'ariv,October13,2000.
51.
MenahemRahatetal.
,"MoroccoDecidedtoRecallitsRepresentativefromIsrael,"Ma'ariv,October13,2000;JackieHugiandAssafHaim,"OmanClosed,"Ma'ariv,October13,2000.
52.
ShlomoZenza,"WeToldYou,"Ma'ariv,October13,2000.
53.
PublicopinionsurveysconductedbyThePalestinianCenterforPolicyandPublicOpinionResearchshowedthatthedemonizationofArafatinIsraelwasfreeofcontext.
ItturnedoutthattheintifadaweakenedArafatandstrength-enedHamasandotherPalestinianorganizations.
TheintifadaalsoincreasedthePalestinianpublic'sdisappointmentwiththePA'sactions,causingariftinsidethePalestinianmovement.
WhileArafat'spopularitywas71percentinJanuary1996,inDecember2001itwasonly36percent.
SeeShikaki(2002).
Notes23554.
DaniShalom,"FormerChiefoftheSecurityService,AmiAyalon,"Hatzofe,October16,2000.
55.
Ontheassassinations,seeYoavLimor,"RevengeandPrevention,"Ma'ariv,August2,2001;AmiraHess,"ItoldtheShabakInvestigator,"Haaretz,December7,2000.
56.
AnatRoeh,"StateProsecutor'sOffice:'RejectthePetitionagainsttheEliminationPolicy,'"Ynet,February12,2001.
57.
MosheReinfeld,"HighCourtofJusticePostponedthePetitionagainsttheEliminationPolicy,"Haaretz,January29,2002.
58.
AmiraLesandGidiWeitz,"TheInsubordinate:AnInterviewwithMofaz,theMinisterofDefense,"YediotAharonot,January30,2004.
5FromDisturbancestoWar1.
PressbriefingbyColonelDanielReisner,headoftheInternationalLawBranchoftheIDFLegalDivision,Jerusalem,November15,2000.
IsraelMinistryofForeignAffairs,www.
mfa.
gov.
il.
2.
Needlesstosay,ColonelReisnerpresentedthesefiguresinordertoshowthatthenumberoffatalitiescomparedtothenumberofincidentswasnothigh.
Seeibid.
3.
SeeBet'zelemdata:www.
btzelem.
org/Hebrew/statistics/Al_Aqsa_Fatalities_Tables.
asp.
ThePalestinianRedCrescentreported264casualtiesduringthisperiod.
Someofthem,thoughasmallpart,werekilledbyPalestinians.
AccordingtoColonelReisner,between3,000and4,000werewounded,andbetween100and170Palestiniansdied.
Hisfigures,however,werenotaccurateashehimselfadmitted.
Seeibid.
4.
www.
btselem.
org/Hebrew.
statistic/Total_Casualties.
asp.
5.
www.
palestinerrcs.
org/crisistables/table_of-figures.
htm.
6.
www.
btselem.
org/Hebrew/Statistics/Total_Casualties.
asp.
7.
BenCaspit,"IsraelisNotaStateWithanArmy,ButanArmyWithaState,"Ma'ariv,September6,2002.
8.
YotamFeldman,"IamtoBlame,WearetoBlame,"Haaretz,December21,2007.
9.
AkivaEldar,"PopularMisconceptions,"Haaretz,June11,2004.
ReuvenPedhatzur,"MoreThanaMillionBullets,"Haaretz,June30,2004.
AlsoGordon(2008:198).
10.
ThewordsofSergeantMajor(reserves)EhudShem-Tov,fromKidron(2004:147–148).
Thesoldierwassentencedto12daysinprisonforhisrefusaltotakepartintheDefensiveShieldOperation.
11.
"HowtoFightTerrorandtoPreserveHumanRights,"OrechA-Din,30,June2000.
12.
PalestinianLiberationOrganization,ThirdSubmissionofthePalestineLiberationOrganizationtotheSharmElSheikhFact-FindingCommittee,April3,2001,p.
51.
SeealsoReportoftheSharmElShikhFactFindingCommittee,p.
7.
13.
Seenote1.
14.
"IDFAllowsFreeLiveFireinSomePartsoftheGazaStrip,"Haaretz,January8,2002;"TheRecklessEaseofOpeningFire,"KolHai'r,May11,2001.
Also,accordingtoBet'zelem,thearmyfollowednewopenfireinstructionscalled"LilahKahol.
"Theseinstructionswerepreparedseveralmonthsbeforetheescalation.
Notes23615.
"MilitaryPoliceInvestigationsduringtheAl-AqsaIntifada,"Bet'zelem,nodate.
16.
MenachemFinkelstein,Knesset'sConstitution,LawandJusticeCommitteeProtocol,February3,2004.
17.
ChiefofStaffDeclarationinGideonAlon,"Mofaz:'PAReleasedtheMurderers,'"Haaretz,February21,2001;AmosHarel,"ChiefofStaff:'ThePAisTurningintoaTerroristEntity,'"Haaretz,March1,2001.
18.
OnlyinDecember2001didthemilitaryadvocategeneraldecidetolimittheuseofthisrifle.
19.
AmnestyInternational,"ExcessiveUseofLethalForce,"October2000:www.
amnesty.
org.
20.
ReportoftheSharmel-SheikhFact-FindingCommittee,April30,2001,p.
7.
MeridianInternationalCenter.
21.
Mofaz(2001:119).
Onthedeterministicperspectiveinthe1950s,seeBen-Eliezer(1998b:193–222).
22.
AmiraHass,"ADecreaseintheNumberofDemonstrationsandaSwitchtoShooting,"Haaretz,November28,2000.
23.
OnOctober26,asuicidebomberblewhimselfupinGushKatifnearanIDFpost.
Onesoldierwaswounded.
Lateron,aboatexplodednearanIsraelimil-itaryshipwithoutcausinganydamage.
OnDecember15,asuicidebomberblewhimselfupintheMehulaInnintheJordanValleyandthreesoldierswerewounded.
SeeShai(2003:239).
24.
OntheClintonParameters,seewww.
fmep.
org/documents/clinton_param-eters12–23–00.
html.
25.
"Ben-AmiinTaba:'WeWereNeverThatClosetoanAgreement,'"Ynet,January28,2001.
26.
Ibid.
27.
Sh'Halevi,"TheCoexistenceisTurningintoaThreat,"fromthesiteoftheOrthodoxInformationCenter,Manof:http://www.
manof.
org.
il.
28.
RabbiYaakovAriel"FireforFire,"Nekuda238,2000.
29.
RabbiYuvalSherlow,"ItisTooEarlytobeHappy,"Nekuda,March2001.
RabbiYuvalCherlow,asettlerfromEfratandtheheadofthehesderyeshivainthecityofPetehTikva.
30.
MosheFeiglin,"WhyistheRightUpset"MakorRishon,October2000.
31.
"ReportontheDemonstration,"Hatzofe,October16,2000.
32.
YehoshuaShemesh,"AreWeTakingtheInitiative,SoWhat"Hatzofe,October31,2000.
33.
MordechaiYogev,"There'sAnAlternative;toFight,"Hatzofe,November10,2000.
34.
KnessetProtocol,November20,2000.
35.
"ThousandsShouted:'LettheArmyWin,'"Hazofe,November23,2000.
36.
A.
B.
Yehoshua,YediotAharonot,November20,2000.
37.
Onthemovetotheright,seeArian(2001).
38.
YediotAharonot,January4,2001.
39.
ArelSegal,"TheLastPalmachnik,"Ma'ariv,October20,2000.
40.
SeetheopinionofBrigadierGeneralYairNave,thecommanderofGazaDivisioninLimor,Yoav.
"Brigadier-GeneralYairNave:'IWouldn'tbeSurprised,'"Ma'ariv,November3,2000.
41.
HagiHuberman,"LowIntensityWar,"Hatzofe,November17,2000.
42.
"TheIDFisinaCage,"Hatzofe,November24,2000.
Notes23743.
Theterm"giventhearmyatailwind"isborrowedfromthewordsofChiefofStaffYa'alonintheHerzliyaConference,in2002,sayingthattheevacuationofJewishsettlementsfromGazagivesterroratailwind.
44.
AmosHarel,"TheArmyOperatesLikeaBoxerwithClosedEyes,"Haaretz,December12,2000.
45.
B'Tselem(January2001)reporttalksonciviliansundersiege;AmiraHess,"TheAmbulanceHaltedattheBarrier,"Haaretz,January12,2001.
46.
AmnonBarzilai,"ToKillEveryArabwitha500-KiloHammerisaDeparturefromAllSenseofProportion,"Haaretz,February5,2001.
47.
YosiVerteretal.
,"BarakisResigning,ElectionsinTwoMonths,"Haaretz,December10,2001.
48.
GideonMaron,"Lynch,"theMobwasShouting,"YediotAchronot,January1,2001.
49.
ShlomoFilber,"TheCherryBlossom,"Nekuda,March2001.
SeealsoUriDan,Sharon'slongtimelapdogjournalist,"MountTempleonHisBack,"Nekuda,February2001.
50.
RabbiYuvalCherlow,"ItisTooEarlytobeHappy,"Nekuda,March2011.
51.
AmosHarel,"TheIDFisTryingtoInspecttheLegalities,"Haaretz,March4,2001.
AmiraHessandAmosHarel,"IDFDisconnected30Villages,"Haaretz,March8,2001.
AmosHareletal.
,"HebronSettlersCelebrated,"Haaretz,March12,2001.
52.
AmirRappoportandAlexFishman,"ThreeTargets,DozensofRockets,HundredsWounded,"YediotAchronot,April4,2001.
"Tanks,ArmoredPersonnelCarriers,andDozensofInfantryTroops,"YediotAchronot,April12,2001;Ze'evShiff,"FromLimitedConflicttoLimitedWar,"Haaretz,April4,2001.
53.
Rappoport,"Tanks,ArmoredPersonnelCarriers,andDozensofInfantryTroops.
"54.
ZeevShiff,"FromBoundedConflicttoBoundedWar,"Haaretz,April4,2001;YoavLimor,"AnInterviewwithMinisterofDefenseBen-Eliezer:'Itisno'Boom'andWeareDone,'"Maariv,April6,2001.
55.
EliKamir,"SharonandBen-Eliezer:'FreeHandtoIDF,'"Ma'ariv,May7,2001.
56.
KnessetProtocol,May7,2001.
57.
OnthePalestiniansuicidephenomenon,seeShai(2003:94–95),Ricolfi(2005).
58.
AmirOren,"HowDoYouGetOutofIt"Haaretz,October17,2000.
59.
SimaKadmon,"PlayingWithFire,"YediotAchronot,May18,2001.
60.
DanShilon,"'IwillRecommendtoAttackinIraq,'AnInterviewwithChiefofStaffMofaz,"Ma'ariv,August3,2001.
61.
AmnonBarzilaietal.
,2001.
"FortheFirstTime,F16AircraftsAttacked,"Haaretz,May20.
62.
AmiraHess,"TheRescueActionaftertheBombingTookaLongTime,"Ma'ariv,May20.
63.
AliWakadandYuvalPeys,"SevereRampagingAroundtheHassanBekMosque,"Ynet,June3,2001;JackieHogi,"TheAbhorrenceisintheBoneMarrow,"Ma'ariv,June8,2001;GolanYosefion,"TheOctoberTurmoilsinJaffaaretheHardestSince1948,"Ma'ariv,June19,2001.
64.
MaarivOnLine,June14,2001.
65.
SeethewayKaufman(2001)explainsethnicwarsthroughanamalgamationofthreeelements:symbolicpoliticsbytheelites,opportunities,andasecuritydilemma.
Notes2386Israelandthe"GlobalWaronTerror"1.
JackieHugi,"FuriousDemonstrationsintheArabWorld,"Ma'ariv,October10,2000;ShefiGabaiandSaidBadaran,"JihadagainstIsrael,"Ma'ariv,October15,2000.
2.
MenahemRahatetal.
,"MoroccoDecidedtoCallBacktheirRepresentativeinIsrael,"Ma'ariv,October13,2000;JackieHugiandAssafHaim,"OmanClosed,"Ma'ariv,October13,2000.
3.
SefiHendler,"Anti-SemitismisBurninginFrance,"Ma'ariv,October15,2000.
Also"Anti-SemitismandAnti-JewishActivityinFrance,"preparedbyAvitalAppelfortheImmigrationCommittee,March26,2001.
