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IndexAAbsolutebiasdifference633Abyssalcurrents328Acceleratedrepresenter206,296Adaptivedataassimilation555–573Adaptiveobservation206,393,395–398,404,406,408,578Adaptiveobservationtargeting206Adjointcodingandtesting257Adjoint-derivedsensitivitysteeringvector(ADSSV)578Adjointmodels17,29,126,128,129,133–136,208,210,236,239,251,252,255,256,260,274,275,277,292,325,369,372,374,384,549–553,560,582,648Adjointobservationimpact125,128–131,133,134,139,144Adjointoftheobservationoperator254Adjointsensitivity253,275,277,556–560,564,565Adjointsensitivityguidance205–230Adjointtechniques208,251,578ADSSV.
SeeAdjoint-derivedsensitivitysteeringvector(ADSSV)AdvancedHighResolutionRadiometer(AVHRR)298,357,359,403,650AdvancedMicrowaveSoundingUnit-A(AMSU-A)100,101,103–107,225,227–229,298,630–632,636,650,653AdvancedMicrowaveSoundingUnit-B(AMSU-B)100,630–632,636,650,653AdvancedTIROSOperationalVerticalSounder(ATOVS)630–632,639,644,648–650,653–672,674,675,677–689,691–702AFWA.
SeeAirForceWeatherAgency(AFWA)AIR.
SeeAtmosphericimagingradar(AIR)Aircraftdata102,105,132,134,139,144,165AircraftMeteorologicalDataRelay(AMDAR)139,528AIREP139AirForceWeatherAgency(AFWA)612,617AirportThunderstormLightningAlertingSystem(ATLAS)532AIRS.
SeeAtmosphericInfraredSounder(AIRS)ALEDAS510–516,518,522,524ALEDAS2512–516,518,522ALERA510–518,524ALERA2512,513,515–522All-skyobservationoperator480All-skyradiances468,469,477–479,481,482All-skysatelliteradiances465–485AltimeterSSH319,323,324,337–340AMDAR.
SeeAircraftMeteorologicalDataRelay(AMDAR)AMIP.
SeeAtmosphericModelIntercomparisonProject(AMIP)AMSU-A.
SeeAdvancedMicrowaveSoundingUnit-A(AMSU-A)AMSU-B.
SeeAdvancedMicrowaveSoundingUnit-B(AMSU-B)Analysisensemblespread511,512,514,517,518,521–523Analysisequation126,127,207–208,211,216,483S.
K.
ParkandL.
Xu(eds.
),DataAssimilationforAtmospheric,OceanicandHydrologicApplications(Vol.
II),DOI10.
1007/978-3-642-35088-7,Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013717718IndexAnalysiserror244,248,300,306,315,325,326,379,511,522,567covariance154,324–326,393–396covariancematrix95,325,326,393,394,467Analysisincrement129,236,238,256,259,310,322,329,330,384,470,472–474,483–484,558,559,613,656,657,667,674,675,688,689,700Analysisnudging30,31,49Analysissensitivity94,206,210–222,417,419,420,564,579Analysisspace126,129,133,134,213,306Analysisuncertainty78–83,420,558Analysisvariable305,307,315,325,331,337,559,560,610,613Anomalousdata90,107AOSN.
SeeAutonomousOceanSamplingNetwork(AOSN)Approximationassessment260ArabianSeaMonsoonexperiment(ARMEX)651Argodata510ARMEX.
SeeArabianSeaMonsoonexperiment(ARMEX)ASCAT100,139,298Asymptoticbehavior259Asymptoticexpansionmethod194–195Asymptoticobservers6–12AtlanticTHORPEXRegionalCampaign(ATReC)579ATLAS.
SeeAirportThunderstormLightningAlertingSystem(ATLAS)Atmospheregeneralcirculationmodel(AGCM)fortheEarthSimulator(AFES)510Atmosphericdataassimilation305,313Atmosphericforcing315,329,355,376,393,399–401,407Atmosphericimagingradar(AIR)458Atmosphericinfraredsounder(AIRS)225AtmosphericModelIntercomparisonProject(AMIP)516,524ATOVS.
SeeAdvancedTIROSOperationalVerticalSounder(ATOVS)ATReC.
SeeAtlanticTHORPEXRegionalCampaign(ATReC)Attractor20,239,431,434–436,439,443,444Auto-conversionrate711,712Autocorrelationanalysis327Automaticsoftwares258AutonomousOceanSamplingNetwork(AOSN)368,380–385,392,393,401,403–407AutonomousUnderwaterVehicles(AUVs)345,392AVHRR.
SeeAdvancedHighResolutionRadiometer(AVHRR)BBackandforthnudgingscheme48–54Backgrounderror207,244,245,247,248,318–320,329,354,612,613correlation98,106,107,132,217,219–221,306,307,311correlationmodeling177–201,217,218covariance107,132,133,206,211,214,216,220,223,304,306,309,340,354,560,613covariancematrix298,305,348,354,613,614variance90,97,99,105,210,299,309,314–316,354,614Backgroundforecast112,132,134,310Backgroundinuence95,104,107Backgroundsensitivity98Backgroundtrajectory235,237,243,288Backgrounduncertainty558Backwardnudging51Baker'stransformation445Balanceoperators351Banachspace20,21Baroclinicity437,441,443,447,450,455Bathymetry114,115,347,352,353,378Bayesianinference61–63,83Bayesianinverseproblems62BayesianNormalmodel93Bayes'theorem61,62,348Beltramirelation437Benecialobservations134Benetsofregularization271–272Bergthorsson-D¨o¨osanalysis111,112,646Besselfunction180,182Bestlinearunbiasedestimate529Biaserror115,331Biasscore665,666,696,697,700Binomialapproximations181–184Boundarycondition49,115,131,134,136,144,199,235,288,304,341,346,348,349,353,354,361,368,369,375,400,432,437,438,446,448,494,495,498–500,506,516,523,528,561,617,654,709Index719Brazil-Malvinas315Brightnesstemperatures75,76,94,102,253,336,630,650Brunt-V¨ais¨al¨afrequency265,324CCADB.
