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UCBerkeleyRecentWorkTitleTheNewSundanesePeasants'Union:PeasantMovements,ChangesinLandControl,andAgrarianQuestionsinGarut,WestJavaPermalinkhttps://escholarship.
org/uc/item/7hm18493AuthorFauzi,NoerPublicationDate2005-10-05eScholarship.
orgPoweredbytheCaliforniaDigitalLibraryUniversityofCaliforniaTheNewSundanesePeasants'Union:PeasantMovements,ChangesinLandControl,andAgrarianQuestionsinGarut,WestJava*)NoerFauziBerkeleyWorkshopinEnvironmentalPoliticsFordFoundationFellowinCultureandtheEnvironmentNOTTOBECITEDWITHOUTPERMISSIONFROMTHEAUTHORPaperpreparedfor"CrossingBorders"Workshop:"NewandResurgentAgrarianQuestionsinIndonesiaandSouthAfrica"CenterforSoutheastAsiaStudiesandCenterforAfricanStudiesOctober24,2003InstituteforInternationalStudies-MosesHallUniversityofCalifornia-Berkeley,CA*)ThispaperwasoriginallywritteninBahasaIndonesiaandwastranslatedintoEnglishbyNancyPeluso.
Introduction"Agrarianreformistheoffspringofagrarianconflict.
"(Christodoulou,1990)1InAugustandSeptember2003,theSundanesePeasantsUnionorSerikatPetaniPasundan(SPP),whichisbyfarthelargestfarmers'organizationinWestJava,Indonesia,wasextraordinarilybusy.
TheyhadtofaceajointoperationoftheWestJavaregionalpolice,amobilebrigadeunit,theGarutpolice,thepoliceoftheStateForestCorporation(SFC,orPerumPerhutani),andofficialsfromtheRegionalNaturalResourceConservationBureau.
Together,theseforcesweresetonevictingthepeasantsfromtheprotectedforests,theproductionforests,andtheconservationareastheyhadoccupiedformorethanthreeyears.
TheoperationcalledWanalagaLodaya2or"FightfortheAncientSundaneseForest"tookplacebetweenAugust11andSeptember23,2003,3andinvolved387officials-320regularpoliceand67forestpolice.
4TheoperationwascenteredonthethreeforestdistrictsofTalagabodas,Papandayan,andSancangwherepeasantsaffiliatedwithSPPhadoccupiedandcultivatedlandthathadbeencontrolledbytheStateForestryCorporationofJavaandtheConservationBureau.
ThiswasthebiggestofficialoperationthatSPPhadeverconfronted.
InSarimuktivillageofthePasirwangisub-districtlocatedinthePapandayanMountains,theoperationbroughtin"officialsarmedwithrifles,pistols,andlocalmaps"who"bythenightof12August2003…hadsetuptheirtentsineverylocation.
"5Notsurprisingly,thevillageofnearlyathousandfamilieswasapprehensive,withthatmanypolicesettingupcamp.
ThecrackdownoncultivatorswasthefirstinGarutdistrictsincethefallofSuharto'sauthoritarianregimein1998.
Eventhoughtheyknewitwascoming,theSPPwaspowerlesstostopit,astheplannersandimplementerswerefromoutsidethecircleoftheGarutdistrictgovernment.
6ThisoperationwascommandedbytheWestJavaprovincialpolice,7andwasthuswellbeyondtheinfluenceofSPP'sleadership.
Theoperationcameinthewakeoftheintenseconfrontationbetweentheland-hungrypeasantswhohadorganizedSPPandthelargestlandholdersinGarutdistrict-theSFC,largeplantations,andconservationareamanagers.
Therehadalreadybeendirectconflictswiththesecurityforcesworkingfortheplantations,forestry,andtheconservationarea,whenSPPanditssupportershelddemonstrationsandstagedprotests.
Someproteststooktheformofmassactions,otherswereletter-writingcampaignstoeitherthecity-basedofficesofplantationorforestmanagersor1DemetriosCristodolou,TheUnpromisedLand,AgrarianReformandConflictWorldwide,London:ZedBooks,1990,p.
112.
2Wana=forest,laga=fight,andLodaya=ancientnameforWestJava.
3PublicstatementfromWestJavaPoliceCommander,Insp.
Gen.
,DadangGarnida.
See"RightsGroupProbesGarutArrests",JakartaPost,1September2003,http://www.
thejakartapost.
com/yesterdaydetail.
aspfileid=20030901.
D024"AksiPencurianKayuSemakinMerajalela",PikiranRakyat29August2003,http://www.
pikiran-rakyat.
com/kota2.
phpid=84105SerikatPetaniPasundan,KronologisPenangkapanyangdilakukanolehAparatGabungan(PoldaJabar,Brimob,PolresGarus,PolisiHutan,BKSDA,dll)dalamOperasiPenertibanKawasanHutandiKabupatenGarut.
InternaldocumentofSundanesePeasantUnion,September2003.
6"WanalagaLodaya"ispartofalargerofficialoperationoftheMinistryofForestrytocombatwhattheydefineasforestdestruction.
Wanalaga(Sanskrit)meansfightfortheforest.
"Wana"meansforestand"Laga"meansfight.
7StatementbyRudaiMarfianto,deputypolicechiefofGarutregion,in"Pemuda,Mahasiswa,SPPProtesOperasiWanalaga",PikiranRakyat20August2003,http://www.
pikiran-rakyat.
com/daerah2.
phpid=81871todistrict,provincialandcitygovernmentoffices.
SomelettersevenmadetheirwaytoJakarta.
Mostoftheseactionsdemandedanendtotheviolenceagainstpeasants,andthatthegovernmenttakeresponsibilityforplanningandimplementingagrarianreform.
Inthecasementionedabove,SPPmembersinthetownofGarutjoinedwithastudentgroup8todemandthattheoperationforces"freethepeasantsandagriculturallaborerswhohavebeendetained.
"9Moreover,NGOsthatsupportedSPPinBandungandJakartaformedatemporarycoalitioncalledSAKTI(SolidarityagainsttheViolentTreatmentofPeasants)10toprotesttheircaptureanddemandtheestablishmentofaLandDisputeSettlementBoard.
OnAugust21,2003,thiscoalitionwenttotheofficeoftheNationalHumanRightsCommission(KomisiNasionalHakAsasiManusiaorKomnasHAM)inJakartatolodgeacomplaintagainsttheabrogationofhumanrightsthathadoccurredduringOperationWanalagaLodaya.
They"toldusthatasaresultofthatoperation,manypeasantshadbeenarrestedandheldbythesecurityforces.