TheKnesset,CenterforResearchandInformation.
4.
Onthemeaningofthe9/11attack,see,e.
g.
,Calhoun,Price,andTimmer(2002)andCroft(2006).
5.
ShabtaiShavit,"EventheConspiracyCollapsed,"YediotAharonot,September12,2001.
6.
SeverFlozker,"TheNewNazis,"YediotAharonot,September12,2001.
7.
KnessetProtocol,September16,2001.
8.
Ibid.
9.
SpeechofPresidentBushtotheCongressofSeptember20,2001,intheNewYorkTimes,September21,2001.
10.
OnPresidentBush'spolicy,seeGurtov(2006:36–48).
11.
ZviZingeretal.
,"GreatFuryinIsrael,"YediotAharonot,September14,2001.
12.
ItamarEichneretal.
,"SharonisConsidering,"YediotAharonot,September25,2001.
13.
OrlyAzulai-Katz,"WeareGettingOut,"YediotAchronot,September14,2001.
14.
ShimonShifer,"PeresagainstAll,"YediotAchronot,September14,2001.
15.
ZuArtzenu(ThisisourLand)Movement,signed,MosheFeyglin,ProfessorHillelWeiss,MichaelFua,andOhadKamin.
www.
Manhigut.
org.
zoar.
16.
ItamarEychner,"Peres:'Mofaz'sWordsCausingGreatDamage,'"YediotAharonot,June26,2001.
17.
WallaNews,June30,2001.
Also,LinoiBarGeffen,"LibermanandZeeviWillBoycottthePlenarySession,"Ynet,July4,2001.
18.
ArielRingelHoffmanandAlexFishman,"MySuccessorWillHaveToDoIt,"YediotAharonot,August10,2002.
19.
AlufBenandYossiVerter,"ForeignMinistryversusIDF:'ItisForbiddentoHarmthePalestinianAuthority,'"Haaretz,July27,2001.
20.
"SoberEvaluationofTheSituation"(editorial),Haaretz,July29,2001.
21.
Onthecontroversyinthe1950s,seeSharet(1978)andSheffer(1996).
22.
EliKamirandMenahemRahat,"TheHeadoftheShinBeit:'ArafatisnotDoingtheMinimumWeExpect,'"Ma'ariv,July31,2002.
23.
ShimonShifer,"PeresThreatenstoLeavetheGovernment,"YediotAchronot,September16,2001.
24.
SimaKadmon,"AMeetingunderSmoke,"YediotAchronot,September16,2001;NachumBarneaandShimonShifer,"ArafatWouldLiveForever,"YediotAchronot,Septemer17,2001.
AlufBenAslo,"JerusalemtoWashington:'Don'tSeparateTerrorfromTerror,'"Haaretz,September21,2001.
25.
EgyptianForeignMinister,"IsraelInterruptsCoalitionConsolidation,"Ynet,September29,2001;JamesBennet,"MuddleOverArafat-PeresMeetingisFrustratingForBush,"NewYorkTimes,September25,2001.
Notes23926.
YoavLimor,"'WeAreReady,'AnInterviewwiththeDeputyChiefofStaff,"Ma'ariv,September21,2001.
27.
AmirOren,"IDFtoPeres:'AvoidaPhotowithAfarat,'"Haaretz,September5,2001.
28.
AlufBen,"PeresandArafatwillMeet,"Haaretz,September20,2001.
OnthewordsofYa'alon,seeYoavLimor,"AnInterviewwithDeputyChiefofStaff,"Haaretz,September21,2001.
29.
LinoyBarGefen,"PeresandArafatWillMeetinDahaniya,"YnetSeptember28,2001.
30.
FelixFrishandAliWakad,"IsraelandthePalestinians,"YnetSeptember26,2001.
31.
AliWakad,"PeresMetAbuAlaandArikat,"YediotAchronot,September30,2001.
32.
Onthecomplexityoftheterm"terror,"thewayitisgenerallyrelatedtononstateactors,ordefinedas"illegalcombatants,"thequestionofviolatingtherulesofwar,andthewaysterroristsshouldbetreated,seeValls(2000),Mayetal.
(2006).
33.
AmosGilboa,"MisterLadenandtheRaisAbuAmar,"Ma'ariv,September24,2001.
34.
DatafromthePalestinianRedCrescent:www.
palestinercs.
org/crisistables/mar_2002.
table.
htm.
35.
Netanyahu'sSpeechtotheCongressionalCommittee,September29,2001,inwww.
interesting-people.
org.
/archives/interesting-people/200109/msg00429.
html.
ToNetanyahu'scredit,itmustbesaidthathispositionontheterrorismissuewasconsistent.
SeeBenjaminNetanyahu,"StruggleforSurvival,"Nekuda,March2002.
AlsoseehisbookNothingNewundertheSun.
36.
ShimonShiferetal.
,"TheKitchenet:'TheSiege'willbeIntensified,"YediotAchronot,September12,2001;NitzanHorowitz,"IsraeltothePA,"Haaretz,September13,2001.
37.
AmirRappoportetal.
,"DespiteEverything,"YediotAchronot,September14,2001.
38.
SeverFlozker,"'WeWon'tBeAbletoGoOnLikeThat,'AnInterviewwithChiefofStaff,"YediotAchronot,September17,2001.
39.
"AHeatedConfrontationbetweentheChiefofStaffandthePrimeMinister,"Haaretz,October15,2001.
40.
AmosHarel,"ThePurposeoftheOperationistoClarifytothePA,"Haaretz,October25,2001.
41.
Forexample,aswasexplainedbythecommanderoftheDuchifatBattalionintheyearthatfollowedtheassassinationofRechavamZe'evi.
ThecommanderstayedwithhissoldiersinRamallahforeight–ninemonthsconsecutively.
SeeFelixFrish,"'TheInsubordinatesareGarbage,'AnInterviewwithLieutenantColonelErezWiner,"Ynet,September10,2002.
42.
See"PrimeMinister'sOffice:AMeetingtoPreparetheArrivaloftheAmericanDelegate,GeneralAnthonyZini,"November26,2001:www.
pm.
gov.
il/PMO/Archive/Spkesman.
AlsoHarelandIsacharoff(2004:177–178).
43.
RevitalLevi-Stein,"InaShortTime,WithoutUsingtheirWeapons,"Haaretz,January6,2002;NatanGutman,"Bush:'IBegintoSuspect,'"Haaretz,January11,2002.
44.
WithregardtoYemen,seeDuBouche(2007).
WithregardtoRussiaanditswaragainstChechnya,seeLeHuerouandRegamey(2008).
45.
YotamFeldmanandUriBlau,"OperationCastLead:HowtheProsecutionGavetheIDFVictory,"Haaretz,January23,2009.
Notes24046.
AmiraHess,"GetOutofYourHomes,ThereareBulldozersOutside,"Haaretz,January13,2002;ZeevSchiff,"SenselessMilitaryOperation,"Haaretz,January13,2002;MironRapoportandFaizAbbas,"TheSunWillbeQuietbetweenGazaandRafah,"YediotAchronot,February8,2002.
47.
SeeKremnitzer(2005).
AlsoMosheReinfeld,"SupremeCourtRejectedPetitionsagainsttheTargetedAssassinationPolicy,"Haaretz,January29,2002;"TheRighttoElimination"(editorial),Haaretz,January31,2002.
48.
LawyerMichaelSfarad,"TheTargetedAssassinationPolicyisTantamounttotheAssassinationoftheJudiciary,"OrechHadin,May2002.
SeealsoKremnitzer(2005).
49.
UriElitzur,"AWhipisRaisedagainstUsasWell,"Nekuda,October2002.
50.
Racismwassoblatantintheseslogansthatevensomerabbisremovedthem-selvesfromthem.
SeeaflierthatcondemnstheslogansinHaaretz,September9,2001.
51.
RabbiIsraelRosen,"ToBeaShadowtotheGentiles,"Haaretz,February1,2002.
52.
EffiEitam,"IsraelandtheJewishQuestion,"Nekuda,January2002;BrigadierGeneral(res.
)EffiEitam"SouthernPalestinianState,"TheThirdHerzliyaAssembly,December3,2002.
53.
Forexample,AmosHarel,"MajorGeneralsonReserveWillbeCalledUpontoRipApartthePA,"Haaretz,January31,2001.
54.
"TheirGolani"(editorial),Nekuda,May2001.
55.
NachumBarnea,"StartingAgain,"YediotAchronot,July4,2003.
SeealsothewordsofMajorGeneralAlmog"TheHeritageofKfarDarom,"inNekuda,June2001.
56.
AmiraHessandGidiWeiss,"WeareinTrouble,"YediotAchronot,July4,2003.
57.
ZeevShiff,"IsraelAssassinatedFivePalestinians,"Haaretz,February5,2002.
58.
LieutenantColonelYehonatan"APalestinianPerspectiveontheSolutionoftheConflict,"Maarachot383,2002.
SeealsoMajorMichael"IsArafatBacktotheArmedConflictStrategy"Maarachot380–381,2001.
59.
OntheIsraelimotiveofbeingthe"victim,"seeBar-Tal(2007:112–137).
60.
YoavLimor,"TheSoldieratthePostFiredintheWrongDirection,"Ma'arivonline,February21,2002.
61.
HananShelin,"Baraguti:OneofOurFinestActions,"Ma'ariv,February20,2002.
62.
HanaShlein,"TheSoldiersoftheCheckpoint:'WewereAbandoned,'"Ma'ariv,March3,2002;"TenKilledbyaSniper,"Haaretz,March4,2002.
63.
YoavLimorandShlomoZanza,"TheIDFRemovedtheCheckpoint.
"Maariv,March8,2002.
64.
YigalSerna,"TheTimeofHuntingPeopleontheHills,"YediotAchronot,March8,2002.
65.
AmirOren,"UntilthePoliticalEchelonStops,"Haaretz,March1,2002;Also,aneditorial"TheIDFintheRefugeeCamps,"Haaretz,March3,2002.
66.
AmirOren,"WhiteFlag,BlackFlag,"Haaretz,March8,2003.
Also,aninter-viewwiththeheadoftheCentralCommand,MajorGeneralItzhakEitan,March29,2003.
67.
Turningandturninginthewideninggyre/Thefalconcannothearthefal-coner;/Thingsfallapart;thecentrecannothold;Mereanarchyisloosedupontheworld,/Theblood-dimmedtideisloosed,andeverywhereTheceremonyofinnocenceisdrowned.
.
.
"Notes2417OperationDefensiveShield1.
KnessetProtocol,January22,2002.
2.
OnthecontroversieswithintheIsraelisecurityforcesaboutwhetherornottoassassinateCarmiinatimeofcalm,seeHarelandIsacharoff(2004:185–186).
AlsoAyalon(2006).
3.
ThomasFriedman,"ASignalfromSaudiArabia,"Haaretz,March18,2002.
4.
TheBeirutDeclaration,March28,2002,RoyalEmbassyofSaudiArabia,InformationOffice,WashingtonDC:www.
saudiembassy.
net/press_release/statements/02st-0328-beirut.
htm;"TheSaudiInitiative—NormalRelationsfor1967Borders,"Haaretz,March11,2002;ZviBarel,"ABypassChannelfortheRightofReturn,"Haaretz,March29,2002.
ShefiGabaiandJackieHugi"AJustandAgreedUponSolutionfortheRefugees,theSaudiInitiative,"Ma'ariv,March29,2002.
5.
AmitBen-Haruya,"TheTerroristEnteredtheDinningRoom,"Haaretz,March29,2002.
6.
Ma'ariv,April4,2002;Ma'ariv,April11,2002.
7.
Ati"mAgency,February28,2002.
8.
DanShilon,"'IWillRecommendaStrikeinIraq,'AnInterviewwithChiefofStaffMofaz,"Maariv,January4,2002.
9.
SeverFlozker,"'ThereisaPossibilitythatWeWillHarmtheTerroristLeadersinDamascus',AnInterviewwithChiefofStaffMofaz,"YediotAchronot,April16,2002.
10.
ItayAsheretal.
,"ThePoliticalControversiesHaveStopped,"Ma'ariv,April7,2002.
Onthechangesthatthereservistsmadewithinthearmy,seeBen-Ari(1998).
11.
TheatmosphereinthosedaysisclearlydescribedinHarelandIsacharoff(2004:235–238).
12.
FelixFrishandAliWaked,"TheSurrenderofRajoub'sHeadquarters,Ynet,April3,2002.