SeeClimateAssessmentDataBase(CADB)CaliforniaCurrentSystem(CCS)346,352,363,368CFES.
SeeCoupledatmosphere-oceanmodelfortheEarthSimulator(CFES)Chi-squaredistribution156,157Choleskidecomposition307CICE.
SeeCommunityIceCode(CICE)Circulationestimate346,348–350,356,358,361–363CLASS.
SeeComprehensiveLargeArrayStewardshipSystem(CLASS)Clebsch'stransformation431,433CLEDAS523ClimateAssessmentDataBase(CADB)614ClimatePredictionCenter(CPC)614,615Closureassumptions269Cloudopticalproperties263Cloudoverlapassumptions263CNOP.
SeeConditionalnonlinearoptimalperturbation(CNOP)COAMPS.
SeeCoupledOceanAtmosphereMesoscalePredictionSystem(COAMPS)COAMPS-TC165Coldwatertransport404,408CommunityIceCode(CICE)335CommunityRadiativeTransferModel(CRTM)336Compositesingularvector(CSV)603ComprehensiveLargeArrayStewardshipSystem(CLASS)650Conditionalnonlinearoptimalperturbation(CNOP)577–604Conditionalprobability61,467Conditionnumber122,197,291,477Conjugategradient119,121,132,192,236,291,300,307,309,320,325,349–351,377,468,477Controlsystems2,7,22,30Controltheory1,2,4,6,8,13,29,54Convectiveparameterization452,518,528,708Convectivetimescale708,711,712Convergentestimator3Correlatedobservationerrors215,219,469,475–477,482Costfunction34,39,54,112,113,116–123,128,129,180,188,234–244,246–248,252–254,275,278–280,292,307,325,348,349,357,361374–376,398,467,477–479,481,484,529,531,541,544,546,547,549,580,582,604,647,648,712Coupledatmosphere-oceanmodelfortheEarthSimulator(CFES)510,524CoupledOceanAtmosphereMesoscalePredictionSystem(COAMPS)165,305,326,352,393Covariancelocalization199,469,472,474,513,516Covariancematrix12,13,28,35,37,40,66,67,94,95,100,105–107,112,127,152,153,163,165,169–171,254,289,293,298,305,316,325–327,348,350,351,354,377,392–394,396,397,399,467,472,475,514,613,614Covariancemodeling179,290Covariancemodels206,213,217,300,351Covarianceprole613CPC.
SeeClimatePredictionCenter(CPC)Cross-sensitivity92Cross-variablecorrelation471,472,478CRTM.
SeeCommunityRadiativeTransferModel(CRTM)CSV.
SeeCompositesingularvector(CSV)Cumulusconvection131,267,646,672,708DDA.
SeeDataassimilation(DA)DART.
SeeDataAssimilationResearchTestbed(DART)Dataassimilation(DA)2,6,14,22,28–30,43,54DataAssimilationResearchTestbed(DART)165Dataassimilationsystem78,89–109,125,130,169,200,206,212,213,215,217–219,275,295,296,299,300,304,305,318,323–326,345–363,490,492,505,510,512,522–524,527,558–560,609–641Data-spacevariationalmethods234Decorrelationlength474DefenseMeteorologicalSatelliteProgram(DMSP)321,649Degreeoffreedomfornoise92720IndexDegreeoffreedomforsignal(DFS)102–104Degreesoffreedom91,92,107,248,293,295,648DEM.
SeeDigitalElevationModel(DEM)Descentalgorithm307,350,351Deterministicleastsquares2Deterministicmodel29DFS.
SeeDegreeofFreedomforSignal(DFS)Diffusionoperator177–201Diffusionoperatorapproach354Diffusiontensor178,189,192,194,196,198,199DigitalElevationModel(DEM)419Directradianceassimilation610Discontinuities133,249,255,256,258,272,275,283,517Distributionaluniformity112DMSP.
SeeDefenseMeteorologicalSatelliteProgram(DMSP)DOTSTAR.
SeeDropwindsondeObservationsforTyphoonSurveillanceneartheTaiwanregion(DOTSTAR)Downwardapproach258DPE.
SeeDynamicpipeeffect(DPE)DRIBU99–101,104,105DropwindsondeObservationsforTyphoonSurveillanceneartheTaiwanregion(DOTSTAR)578,579,582,601,602,604Dualformulation290,347–350,357,358Dualspace2873DVAR.
SeeThreedimensionalvariationaldataassimilation(3DVAR)4DVAR.
SeeFourdimensionalvariationaldataassimilation(4DVAR)4D-Varassimilationwindow253,2794D-Varcostfunction234,253,254Dynamicalerrorgrowth558,560Dynamicalmodel288,328,430Dynamicdataassimilation28,30,54Dynamicoptimization6Dynamicpipeeffect(DPE)432EEarthSimulator510,511,516,522–524Easternboundarycurrent352ECHAM5424–426ECMWF.
SeeEuropeanCentreforMedium-RangeWeatherForecasts(ECMWF)Ecosystemproductivity392Eigenvalue5–7,9,18,43,46,92,112,121–123,178,179,181,189,326,394,395,476,483,557Eigenvaluedecomposition476,483Eigenvector5,21,107,112,122,132,178,189,291,325,326,394,396,398,400,476,557Eigenvectordecomposition325,396,398ElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputer(ENIAC)29Emanuelscheme513,518ENIAC.
SeeElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputer(ENIAC)EnKF.
SeeEnsembleKalmanlter(EnKF)Ensembleadaptivedataassimilation555–573EnsembleDA148,165,468Ensembleerrorcovariance473Ensembleforecasterrorcovariance472Ensemblegeneration153,163,165,168,169,325,326,393,394,399–401,407EnsembleiterativeKalmanlter477EnsembleKalmanlter(EnKF)2,62,477,490,555EnsembleKalmansmoother499Ensemblemeanerrors561Ensemblepredictionsystems(EPS)251Ensemblespread402–405,408,495,503,511,512,514,517–519,521–523Ensemblesquare-rootlter561Ensembletransform(ET)325–326,558,578EnsembletransformKalmanlter(ETKF)83,490,510,559,579Ensembleupdate163–165Entropicbalancetheory429–462Entropicright-handrule432–434,439,441–443,449,460,461Entropicsink431,439,441–442,449Entropicsource431,439,441,449Entropyanomaly431,432,447,451–455,458,460Entropygradient433,434,439,441,444,447,452,460Entropylevel433,451Entropyvariation461–462EPS.
SeeEnsemblepredictionsystems(EPS)Equitablethreatscore665–667,696,700,710Errorvariances90,92,97,99,105,106,150,152,154,158,160,162–169,209,210,213,216,219,225–228,295–299,309,314–317,324,341,354,375,392,393,395–398,402,404–406,408,560,614Errorvector40,108,118,119,593Estimatedspectrum293,294Index721Estimationerror5–7,11,12,15,193,325Estimationerrorcovariancematrix12Estimationofsensitivity258Estimationtechnique147,148,150,288Estimationtheory2,22,62ET.
SeeEnsembletransform(ET)ETKF.
SeeEnsembleTransformKalmanFilter(ETKF)Euclideannorm34,219,557Euler-Lagrangeequation375,431,459Euler-Newtonobserver11EuropeanCentreforMedium-RangeWeatherForecasts(ECMWF)90,236Evolutionaryalgorithm707–713Expectederrorcovariancematrix152,153Extrapolatedspectrum293,294FFamineEarlyWarningSystem(FEWS)614FASTEX.
SeeFrontsandAtlanticStorm-TrackExperiment(FASTEX)FDFTLE.
SeeFinitedomainnite-timeLyapunovexponents(FDFTLE)Featuretrackwinds139Feedbackcontrol2,29,30FEWS.
SeeFamineEarlyWarningSystem(FEWS)FGAT.
SeeFirstguessatappropriatetime(FGAT)FGGE.
SeeFirstGARPGlobalExperiment(FGGE)Fieldofview(FOV)630Filterdivergence561Filteredmodel29Finitedomainnite-timeLyapunovexponents(FDFTLE)545FirstGARPGlobalExperiment(FGGE)31Firstguessatappropriatetime(FGAT)306First-ordervariationalformulation34Firstsingularvector(FSV)603Fitnessfunction710–712Fixed-pointalgorithm297FleetNumericalMeteorologyandOceanographyCenter(FNMOC)131,304Flow-dependenttensor310FNMOC.
SeeFleetNumericalMeteorologyandOceanographyCenter(FNMOC)Forecasterrorcovariance396–398,468–474,478,482–484covariancematrix396,397,472reduction130,134,139,208,222,223,391,404,406Forecastimpact108,206,211,228,652,661,662,678,680,690,693,702Forecastimpactparameter661,678,690–693Forecasttrajectories128,129Forward-backwardnudging51–54Forwardnudging50Forwardoperator47,126,127,305,306ForwardSensitivityMethod(FSM)117–119,123Four-dimensionaldataassimilation112Fourdimensionalvariationaldataassimilation(4DVAR)90,132,288Fouriertransform180,399FOV.
SeeFieldofview(FOV)Frobeniusmatrixnorm230FrontsandAtlanticStorm-TrackExperiment(FASTEX)579FSM.
SeeForwardSensitivityMethod(FSM)FSV.
SeeFirstsingularvector(FSV)GGA.
SeeGeneticalgorithm(GA)Gaspari-Cohnhorizontallocalization561Gaussianprobabilitydistribution467Gaussianstatistics558Gaussianwhitenoise12,28,35,38,41Gauss-Newtonmethod350GCR.
SeeGeneralizedconjugateresidual(GCR)Generalizedconjugateresidual(GCR)291,300Generalizedinversetheory62GeneralizedLeastSquare(GLS)90,94Geneticalgorithm(GA)420,422,708,710Geostrophicvelocity324,339,340GFS.
SeeGlobalForecastingSystem(GFS)GHRSST.
SeeGroupforHighResolutionSST(GHRSST)Gibbssampler60Gliderobservations382,383,393,403–407GlobalForecastingSystem(GFS)165,280,561,614,615,617,618,626–629,631,639GlobalOceanDataAssimilationExperiment(GODAE)345–346GlobalOceanForecastSystem(GOFS)328,335Globaloptimizationcriterion420722IndexGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)392,404,490,491,494,496,501–505,527,529,651Globalprecipitationclimatologyproject(GPCP)517,519–521GlobalTelecommunicationsSystem(GTS)521,614,615,626,628,629,638,639GLS.
SeeGeneralizedLeastSquare(GLS)GODAE.
SeeGlobalOceanDataAssimilationExperiment(GODAE)GOFS.
SeeGlobalOceanForecastSystem(GOFS)Goldilocksprinciple65GPCP.
SeeGlobalprecipitationclimatologyproject(GPCP)GPS.
SeeGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)GPSdropwindsondes392,404GPS-RO100,101,107Gravity-inertialwaves29GridpointStatisticalInterpolation(GSI)612–614,630,639Gridpointvalue(GPV)347,510GroupforHighResolutionSST(GHRSST)310,320GSI.
SeeGridpointStatisticalInterpolation(GSI)GTS.
SeeGlobalTelecommunicationsSystem(GTS)GUFMEX114GulfStream315,328,337–339,439,448Gustnado550,551,553HHamilton-Jacobi15Hatmatrix90,91Helicity431,432,434–440,443,446Hessianmatrix112,121,477Hessianpreconditioning477–479,482,484Highcorrelatedbackgrounderror89Highgainobserver8,10,11,22High-impactweather466,558,566,569High-inuencedata89High-ResolutionInfraredSounder(HIRS)100–102,630,631,650,653HighResolutionSST310Hindcast323,329,330HIRS.
SeeHigh-ResolutionInfraredSounder(HIRS)Hookecho431,438,439,449,455,457,459Hurwitzmatrix43,44,46,48HYbridCoordinateOceanModel(HYCOM)304–308,313,315,318–320,322,328–335,337,339–341Hybriddataassimilation340,341Hybridvariational-ensemblemethod468,479,482HYCOM.
SeeHYbridCoordinateOceanModel(HYCOM)Hypotheticalobservations473,558–561,566,573IIAPP.
SeeInternationalATOVSProcessingPackage(IAPP)IASI.
SeeInfraredAtmosphericSoundingInterferometer(IASI)Icecrystal75,76,448,494Identicaltwinexperiments368Ill-conditioning112,113Imagerestoration60Importancesampling60Improvementparameter667,668,682,684,697,698Incorrectcontrol116,117,119Incrementalapproach255,335,348Independentobservations355,382–383Inertialmanifold20,21Inuencematrix91–94,96,97,99,104,106–108Inuencematrixdiagnostics90,91Informationcontent73,83,84,91,101,107,215,475,484InfraredAtmosphericSoundingInterferometer(IASI)100–102,107,225,227,298Initialcondition15,28,36,38,44,46,48–52,120–122,172,192,315,325,351,354,358,362,374,376,378,381,384,402,436,515,538,557,632,656,674Initialvalueproblem580InnerLETKF493–506Inner-loops236,237,242,248,260,350,357Innovation39,40,129,133,150,151,154,155,160,162,163,165,168,169,228,235,245,295,306,315,327,329–331,336,349,350,359,377,379,559,613Innovationvector40,129,133,151,295,306,327,329,349,352,359,377,613Insensitivity120Index723Instabilities255,269,271,315,328,332,512Internalwaves317InternationalATOVSProcessingPackage(IAPP)650Interpolateddistribution501Inter-tropicalconvergencezone(ITCZ)315Inter-variablecorrelation472Inversebinomialmodel178Inversepolynomialmodel184–188IOMdataassimilation295Isopycnalspace312ITCZ.
SeeInter-tropicalconvergencezone(ITCZ)IteratedLiederivatives3Iterativesolver289–291JJacobianmatrix127,207,253,254Jacobians336,337,398,483JAMSTEC.
SeeJapanAgencyforMarine-EarthScienceandTechnology(JAMSTEC)JapanAgencyforMarine-EarthScienceandTechnology(JAMSTEC)509–524JapanMeteorologicalAgencyNon-hydrostaticModel(JMANHM)490JCSDA.
SeeJointCenterforSatelliteDataAssimilation(JCSDA)JMANHM.
SeeJapanMeteorologicalAgencyNon-hydrostaticModel(JMANHM)JointCenterforSatelliteDataAssimilation(JCSDA)639KKain-Fritchparameterizationscheme494Kain-FritschconvectiveparameterizationschemeKalmanlter2,7,12–14,16,22,29,33,39–41,62,83,147,154,159,168,173,219,239,368,392,467,468,477,483,490,510,512,514,555,559,579Kalmanlterequation392Kalmangain127,236,247,295,296,325,349,558Kalman-likenudgingscheme39–40K-proleapproach264Kronekerproduct34Krylovmethod291Krylovsubspace291Kuroshio196,313,315,328,332,334,337–339LLaggedautocorrelation69Lagrangemultiplier433,436Lagrangian34,113,115,430,433,436,451,458,544,549Lagrangianair/seainteractionmodel113Lagrangiandensity433,436Lagrangianformulation34Lanczosformulation351Lanczosvectors351Land-falling555–573Large-scalecondensation/precipitation270–271,275Lateralboundarycondition131,134,136,144,617,654Latin-Hypercube419Least-squares2,234,235Least-squaresregressions90,91,93,95,108,109LETKF.
SeeLocalEnsembletransformKalmanlter(LETKF)LIghtDetectionAndRanging(LIDAR)527–553Linearlter153,154,468Linearityconstraint254–256,284Linearizedphysicalparametrizations253,256,278–280,282Linearizedphysicspackage261–272Linearregression91,93,106,152–154,160Line-by-lineTLandAD258Lipschitz20,21,46–48LocalensembletransformKalmanlter(LETKF)489–506Locallinearizationtechnique10Locallyhomogeneousapproximations189–191Longwaveradiationscheme262,562Lorenz63239,242,244,245,247LSregression90,93,95,109Luenbergerobservers7–8,10,18Lyapunovfunction10–12MMarginalposteriorvariance72Markovchain59–84MarkovchainMonteCarlo(MCMC)algorithms59–61,63,64,67,75,76,79,80,82assimilations78,80,82,83framework80Matrixcalculus207Matrix-vectoroperations324Maximumlikelihoodensemblelter(MLEF)473724IndexMaximumlikelihoodestimate73,467MCMC.