Inaddition,thecropsofthepeasantshadtobeabandoned—boththosewhichwerejustplantedandthosereadytoharvest.
"ThecomplainantsrequestedthatKomnasHAMvisitthesitetoinvestigatetheaccusationsofhumanrightsviolationsandtohelpresolvetheproblemsbetweenthefarmersandtheforesters,conservationists,andplantationmanagers.
11Basedonthisreport,KomnasHAMvisitedthesitesfromAugust29-31,2003toclarifythetermsofthecomplaintandthentomakerecommendationsbasedontheirfindings.
12Inresponsetotheseprotests,WestJavapolicechief,DadangGarnida,statedthat"atleast613farmershadbeenroundedupduringtheraidsthatbeganonAug.
14.
ThesuspectswereaccusedofillegallyworkinglandbelongingtotheStateForestryCorporationandtheMinistryofForestry,"hesaid.
Alsoarrestedwereatleast27businessmenchargedwithprovidingthefarmerswithfundstoclearlandintheforestandgrowcropstoorder.
TheyroundeduppeopleinthreeGarutForestDistricts–Talagabodas,Papandayan,andSancang.
ThefarmersandtheirfinanciersarechargedwithviolatingLawNo.
5/1990onNaturalResourceConservation,whichcarriesamaximumpenaltyof10yearsinjailorafineofRp.
200million(US$23,809).
"13ThisexampleismeanttointroducethereadertoonelocalizedexpressionofconflictoverlandreformfollowingthefalloftheauthoritarianNewOrderregimeinIndonesia.
14These(re)-8TheCommitteeofYouthandUniversityStudentsforPeasants(KomitePemudadanMahasiswauntukPetani,KPMP)9KPMP,PernyataanSikapatasOperasiWanalagaLodaya(PoldaJabar,Perhutani,PolresGarut),13August2003.
10SAKTIisatemporarycoalitionofPA-PSDANGOWorkingGroup(PokjaOrnop);LabsosioUI(Jakarta);Yappika(Jakarta);EknasWALHI(Jakarta);KPA/AGRA(Bandung);Skepo(Bandung);IPGI(Bandung);Sawarung(Bandung);PanjaSPREAD(Bandung);TPRHR(Bandung);Farmaci(Ciamis);FSBKU(Tangerang);KomiteAGRA(Yogyakarta);KARSA(Yogyakarta);Insist(Yogyakarta);Walhi(Yogyakarta);USCSatunama(Yogyakarta);Lappera(Yogyakarta);PerekatObmara(NTB);ForumSumberdayaRakyat(NTB);SPI(Deliserdang);PusakaIndonesia(Medan);BITRAIndonesia(Medan);AMAKalbar(Pontianak).
See"HentikanPenangkapandanKekerasanterhadapPetanidanSegeraBentukBadanPenyelesaianSengketaTanah,"PressStatementofSAKTI(SolidaritasAntiKekerasanTerhadapPetani),Jakarta,21August2003.
11KomnasHAM,"LaporanKegiatan:KegiatanSub-KomisiPemantauanbulanAgustus2003",http://www.
komnasham.
go.
id/subkomisi/sk_pemantauan_LK_ag_03.
htm,downloadedon22September2003.
12Ibid.
Seealso"PetaniGarutLaporkanKekerasanPolisikeKomnasHAM",TempoInteraktif,http://www.
tempo.
co.
id/news/2003%5C8%5C21/1,1,14,id.
html,downloadedon22September2003.
13"RightsGroupProbesGarutArrests",JakartaPost,1September2003,http://www.
thejakartapost.
com/yesterdaydetail.
aspfileid=20030901.
D0214ForotherintroductoryessaysinEnglish,seeAntonLucasandCarolWarren,"AgrarianReformintheEraofReformasi"inIndonesiainTransition,SocialAspectsofReformasiandCrisis,ChrisManningandPetervan2occupations,whicharepopularlycalled"reclaiming"–havebeencarriedoutonlandsthatwerepreviouslyworkedbylocalpeoplebutweretakenfromthembyforceandusedforgovernmentorcorporateprojectssuchasstateforestsandplantations.
There-occupationsarethuscontroversial.
Thosewhodonotagreewithsuchtacticstendtocallthem"landseizures,"implyingthatthelandhasbeentakenillegally.
LandoccupationshaveexpandedsubstantiallysinceMarch2000,whenthen-PresidentAbdurrahmanWahid—knownforhissympathiesforNGOactivists—madeastatementdeartotheheartsofmanyfarmers.
Hesaidthatitwasnotappropriatethatthepeoplewerebeingaccusedofseizingland,because,"infact,theplantationshavestolenthelandofthepeople.
Takinglandisnotjusttalk.
"Hethensaid,"Somefortypercentofplantationlandshouldbesharedwithcultivatorswhoneedit.
Moreover,peoplecouldevenholdsharesintheplantationitself,"and,"ifallthistimethenationhasbecomerichfromcontrollingandmanaginglandandnaturalresources,thanforthefuture,thepeopleshouldenjoythesamebenefits,"andevenfurther,"ifwearerich,weshouldberichtogetherandifwearefatedtobepoor,weshouldalsobepoortogether.
"15Thesepublicstatementshadtremendousimpactonthelegitimizationofthefarmers'reoccupationofplantationlands.
TheDirectorGeneraloftheDepartmentofForestryandPlantationsestimatedthatasofSeptember2000,some118,830hectaresofnationalestatelandhadbeenseized,alongwith48,051hectaresofprivateestatelands.
16ThequestionofagrarianreforminJavaafterthefalloftheNewOrderdoesnotaddressonlylandoccupationsandotherconflicts,butisalsoabouttherapidgrowthofmasspeasantorganizations.
PromotersofagrarianreformbelievethatthetransitionfromtheNewOrderwasaprerequisiteforthepushforagrarianreformalloverIndonesia.
UndertheNewOrder,sucharadicalagendahadnohopeofbeingrealized.
17Nevertheless,itwasrealizedthat,Almostallagrarianreformhasbeencarriedoutundergovernmentbenevolence,sothatassoonasthegovernment'sawareness(ofitsimportance)changes,thenallthepositivethingscreatedbyagrarianreformareerased.
Indeed,thereisonegovernmentthathascarriedoutagrarianreformfairlyandsincerelyforthesakeofmanypeople.
However,assoonasthatgovernmentchanges,thenewpowerelitescanchangedirectionsandreversethesituation.
Thiscanbetrueevenwhenreformisbornthrougharevolution,aswasthecaseinMexico,forexample.
ThatpoliticalbenevolenceiswhatPowelsonandStockhavecalled"reformby-grace.