13.
"TheLastMealofMarwanBarghouti,"Ma'ariv,April19,2002;AlsoHarelandIsacharoff(2004:245–247).
14.
HarelandIsacharoff(2004:251–253);AmirOren,"OntheWaytoaBigConflagration,"Haaretz,March26.
15.
Onthedifferentnarratives,seeZinzulker(2004).
Anarrativeisawayofdescrib-ingthings.
Itisaffectedbythenarrator'spointofview,byhis/heropenandhiddeninterests,andbythecontextinwhichthenarrativeisdeveloped.
16.
SaibArikatspecified500casualtiesinaninterviewtoCNNonApril10,2002;Arafatspecified600casualtiesinaninterviewtoFOXNetworkonApril15,2002.
17.
Ynet,April18,2002.
SeealsoAmosHarel,"Reports(Non-Verified)ofDozensofCasualtiesattheRefugeeCamp,"Haaretz,April7,2002.
Onpreventingmedicalcare,BT'selemReport,"Testimonies,"ibid.
,p.
13.
18.
FelixFrish,"TheBattleinJenin,FullInvestigation,"Ynet,April14,2002.
19.
ZviYehezkeli,"ImadeaStadiumforThemintheMiddleoftheCamp,"YediotAharonot,May31,2002.
20.
B'TselemReport,"Testimonies,"ibid.
,pp.
17–21;AlsoUnitedNations,"ReportbySecretary-GeneralonRecentEventsinJenin,andinOtherPalestinianCities,"UNPressRelease,DepartmentofPublicInformation,NewsCoverageService,NY,August1,2002,inwww.
un.
org/News/Press/docs/2002/SG2077.
doc.
htm.
Notes24221.
Onthetrucks,seeanurgentfaxsenttoLieutenantColonelOferMeytal,theCivilAdministration,fromAvrahamWeiss,theIsraeliCivilRightsAssociation,askingtotransfer40trucksoffood,medicine,water,andblankets.
April14,2002.
Onthe"humanshields,"seeB'Tselem,November2002.
22.
Onthesituationintheseplaces,seeDenitch(1994)andSlim(2008).
23.
AmiraHess,"RichardCook,TheUNRAResponseWasProhibited,"Haaretz,April12,2002.
24.
JamesBennet,"MideastTurmoil,"NewYorkTimes,April19,2002.
25.
"TheUNisConcerned,"Ynet,April14,2002;"TerjeLarsenintheRefugeeCamp,"Ma'ariv,April21,2002;DanMargalit,"LarsenisNotAlone,"Ma'ariv,April23,2002.
26.
"DefensiveShield2,"Haaretz,September19,2003;VeredLevi-Barzilai,"FifthBrigadeSoldiersWhoFoughtinJenin,"2002.
Alsothewordsofthecom-manderoftheDivision,Ynet,April14.
27.
AnnualAssemblyoftheLawyersAssociation,OrechHadin,no.
30,June2002.
28.
ExecutiveSummary,"TheBattleinJenin—TheIsraeliDefenseForce'sResponsetotheReportofAmnestyInternational":www.
idf.
il/newsite.
english.
amnesty0407–2.
htm,p.
10.
29.
AmosHarel,"AmongtheReasonsfortheOperation'sEnd,"Haaretz,April18,2002.
30.
"IDFStance:'ToBanishArafat,'"Haaretz,April15,2002.
31.
Ya'akovErezandYoavLimor,"WeWillBeAbletoActEffectively,"Ma'ariv,April16,2002.
32.
OnthesilenceoftheIsraeliintellectualsandleftistsinthefirstyear,seeMyronRappoport,"DreamNow,"YediotAchronot,October8,2001.
33.
YehonatanGeffen,"IDon'tHaveaPalestinianFriend,"NRGMa'ariv,April12,2002;seealsoNadavShragai,"TheBadHabitoftheLeft,"Haaretz,May20,2001;UriaShavitetal.
,"TheEmbarrassmentoftheLeft,"Haaretz,October20,2000.
34.
Anexampleofoneofthedemonstrations,Zigelman,Anat.
2002.
"21PeaceActivistsand7PolicemenwereInjuredintheConfrontation,"Haaretz,April2.
Ontheactivitiesingeneral,whichweremoreantioccupationthanpro-peaceactivities,seeLamarche(2011).
35.
ThePeaceCoalitionincludedmembersfromLabor,Meretz,theKibbutzMovement,PeaceNow,NetivotShalom,GushShalom,humanrightsassocia-tions,andsoon.
Seewww.
kibbutz.
org.
il/shavua/shonot//200010731/koalit-ziat.
htm.
SeealsoYossiVerter,"ThePeaceCoalitionPromises,"Haaretz,April2,2002.
36.
TalkingaboutthePeaceCoalitionintheKnesset,KMMichaelKleinerfromthesmallpartyHerutsaid:"WearetalkingaboutOsloCriminals,whousedtobehavelikea'fifthcolumn.
'"KnessetProtocol,July23,2002.
37.
Seewww.
seruv.
org.
il.
38.
InHaaretz,February17,2002.
39.
HaimTal,"TheFriendship—2002,"YediotAchronot,February2,2002.
40.
www.
seruv.
org.
il/defaulteng.
asp.
Also"TheOfficers'Letter,2002,"YediotAchronot,January25,2002.
41.
YigalShohat,"BlackFlag,"Haaretz,January18,2002.
42.
HaimTal,"WeWillNotContinuetoRule,Destroy,Banish,Demolish,andLoot,"Ynet,January25,2002.
Notes24343.
ArmoredCorpsStaffSergeant(ret.
)YaronHofman'stestimony,ibid.
44.
AmirBarTsedek'stestimony,ibid.
45.
www.
seruv.
org.
il.
46.
MichaelBen-Yair,"TheSeventhDayoftheWar,"Haaretz,March3,2002.
Alsoinww.
seruv.
org.
il/MoreArticles/English/MichaelBenYairEng_1.
htm.
47.
www.
seruv.
org.
48.
GadiBlum,"Officers'MovementAgainstInsubordination,"TelAviv,March1,2002.
49.
"DiscussionsintheIDFonActionsagainstInsubordinates,"Haaretz,February1,2002.
SeealsoAryeDayan,"TheNewLinesandtheOldBarriersofInsubordination,"Haaretz,February6,2002.
50.
OferShelah,"IDFActedWithDetermination,"YediotAchronot,February1,2002;"MinistryofJustice,'Defense:'TheRefusaloftheOfficers,anAchievementforArafat,"Haaretz,Febuary3,2002.
Onthesuggestionthatthiswasmutiny,see"TheIDFHints,"Haaretz,Febuary3,2002.
51.
AmosHarel,"ASeriousObjection,"Haaretz,January29,2002;"AnExceptionalMove,"January31,2002.
Seealso"NotestoInsubordinatesandShirkers,"indailynewspapers,February1,2002.
Andinthesite:www.
geoci-ties.
com/righttoserve/.
52.
AccordingtotheTamiSteinmitzCenterforPeaceResearch.
Tel-AvivUniversity,PublishedinHaaretz,April2,2002.
53.
ArianaMelamed,"ISaidWhatIWasSupposedtoSay,"Ynet,March25,2002.
54.
HemiShalev,"WeareLosingOurTolerance,"Ma'ariv,April24,2002.
55.
RabbiAviner,"ItisPermittedtoKillDraftDodgers,"Ynet,July18,2002.
56.
EtaiLivniandBenDrorYemini,"'TheLegalAdvisorInstitution,AnInterviewwithSamiMichael,"OrehHadin29,May2002.
57.
AnAmnestyInternationalreportfromAugust2002statedthatmorethan250Palestinianchildrenandadolescentshadbeenkilledsincethestartoftheinti-fada.
ForAmnestyInternational'sreportonchildrenbeingkilleduntilAugust2002:www.
amnesty.
org.
il/reports/child2.
html.
AlsoHaaretz,February10,2002;G.
Levi,"StudentsofWar,"Haaretz,September1,2002.
58.
SeeSteinberg(2002).
AlsoArielaRingel-Hoffman,"WeHaveNoOnetoTalkTo,"YediotAharonot,August9,2002.
59.
"PresidentBushCallsforNewPalestinianLeadership,TheRoseGarden,"June24,2002:inwww.
whitehouse.
gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020624–3.
html.
60.
AaryShavit,"AComprehensiveInterviewwithDovWeissglass,"Haaretz,October8,2004.
61.
AmosHarel,"IsraelAssassinated,"Haaretz,July23,2002.
62.
Ma'arivonline,July24,2002.
63.
VeredLevi-Barzilai,"TheHighandMighty,"Haaretz,August21:www.
haaretz.
com/hasen/pages/ShArt.
jhtmlitemNo=200053&contrassID=1.
64.
See,e.
g.
,YoavLimor,"LieutenantGeneralBoogyYa'alon,"Ma'ariv,July10,2002.
65.
Ya'aloninhisfirstinterviewaschiefofstaff,inAriShavit,Haaretz,August30,2002.
66.
Ibid.
67.
Interestingly,presentingtheconflictintermsofthe"greatestdangertoIsrael"echoedPresidentBush'sclaimsconcerningthe"terrorists.
"Inbothcases,theNotes244ideawastolegitimizethenewmethodsthathurtinnocentcivilians,andtojustifythekillingofthosewhowerehostiletoeithertheUnitedStatesorIsrael,withoutbringingthemtotrialaccordingtotherulesoflaw.
OntheAmericancase,seeGurtov(2006),Jackson(2005),andCroft(2006).
68.
Ya'alon,inAriShavit,Haaretz,August30,2002.
69.
RamiHazut,"ThePalestinians,AnExistentialThreat,"YediotAchronot,August26,2002.
70.
UziBenziman,"TheYa'alonWhoYouDidNotKnow,"Haaretz,July11,2003.
71.
ChiefofStaff,"ToFightthePalestinianCancer,"YediotAchronot,August26,2002;BenCaspit"TheSelfBlameIndustryinIsraeliSociety,"Ma'ariv,August30,2002.
72.
Indeed,Ya'alon'sperspectiveinfluencedtheentirearmy.
See,e.
g.
,thewordsofItzhakEitan,chiefoftheCentralCommand,inhisretirementinterview:"'IfWeDestroyDozensofHouses,'"YediotAharonot,August9,2002.
73.
"AtThisStage,TheIDFWillNotWithdraw,"Ma'ariv,August23,2002.
74.
FelixFrishandAliWaked,"TheImplementationof'GazaandBeitLehemFirst,'Started,"Ynet,August20,2002.
75.
"AtThisRate,theIDFWon'tWithdrawUntiltheEndoftheHolidays,"Ma'ariv,August23,2002.
76.
FelixFrishandAliWaked,"IDFForcesRemaininginHebron,"Ynet,August23,2002;"'BetLehemandGazaFirstwasPostponedUntilAftertheHolidays,"WallaNews,August25,2002.
SeeDahlan'swordsinEliKamiretal.
,"TheGazaBeitLehemAgreementisAlive,"Ma'ariv,August26,2002.
77.
YoavLimor,"NotOnlyBadLuck,"Ma'ariv,September2,2002.
78.
YotamFeldman,"IamGuilty,WeareGuilty,"Haaretz,December21,2007.
79.
Ontheseattacks,see,e.
g.
,"FireTrap,"YediotAharonot,October22,2002;"TwentyNineCasualtiesin10Days,"YediotAharonot,November22,2002.
80.
TheThirdHerzliyaConference,December2–4,2002:http://www.
herzliya-conference.
org/_Articles/Article.
aspCategoryID=87&ArticleID=2247.
81.
"TheStrategicSurroundingsandthePrinciplesofReaction,"ChiefofStaffMosheYa'alon'swordsinTheThirdHerzliyaConference,December3,2002.
Ibid.
8SocialProtestintheWar1.
Onhumanrightsingeneral,seeBrysk(2002),Donnelly(2002),andRisseetal.
(2004).
2.
On"justwars"and"unjustwars,"seeWalzer(1977).
Ontheattempttoadjustthejustwarperspectivetocurrentevents,seeElshtain(2003).
Forcriticismofthisperspective,seeFiala(2008).
3.
"IsraelontheWaytoHague,"January9,2002;"WarCrimesandIsrael'sSecurity,"GushShalomForuminTzavtaTheater,Tel-Aviv:www.
gush-shalom.
org.
4.
ThewordsofMichaelTarazi,anAmericanlegaladvisortothePLO.