SeeMarkovchainMonteCarlo(MCMC)MDCRS139Meandynamictopography(MDT)323,337,356Meansquareerror(MSE)616–621,623,626,632–637Measurementerrors8,293,316,354,356Mesocyclone431,434,438,439,444,449,450,454,455,457,459,460,462METEOSAT5614Metropolisalgorithm60,84Metropolis-Hastingsalgorithm64Micro-geneticalgorithm(Micro-GA)708,710–712MicrowaveSoundingUnit(MSU)631Mid-latitudecyclones536,561–573MILA.
SeeMixedLayerdatasetofArgo(MILA)Minimizationalgorithms34,468,477,480,553MiraiIndianOceanCruiseforthestudyofMJOonset(MISMO)project511,524MixedLayerdatasetofArgo(MILA)510,524Mixingratio79,82,132–134,256,257,479MLEF.
SeeMaximumLikelihoodEnsembleFilter(MLEF)MOAA.
SeeMonthlyObjectiveAnalysisusingtheArgodata(MOAA)MODAS.
SeeModularOceanDataAssimilationSystem(MODAS)Modelchecking(Ftest)92Modelerrors28,38,40,156,159,160,162,192,235,290,323,341,348–351,375,376,378,380,384,610,616,619,621,639,646Modelforecast28,30,90,94,105,107,125–144,147,207,208,252–256,260–262,283,298,304–307,310,313,315,321–326,331,336,381,399,468,470,510,512,513,515,517,528,536,557,561–562,596,610,613,616–619,626,628,629,637–640,661Model-observationdepartures253Modelparameterestimation60,78–83Modelpropagator288Modelstate30,48,73,126,198,200,235,252–254,259,272,279,288,303,304,306,369,374,375,392,395,467,529,610,647Modeltrajectory239,252,258,278,371Modeluncertaintycharacterization74,83ModerateResolutionImagingSpectroradiometer(MODIS)75,100,280,298,357,643,644,648,650–651,653,655–672,674,675,677–701ModularOceanDataAssimilationSystem(MODAS)323,324,330,332,368,377–380,383–385Moistconvection261,267–269Monin-Obukhov(M-O)formulation264Monotonicconvergence291Monsooncirculation644Monsoondepression643–702Monsoondisturbance643,644,672Monsoontrough644Monte-Carlomethods59–84,147,189,419MonthlyObjectiveAnalysisusingtheArgodata(MOAA)510,524MSE.
SeeMeansquareerror(MSE)MSU.
SeeMicrowaveSoundingUnit(MSU)Multi-chainMCMCsimulation71Multiple-regressionanalyses90Multivariatecorrelations313–314,340Multivariateoptimuminterpolation(MVOI)system304,309,328,329NNASA.
SeeNationalAeronauticalandSpaceAdministration(NASA)Nash-SutcliffeIndex(NE)422,423NationalAeronauticalandSpaceAdministration(NASA)357,649NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch(NCAR)165,424,425,581,611–613,629,639NationalCenterforEnvironmentalPredication(NCEP)113,280,424,425,468,516,524,581,596,611–614,647,688NationalEnvironmentalSatelliteDataandInfromationServices(NESDIS)630NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)-15516,524,612,630,632NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)-16630,632NavalOceanographicOfce(NAVOCEANO)304,328,332,334Index725NavalResearchLaboratoryAtmosphericVariationalDataAssimilationSystem(NAVDAS-AR)206,208,222,223,228,295,298–300NAVDAS.
SeeNRLVariationalDataAssimilationSystem(NAVDAS)NAVDAS-AR.
SeeNavalResearchLaboratoryAtmosphericVariationalDataAssimilationSystem(NAVDAS-AR)Navier-Stokesequations20NAVOCEANO.
SeeNavalOceanographicOfce(NAVOCEANO)NavyCoupledOceanDataAssimilation(NCODA)304–307,309,318,321,324–330,333–335,341,393,402NavyOperationalGlobalAtmosphericPredictionSystem(NOGAPS)130,131,206,222–229,298,328,329,378NCAR.
SeeNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch(NCAR)NCEP.
SeeNationalCenterforEnvironmentalPredication(NCEP)NCODA.
SeeNavyCoupledOceanDataAssimilation(NCODA)NE.
SeeNash-SutcliffeIndex(NE)NESDIS.
SeeNationalEnvironmentalSatelliteDataandInfromationServices(NESDIS)NestedLETKFsystem491–501,504–506Newtonianrelaxation30NHM.
SeeNon-HydrostaticModel(NHM)No-costsmoother489,498–501NOGAPS.
SeeNavyOperationalGlobalAtmosphericPredictionSystem(NOGAPS)Noisevector35Nominaltrajectory5Non-differentiability465,469,477–480,482Non-Gaussian66,83,148,149,156,157,171–173,518Non-Gaussianerror465,469,480–482Non-HydrostaticModel(NHM)528Non-hyrdostatic131Nonlinearcoordinatetransformations10Nonlineardynamicalsystems46Nonlineardynamics46–48,112,148,431,434,444,449Nonlinearerror136Nonlinearlteringmethods2Nonlinearity78,148,160,162,239,240,242,245,289,465,469,477–480,482,523,573,579,584,587,588,603Nonlinearregression149–155,160,162,166,168,169Non-normaldistributions148Non-orographicgravitywave261,273,274,277Non-symmetricsystems291NorthAmericancyclones555–573NorthPacicExperiment(NORPEX)579Nowcast303NRLVariationalDataAssimilationSystem(NAVDAS)130–143,305Nudging27–55Nudgingcoefcient30,31,33–40,54Nudgingmatrix33,47Numberofdegreesoffreedom648Numericalweatherprediction(NWP)29,93,106,111–113,123,125–130,134,206,209,211,217,229,251,252,258,298,305,335,336,345,347,350,352,363,466,510,516,527–530,610,612,640,648,650,652,665,708Nutrientfertilization392NWP.