"Suchreformisnot"sustainable"becauseitdependsonwhatYushiroHayamicalls"thepoliticalmarket.
"….
Thus,whatisneededisareformthatisbasedonthelaborofthepeople.
OrwhatPowelsonandStockcall,"landreformDiermen(eds.
).
London:ZedBooks,2000;DiantoBachriadi,"LandforLandless,whythedemocratsinJakartaarenotinterestedinlandreform",InsideIndonesia,No.
64,Oct.
-Dec.
2000;AntonLucasandCarolWarren,"TheState,ThePeopleandTheirMediators,TheStruggleoverAgrarianLawReforminPostNewOrderIndonesia",Indonesia,No.
76(October2003).
15SpeechofthePresidentoftheRepublicofIndonesiaattheNationalConferenceonNaturalResources(KonferensiNasionalSumberDayaAlam),Jakarta,23May2000.
SeeKompasandRepublikaheadlines,24May2003.
16QuotedbyImamKuswahyonoin"MencariFormatHukumdalamMenujuReformaAgrariadalamKerangkaOtonomiDaerah",http://www.
otoda.
or.
id/Artikel/Imam%20Koeswahyono.
htm,downloadedon4October2003.
17See"Epilog"inNoerFauzi,PetanidanPenguasa,DinamikaPerjalananPolitikAgrariaIndonesia,Yogyakarta:PustakaPelajar,InsistPressandKPA,1999.
3byleverage.
"Thusinany"politicalmarket"whenthepeasants/littlepeoplearenotinastrongbargainingposition,theresultsofpreviousreformwillnotbesoeasytoreverse.
18Thenotionof"landreformbyleverage"underliestheargumentthattheprimarymechanismdrivinglandreformmustbemassorganizationofthepeasants.
Thefirstpeasants'organizationsinIndonesiawereformedaroundspecificlanddisputesinthelate1990s,whenthefallofSuhartoproducedapoliticalclimatemoreconducivetotheirexistence.
ThusinJuly1998,pioneersofthemovementformedaUnitedFederationofIndonesianPeasants(FSPI).
Today,fiveyearsafteritsformation,thisorganizationhasmemberorganizationsfromalloverincludingpeasantorganizationsbasedintheprovincesofAceh,Lampung,NorthSumatra,SouthSumatra,Banten,Jambi,Sunda(two),CentralandEastJava,andEastandWestNusaTenggara.
TheFSPIisnotonlyspeakingoutabouttheneedforagrarianreform,itisalsoanactivememberofViaCampesina,aninternationalcoalitioncarryingouttheGlobalCampaignforAgrarianReform.
19Thecoalitionisalsocampaigningagainstneo-liberalism—theglobaltargetoffarmers'groupsallovertheThirdWorld.
TheexpansionofagrarianreformsincethefallofSuhartohasalsobeenfueledbyasharpdebatearoundagrarianlaw,especiallythedebateaboutthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyDecreeNo.
IX/2001onAgrarianReformandNaturalResourceManagement(seeAppendix).
ThisdecreeisadirectivefromthePeople'sConsultativeAssembly(MajelisPermusyawaratanRakyatorMPR)oftheIndonesianParliament,whichhasmetannuallysincetheendoftheNewOrder,tothelaw-makingPeople'sLegislativeCouncil(DewanPerwakilanRakyatorDPR)andtothePresidentwithalegalstandingthatliessomewherebetweenaconstitutionalandnationallaw.
Suchdecreesareproducedwhenintroducinganypotentiallaw.
Thedebatecentersonwhetherthisdecreewillbebeneficialordangerousfortheagrarianreformmovement.
TheConsortiumforAgrarianReform(KonsorsiumPembaruanAgrariaorKPA),20workingwithanumberofNGOsintheNGOWorkingGroupforAgrarianReformandNaturalResourceManagement,21believesthatthedecreecanbeusedasatooltoextendtheeffectsofthepeasantmovementandpushthegovernmenttoimplementagrarianreform.
Atthesametime,theIndonesianFederationofFarmers'UnionsanditssupportingNGOsviewthedecreeasdangerous,apotentialentrywayforaneo-liberalagenda,withpotentiallynegativeimplicationsinabrogatingtheBasicAgrarianLawof1960—whichuntilnowhasprovidedthelegalbasisfortheimplementationoflandreform.
2218GunawanWiradi,"PembaruanAgraria:SebuahTanggapan"inReformasiAgraria,PerubahanPolitik,SengketadanAgendaPembaruanAgrariadiIndonesia,DiantoBachriadietal.
(eds.
).
Jakarta:LembagaPenerbitFE-UI,KPA,1997.
ThisargumentreferstoJohnP.
PowelsonandRichardStock,ThePeasantBetrayed:AgricultureandLandReformintheThirdWorld,Washington,D.
C.
:CatoInstitute,1990;andYushiroHayamietal.
,TowardanAlternativeLandReformParadigm:APhilippinePerspective,Manila:AteneodeManilaUniversityPress,1990.
19Seehttp://www.
viacampesina.
org/downloadedon4October2003.
20KPAisanationalnetworkadvocatinganagrarianreformagenda.
Since1999,KPA,alongwithotherNGOsandpeasantunions,haspromotedadraftPeople'sAssemblyDecreeonAgrarianReform.
Seehttp://www.
kpa.
or.
id/.
21Seehttp://www.
tanahdankekayaanalam.
or.
id/.
22ThisdebateunfoldedinKompas,Indonesia'slargestnationalnewspaper.
SeeIdhamSamuderaBey,"LoncengKematianUUPA1960BerdentangKembali-MenyoalTAPMPRNoIX/MPR/2001,"Kompas,10January2002;DiantoBachriadi,"LoncengKematianatauTembakanTandaStartKontroversiseputarKetetapanMPRRINo.
IX/MPR/2001-KomentaruntukIdhamSamudraBey",Kompas,11January2002;IdhamSamudraBey,"UUPA1960LebihBaikDibandingkanRUUPengelolaanSumberDayaAlam"Kompas,10May2003.
4Whilethisdebatecontinuesinthenon-governmentsector,centralgovernmentinstitutionsalsohavearangeofpositionsonthisdecree.
TheMinistryofForestryandPlantations,aswellastheMinistryofEnergyandMining,havenottakenanymeaningfulaction,theNationalLandAgencyhasplanstorevisetheBasicAgrarianLaw,andtheMinistryoftheEnvironmenthasproposedadraftoftheNaturalResourceManagementLaw.
Thispaperwillnotenterintothedebatesragingaroundthesecontroversiallegalagendas.