Ibid.
5.
TovaZimuki,"Rubinstein:'TheLettersofGushShalomKneadingwithExtortion,'"YediotAharonot,September19,2002.
6.
MosheFeiglin,"TheLeftWingInformers,TheHagueLawCourt,SourceandConclusions,"August8,2002.
ManhigutYehuditSite.
TheZoArtzeinumovement(ThisisourLand)wasasocialmovementthatobjectedtotheOsloAgreementinthemiddleofthe1990s.
Notes2457.
"AirForceCommander-in-ChiefHalutz:ToPlaceGushShalomMembersonTrial,"Haaretz,August21,2002.
8.
DanMargalit,"Sharon'sWheelofFortunehasStartedMovingBackwards,"Ma'ariv,September27,2002.
9.
Onthedifferencebetweenthetwotypesofbereavements,seeBen-Dor(2008).
10.
EdnaBen-Eliahu'swords.
Abereavedmotherwholostherdaughter,a19-year-oldsoldier,inablastinJerusalem.
Haair,June26,2003.
AlsothewordsofabereavedfatherwholosthissoldiersoninHebroninMironRappoportandLiorEl-Hai,"'Enough,WeDon'tHaveChildrentoSacrificeforHebron,'"YediotAchronot,July11,2003.
AlsoItzihkSaban,"'TheOccupationKilledMySon,'"YediotAchronot,July11,2002.
11.
TheWarriors'Letter,October11,2002:www.
seruv.
org.
il.
Alsothepetition,"Don'tAbandontheConscienceObjectors,"Haaretz,November8,2002.
12.
See"WhoAreWe":inhttp://palsolidarity.
org/about/.
13.
"Rachel'sWar,"TheGuardian,March18,2003.
14.
OferShelah,"NotWithoutMySon,"YediotAchronot,February11,2005.
15.
Starhok,"ThePriceofanOrange,"totheMemoryofRachelCorrieandTomHurndall,OccupationMagazine,March9,2005;AsafUni,"TheMotheroftheJournalistTomHurndall,"Haaretz,July13,2005.
16.
SeeadiscussiononthatissueinConstitution,Law,andJusticeCommittee,July6,2003,KnessetProtocol.
17.
"SettlersCreating'Facts'ontheGround,"Haaretz,June23,2002.
18.
EpiMeir,"WasBuriedwithaKnife,"Tel-Aviv,August9,2002.
19.
DanielBenSimon,"AWholeGenerationisGoingtoWar,"Haaretz,October25,2002.
20.
Inbiblicaltimes,Jewsusedtogiveatithe(ma'aser)fromtheircropstotheTemple.
TheRabbi'swordsappearedonIsrael'sTVChannel10,reportedbyYinonMagal.
21.
NavaZuriel,"TheShinBet(SecurityForce)andItsWaragainsttheHilltopYouth,"Ma'ariv,October11,2002.
22.
Ononeofthesecases,see"SettlersTookControl,"Haaretz,August12,2002.
23.
Forexample,NadavShragaiandAmosHarel,"IDFandtheSettlersEvacuated4IllegalOutposts,"Haaretz,October10,2002.
24.
DavidLandau,"AProud,ZionistAction,"Haaretz,October18,2002.
25.
AvishaiBen-Haim,"'Kids,'SaidDanielaWeiss,"YediotAharonot,October30,2002;also"ABrutalConfrontation,"Haaretz,October20,2002;"TheGiladRanchwasEvacuatedAtNightButPeopleReturnedintheMorning,"Haaretz,October30,2002.
SeealsotheSassonReport,ibid.
26.
TrevorGal-OrTestimony,afirstsergeant(ret.
)paratrooper,"Enough,"Hai'r,February7,2002.
27.
ArnonRegular,"TheLastInhabitantsLeftYinonVillage,"Haaretz,October20,2002;"TaayushStartedOperatingtoStopHarassmentAgainsttheInhabitantsofYinon,"TheLeftBank,October21,2002.
SeealsoHaaretz(periodical),October28,2002.
28.
SeeExpulsionofPalestinianResidentsfromtheSouthMt.
HebronArea,October–November1999,CaseStudyNo,9,February2000,B'Tselem.
29.
MahmudHusseinJabberHamamdehetal.
v.
MinisterofDefenseetal.
(hereaf-ter:ACRIPetition),HCJ517/00.
Notes24630.
AviaPasternak,"TheNon-SacredAllianceintheOccupiedTerritories,"June14,2003:www.
taayush.
org/new/20030614-sh.
htm.
31.
"HowManyKilometersDidYouWalktoSchoolToday"October26,2002:www.
taayush.
org/sh-education.
html.
32.
Forexample,"AConfrontationbetweentheHumanRightActivistsofTaayushandtheSettlersinSouthMountHebron,"Walla,January11,2002.
Foradetailedtestimonyontheharassments,fromaJerusalemprofessorofclassicstudies,seeSchulman(2007).
33.
FelixFrish,"'TheObjectorsareRags,'AnInterviewwithLieutenantColonelErezWeinerUponhisRetirement,"Ynet,September10,2002.
34.
"TheObjectorPilotLetter,"Haaretz,September24,2003.
35.
Ibid.
AlsoYigalMosko,"WeRefusetoBecomeWarCriminals,"Haaretz,September26,2003;ZadokYechielietal.
,"BlueSkies,RedLine(2),"YediotAchronot,September26,2003.
36.
HaimShibiandYosiYehushua,"ThePilots'Letter,"YediotAchronot,September29,2003;ArikBender,"MinisterofDefenseMofaz,"Ma'ariv,September30,2003.
37.
YigalMosko,"TheInsubordinateChangedHisMind,"YediotAchronot,September29,2003.
38.
"WeRefusetoBecomeWarCriminals,"YediotAchronot,September26,2003.
39.
Ibid.
AlsoYonathanShapira,"ThePilots'Letter,"October2003:www.
7th-day.
co.
il/tzahal/tayasim.
htm.
40.
AmosHarel,"HaluzInstructedtoSuspendImmediately,"Haaretz,September26,2003.
41.
ZadokYechieli,"BlueSkies,RedLine(1),"YediotAchronot,September26,2003.
42.
See,e.
g.
,ZeevSternhal,"BetweenRefusalandHerdCulture,"Haaretz,October17,2003;alsoBen-Eliezer(2003a).
43.
"CaptainYonatanAgainstMajorAsaf,"YediotAchronot,September26,2003;LiliGalili,"APilotRegretted,"Haaretz,September29,2003.
44.
OnselectiverefusalintheUnitedStatesduringtheVietnamWarandingen-eral,seeGreenawalt(1971)andMapel(1998).
45.
OnthetransitionfromsocialmovementstoNGOsintheneoliberaleraanditsprice,seeKamat(2004).
OntheweaknessoftheIsraelipeacemovementsduringtheintifada,see,e.
g.
,DavidNewman,"HowIsrael'sPeaceMovementFellApart,"TheNewYorkTimes,August30,2002.
TheNGOsandassocia-tionsthatweresummonedtocourtweretheAssociationforCivilRightsinIsrael,PhysiciansforHumanRights,B'Tselem:TheIsraeliInformationCenterforHumanRightsintheTerritories,thePublicCommitteeAgainstTortureinIsrael,Moked:TheCenterfortheDefenseoftheIndividual,andAdallah:TheLegalCenterforArabMinorityRightsinIsrael.
46.
Unlikethewell-knownthesisofHuntington.
47.
AvivLavie,"AmiandSariareLookingforaPartner,"Haaretz,July11,2003;The"People'sVoice"(HamifkadHaleumi):www.
mifkad.
org.
il.
48.
Afull-textversionoftheGenevaInitiativecanbefoundatwww.
peacenow.
org.
49.
"TheGenevaInitiative"(editorial),Haaretz,October13,2003;NadavEyal,"'IDidNotExpectthatEverybodyWouldApplaud,"Ma'ariv,October17,2003.
50.
HemiShalev,"LeftAliveandKicking,"Ma'ariv,October17,2003.
Notes24751.
"ChiefofStaff,'TakingtheNameoftheCommandoUnitInVain,'"YediotAchronot,December22,2003;ArnonLapid,"RefusalNow,"Hakibbutz25,December2003.
52.
"TheFourFormerHeadsoftheShinBetWarn,"YediotAchronot,November14,2003.
53.
Ibid.
54.
TheConscientiousObjectionCommitteeispartoftheIDF,soonly3.
5percentofthosewhorequestexemptionfrommilitaryservicereceiveit.
SeeAryeDayan,"DoestheArmyHaveAuthoritytoDetermineWhoIsaPacifist"Haaretz,March3,2002;TalHasin,"ATrojanHorseintheConscienceCommittee,"Haaretz,July18,2003.
SeealsoRimalt(2006).
55.
Haninetal.
(2004);MordechaiKramnizer,"TheRefusalanditsPunishment,"April13,2004;"HungerStrikeoftheOccupationObjectorsContinue,"LeftBank,February6,2003.
56.
ThatisthewayitwaspresentedbyGiladArdanfromtheLikudPartyintheKnesset.
SeeKnessetProtocol,June25,2003.
57.
Haaretz,January9,2004.
9Israel'sReactiontotheRoadmap1.
FormerheadoftheMossadHalevy(2006)claimedthatduringthesummerof2002newsarrivedinJerusalemthatseveralpeopleinEurope,theUnitedNations,andinsomeofficesintheUnitedStateswerenotsatisfiedwithPresidentBush'sJunedeclaration,becauseitfavoredIsraeltoomuch(186).
Theconsequenceofthisinconveniencewasthedesireforsomeitemstobeaddedtothepresident'sdeclaration.
2.
IsraelevenmobilizedsupportintheUnitedStatesagainsttheroadmap.
SeeChrisMarsden,"Israel:Sharon'sRejectionofUSRoadmaphasPowerfulSupportinWashington,"WorldSocialistWebsite,May27,2003.
3.
PressStatement,OfficeoftheSpokesman,WashingtonDC,April30,2003:www.
state.
gov/r/pa/ei/rls/22520.
htm.
Seealso"TheRoadmapisBasedonAFinalSolutionofTwoStates,"April30,2003:www.
knesset.
gov.
il.
4.
"TheGovernmentofIsraelRatifies,"YediotAchronot,May25,2003;"Sharon:'WeHavetoPutanEndtoTheOccupation,'"YediotAchronot,May27,2003.
5.
KnessetProtocol,June4,2003.
Asnotedearlier,thereligiousincitementagainstRabin,whicheventuallybroughtabouthisdeath,wasbasedon"dinrodef"(pursuer).
Seechapterthree.
6.
SimonJeffrey,"TheRoadmaptoPeace,"TheGuardians,June4,2003.
7.
OnIsrael'svariousobservations,see"IsraelPresentedaFewObservations,FourteenRemarksoftheStateofIsraelontheRoadmap":ww.
knesset.
gov.
il/library/heb/docs/shf027.
htm.
8.
Walla,June4,2003.
9.
RaniShaked,"Roadmap,"YediotAchronot,June13,2003.
10.
AmirOren,"ChiefofStaff:'CeasefireandthePalestinianRenunciationOfTerror—anIsraeliVictory,'"Haaretz,July3,2003.
Thechiefofstaffusedtopresenthimselfasonewhohatesspins,buthis"victory"declarationwasper-hapsthebiggestspinofthedecadeinIsrael.
11.
Ibid.
Also"ChiefofStaff:'WeWon,'"YediotAchronot,July3,2003.
Ya'alonwouldlaterclaimthathehadbeentrippedupbythereporterinregardtoNotes248hisdeclarationofvictory.
However,theheadline"WeWon"appearedinthreedifferentnewspapers.
AmiraLessandGidiWeiss,"'WeareinTrouble,'AnInterviewwithChiefofStaff,"YediotAchronot,July4,2003;onhisdenial,AmnonDanknerandRonLeshem,"IThoughtIDeserveAnApplause,"Maariv,May11,2005.
12.
"AtLeast18wereMurderedinaBlast,"Haaretz,August20,2003.
13.
YehiamPrior,"IBlameSharon,"Ynet,August20,2003.
14.
On"FenceforLife,"seewww.
hagader.
com/politikaim.
asp.
15.
GalitShafir,"Let'sSeparate,"LocalTime,June29,2001.
16.
DanMargalit,"Popolitika,"Channel1,IsraeliTV,February19,2002.
17.