SeeNumericalweatherprediction(NWP)OObjectivefunction93,260,288–292,294–297,299,420,422,613ObservabilityGramian4–6matrix3,4,42Observationerrorcorrelation90,98,213,216–217,227,475covariance90,107,163,171,207,212,213,218,224,254,288,295,298,305,309,316,324,326,327,354,395,467,475,476,483,514,529,614covariancematrix254,305,316,354,514,614Observationimpact80,107,125–144,206,208–210,222,228,229,275,325,474,476,555,556,559,560,656Observationimpactassessment125–144Observationincrement472,475Observationinuence89–109ObservationInuence(OI)method89–109,112,647Observationnudging30726IndexObservationoperator148,150,170,207,211,254,288,304,335,336,348,349,375,377,467,468,479,480,483,514,529,610Observationspace30,61,62,89,94,129,133–136,150,162,207,208,213,216,229,253,306–308,325–327,331,333,349,350,514Observation-spaceestimation208Observationsystemexperiments(OSEs)511,512,515–517,522,578,579,582,591,599–603Observationsystemsimulationexperiments(OSSE's)31Observationtargeting206,555–559,561–573Observationthinning476Observationtime82,94,207,241,254,330,348,392,395,396,398,406Observationvector62,90,94,218,305,306,326,467,514Observer-basednudging41–48Observerconstruction17–22Observerdesign3,6,8,10,20–22,46,47,54Observersandestimation1–22Observerstate44Observertheory30Observingarray293Observingnetwork74,108,130,317,569ObservingSystemResearchandEnsembleDataAssimilationDevelopmentResearchTeam(OREDA)512,524Oceanadaptivesampling392–398,403,407,408Oceandataassimilationsystem324,346Oceanensembleforecasting391–408OceangeneralcirculationmodelfortheEarthSimulator(OFES)510,523Oceanmodel191,292,304,306,307,315,328,336,347,363,367–388,393,400,510,523,524OFES.
SeeOceangeneralcirculationmodelfortheEarthSimulator(OFES)OISST.
SeeOptimalinterpolationsea-surfacetemperature(OISST)On-offswitch479,480Onsetvortex644Operationaldataassimilation106,216,296Optimalcontrolvector112,349,351Optimalcontrolvectorincrement349,351Optimalestimate15,33,34,38,222,467Optimallterforstationaryprocesses2Optimalighttracks392Optimalforecastproblem29Optimalinitialconditions251Optimalinterpolation248,510,516,524,646Optimalinterpolationsea-surfacetemperature(OISST)516,524Optimalnudgingcoefcient31,33–40Optimizationsolver613Optimizationtheory29Ordinarylinearregression91,93OREDA.
SeeObservingSystemResearchandEnsembleDataAssimilationDevelopmentResearchTeam(OREDA)Orographicgravitywavedrag261Orthogonaldecomposition292,293OSEs.
SeeObservationsystemexperiments(OSEs)OSSEs.
SeeObservingsystemsimulationexperiments(OSSEs)OuterLocalEnsembleTransformKalmanFilter489–506,510,512–515,524Outer-loops234,237,238,241,248,350PPacicarealong-termatmosphericobservationforunderstandingofclimateChange(PALAU)511,517,523,524PALAU.
SeePacicarealong-termatmosphericobservationforunderstandingofclimateChange(PALAU)Parameterestimation78–83,148,707–713ParametricFortrancompiler368,372–374Parametrizeddiscontinuities133Partialobservability5,6,18Particlelter160,162–164,166–168,477,481PDF.
SeeProbabilitydensityfunction(PDF)Penaltyparameter34Perfectmodel6Performanceassessment257Perturbationgrowth557Phasechange433,451,452,454,458,461Phaseerrors148,153,155–168Phaseuncertainty149,156,157,168,171–173Physicalparameter79,616Physicalspace180,236,291,347,478,612,613Physical-spaceStatisticalAnalysisSystem(PSAS)236,291,347,357Index727Pilot66,99,100,539PolarOceanProingSystem(POPS)510,524Polynomialregression152POPS.
SeePolarOceanProingSystem(POPS)Positionerrors147–173,502Positivedenitematrix41,96Posterioranalysis224,248,298,395Posteriordensity60Posteriorerrors244,248Posteriormean69,147,150,151,153,155,160–163,166–169Posteriorprobability60Posteriorprobabilitydensities60Posteriorprobabilitysimulation60Posteriorstatistics244–248Post-multiplication132,208,214,306–309,320,326,333PR.
SeePrecipitationRadar(PR)Precipitablewatervapor489,650PrecipitationRadar(PR)280,651Preconditionedconjugategradient132,349Preconditioning116,238,350–351,477–479,482,484,613Predictionerror39,392,604Primalformulation347,349Principalaxes112,194Priorerrors354Priorestimate34,62,148,150,159,209,234,335,348,355,357Probabilitydensityfunction(PDF)62,65–67,69,70,73,74,76–78,80–83,148,149,152,467,481,485Probabilityofobservations61Prolers31,99,100,516,527,529,531Projectionmatrix92PSAS.
SeePhysical-spaceStatisticalAnalysisSystem(PSAS)Pseudo-diffusionequation351QQC.
SeeQualitycontrol(QC)QPF.