Rather,Iwilltrytoprovidesomebackgroundonthebiggestfarmers'movementorganizationinWestJavatoday,theSundanesePeasants'Union(SPP).
IwillalsoanalyzethedynamicsleadingtochanginglandcontrolpatternsinGarutdistrict,whereSPPiscurrentlyworking.
Finally,thispaperisaninitialattempttodevelopandplananin-depthresearchprogramthatwillbothilluminatethedynamicsofthisnewphenomenon,andassisttheSPPindefiningareformprogramthatisrelevanttotheagrarianconditionsinitsoperationalregion.
LocalAgrarianConditions"TheIndonesianuplandshavebeendefined,constituted,imagined,managed,controlled,exploited,anddevelopedthrougharangeofdiscoursesandpractices"(TaniaMurrayLi,1999).
23In2000,GarutdistricthadmoreofitslandunderstateforestandplantationsthananyotherdistrictinJava,with50percentofits306,519hectaresclassifiedinthosecategories.
24Mostoftheforestland(31percent)isunderthejurisdictionofGarutForestDistrict,UnitIII(WestJava)oftheStateForestryCorporationofJava.
TheNaturalResourcesConservationBureau,Sub-UnitGarut,managedsome4percentofthedistrict'sland,includinganaturereserveof17,000hectaresandarecreationparkofabout750hectares.
Largeplantationsaccountfornearly12percentofthisdistrict,abouthalfofwhichareprivate(corporate)andtheotherhalfstate-managed.
Mostoftheagriculturallandhere(about32percent)consistsofdryfields(ladang),exceptforsome16percentofthetotalthatisirrigatedorrainfedpaddy(sawah).
Whileothersectorsbesidesagricultureaccountforthegreatestpartofthelaborforce,employmentinagricultureisstillsignificant,accountingforsome40percentoftheproductivelaborforce.
Figure1:LandUseinGarutDistricttotallandunderagricultureandforestry=291,810.
37ha12%33%17%38%PaddyFieldsDryFieldsPlantationsForestrySource:Compiledfrom"GarutStatistics,2000.
"CentralBureauofStatistics,Garut,2000.
23TaniaMurrayLi,"Marginality,PowerandProduction:AnalysingUplandTransformations"inTransformingtheIndonesianUplands,TaniaMurrayLi(ed.
),Amsterdam:HarwoodAcademicPublisher,1999,p.
1.
24"GarutDalamAngka2000",BadanPusatStatistik–Garut,2000.
5ThevillageslocatedclosesttothejurisdictionsoftheSFCandthelargeplantationsarefulloflandlesspeasants.
Iwillusetheexampleofonevillage,Sarimukti,inthesub-districtofPasirwangi,whichwasoneofthevillagestargetedbyOperationWanalagaLodayareferredtoearlier.
Some75percentofthevillagepopulationemployedinagricultureislandless,25anditiswiththisclassthattheSPPhasconstructedabase.
Theysurvivebyworkingthelandofothers.
Risingsome1,500metersabovesealevel,thehillylandscapeofthesevillagesisfilledwithvegetablefields.
Vegetableproductioninthesevillagescanabsorbabout294laborersperdayperhectare,growing3-month-longrotationsofvegetablessuchascabbageorpotatoes.
Thisfigure,whichishigherthanthelaborabsorptionfigureforwetrice,isevenhigherinplaceswherethetopographymakescultivationmoredifficult,andduringdryseasonsthatproduceademandforwateringthecrops.
Thus,thistypeofcultivationisbothlaborintensiveandcapitalintensive,requiringhighoutlaysforfertilizerandpesticides;themarketingandtransportofvegetablesprovidesadditionalemploymentopportunities,dependingonhowmanyvegetablesaresold.
26VegetableproductionistheprimarytypeofagriculturalproductioninGarutDistrict,exceedingpaddyanddryfieldcropssuchasmaize(seeTable1).
ThesevegetablesaresuppliedtowholesalemarketsinBandungandJakarta.
In2001,some821,911metrictonsofvegetableswereproduced,comparedtoonly693,365metrictonsofriceand717,115MTofmaizeandotherdryfieldcrops(polowidjo).
27Vegetableproductionisuniquebecauseofthedrasticfluctuationsinprice.
Forexample,whenIwasconductingfieldworkinthebeginningofJanuary2003,thevillagepriceoftomatoesreachedRp.
4,500/kg.
Sixmonthslater,inJuly2003,thepriceoftomatoesinthesamevillagewasonlyRp.
200/kg.
28Villagersgenerallyviewsuchdivergentpricesasindicativeofthegamesplayedbyuntrustworthymarkettraders.
Thelandscapeofmountainousregionssuchasthisoneisquitebeautiful,butthemythicfertile,prosperous,andjustvillageisnowheretobefound.
InSarimukti,onewealthyfamilycontrolssome50hectaresofland[anunheardofamountforJava],onwhich160agriculturallaborersareemployed.
Eventhoughthelandtheycontrollooksnodifferentfromthatofothers,theyhavetwootheractivitiesthatdifferentiatethem.
First,thefamilyhas100headofcattlethatproduceenoughmanuretofertilizealloftheircultivationactivities.
Second,theyengageinmarketingandtransportingvegetablestourbanwholesalemarkets.
25InterviewwithSarimuktivillagehead,July2003.
26JoanHardjono,TheDilemmaofCommercialVegetableProductioninWestJava,WorkingPaperSeries.
Bandung:Akatiga,199.
http://www.
akatiga.
or.
id/info%20&%20publick/list%20publikasi/working%20paper/b_02.
htm,downloadedon21September2003.
27RegionalDevelopmentPlanningBoard(BadanPerencanaanPembangunanDaerah,BAPEDA)KabupatenGarut,2002,ProyeksiIndeksMutuHidupKabupatenGaruttahun2001-2002danProgramPembangunanKabupatenGaruttahun2002.
28Thedollarvalueoftherupiahon15January2003was1US$=Rp8,876rupiah.
Thedollarvalueoftherupiahasof15July2003was$1=Rp.
8,246.
Seehttp://www.
oanda.
com.
6Notfaraway,inthesameregion,areproductionandprotectionforestsmanagedbytheSFC,onlandsdisputedbylocalpeople.
VillagersfromSarimuktiandMekarjayahaveclearedsome314hectaressince2000.
PeasantsinSPP-Sarimuktibelievethatthislandwasformerlyacinchona(quininebark)plantation,andillegallyclaimedbytheSFC.
Theybelievethattheformerplantationlandsshouldhaverevertedtotheircontrol,notbecomethejurisdictionoftheSFCtoturnintoproductionorprotectionforest.