SharonRofe-OfirandHagaiEinav,"19DeadDuetoTerroristAttackinMaximRestaurant,"Ynet,October5,2003.
18.
Ibid.
19.
AmirRappoport,"'ArafatMustbeEliminated,'AnInterviewwithMajorGeneralYiftahRon-Tal,"Maariv,October10,2003.
20.
UriSaliandGidiWeiz,"ShootingandNotCrying,"YediotAchronot,October10,2003.
21.
Forexample,AmiraHess,"HamasWorkshopsAppearDifferent,"Haaretz,January27,2003.
22.
EfratWeissandRaananBen-Zur"FollowingtheAssassinationinGaza,"Ynet,March9,2003.
23.
AmosHarel,"TheSoldiersDidNotKnow,"Haaretz,March14,2003;KalmanLibskindandOmryAssenheim"FirePunch,"Ma'ariv,May6,2005.
24.
ItaiAsher,"TheSoldiersDidNotVerify,"Ma'ariv,March15,2003.
25.
ItzikSabanandHaimBroyde,"SeniorHamasLeaderinGazawasAssassinatedwithAnotherSix,"YediotAchronot,April9,2003;ItzikSabanandHaimBroyde"13PalestiniansKilled,"YediotAchronot,May2,2003.
26.
Evena"seniorofficer,"perhapsYa'alon,raiseddoubtsaboutMofaz'smethods.
SeeIlilShachar,"YesSir,"Ma'ariv,October17,2003;NachumBarnea,"HisSoulSprained,"YediotAchronot,October31,2003.
27.
YediotAchronot,September7,2003.
28.
KnessetProtocol,January12,2004.
29.
AriShavit,"TheComprehensiveInterviewwithDovWeissglass,"Haaretz,October8,2004.
30.
Ibid.
31.
Theexistenceofsuchanelitegroup,ornonformalcircleofadvisors,wasalwayspopularinIsraelipolitics.
InGoldaMeir'stime,e.
g.
,suchacirclewascalled"Golda'sKitchen.
"32.
AlufBen"BecauseoftheShinBet'sLeaders,"Haaretz,October13,2004.
33.
Shavit,"TheComprehensiveInterviewwithDovWeissglass,"Haaretz,October8,2004.
34.
Ibid.
Onthe"PilotLetters,"seechapternine.
35.
SeeWeissglass'swordsattheHerzliyaConferenceonDecember13–16,2004:www.
herzliyaconference.
org/_archives/arcitles.
36.
Shavit,"TheComprehensiveInterviewwithDovWeissglass.
"37.
BenCaspit,"HowWastheDisengagementPlanBorn"NRGMa'ariv,July16,2005.
38.
"Sharoninthe4thHerzliyaConference,"2003:http://www.
herzliyaconference.
org/_Articles/Article.
aspCategoryID=87&ArticleID=2247.
39.
"HeadoftheShinBet:'WeDidNotProvidetheNationofIsraelwiththeProtectiveVestitDeserved,'"Haaretz,December17,2003.
Notes24940.
AkivaEldar,"Arafat:'WeAcceptJewishSovereignty,'"Haaretz,December11,2003.
41.
MazalMualem,"TheResponsibilityisMine,"Haaretz,January6,2004.
42.
Haaretz,January12,2004.
43.
KnessetProtocol,January12,2004.
44.
Haaretz,March23,2004.
45.
OferShalach,"AnEliminationWithoutSense,"Ynet,March22,2004;YaelMashali,"WhoVolunteerstoDie"Ynet,March22,2004.
46.
"SeniorintheGeneralStaffRespondstotheCriticisms,"Haaretz,March23,2004.
47.
AmosHareletal.
,"Ya'alon:'TheReactionofArafatandNassaralla,'"Haaretz,March23,2004.
48.
AmirRappoportandEliBuhadana,"HisLuckwasOver,"Ma'ariv,April18,2004;DanMargalit,"TheTimingwasnotAccidental,"Ma'ariv,April18,2004;DaniRubinstein,"AssassinationofaControversialLeader,"Ma'ariv,April18,2004.
49.
DisengagementPlanofPrimeMinisterArielSharon,April16,2004:www.
knesset.
gov.
il/process/.
.
.
/DisengageSharon_eng.
htm.
50.
"SharonInvitedYa'alontoaMeetingofClarification,"Haaretz,March9,2004;AmosHarel,"Ya'alon:'ThePoliticalUseofmyWordsCausedanImmenseDamage,'"Haaretz,April26,2004.
51.
Wikipedia,theFreeEncyclopedia.
"ContinuationoftheRoadMap,RoadMapforPeace":http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Road_map_for_peace#Continuation_of_the_road_map.
52.
Ibid.
53.
"RabbistoMazuz:'SharonHelpstheNazis,'"MSNNews,October24,2004.
54.
ArnonRegular,"AMilitaryUnitKilled,"Haaretz,January9,2004.
55.
"Ya'alon:'ThePoliticalUseofmyWordsCausedImmenseDamage,'"Haaretz,April26,2004.
56.
"ArabSources:'ThePalestinians'Conditions,"Haaretz,May12,2004;EliBuhadanaandItaiAsher,"EverythingwasDestroyedinaMoment,"Ma'ariv,May12,2004.
57.
"HumanBeasts,"Ma'ariv,May12,2004;"Barbarians,"Hazofe,May12,2004;AlexFishman,"Cannibals,"YediotAchronot,May12,2004.
58.
AlexFishman,"IDFisRevenging,"YediotAchronot,May14,2004.
59.
"IDFSoldiersLookingfortheirFriends'BodyParts,"YediotAchronot,May14,2004.
60.
ZadokYehieli,"RegardsfromHell,"YediotAchronot,June11,2004.
61.
BenCaspit,"BacktotheSquare,"Ma'ariv,May14,2004.
62.
Rappoport,Amiretal.
2004.
"PanicinRafah,"Ma'ariv,May17,2004.
63.
"IDFisHeldforanOperationinRafah,HundredofHouseswereMarkedtobeDestroyed,"Ma'ariv,May17,2004;AmiraHess,"TheHabitantsofRafah,"Haaretz,May17,2004.
64.
AmirRappoport,"Mofaz:'TheOperationinGazainnotLimitedinTime,'"Ma'ariv,May18,2004.
65.
"StoptheFire"(editorial),Haaretz,May20,2004;HananGrinberg,"Diary,14DaysinMay,"Ynet,May24,2004.
66.
TheSixteenthKnesset,ProposalsforTheAgenda,May19,2004.
67.
"AtLeast10DemonstratorswereKilled,"Ma'ariv,May19,2004;"AtLeast23Demonstrators,"Haaretz,May19,2004;AmirBuchbut,"DaysofRemorseoftheIDF,"Maariv,October12,2005.
Notes25068.
YossiBar,"WorldlyCondemnation,"YediotAchronot,May18,2004.
OntheeventsinRafahaswarcrimes,seeYossiSarid,"WarCrime,"YediotAchronot,May19,2004.
69.
TheSixteenthKnesset,ProposalsForTheAgenda,May19,2004.
70.
ZadokYehieli,"RegardsfromHell,"YediotAchronot,June11,2004.
71.
"IsraelandtheOccupiedTerritories,andthePalestinianAuthority,"AmnestyInternational,November20,2004.
AmnestyInternationalPublicDocument.
72.
UriYavlonkaetal.
,"RabbisintheRight:'ItisAcceptableToHurtCivilians,"Ma'ariv,September8,2004.
73.
AmosYedelinandAssaKasher,"MoralFightonTerror,"BitahonLeumi2–3,September2003.
Formoreonthisissue,seeAmosHarel,"IDFPresentsMoralExplanationtotheAssassinations,"Haaretz,September5,2003.
ReuvenFedezur,"TheIDF'sHouse-Philosopher,"Haaretz,February29,2004.
74.
On"BreakingtheSilence,"seehttp://www.
shovrimshtika.
org/.
75.
"SourcesinJerusalemSaid,"Ynet,September7,2004.
10TheSeparationFence1.
Israelcallsit"ASecurityFence,"whereasthePalestiniansandotherswhoopposethefencecallit"ASeparationWall.
"TheEnglishtermisusually"bar-rier.
"Theterm"wall"isderivedfromthepartsthatarebuiltwithconcrete.
Eventhoughonly5percentofthebarrierismadeoutofconcrete,itisthesesec-tionsthatmostPalestiniansseeneartheirhomes.
Theterm"wall"wasalsousedasasymbolandcomparisontotheBerlinWall.
Someusetheterm"ApartheidWall"topointtotheracialelementassociatedwithit.
2.
"TherewasNoReasontoShootMe,"Walla,December28,2003.
AlsoIgalSernaandOronMeiri,"TheAnarchistsversusGateNumber1549,"YediotAharonot,January2,2004.
3.
KarniAm-Ad,"TheyShotMeforNoReason,"Hakibutz1:886,January1,2004.
4.
"ADemandforan'InterrogationCommittee,'"NanaNews,December28,2003.
5.
AmosHarel,"AnEmbarrassmentintheIDF,"Haaretz,November21,2004.
Discussionoftheillegalcheckpoststobefoundlaterinthischapter.
6.
Am-Ad.
"TheyShotMe.
"7.
EmmanuelShilo,"WeedsClimbingtheFence,"Channel7:www.
inn.
co.
il/SendMail.
8.
EytanRabin,"TheSoldiersWhoShotNaamatiWon'tbeTakentoCourt,"Ma'ariv,November29,2004.
9.
MichalYas'uretal.
,"ASeventeenYearOldwasWoundedinaDemonstrationagainsttheFence,"Ynet,February25,2005.
10.
Rabin,"TheSoldiersWhoShotNaamati.
"11.
"ABackgroundDocumentontheTopic"TheSeparationFenceProject,"writ-tenbyMosheBarda,KnessetProtocol,June9,2002.
12.
KnessetProtocol,October22,2003.
13.
Ibid.
14.
HighCourtofJustice3771/02,"LocalCouncilofA-RasVillageandOthersagainsttheCommanderoftheIDFForcesinJudeaandSamaria,"Issueno.
31.
15.
See,e.
g.
,theinfluenceofthebarrieronthePalestinianmedicalsystem,fromMedicineduMonde,2/1/2005;EyalGross,"ThePrecedent:TheRecognitionofNotes251theLargeDamageCausedbytheFence,"Haaretz,June30,2004;ShaulArieli,"TheCitywhichisLockedTogether,"YediotAchronot,November1,2005.
16.
KnessetProtocol,October22,2003.
17.
AvrahamBendor(Shalom),"TheEvilFence,"Haaretz,November28,2008.
AlsoDannyRubinstein,"IfThePA'sEconomyisDestroyed,ItwouldbeMuchWorse,"Haaretz,January18,2004.
18.
"B'Tzelem,"TheNewRegimeoftheSeamZone,"www.
btselem.
org/Heberw/Separation_Barrier/enclaves.
asp.
19.
KnessetProtocol,January12,2004.
20.
Withthebuildingofthefence,terroristbombingsinIsraelwerereducedbymorethan90percentandthenumberofdeathsbymorethan70percent.
Moreontheconstructingofthefence,seeArieliandSfard(2008).
21.
HighCourtofJusticeRule,2056/04.
22.
Perhapsinordertoexplorethenarrow,vestedinterestsbehindtheSeparationBarrier,thecourtcouldhavesoughtadvicefromsociologistsinsteadofex-armyadvisormembersasitdidintheBeitSurikAffair.
Onthewholeaffairatlarge,seeBen-EliezerandFeinstein(2009).
23.
DianaBechor-Nir,"Anan'sReport,"Ynet,November28,2003.
24.
ShlomoShamir,"AnIsraeliEfforttoAvoidaUNDecision,"Haaretz,November29,2003.
SeealsoGross(2006).
25.
InternationalCourtofJustice,"LegalConsequencesoftheConstructionofaWallintheOccupiedPalestinianTerritory,"July9,2004:www.
icj-cil.
org.
26.
"HaagCourt:'TheFenceisagainsttheLawandMustbeDisassembled,'"Walla,July10,2004.
27.
AmosHarel,"ConcernWithintheIDF:OfficersHesitatetoLeaveIsrael,"Haaretz,March3,2006.
28.
YuvalYoaz,"HaluzandYaalonMightBeArrestedinLondon,"Haaretz,September13,2005.
29.
YuvalYoaz,"TheFirstIsraeliintheInternationalCourtofJustice,"Haaretz,February3,2005.