SeeQuantitativeprecipitationforecast(QPF)Quadraticensemblelter154,160,162,163,167–169Quadraticnonlinearregression153–155,160,162,169Quadraticobjectivefunction288,289Qualitycontrol(QC)107,132,133,318,327,341,352,358–360,530,536,544,614,630,631,650Qualityparameter630Quantitativeprecipitationforecast(QPF)707–713QuikSCAT567,644,648,649,652,661,662,680,690,693,700,702RRadarreectivity79,431,432,453,454,456,531,535,543Radiativetransferequation261Radiativetransfermodel74,76,253,279,336,469,470,610,614,630Radiativetransferoperator477–479Radiosondes(RAOB)100,130,134,135,138,139,144,165,224–226,228,229,298,299,521,533,560,561,648,650,651,668,670Rainproductionfunction256Randomizedtracetechnique298Randomnoise2,10,12RangeSpaceFullOrthogonalizationMethod(RSFOM)351RAOB.
SeeRadiosondes(RAOB)RapidRadiativeTransferModel(RRTM)262,562,617,654,709Rationalfunction179,197Rearankdowndraft449RegionalOceanModelingSystem(ROMS)346–358,361,363,368Regressionmethods74,90–94,96,106,108,109,147,149–155,160,162,166,168–170,335,377,481,649Regularization253,255–256,265,267,269–272Relativehelicity431,432,436,437,446Relativehumidity132–134,142,270,274,279,282,502,529,530,536,537,561,599Relocatablecoupledmodel307Remotesensing108,205,466,527Representationerrors316,317,357Representer-basedalgorithms287–300Representerexpansion290,295Representerfunctions289,290,374Representermatrix292–295,374,377Representermethod239,248,347,367–388Residualvector306,326–327Responsefunction557,559,562–563,565–572Restrictedpreconditionedconjugategradientmethod(RPCG)349,351Retrievalassimilation610728IndexReynoldsnumber369,430–432,435,439,458,459Richardsonnumber264,265ROMS.
SeeRegionalOceanModelingSystem(ROMS)Rossbylengthscales310Rossbynumber431,432,435,436Rossbyradiusofdeformation310,320Rossbywave29,512RPCG.
SeeRestrictedpreconditionedconjugategradientmethod(RPCG)RRTM.
SeeRapidRadiativeTransferModel(RRTM)RSFOM.
SeeRangeSpaceFullOrthogonalizationMethod(RSFOM)SSatelliteApplicationsandResearch(STAR)609Satellite-basedobservations74Satellitechannelselection206Satellitedata100,108,466,610,611,614,629–640,650,652–702Satelliteradiances74,144,298,299,304,336,465–485,510,511,610,633,639,640,648,653Satelliteretrievals60,73–75,83,317,320,322,516,610SCE.
SeeShufedcomplexevolution(SCE)SD.
SeeStandarddeviation(SD)Searchdirection113,119Seasurfaceheight(SSH)304,310,318,319,323–324,330,332,334,337–340,347,356,357,359,362,363,377,380,384Seasurfacesalinity(SSS)362,363Seasurfacetemperature(SST)115,119–122,304,310,318–322,329,330,335–337,341,354,356,357,359,362,363,377,380,393,400–403,516,648Secondorderauto-regressive(SOAR)309,310,313,314Self-inuence92Self-sensitivities93,95,97,106–108Sensitivityanalysis94,206,210–223,225,227,417,419,420,564,579Shannoninformationtheory475,484SHIP.
SeeSurfaceobservationoverwater(SHIP)Shortwaveradiationscheme261–262,562,617Shufedcomplexevolution(SCE)411–427Shufedcomplexevolutionmethod(SCE-UA)419–422,426Signalvariance395–398,404–408Signalvariancepredictions398,408Signalvariancesummarymap408Simpliedphysicspackage255Singularspectrum292,293Singularvalues292,293,483,581,583Singularvector(SV)108,251,258,260–262,282,283,293,470,483,484,556,557,578–581,583,598,603Skewnessoftheprior147–173Skillscore632–637,639,665,696,710,712Slantwatervapor(SWV)490,491,502–504Slidingmodeobserver11,12SOAR.
SeeSecondorderauto-regressive(SOAR)SoilWaterAssessmentTool(SWAT)411–427Solenoid432,435,438,439,441,446,447Solenoidaleffect432,435Solenoidalstate441Solenoidalterm438Solutionsubspace434SpecialSenorMicrowave/Imager(SSM/I)132,139,279,298,321,649,652,655–671,674,675,677–689,691–702SpecialSensorMicrowaveImagerSounder(SSMIS)101,224,225,227,298,321Spectralnorm45Spectralprojectedgradient582Spectralspace400,612,613Spectraltruncation99,269SpetralStatisticalInterpolation(SSI)612,613SSH.
SeeSeasurfaceheight(SSH)SSI.
SeeSpectralStatisticalInterpolation(SSI)SSM/I.
SeeSpecialSenorMicrowave/Imager(SSM/I)SSS.
SeeSeasurfacesalinity(SSS)SST.
SeeSeasurfacetemperature(SST)Stabilizedrepresentermatrix295StandardBayesianestimationtheory62Standarddeviation(SD)64,68,76,161,162,166,212,217–219,221,315,327,353,358,359,379,381,383,400,616–621,626STAR.