Accordingtoalocalleader,SFC'smanagementoftheprotectionforestisthesameasthatintheproductionforest.
Theyhaveplantedpinevarietiesfromwhichtheyextractresin,andwhenthetreesnolongerproduceresin,theycutthemfortheirtimber.
29Asinotherplaces,whenthepineseedlingswerefirstplanted,theSFCallowedthelocalpeopletointercropagriculturalcropsbetweenthetrees(tumpangsari).
Stillconnectedtothislandscape,wefindthePapandayanMountainNatureReserve,underthejurisdictionoftheNaturalResourceConservationBureau(BalaiKonservasiSumberDayaAlamorBKSDA),whichisdirectlyundertheMinistryofForestryandPlantations.
LikeallmountaintopsinJava,thisareahasbeendesignatedaconservationareaandprotectionforestbecauseoftheimportanceofitshydrologicalandclimatologicalfunctions,andbecauseitissosteepthatithasbecomethefinalrefugeofseveralendangeredspecies,suchastheJavanesehawk-eagle(spizaetusbartelsi),leopard(pantherapardus),andsurilileafmonkey(presbytiscomata),whichareverysensitivetoecologicalchange.
30TheresponsibleofficersatthereservebelievethattheSFChasfailedtopreservetheregion'sfunctionsasprotectedandproductionforest,whichshouldhaveservedasakindofbufferzonetopreventtheexpansionofsmallholdercultivationintothereserve.
31Inthereserveareaalone,theyhavedocumented74farmerswhohaveclearedandcultivated53.
1hectaresin2003.
Finally,inthissamelandscapewefindanextremelymodernenterprise,whoseoperationallogicisdifficultforthelocalpeopletounderstand.
Thisisageothermalprojectinoperationsince1984,whichharveststhegeothermalenergytomakeelectricity.
TheprojectislocatedwithinthejurisdictionofthenaturereserveandtheSFC'sprotectionforest.
Theproject'stwoareas,"DarajatI"and"DarajatII",covermorethan70hectaresofland,overwhichithasacquiredtemporaryuserights.
32Currently,theprojecttransfersgeothermalenergytotwoelectricalpowerstations,DarajatI,whichisownedandoperatedbythestateelectricitycompanyandwhichgenerates55megawattsofelectricalpowerandDarajatII,builtandoperatedbyAmoseas,33operationalsinceMay2000,whichproducesanadditional90megawatts.
OperateddirectlybyAmoseas,DarajatIIsellselectricalpowertothenationalelectricitygrid.
3429InterviewwithMangAde,Sarimuktivillagecouncilmember,July2003.
30SeechapterIII,"PerlindunganHutandanPelestarianAlam",BukuPintarPenyuluhanKehutanandanPerkebunan,DepartemenKehutanandanPerkebunan,PusatBinaPenyuluhanKehutanandanPerkebunan,2000,pp.
153–203.
31InterviewwithArdiAdono,headofPapandayanNaturalReserveUnitofBKSDAII,WestJava,July2003.
32PTAmoseasIndonesiamustreplaceforestareathatituseswithcomparableforestedareasomewhereelse.
InterviewwithUjangAmas,headofGarutlandoffice,July2003.
33This"drysteam"plantisownedbyChevronTexaco(95percent)anditslocalpartner,PTDarajatGeothermalIndonesia(5percent).
See"ChevronTexaco–IndonesiaFactSheet",http://www.
chevrontexaco.
com/operations/docs/indonesia.
pdf,downloadedon4October2003.
34SeetheAmoseasIndonesiawebsite,http://www.
amoseas-indonesia.
comandhttp://www.
api.
or.
id/amoseas.
htm.
7TwoChaptersintheSarimuktiFarmers'StruggleTwoChaptersintheSarimuktiFarmers'StruggleChapterI:ChapterI:In1982,severallocalpeopleinitiatedmeasurestofindouthowtheycouldsecureownershiprightsoveraformercinchonaplantation,NVKinaCultuurMjiCinchona,alsoknownasDarajatI.
Oneman,Somadin,metwithlocalprosecutorSupriatnaattheGarutProsecutor'sOffice,aswellaswithSopianRaufwhowasheadoftheGarutAgrarianAffairsOfficeatthattime.
Fromthesetwomen,SomadinlearnedthatDarajatI,whichconsistedofthelandsofaformerDutchplantation,couldbeturnedovertothepeople,aslongasithadbeencultivatedforatleasttwoyearsinsuccession.
InFebruary1982,Somadin,alongwithMustofa,Lili,JumaliandOdang,documentedthefarmersthathadbeenworkingtheland,andsubmittedarequestfortheredistributionofDarajatI'slandtotheWestJavaAgrarianAffairsDirectorateinBandung.
Thisrequestencapsulatedagreatopportunityforthefarmers,asitfollowedalsoonpreviousstatementsmadebygovernmentofficialsabouttheland'sstatus.
Inhis19August1980reply(LetterNo.
A.
788/Dir/PHT/1980)toPerhutaniletterNo.
044.
5/III/80dated24March1980and21May1980,Koesrin,theheadoftheAgrarianAffairsDirectorateatthetime,statedthat,asaformerDutchplantation,DarajatIwasnowstateland,basedonDecreeNo.
GB.
156/B.
A.
/54,issuedbyWestJava'sGovernoron14October1954,whichassertedthattheplantation's"Erfpacht"(leasehold)rightshadceasedasof29August1953.
Thisfact,accordingtoKoesrin,meantthatitwaspossible"toprocessthetransferofownershiprightstothecultivatorsasperMinisterofHomeAffairsRegulationNo.
6of1972andMinisterofHomeAffairsRegulationNo.
5of1973.
"On15July1982,KamalHayat,thenewheadofAgrarianAffairsDirectorate,sentaletter(No.
430/DA/LR/4/1982)totheregentofGarutKDTIIandheadofGarut'sAgrarianAffairsOffice,inwhichheexplainedagainthecontentsofKoesrin'slettertoPerhutani(No.
A.
788/Dit/PHT/1980)aboutthestatusoftheDarajatIland.
Inthisletter,Kamalaskedtheregenttoinvestigateand"ifthelandhasbeencultivatedbythelocalpeoplethenitisurgedthatitbetheobjectoflandreform[landreform]aswasintendedinMinisterofAgricultureandAgrarianAffairsDecreeNo.
30/KA/1962,withredistributiontobecarriedoutassetforthinGovernmentRegulationNo.
224of1961.
"Unfortunately,onlyonemonthlater,Kamalwrotethissameofficeagaincompletelyretractinghispreviousletter.
Inthisletter,No.