30.
Ibid.
AlsoSimaKadmon,"YouAreMakingaBin-LadenOutofMe,"YediotAchronot,September16,2004.
31.
Harel,"ConcernWithintheIDF.
"32.
PresidentBush'slettertoSharoninhttp://www.
mfa.
gov.
il/MFAHeb/MFAArchive/2004/letter%20bush%20sharon140404.
SeealsoAlufBen"Sharon:WeClarifiedthattheSettlementBlocsWouldStay,"Haaretz,April4,2005.
33.
AlufBen,"BushWantsaSolemnMeeting,"Haaretz,April7,2005.
34.
TheHighCourtofJustice7957/04.
SeealsoYuvalYoaz,"PalestiniansWhoseLandswereTakenWouldbeCompensated,"Haaretz,May6,2005.
35.
YuvalYoaz,"SupremeCourtSuspendedtheBuildingoftheFence,"Haaretz,June22,2005.
36.
"TheSeparationFenceisIsrael'sFutureBorder,"WallaNews,December1,2005.
37.
TamaraTraubmanetal.
,"HundredsDemonstratedinTel-Aviv,"Haaretz,May5,2005.
38.
YarivOpenheimer,"TheSettlementsStillWin,"Haaretz,August28,2005.
39.
SassonReport,March2005.
PrimeMinisterOffice,MediaDepartment.
40.
NadavShragai,"AnOutpostandOneMoreOutpost,"Haaretz,September6,2004.
Notes25241.
AkivaEldar,"MinistryofLawandtheIDFShelvedSassonReport'sRecommendations,"Haaretz,November23,2005.
AlsoAkivaEldar,"TheReportDiedinitsBirth,"Haaretz,March30,2006.
42.
Ibid.
AlsoMironRappoport,"TheRouteoftheLeft,"Haaretz,February24,2005.
43.
"EuropeStandsagainsttheConstructioninMa'alehAdumim,"Ynet,March25,2005.
44.
MironRappoport,"NoSecurity,"Ma'ariv,June23,2006.
45.
AkivaEldar,"ContrarytoPerez'sInstruction,TirzaRepresentedtheState,"Haaretz,January15,2007.
46.
SeeKnessetProtocol,aquestionraisedbyKMDovHenininthisregard,June19,2006.
Defenseminister'sanswerwasgivenMay21,2007.
Seeibid.
47.
Onthedemonstrations,intheGushShalomwebsite,e.
g.
,"TheCoalitionagainsttheWall,ADemonstrationnearImtin,"August25,2005.
48.
Onthewaysstatespresenttheirsovereigntythroughsymbols,seeKempandBen-Eliezer(2000).
Onitsrelevancetothebarrier,seeFeinstein(2006).
49.
DavidRatner,"TheyAlsoShootBlueSpongesandRedBalls,"Haaretz,August9,2005.
50.
MironRapaportetal.
,"TheIDFFiredTearGasatNon-ViolentDemonstratorsinBil'in,"Haaretz,September9,2005.
51.
UziLandau,"Rioters,NotDreyfuses,"Ma'ariv,January1,2003.
52.
AvrahamZino,"SupremeCourt:ToChangethePathoftheSeparationFenceinBil'in,"Ynet,September4,2007.
11WithdrawalfromGaza1.
KnessetProtocol,June16,2004.
2.
Sharoninthe5thHerzliyaConference,December16,2004:www.
herzliyacon-ference.
org/_archives/arcitles.
3.
AlufBenandAmosHarel"AbuMazen:'TheWarwithIsraelisActuallyOver,'"Haaretz,February14,2005.
4.
MazalMualem,"LikudMemberswillDecideontheDisengagement,"WallaNews,March31,2004;NisimYeshayahu,"ACriticalDecision,"EretzHatzevi,March21,2004;A.
Shimoni,"Disengagement,CanyouGetit"SderotConferenceforSociety,w3.
Sapir.
ac.
il/pm.
5.
Seechapter9,p.
167.
6.
NadavShragayetal.
,"PrimeMinister:'IDeterminedaPolicyandYouHavetoAcceptIt.
'"Haaretz,October18,2004.
7.
ArielKahana,"ATentativePlanetoStoptheWithdrawal,"Besheva,April21,2005.
8.
Thesettlersregardedthis"Israeliness"inadifferentlight.
See,e.
g.
,aletterbyStaffSergeantRafiFriedmantoChiefofStaffHaluzonthe"brain-washing"takingplaceinthesemilitarycamps:www.
zeevgalili.
com/p=266.
9.
GideonAlon,"Ya'alon:'IFeelUncomfortable,'"Haaretz,March23,2005.
10.
AlexFishman,"NotGoingBacktotheBarn,"YediothAchronot,June3,2005.
11.
DianaBechor-Nir,"PhiladelphiisinOurHands,"YediotAchronot,February17,2004.
12.
DianaBehor-Nir,"ItWasDecided:700Policemen,"Ynet,December1,2004;DoronSheffer,"IfWeStayatthePhiladelphi,WeWillBeResponsibleforGaza,"YediotAharonot,December18,2004.
Notes25313.
BenCaspitandYinonKadri,Ma'ariv,September10,2004.
14.
ShimonShifer,"TheSettlers'LeadersEndangertheState'sExistence,"YediotAchronot,January7,2005.
15.
HagitRiterman,"IWillNotServeinanArmythatFightsagainstMeandMyFriends,"Besheva119,November25,2004.
16.
"AStormintheIDFFollowingtheLetterof34ReserveOfficers,"Hazofe,January7,2005.
17.
OferMeir,"NoamLivnePresents:'TenThousandRefusalsFromtheRightWing,'"Ynet,February9,2005.
18.
SeeAmirRappoport,"TheReligiousControl,"Ma'ariv,March24,2005.
19.
EfratWeissandShmulikHadd,"HumanChain,"YediotAchronot,July25,2004.
20.
YehuditDassberg,"WeWouldNotObeyAtAnyPrice,"Nekuda,February2005.
21.
IlanMarsiano,"DisengagementItisaWarAboutEverything,"YediotAchronot,February9,2005.
22.
OrlyGodkleng,"TornFromWithin,"Nekuda278,February,2005.
23.
RabbiZ.
B.
Melamed,"RefusinganOrderStrengthenstheArmy,"Besheva,February24,2005.
24.
RabbiShapira,"ItisaGoodDeedtoSignTheRefusalPetition,"Besheva,March3,2005.
25.
NadavShragai,"RabbiEliyahuRedefines,"Haaretz,June20,2005.
26.
AmirBen-Davidetal.
,"AWarofAttrition,"YediotAchronot,May16,2005.
27.
OferShelah,"WeKnowYourName,"YediotAchronot,June24,2005.
28.
"ACampaignagainsttheState"(editorial),Haaretz,June18,2005.
29.
RonySofer,"FromtheGeneral'sTabletotheBlackList,"YediotAharonot,May16,2005.
30.
"TheExtremeRightWingLeader,"Haaretz,August8,2005.
31.
YairEtinger,"HeisanArab,KillHim,"Haaretz,June30,2005.
32.
ItzikSaban,"TheRightWingMenareEntrenched,"YediotAchronot,June24,2005.
33.
Marsiano,"PoliceTookOvertheMaozYamHotel,"YediotAchronot,June30,2005;AmosHareletal.
,"FourPalestiniansWereWounded,"Haaretz,June19,2005;AmosHarelandAlufBen"NightMeetingConcerningtheIdeatoImmediatelyShutDownGazaStrip,"Haaretz,June30,2005.
34.
Reporters,"KfarMaimon:NobodyIn,NobodyOut,"Ma'ariv,July17,2005.
35.
"PrimeMinisterCalled,"anannouncementofthegovernmentspeaker,PrimeMinister'sOffice,August2005:www.
pmo.
gov.
il/PMO/ARchive.
36.
NanaNews,June29,200537.
SimaKadmon,"ItNoLongerOurBulk(ofFaith),"YediotAchronot,July15,200.
38.
AmirBuchbut,"ThereWillNotBeaBloodbath,"NRG,March15,2005.
39.
AmosHarel,"TheExperienceofFightingagainstthePalestinians,"Haaretz,June17,2005.
40.
AmirBuchbut,"PainandLovingHugontheWaytoEvacuation,"Ma'ariv,November13,2005.
41.
RoniSoferandAtilaShumplebi,"TheEndoftheSettlementinGaza,"Ynet,August22,2005.
42.
Reporters,"TheEvacuationisOver,"Ynet,August23,2005.
SeealsoYaakovKatz,"GoodbyeMorag,"August18,2005:www.
JewishJournal.
com.
Notes25443.
AlufBen,"TheGovernmentWillConfirmTomorrow,"Haaretz,August27,2005.
44.
Onthereligious-militaristicsociety'sattitudetothisslogan,seeAryehEldad,"WithDeterminationandWithSensitivity,"Arutz7,May21,2006.
45.
YoadKadri,"TheWhiteDoveScatteredtotheAir,"Ma'ariv,August16,2005.
46.
ArielaRinger-Hoffman,"TheFracture,"YediotAchronot,August26,2005.
47.
Ibid.
48.
Haaretz(editorial),"'Surprise:TheSynagoguesWereTorched,"September13,2005.
49.
DianaBehor-Nir,"TheHeroicStrugglefortheEvacuationisOver,"YediotAchronot,August24,2005.
50.
AriShavit,"DidtheEvacuationSucceed"Haaretz,July12,2006.
51.
ThetwolettersfromNovember29,2005,ontheGushKatifwebsite:www.
katif.
net/art/php.
52.
NachumBarnea,"ComingBackHome,"YediotAchronot,August26,2005.
53.
IlanGoffer,"OntheCrossroad,"Ha'ir,August26,2005.
54.
TalZin,"WhatHasHappened,War"YediotAchronot,August21,2005.
55.
ItayLandsberg,"AnEntirelyDifferentIDF,"YediotAchronot,August23,2005.
56.
TheCourtfortheIssuesoftheNationandtheState,FecundatedoftheSanhedrin:,http://www.
thesanhedrin.
org/he/legal.
psak5766.
57.
YairSheleg,"TheRabbisareNotWillingtoDisconnect,"Haaretz,August29,2005.
58.
YotamFeldman,"IAmtoBlame,WearetoBlame,"Haaretz,December21,2007.
Epilogue:Israel'sFurtherNewWars1.
DataoncasualtiesduringtheintifadaweretakenfromB'Tselem,andfromtheformalwebsiteoftheIDFspokesman.
SeealsoAliWakad,"FiveYearsofTheSecondIntifada,"Ynet,September28,2005;PalestineRedCrescentSociety,tablesoffigures:www.
palestineres.
org.
crisistables/table_of_figures.
htm.
WikipediagiveshigherestimationsforbothfortheIsraelis:115deathsand8,000wounded;andthePalestinians:4,210deathsand3,000wounded.
2.
"OneofTenChildrenintheTerritoriesSuffersfromMalnutrition,"WallaNews,June13,2006.
3.
AmirOren,"TheDayAfterisalsotheDayBefore,"Haaretz,September30,2005;ZeevSchiff,"NewRulesoftheGame,"Haaretz,September9,2005.
4.
MohammadYaqhi,"HamasChallengesthePLO,"PolicyWatch,February9,2009.
5.
AyalaYerachimowitz,"AChronicleofSadness,GiladShalit,"NanaNews,March21,2009.
6.
HananGrinbergandAliWakad,"IDFEnteredGaza,BridgeswereBombed,ElectricitywasDisconnected,"Ynet,June28,2006.
7.
TheKosovoDoctrinewasdevelopedbytheUnitedStatesregardingthepos-sibilityofwinningawaronlyviaairbombarding.
ItwassuccessfullyappliedinMarch1999,whenNATOairplanesexecuted35,000attacks,andfired23,000bombsandmissilesfor11weeks.
Notes2558.
"TheCommissionofInquiryintotheEventsofMilitaryEngagementinLebanon2006,"TheWinogradCommission,InterimReport,April7.
FormoreontheSecondLebanonWar,seeRapport(2007),HarelandIsacharoff(2008),Y.
Levy(2007:280–312),andMichael(2008).
9.
YitchakBen-Horin,"ThePeaceConferenceinCampDavidisOut,AnnapolisisIn,"Ynet,September29,2007.
10.
www.
cfr.
org/publication/14925/prime_minister_olmerts_speech_at_annapo-lis_november_2007.
html.