SeeSatelliteApplicationsandResearch(STAR)Stateestimate13,15,148,162,206,207,229,398Index729Statetransitionmap35Statevector28,30,94,126,148,150,181,192,196,198,200,201,235,239,253,289,304,306,326,347–349,395,396,467,473,529,580,582,647Statisticalcomputation60Statisticalestimation93–95,206,209Steepestdescent112,120,218,220Stepsize119,480,484Stochasticmethods188–189,198Stoppingcriteria291,299Strongconstraint29,34,40,117,239,350,368Strongnon-linearities252,255,261,272,477,626Structurefunction613Subgrid-scaleprocesses131Suboptimalobservationperformance206,209–210Sufciencyofobservations113,119,122Supercell430,431,433,437–449,451,452,454–456,459,460Supercellstorm430,438,447Surfaceuxes131,348,353,378,379,385Surfaceforcingincrements348Surfaceobservationoverwater(SHIP)139,142SV.
SeeSingularvector(SV)SWAT.
SeeSoilWaterAssessmentTool(SWAT)Synopticstation(SYNOP)99–101,104,105,280Syntheticprole323,324,330,332TTangentlinearapproximation253,256,259,260,271,274,275,283,396Tangent-linearcodingandtesting257Tangentlinearmodel17,126,208,210,215,238,239,254,255,257–259,272–274,370,371,373,375,381,396TAO.
SeeTropicalAtmosphereOcean(TAO)Targetedobservations398,404,556–558,560,566,567,569,573,577–604Targetingproblem392Targetingregions556,563–566,569,570,573Targetingtechniques558,560,566,573Taylorseries117,130,156–158TEMP99–101,107,228,229Temporaldifferenceofdifferentialreectivity(DZ)453–459Temporaldifferenceofradarreectivity(DZDR/453–457,459TheObserving-SystemResearchandPredictabilityExperiment(THORPEX)517,579Thirdmoment148,153–158,162,163,168THORPEX.
SeeTheObserving-SystemResearchandPredictabilityExperiment(THORPEX)THORPEXPacicAsiaRegionalCampaign(T-PARC)517Threedimensionalvariationaldataassimilation(3DVAR)29,62,188,195,199,234,236,238,241,243,244,248,249,304–309,312,314,317,318,321–337,340,341,367,368,467,471,528–530,536,540–546,553,555,558,560,566,598,612,643–702TMI.
SeeTRMMMicrowaveImager(TMI)Tornadicsupercell431,442,443,445Tornadicvortex443Tornado430–432,435–441,443–449,451–462,550,551Tornadodataassimilation429–462Tornadogenesis430–436,438,439,442,446,448–450,452,456,458–462Totalperturbationenergy596,597Totalprecipitablewater(TPW)132,223–225,298,299,529,648,649,652,654,670,674,675,680,687,688,692,695,700Toy-model96–100T-PARC.
SeeTHORPEXPacicAsiaRegionalCampaign(T-PARC)TPW.
SeeTotalprecipitablewater(TPW)Transitionmap28,35Transpose28,118,127,236,253,254,260,326,358,469,557,580,647TriangleTrans-OceanBuoyNetwork(TRITON)322,510,511Tri-polestructure158TRMM.
SeeTropicalRainfallMeasuringMission(TRMM)TRMMMicrowaveImager(TMI)101,651TropicalAtmosphereOcean(TAO)322,511Tropicalcyclone155,157,159,165,169,392,523,546,577–604,645,646,707–713TropicalRainfallMeasuringMission(TRMM)80,280,651,653,657,658,664,730Index665,667,676,682,690,693,696,700Tropopause563,570Truecontrol116,119Truestate6,13,28,36,44,80,148–151,160–163,207,208,610,640Turbulentmixing131UUKF.
SeeUnscentedKalmanFilter(UKF)Unapproximatedposteriorprobabilitydensity59Uncorrelatedobservationerrors215,219,475,482Underwatergliders392,393,403Univariatecorrelationmatrix351UnscentedKalmanFilter(UKF)13,14,22Updatecycle132,306,310,312,315,327,329,331,402,536Upwardtechnique258Upwelling346,352,355,369,380,381,385,392,401,402,407,408VVariancereduction395–398,408,560,563,565–573Variationalcalculus29VariationalDA467,468Variationalltering467Variationalmethod113,234,340,467–469,471,474,478,480,484,528,531,541,647Velocitypotential132,436Vericationregion392,404–406,408,581Vericationtime128,137,208,392,394,396,398,404–407Verticaldiffusion254,261,264–265,273–275,277,278,280,369Verticallyintegratedenergy(VIE)592,599Vietnam-PhilippinesRainFallExperiment(VPREX)517,521–523Vortex148,149,165,431,439,441–446,449,450,460,461,644,677VORTEX2432,449–451,453Vortextube431,432,437,445,446,448,460Vorticity310,431–439,441,442,444,446,447,449,450,453,457,459–462,521,523,536,538,540,542,672Vorticityequation432,433,435,438VPREX.
SeeVietnam-PhilippinesRainFallExperiment(VPREX)WWaterandEcosystemResourcesinRegionalDevelopment(WERRD)project414WAVEWATCH305W4D-Var.
SeeWeek-constraintfour-dimensionalvariationaldataassimilation(W4D-Var)Weakconstraintdataassimilation350Weak-constraintfour-dimensionalvariationaldataassimilation(W4D-Var)284,288–290,298,350,367–388WeatherResearchandForecasting(WRF)411–427,473,561,562,581,582,604,609–641,652–654,674,687,708,709,711,712WeatherResearchandForecasting(WRF-ARW)WERRD.
SeeWaterandEcosystemResourcesinRegionalDevelopment(WERRD)WhiteGaussiannoise12,28,35,38,41Windprolers31,100,516,527,529,531WindSat132,298Windstresscurl355WinterStormReconnaissance(WSR)392,432,579Wrap-aroundmechanism431,432,438–440,442–450,460,462WRF.
SeeWeatherResearchandForecasting(WRF)ZZ-observability5