478/DA/LR/4/1982,signedon3August1982,KamalsaidthatbasedonGovernmentBulletinNo.
90dated21August1925andamapattachmentdated28October1925showingtheforestboundaries,theleaseholdareaoftheformerDutchplantationreferredtobytheWestJavaAgrarianAffairsDirectoratewasactuallytothenorth.
Consequently,thecultivationoftheothershownwasnotacceptable,andtheregentwasurgedtoensurethatallcultivationherewasstopped.
Theclimaxofthemattercamewhentheprovincialgovernor,AangKuneifi,inhisletterno.
181.
1/5971/AsdaIdated30October1982,orderedtheregentofGarutto"control"thecultivationofDarajatIlands.
Withthisclearorderfromhissuperior,theregentissuedInstructionNo.
13/HK.
021.
1-Pm/1983on28January1983directedtothedistrictheadofCisurupanaswellastothevillageheadsofSukajadiandSukajayainwhichtheregentorderedthepeopletovacatetheDarajatIlandandtostopallcultivationthere,asof1April1983.
ChapterII:ChapterII:ThestruggleovertheDarajatIlandsbeganagainwiththefalloftheauthoritarianSuhartoregimein1998.
Thistime,thepeopleunitedunderthebanneroftheSundanesePeasants'Union(SPP),anorganizationtheydeclaredin2000.
Thefarmers,particularlythosefromSarimuktivillage,beganagaintheireffortstosecuretheredistributionoftheDarajatIlands.
Unliketheeffortsbefore,theworkthistimewasconductedbyorganizingthepeople.
DocumentationofthefarmerswhowerealsoSPPmemberswasdone.
InApril2001,SPPmetwithPresidentAbdurrahmanWahid.
Atthismeeting,thepresidentstatedthathewouldissueadecreetoresolvethelandcase.
Inthissameyear,theIndonesiannationallegislaturealsoissuedaformallettertotheGarutauthoritiesurgingthemtodiscussaresolutionoftheDarajatIcase.
Source:YayasanRestitusiHakatasRakyat,"GambaranUmumLokasiKonflikKehutanandiKabupatenGarut–JawaBarat,"2002,unpublishedmanuscript,pp.
5-6.
8In1982,severallocalpeopleinitiatedmeasurestofindouthowtheycouldsecureownershiprightsoveraformercinchonaplantation,NVKinaCultuurMjiCinchona,alsoknownasDarajatI.
Oneman,Somadin,metwithlocalprosecutorSupriatnaattheGarutProsecutor'sOffice,aswellaswithSopianRaufwhowasheadoftheGarutAgrarianAffairsOfficeatthattime.
Fromthesetwomen,SomadinlearnedthatDarajatI,whichconsistedofthelandsofaformerDutchplantation,couldbeturnedovertothepeople,aslongasithadbeencultivatedforatleasttwoyearsinsuccession.
InFebruary1982,Somadin,alongwithMustofa,Lili,JumaliandOdang,documentedthefarmersthathadbeenworkingtheland,andsubmittedarequestfortheredistributionofDarajatI'slandtotheWestJavaAgrarianAffairsDirectorateinBandung.
Thisrequestencapsulatedagreatopportunityforthefarmers,asitfollowedalsoonpreviousstatementsmadebygovernmentofficialsabouttheland'sstatus.
Inhis19August1980reply(LetterNo.
A.
788/Dir/PHT/1980)toPerhutaniletterNo.
044.
5/III/80dated24March1980and21May1980,Koesrin,theheadoftheAgrarianAffairsDirectorateatthetime,statedthat,asaformerDutchplantation,DarajatIwasnowstateland,basedonDecreeNo.
GB.
156/B.
A.
/54,issuedbyWestJava'sGovernoron14October1954,whichassertedthattheplantation's"Erfpacht"(leasehold)rightshadceasedasof29August1953.
Thisfact,accordingtoKoesrin,meantthatitwaspossible"toprocessthetransferofownershiprightstothecultivatorsasperMinisterofHomeAffairsRegulationNo.
6of1972andMinisterofHomeAffairsRegulationNo.
5of1973.
"On15July1982,KamalHayat,thenewheadofAgrarianAffairsDirectorate,sentaletter(No.
430/DA/LR/4/1982)totheregentofGarutKDTIIandheadofGarut'sAgrarianAffairsOffice,inwhichheexplainedagainthecontentsofKoesrin'slettertoPerhutani(No.
A.
788/Dit/PHT/1980)aboutthestatusoftheDarajatIland.
Inthisletter,Kamalaskedtheregenttoinvestigateand"ifthelandhasbeencultivatedbythelocalpeoplethenitisurgedthatitbetheobjectoflandreform[landreform]aswasintendedinMinisterofAgricultureandAgrarianAffairsDecreeNo.
30/KA/1962,withredistributiontobecarriedoutassetforthinGovernmentRegulationNo.
224of1961.
"Unfortunately,onlyonemonthlater,Kamalwrotethissameofficeagaincompletelyretractinghispreviousletter.
Inthisletter,No.
478/DA/LR/4/1982,signedon3August1982,KamalsaidthatbasedonGovernmentBulletinNo.
90dated21August1925andamapattachmentdated28October1925showingtheforestboundaries,theleaseholdareaoftheformerDutchplantationreferredtobytheWestJavaAgrarianAffairsDirectoratewasactuallytothenorth.
Consequently,thecultivationoftheothershownwasnotacceptable,andtheregentwasurgedtoensurethatallcultivationherewasstopped.
Theclimaxofthemattercamewhentheprovincialgovernor,AangKuneifi,inhisletterno.
181.
1/5971/AsdaIdated30October1982,orderedtheregentofGarutto"control"thecultivationofDarajatIlands.
Withthisclearorderfromhissuperior,theregentissuedInstructionNo.
13/HK.
021.
1-Pm/1983on28January1983directedtothedistrictheadofCisurupanaswellastothevillageheadsofSukajadiandSukajayainwhichtheregentorderedthepeopletovacatetheDarajatIlandandtostopallcultivationthere,asof1April1983.
ThestruggleovertheDarajatIlandsbeganagainwiththefalloftheauthoritarianSuhartoregimein1998.
Thistime,thepeopleunitedunderthebanneroftheSundanesePeasants'Union(SPP),anorganizationtheydeclaredin2000.
Thefarmers,particularlythosefromSarimuktivillage,beganagaintheireffortstosecuretheredistributionoftheDarajatIlands.
Unliketheeffortsbefore,theworkthistimewasconductedbyorganizingthepeople.
DocumentationofthefarmerswhowerealsoSPPmemberswasdone.