SeealsoBenAlufandShmuelRozner,"PresidentGeorgeBushinAnnapolisConvention,"Haaretz,November27,2007.
11.
Onthecontroversieswithinthemilitaryandsecurityelitesconcerningthekillingofthepolicemen,seeTomerZarchinandNadavShragai,"TheStateAttorney'sOfficeAllowed,"Haaretz,December31,2008.
Lateron,lectur-ersandprofessorsfromTelAvivUniversitydemonstratedagainstthepositionofretiredColonelPninaSharvit-Baruch.
Sharvit-BaruchhadjustfinishedhermilitarytermastheheadoftheInternationalLegalDepartmentintheIDF,andwasthepersonwhoallowedthekillingofthepolicemenduringtheopera-tion.
Theex-officerwasnamedalecturerintheFacultyofLawinTelAvivUniversity.
SeeOfriIlani,"Lectures:ToAvoidHiringColonelPninaSharvit-Baruch,"Haaretz,December31,2008.
12.
AmosHarelandAviIsacharoff,"BecauseofThatWar,"Gaza2008,Lebanon2006,"Haaretz,December28,2008.
13.
BarakRavid,"TheHumanitarianCease-FirewasPostponed,"Haaretz,December31,2008.
14.
AmosHarelandAviIsacharoff,"WeCame,Bombarded,Deterred,andNow-Out,"Haaretz,January15,2009.
15.
PressAgency,"TheCentreforHumanRightsinGazaPublished,"Ma'ariv,March12,209.
TheCenterforHumanRightsinGazapublishedsomewhatdifferentdata:1,434Palestinianswerekilled,ofwhom474werearmed.
16.
BrendaGazzar,"Analysis:Sharme-SheikhSummitGivesNeededBoosttoEgypt,"JerusalemPost,January18,2009.
17.
BarakRavid,"TheIranianMenace,"Haaretz,January19,2009.
18.
UNNewsCentre,"UNMissionFindsEvidenceofWarCrimesbybothSidesinGazaConflict,"September15,2009.
19.
HumanRightsinPalestineandOtherOccupiedArabTerritories,ReportoftheUnitedNationsFact-FindingMissionontheGazaConflict,HumanRightsCouncil,TwelfthSession,AgendaItem7,September15,2009.
20.
KMReuvenRivlin,"Goldstone'sPast,"WallaNews,May5,2010.
21.
"TheEuropeanUnionSupporttheGoldstoneReport,"WallaNews,March10,2010.
22.
UriBlau,"RichardGoldstone,'IsraelIsolatesItself,'"Haaretz,June11,2009.
23.
"AdvanceEditedVersionofGoldstoneReport,"September15,2009,p.
333:www2.
ohchr.
org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/specialsession/9/docs/UNFFMGC_Report.
pdf.
24.
WallaEditorial,"TheInvestigationofCastLeadAccordingtotheInternationalRule,"Walla,February5,2010.
25.
AlufBen,"TheAcceptanceoftheGoldstoneReport,"Haaretz,January18,2009.
26.
AmiraHess,"WhyisCoriandernotAllowedtoEnterGazaTopSecret,"Haaretz,May7,2010.
27.
"IsraelAttacksGazaAidFleet,"NewsMiddleEast,Aljezira,May31,2010.
Notes25628.
IasonAthanasiadis,"TargetedbyIsraeliRaid:WhoistheIHH"TheChristianScienceMonitor,June1,2010.
29.
JehonatanLis,"PrimeMinisterNetanyahu,"Haaretz,June2,2010.
30.
DatafromtheIsraeliB'TselemandfromthePalestinianRedCrescentinhttp://www.
btselem.
og/Hebrew/statistics/Casualties.
asp;http://www.
palestinercs.
org/humanitiarian_Arch.
aspx.
31.
AmosOz,June2,2020:http://www.
nytimes.
com/2010/06/02/opinion/02oz.
html_r=1&hp.
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Abayat,Hussein88Abbas,Mahmoud(AbuMazen)158,159,162,186,195,196,197,216AbedRabbo,Yasir153AbuHanoud,Mahmoud116AbuSneina115AbuShanab,Ismail97Adiri,Yossi85Afghanistan8,15,117,148Africa14,128,224AhmedQurei(AbuAla)114AirForce59,60,86,132,136,137,143,150,151,164,172,173,200Al-AqsaIntifadaseeintifada,secondintifadaAlbania15,19Al-Durrah,Muhammad83,84AlfeiMenashe186,187Algeria12Al-Jazeera,Channel219Almog,Doron95,96,120,183,184Alon,Yigal198Al-Qaeda,organization108,109Al-QudsUniversity152Amana,movement201Amir,Yigal45,48Amman107AmnestyInternational88,96,127,129,141,146,172Amona211AnarchistsAgainsttheFence,movement175,190Angola10,15Annan,Kofi183AnnapolisConference216Aqaba159ArabLeague123Arafat,Yasser1–5,36–38,40,49,50,75–80,87,91,97,99,102,105,108–15,117,123,130,136,138–40,144,149,158,159,161–63,165,166,174,195,223,232–34A-RamJunction132A-Ras,Village179Argentina22,23Arian,Alan44Ariel185Ashdod166Ashkelon214Asia14AssociationforCivilRightsinIsrael(ACRI)135associationalrevolution33Atzmona206Aviner,Shlomo134Avnery,Uri149Awholegenerationwantspeace,movement46Ayalon,Ami48,87,152,153,233Ayyash,Yihye47AzizRantissi,Abdul159,166Azoulay,Ariella24,114,175Baker,James32BalataRefugeeCamp122Bamakom189BankofIsrael36Barak,Ehud51,54–56,60,73–78,80–82,86–89,97,99–102,163,164,188,221,230,233Barenboim,Daniel134Barghouti,Marwan100,121,126Beck,Ulrich17BeerSheva173,205Begin,Benny75Begin,Menachem30,75Beilin,Yossi153Beirut59–61,123,142,217,230BeitSahur88BeitSurik181,182,186IndexIndex274Ben-Ami,Shlomo75,89,97Ben-Eliahu,Tamar144Ben-Eliezer,Benjamin103,116,125,128,130,139,140,188Ben-Gurion,David29BenIsrael,Isaac67BenMoha,Udi205,206Benvenisti,Meron24Ben-Yair,Michael133Berlin191,250Besheva206Bethlehem88,125,126,139,140Bickers,Kenneth23Bil'in192,205BinLaden,Osama108,110,166BinyaminBrigade100,201Bituniya125Bosnia15,107,143Bove,Joseph1Britain22,96,183Britishpolicecheckpoint121B'Tselem101,170,179,180,189BurkinaFaso15Bush,George108–110,112,113,117,120,130,135,136,157–59,162,164,167,186,196,216,224,243,247Cairo37,42,107Cairoagreement37CampDavid75–77,80,232Carmi,Ra'ad123,241Castells,Manuel13,18centralcommand66,95,103,180,189,223Chazan,Naomi14Chechnya8,10,128,149,221Cherlow,Yuval98,102,212Cheshin,Mishael187Chirac,Jacques81ChurchoftheNativity126civilianism20,225,226civilrevolution74civilsociety16–18,20,24,33,35,36,38,39,41,43,44,46,48,53,63,65,73,74,79,99,130,131,134,139,141,143,144,149,152,158,163,170,181,185,195,198,199,201,210,225Clinton,Bill37,47,77,80,97,110CoalitionagainsttheFence,movement190,191Congo10,15,221Constitution,LawandJusticeCommittee95Constructivistapproach15,16,18,21Corrie,Rachel144,145Coser,Lewis22CouragetoRefuse,organization131–135,144,170Croatia15,143,184Dagan,Meir116Dahaniya113Dahiyaneighborhood217Dahlan,Mohammad139,159Damascus107Dassberg,Yehudit203Dayan,Moshe101Dayan,Uzi66demos43Dichter,Avi165Dimona179diversionarypolitics22,23,144,154,220Donnelly,Jack126Doty,Roxanne182Druckman,Chaim58,212Dubrovnik184Duchifatunit149Duvdevanunit139Edelman,Murray2Egypt75,145,157,168,200,212,217Eiland,Giora113Eilat116EinAriqcheckpoint121Eisenkot,Gadi65Eitam,Effi119Eitan,Yitzhak57,66Eizenkot,Gadi217El-Alamein9Eldad,Aryeh202Elitzur,Uri118,119Eliyahu,Mordechai203Elon,Benny99ElonMoreh209Erekat,Saeb114Erezcrossing78Ethiopia8,55ethnos43,138Europe14,19,20,29,32,41,107,108,110,123,158,164,184,191,217,221,247EuropeanUnion(EU)36,127,157,158,218Index275FalklandsIslands/IslasMalvinas22Far'un,Village179FatahseePLOFeiglin,Moshe98Feinstein,Yuval190Feldman,Avigdor118FenceforLife,organization160Finkelstein,Menachem93–95,129Finnemore,Martha15,16Fogel,Zvi78,92,140,212ForeignAffairsandDefenseCommittee95,110FourMothers,movement63,64France81,107Friedman,Jean47Friedman,Thomas123Gaddafi,Muammar9Galilee82Gandhi,Mahatma191GazaStrip(Gaza)5,10,24,31,37,42,47,48,76,78,82,83,86,88,92,95–97,99,101,103,104,113,118–20,136,139,140,144,145,154,159,161–65,167–71,173–75,183–86,195–200,202–10,212,214–22Gaza-Jerichoagreement43,59Gefen,Yonatan130Gelpi,Christopher23GenevaConvention141,142GenevaInitiative153,163,164Georgia8,11Gerstein,Erez64Giddens,Anthony17,18Gilad,Amos79Girard,Rene22Givati132globalintifada107globalization8,9,12–15,18–20,32,35,38,53,64,141,142,164,184,191,210,225GolanHeights10,34,74Golani64,65,119,175,177,206,207Goldstein,Baruch44Goldstone,Richard218,219Goldstonereport219Gordon,Niv24greenline178–181,185–87,193,197,210Grossman,David40Guantánamo117GushEmunim(BlocoftheFaithful),organization30GushKatif(KatifBloc)82,167,197,201,205,207GushShalom,movement142,143,149,170,191Haaretz120,137Habermas,Jurgen17Hadashparty189Hadera123Haetzni,Elyakim62HagueConvention141Haifa96,125,158,160,161,173,215Halutz,Dan136,137,143,150,151,184,200,215Hamas5,37,44,47,48,76,78,79,97,112,114–16,125,135,136,139,158,159,161,166,173,196,212,214,216–18,220,234HamifkadHaleumi(NationalCensus)152Hamoked(TheCenterfortheDefenseoftheIndividual)170Haniyeh,Ismail214Haram/Al-SharifseeTempleMountHaratha-Sheikh115Harel,Amos84,212Harel,Dan169,205,206Hashavua45Hatzofe82,98HavatGilad(GiladFarm)147Hebron40,44,47,50,115,139,146,148,149,158,173Helman,Sarah134HerzliyaConference140,165,195Hezbollah5,10,59–61,64,69,139,166,215–17,230HighCourtinTheHague129,142,143,151,171,182,183,184,186,218HighCourtofJustice88,118,149,152,170,181,184,186,187,192Hirsh,Gal85,100Holocaust134,171,202Holsti,Kalev8HouseofRepresentatives'GovernmentReformCommittee114HumanRightsWatch141,146Huntington,Samuel65,108–10,224Huntzinger,Jacques110Hurndall,Tom145,146Hussein,Saddam11,157Index276idealtype11identitycollectiveidentity18,19,23,31,35,38,50,141,203identitypolitics20,38,42,82,86,98,119,125,133–35,144,220nationalidentity20,38,82,191,199IGOs13Immanuel185INGOs13,16,145,146InternationalCriminalCourt(ICC)seeHighCourtinTheHagueInternationalRedCross146InternationalSolidarityMovement(ISM)145intifadafirstIntifada31,34,53,57,58,62,68,74,92–95,187secondIntifada5,7,12,15,18,21–25,59,66–68,79,92–95,104,118,129,131,134,137,141,213,215,220Iran59,110,117,217Iraq8,11,15,20,157,190,197Isacharoff,Avi84,212Islam108,113,114,224IslamicJihad37,47,76,79,114,139,159,160,196Israelimedia3,86,108Itamar147,148Jasper,James191Jayous190Jenin47,125–30Jericho37,101Jerusalem1,34,37,43,45,47–49,65,74,76,80,82,99,104,116,121,144,152,159,162,163,165,173,180,181,185–89,201–04,216,217Jordan30,50,75,101,107,157,159,174JordanRiftValley97,185Jordanriver34,119Joseph'sTomb44,84,85,86Jubran,Salim82JudeaandSamaria50,57,66,85,118,148,164,165,174,197,200,207Kach,movement43Kadimaparty214KafrKana60Kahane,Ariel198Kahane,Meir44Kaldor,Mary11,12,14,18Kalkilya125,126,186,187,190Kaminsky,Yigal203Kaplan,Robert14KarineA116,150,163Karpel,Motti58,59Kasher,Asa172Katriel,Tamar40Katzenstein,Peter18,224Kedumim100,185,205Keegan,John2KfarMaimon205Khader,Hussam122KhanYunis103Khenin,Dov189Kimmerling,Baruch24,175,232KingAbdullahofJordan107,159,196King,MartinLuther166,191KiryatArba158KiryatShemona59Kissufimcheckpoint170kitchencabinet115,116Klein,Menachem24Knesset(Israeliparliament)5,32,33,35,36,43,58,63,95,98,100,103,110,150,158,166,168,170,178,195,197,202,214,218,232Kochavi,Aviv183Kook,ZviYehuda30,34,40Kosovo9,143,215,254Kufeir-Sur,Village179Kurdi,Dubi127,128Kuwait11Laborparty32,35,39,43,47,51,62,75,77,88,111,125,139,177,179,188,195,198,214,242LandofIsrael30,84,98,124,198,201,203,211Landau,Uzi62,75,176,192,202Landsberg,Itay211,212Lapid,Yosef(Tommy)171Larsen,Terje128Lebanon5,10,30–32,41,55,59–65,67–69,73,93,107,131,138,139,163,215–17,222,230Levanon,Eliakim209Levy,Jack22Levy,Yagil24,56Liberia8,128Index277Libya9Lieberman,Avigdor5lifepolitics17Likud31,32,34,35,39,43,47,48,80,98,103,166,176,178,179,195,196,202Lior,Dov147,208Lipkin-Shahak,Amnon56,62,63,65,89Lisbon111List,R.