InApril2001,SPPmetwithPresidentAbdurrahmanWahid.
Atthismeeting,thepresidentstatedthathewouldissueadecreetoresolvethelandcase.
Inthissameyear,theIndonesiannationallegislaturealsoissuedaformallettertotheGarutauthoritiesurgingthemtodiscussaresolutionoftheDarajatIcase.
Source:YayasanRestitusiHakatasRakyat,"GambaranUmumLokasiKonflikKehutanandiKabupatenGarut–JawaBarat,"2002,unpublishedmanuscript,pp.
5-6.
8TheSundanesePeasantsUnionandChangesinLandControl"Thepoliticalmobilizationandorganizationoftherurallandlessandnearlandlessisanecessaryconditionforlandreform;butitisnotasufficientone.
"(SolonL.
Barraclough,1998).
35Since2000,theSundanesePeasantsUnion(SPP)hasbeenoneofanumberofpeasantorganizationsthathavedemandedthegovernmentcarryoutlandreformonlargeplantationsandstateforests.
Accordingtopreliminaryestimatesmadeattheendof2002,inGarutdistrictsome5,000familieshaveoccupiednearly4,000hectaresoflandin22locationsthatallhaveunitsofSPP(seetable2).
36EventhoughthisisnotalargepercentageoftheextensiveterritoryofGarutdistrict,theoccupationandcultivationofthislandhasbeensignificantfortheplantationandforestmanagers.
AtameetingoftopdistrictofficialsintheGarutdistrictoffices,heldspecificallytodealwiththesituationintheplantationsandnationalforests,itwasnotedthat:371.
Of12(active)plantations,6haveexperiencedlandseizures—2[oftheseare]governmentestatesandfourprivatecorporations.
ThishascausedDayeuhmanggungPlantation(PTPNVIII)toexperiencelossesofsomeRp.
4.
7billion.
2.
AsaresultoftheillegalloggingintheforestdistrictsaroundGunungPapandayan,adisasterintheformofamudslidehascoveredthesub-districtofCisurupan.
Theunprecedentedeventhasproducedalayerofmudthatisknee-deep,andseemstohaveproducedecologicaldamageofincalculablecost.
3.
Thereasonfortheseseizureshasgenerallybeenthelossof"idealism,"anoutcomeofthelengthyeconomiccrisisandthedifficultyofmakingaliving,…Thesedepressingconditionshavebeentakenadvantageofby"provocateurs"whopromisetostruggleforjusticeandtruthforthelittlepeople;theyhavegivenrisetoanuncontrolledandemotionalmassmovementwhichhasapriorirefusedeverysolutionsuggestedbythegovernment.
4.
Alllegal-formalgovernmenteffortstohandlethesesecurityproblemsappeartobeunabletomotivatethepeoplelivingaroundtheplantationsandthestateforestlands,andsowesupport/willassistintheoperationstocapturetheprovocateurs.
IneveryareawithalocalchapterofSPP,alocalleadershipgroupwasformed,calledaLocalFarmersOrganization.
Eachgrouphadahead,asecretary,atreasurer,publicrelations,anda35SolonL.
Barraclough,"LandReforminDevelopingCountries:TheRoleoftheStateandOtherActors",paperpresentedattheAgrarianConferenceheldbyKPAandPusatPenelitiandanPembangunanPedesaandanKawasan(P3PK),GadjahMadaUniversity,3-5December1998,p.
33.
36ThetotalnumberofSPPmembersishigher.
OnlysomeoftheSPPmembersalreadycontrollandthattheycultivate.
37ThismeetingwasheldatthePraengerHotelinBandungon28March2001.
TheminutewassignedbyLt.
Gen.
(ret.
)DR.
(Hc)H.
MashudiandH.
AboengKoesmanactingasGarutelders;Drs.
H.
DedeSatibiasGarutDistricthead;Drs.
H.
IyosSomantri,asheadofGarut'sregionalassembly;Drs.
H.
DedeSugandaAdiwinata,aschairmanoftheAssociationofWestJavaPlantations;andIr.
H.
Sugiat,asdirectorofStatePlantationCompaniesVIII.
9securityguard.
ManyoftheselocalSPPleaders,almostallofwhomaremen,havehadexperienceworkingandlivinginthecity,someassalesmeninwholesalemarketsinBandungandJakarta.
Theirurbanconnectionsarenotfarinthepast,butareveryrecentandseemtohavereducedtheirfeelingsofrespectandshameinthepresenceoflandcontrollerswhoincreasetheirpowerthroughsocialrelations.
Morethanthat,inthecity,especiallyinthemarkets,competitionandbargainingarepartsofeverydaylife.
Theyareveryawareoftheirinfluenceandhaveexperiencefacingdownofficialpower-holders(suchasbureaucratsinthemarketandthepolice)andunofficialpower-holders(suchasthugsorpreman).
Theyhavedevelopedtheirabilitiestodealwiththesevariouspowerfulfigures.
WithSPP,theyusetheseabilitiestodeveloptheirnewleadershipabilities,takingcareoftheirmembership,mobilizingandleadingthemindemonstrations,anddevelopingargumentstodisputecontroloverland.
Inaddition,someofthelocalleadersofSPPhaveexpandedtheirleadershiprolesbygettingelectedtovillagecouncils,chosendirectlybythevillagers.
Thereareevensomewhohavebecomevillageheads.
LocalleadersofSPPwhoholdsuchpositionsfaceagreatchallengeintryingtochangethevillagegovernment'srolefrombeingatoolofthestate,asundertheNewOrderregime,tocontrolandmobilizepeople(forthestate)tobeingatoolofthecommunity,onewhichcanpromotetheinterestsofthepeasantsinthevillage.
38Eventhoughthe1979lawforvillagegovernmentwasamendedbyLawNo.
22of1999onregionalgovernance,39ithasnotbeeneasytochangethesevillageforms.
InWestJava,duringthe20yearsbetween1979and1999,socialprocesseswithinthevillagewereco-optedbybureaucraticprocesses.
40TheoverwhelmingbureaucratizationofvillageadministrationinWestJavahascausedmostvillageleaderstosubmitandbecomedirectarmsofthe"government.
"41Inlowlandareaswheretheprimaryproductionareasarepaddyrice,thecentralizationofvillagepowerwasakeyelementoftheGreenRevolution,anefforttoraisericeproductivitythroughaprogramthatpromotedhybridseeds,chemicalfertilizers,pesticides,irrigationandimprovedpost-harvesttechnologies.