33Livnat,Noam201Livni,Tzipi187,217,218London183,184lynchinginRamallah86,87,100Ma'alehAdumim186Maarakhot56,66Ma'ariv37Madrid31,32MadridConference31,32Mafdalparty74,233Maglanspecialforces161Makadama,Ibrahim161Males,Stephen96Malka,Amos79,92Mamda56Manasra,Zoheir139Mandela,Nelson191Maoz,Zeev21,225Matar,David201MavaMarmara219Melamed,Zalman147,203Melucci,Alberto38Meretzparty32,131,153,233,242Mes'ha175MevasseretZion181Michael,Sami50,133,135MiddleEast5,8,29,31,35,36,47,48,65,99,108,109,110,114,120,123,128,165,175,195,218Migdal,Joel19militarism20,29,40,60,61,138,144,225neomilitarism40,138militaristic-religioussociety24,38,44,47,49,62,70,73,75,84,91,98,102,105,110,112,114,119,134,138,141,152–154,158,160,163,166,167,169,170,177,180,185,195,198,201–03Miloevic,Slobodan143Mintz,Adiel188Mistaravimunits55,132,191MitchellReport(MitchellCommittee)81,87,94,96,117Mitchell,George117Mitzna,Amram195Modi'inIllit(UpperModi'in)192Mofaz,Shaul75,87,89,95,97,102,103,110,111,113,116,117,124–26,130,133,144,150,161,162,173,184,199Moledetparty36Montenegro184Morag207Morgan,Clifton23Mosse,George41Mozambique10Mubarak,Hosni97,107,196Munich112Muqata1–5,125,144muslimWaqf80Mustafa,Ali116Naamati,Gil175–77Nablus40,44,47,84,93,116,125,126,132,148,150,160NahalHaredi204,206Nasrallah,Hassan139,166,215NationalHome,movement202NationalReligiousParty100,119,158NationalUnion,party202nation-in-arms29,30,31,40,54,56,57,62,151,226NATO9,215,254Naveh,Yair83,189NavySeals219Negev161,175,205Nekuda34,39,58,73,74,119,203neorealistapproach7,11,15,87Netanya104,124Netanyahu,Benjamin45,48–50,62,63,65,73,75,76,80,100,114,115,201,204,219–21Netzarim83,84,119,120,154,167,205,207Netzarimjunction82,83,84,120NeveDekalim204,207newnationalism18,39,70,80,119newracism18NewYork108NewYorkTimes123,196Index278NGOs17,33,38,126,127,142,152,184,219,246Nir,Shmuel66–68Nisanit208northerncommand217Nusseibeh,Sari152Ofra121Olmert,Ehud214,216,217Olympia144Oman107OperationAccountability59CastLead216,218DefensiveShield129,130,135,141,150,157GrapesofWrath60Ophir,Adi24,114,175Oslo(OsloAgreements)5,12,21,36–40,42,44–50,53,54,58,62,69,73,75–77,79,80,86,87,91,93,98,100,102,107,112,116,128,138,145,153,165,167,168,175,197,220,221outposts73,74,147,148,176,187–89,197Oz,Amos222Pakistan107PalestinianNationalCouncil48Palestinianpolice3,49,65,85,87,139PalestinianRedCrescent91,101,235Paris174,227Parks,Rosa191PeaceCoalition131peacemovements20,30,31,53,129,130,133,149,246PeaceofWestphalia19,108,143Peled,Yoav35Peres,Shimon32,35–37,42,45–48,60,73,102,110–14,162,181,201,231Peretz,Amir214Peretz,Yair123Philadelphiroute145,168,200,208PhysiciansforHumanRights170,246Pines-Paz,Ophir177,179PLO35–37,45,48,88,100,121,122,126,138,153,158,214Poland19politicsofcompromise46PopularFrontfortheLiberationofPalestine116,120,139Powell,Colin110,130praetorianism20,225PrinceAbdullah123publicsphere17Putin,Vladimir10,15Rabat107RabinSquare37,169,205Rabin,Yitzhak5,32,33,35–37,42–48,58,59,63,73,99,158,169,205,228,230Rafah118,144–146,168–72,208Rafahcrossing168RajoubJibril125,126Ramallah1,49,86,87,100–02,121,125,132,192,201,239rationalism17,160instrumentalrationality53,60,61,137Ravitzky,Aviezer41refusal131,133,134,150–54,167,201–04,210Reisner,Daniel91,94,117RevolutioninMilitaryAffairs(RMA)8,54Rhodes193Rice,Condoleezza186,216Riser,Daniel117Risse,Thomas143,184Rivlin,Reuven202roadmap153,157–59,162,167,188,199roleextractionpolicy54RonHotel45Ronsky,Avihai209Ron-Tal,Yiftah161Rope,Stephen184Rosen,Israel119Ross,Dennis77Rubinstein,Danny78Rubinstein,Elyakim143Rwanda8,15,128,141,149SabraandShatillarefugeecamp142Sadat,Anwar30Sagala,Jacques47Sagi,Uri73,74,230Salamon,Lester33Saramago,Jose134Sarid,Yossi131Sarkozy,Nicolas217Sasson,Talia188SaudiArabia157SayeretMatkal153Schiff,Zeev120Index279Scholte,JanAart18Sderot214separationfence24,25,160,175–93,195,197,200,209,210,221,250,251Serbia15,128,129,226Sfard,Michael118Shabak(thegeneralsecurityservice)48Shafir,Gershon35Shalev,Meir46Shalit,Gilad214,215,220ShalomAchshav(PeaceNow),movement30,50,242Shamir,Yitzhak31,32,35Shapira,Avraham203Sharansky,Natan167,202Sharmel-Sheikh97,196,217Sharon,Ariel5,35,45,80–82,87,99,102–04,109,110,112–16,124–26,135,136,140,142,150,154,157–67,170,174,175,177,178,185,186,188,189,193,195,196–201,209,210,214ShasParty123,233Shavit,Shabtai108Shaw,Martin42Shehadeh,Salah136,137,184Shepherdstown73Sher,Gilad75Shfaram205ShinBet118,151–153,163,165,179,233Shohat,Yigal132Shoval,Zalman47ShovrimShtika(BreakingtheSilence),movement173SiegfriedLine200Siegman,Henry165SierraLeone8Sikkink,Kathryn184Simmel,George22Sinai30,97,119,208Sneh,Ephraim88,89socialmovement16,17,33,38,63,65,142,143,152,246SocialistInternationalConference111sociologicalgeneration46Sokolowski,Wojciech33Somalia8,10,86SouthLebanonArmy(SLA)55,59SouthernCommand78,84,92,95,120,122,140,169,183,205,206,212SovietUnion(Russia)11,15,31,32,55,157Spector,Yiftah150,164SriLanka10,221Stalingrad10StateofIsrael98,99,119,120,138,150,195statism17,29,38,40,42,53,201,226strongstates(strongstate)9,15,105Strugar,Pavle184sub-politics17Sudan8,15,128,221SuezCanal124Sufacrossing78Suganami,Hidemi23SupremeCourt93,95,117,182,187symbolicpolitics2,4,48,87,100,237Syria59,73,74Ta'ayush,organization148,190Taba97TabathTabath88Tamari,Yuval134Tamir,Avraham101Tanzim,militia78,88,111,122,123Tapuah205Tehran107TelAviv1,37,41,47,74,100,104,107,125,131,142,169,170,171,173,191,204,205,207,211,228TelAvivUniversity41,255TempleMount77,80–82,87,153territorialdefense57,58,84,201Thatcher,Margaret22thirdway24,185,195,196,199,210,216,221,222Tirza,Dani189TombofthePatriarchs44,50ToraBora148Torah58,59,203,208Trafalgar9Tuchman,Barbara61,230Tulkarm88,101,125Turkey10,107,219UnitedNations(UN)31,36,60,69,76,111,127–29,141,142,157,171,183,217,218,227,228,247UnitedStates(America)11,32,47,60,73,107–10,114,115,117,120,157,164,195,210,216,217,221,230,244,247,254Index280UniversityofHaifa96UNSecurityCouncil36,128,141,171,183,218,227utilitarianism7VanCreveld,Martin8,14Vietnam12,20,96,152VonClausewitz,Karl2,4,5,7,14,60WadiHaramiya121warColdWar8,9,14,18,19,22,23,31,35,39,40,141,221FirstLebanonWar30,31globalwaronterrorism8,17,24,108,117,118,122,216GulfWar11,31,61,62jihadwar13SecondChechenWar15SecondLebanonWar5,10,215–17,222Six-DayWar10,37,80,221ThirtyYears'War19VietnamWar20,96,152warforthewar13,68,86,126,128,215,219WorldWarI12WorldWarII11,17,131YomKippurWar10,124,227Waterloo9weakstates(weakstate)14,15,65,105,177,188Weber,Max11Weiner,Erez149Weissglass,Dov135,136,162–65,209Weizman,Eyal24WestBank1,24,30,37,43,49,73,76,80,81,92,101,116,121,124,125,134,139,146,149,162,163,175,180,185,186,190,197,199–201,205,208,209,211,216,220,221WesternWall49,65,69,79,81,82,93,165,202WesternWalltunnel49,65,69,79,81,93Wolsfeld,Gadi86,102WomeninBlack31,201WomeninGreen,movement201worldmedia154WyeAgreement75Ya'alon,Moshe49,50,58,66,69,87,102,103,109,111,113,120,133,136–40,159,161,167,168,170,184,188,199–201,232,237,244,247Yadlin,Amos172Yahalom,Shaul158Yanoun148Yassin,Ahmed166Yatom,Ehud195Yeats,W.
B.
122YediotAchronot44,205Yehoshua,A.
B.
99YehudaShenhav24Yemen8YeshaCouncil50,57,147,188,205,208YeshGvul,organization184Yizhar,S.
41Yugoslavia8,9,15,141,149,184,215,224,226Yusuf,Madhat84Zakai,Shmuel64Ze'evi,Rechavam1,36,112,116Zeitounneighborhood169Zik,Adir45Zilbersmidt,Beatte191Zinni,Anthony116,157Zionism30,38,39,43,59,97,98,150,203,211ZionSquare45,99ZoArtzeinu(ThisisOurLand)45,110,244Zonshein,David132Zuaretz,Pinchas169,171Zuckerman,Erez207