TheGreenRevolutionresultedinamuchgreaterconcentrationoflandsinthehandsofasmallclassofwealthypeoplewhowereclientsof38InordertoimprovethecapacityofSPPlocalleaderstoimplementlandreformandvillagedemocratization,theInstituteforCommunityDevelopment(YayasanPengembanganMasyarakat)isdevelopingaspecificprogramnamedKARSA(LingkarPembaruanDesadanAgraria).
SeeNoerFauziandR.
YandoZakaria,"DemocratizingDecentralization:LocalInitiativesfromIndonesia",papersubmittedfortheInternationalAssociationfortheStudyofCommonProperty9thBiennialConference,Zimbabwe,2002.
http://dlc.
dlib.
indiana.
edu/documents/dir0/00/00/08/18/dlc-00000818-01/fauzin170502.
pdf.
39OneofthemostimportantaspectsoftheprevioussystemofgovernmentwastheextensionofgovernmentcontroltothevillagelevelembodiedinLawNo.
5of1979onVillageGovernment.
UnderLawNo.
22of1999onRegionalGovernment,villagesnowhavetherighttoremovethemselvesfromthestatestructuretobecomeautonomousunits.
Twofundamentalchangesthatwereintroducedintothelanguageofthenewlawwere(1)thatthevillageordesaisanautonomousentity,notstructurallylinkedtothestategovernmenthierarchy;and(2)theformationofavillage-levelparliamentarybody.
40HansAntlovintroduces"StateintheVillage"asaspecifictermforthisphenomena,seechapter4ofhisbook,ExemplaryCenter,AdministrativePeriphery.
RuralLeadershipandtheNewOrderinJava.
Surrey:CurzonPress,1995.
pp.
46–73.
41IntheIndonesianlanguage,thecorewordof"pemerintah,"whichmeans"government,"is"perintah,"whichmeans"command"or"order.
"Itishardlysurprising,therefore,thattheperceptionofgovernment-societyrelationsthatpertainsinIndonesiatendstoconsiderthepublicaspolitical"outsiders,"and"objects"ofgovernance,tobeguidedbylaws,policiesandregulationswhichtheythemselveshavenopartincreating.
10thestateontheonehandandincreasedthenumberoflandlesspeasantsontheother.
42Meanwhile,intheuplands,thecentralizationofpowergavesecuritytotheStateForestryCorporationandtolargeplantationstocontinuetheirexistenceinvillageenvironmentswheresomeofthepopulationwaslandless.
Ingeneral,whiletheNewOrderwasstillstrong,thecontinuingruralclasspolarizationdidnotresultinopenprotestorinoccupationsofthelandofthewealthyclasses.
ThiswasbecauseofthestrictcontrolSuharto'sgovernmentkeptonthevillages,43thefactthatthetraumaofthestrugglesoftheIndonesianCommunistParty(PKI)in1965-66wasstilllodgedinfarmers'minds,44andlocalpeople'sabilitytoseekalivingthroughcircularmigrationandcontractworkintheinformalsectorinthecities.
45Evenstill,whetherinthelowlandsortheuplands,lifewasalwayscoloredbywhathasbeencalled"everydaypeasantresistance.
"46ThehistoryoftheemergenceofSPPcanbetracedfromtheendofthe1980s.
ThiswasthetimethatacoalitionformedbetweenpeasantleaderswhosecommunitieswereinconflictwiththeSFCandthelargeestates,educatedactivistsinGaruttownwhoformedtheYouthandStudentForumofGarut,studentactivistsfromBandung(theprovincialcapitalofWestJava)whoformedtheStudentDefenseCommitteeforthePeopleofIndonesia,andNGOactivistsfromtheLegalAidInstituteinBandung.
TwoprominentcasesinSagaraandBadegabroughtthesegroupstogether.
Briefly,theSagaralanddisputeinvolvedtheSFCand776familiesinSagarawhoclaimedtherightstosome1,100hectaresoflandandtheteaktreesgrowingthere.
ThedisputewasalsoaboutthecaptureanddetentionofsomevillageleadersandtheleadersoftheYouthandStudentForum,whichledtotheareabeingusedformobilebrigade(partofthenationalsecurityforce)training.
ThiscaseendedwiththeSFClosing,whenthedecreeoftheNationalAgrarianMinistryandtheHeadoftheNationalLandBureau(No.
35-VI/1997)determinedthatthestatelandinquestioncouldbesubjectedtolandreform.
Thisamountedtonearly580hectaresinthevillagesofSagaraandKaryaMukti.
47ThisvictoryencouragedactivistsintheYouthandStudentForumtoexpandtheirorganizingactivitiestoothercasesinGarutdistrict.
Inthesamegeneraltimeperiod,studentactivistsinBandung,togetherwiththeLegalAidSocietyofBandung,weretakingcareofotherlanddisputecasesinGarut,suchastheoneatBadega.
Briefly,theBadegacasewasadisputebetweenthecompanyPTSuryaAndaka42SeeGillianHart,Power,Labor,andLivelihood:ProcessesofChangeinRuralJava,Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1986;GillianHartetal.
(eds.
),AgrarianTransformation:LocalProcessesandtheStateinSoutheastAsia,Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1989;JonathanPincus,Class,Power,andAgrarianChange:LandandLabourinRuralWestJava,NewYork:St.
MartinsPress,198643SeeAntlov.
44Forbackgroundonthistragicperiod,seeRobertCribb,TheIndonesianKillingsof1965-1966:StudiesfromJavaandBali,CentreofSoutheastAsianStudies,MonashUniversity,1990.
45Forahistoricalaccountonthenon-agriculturalsectorinruralJava,seeBenjaminWhiteetal.
,IntheShadowofAgriculture:EconomicDiversificationandAgrarianChangeinJava,1900-1990,TheHague,Netherlands:InstituteofSocialStudies,1991.
46Forthisconcept,seeJamesC.
Scott,WeaponsoftheWeak:EverydayFormsofPeasantResistance,NewHavenCT:YaleUniversityPress,1985.
47SeeIbangLukmanudin,"MariBungRebutKembali,RakyatSegeraMenuntutHakatasTanah",inMengubahKetakutanMenjadiKekuatan,KumpulanKasus-kasusAdvokasi,Yogyakarta:InsistPress,2001.
11Mustikaand312peasantcultivatorsonMountBadegainGarutwhohadaclaimtosome400hectaresoflandthathadformerlybeenleasedtoPTSintrin.
48AsinthecaseatSagara,thiscasealsoinvolvedthejailingofvariousvillageleadersandthesubsequenttransformationofthisareaintoacombattrainingfacilityforthemilitary.
UnlikeSagara,theBadegacasebecameacentralconcernofmanystudentandNGOactivists,whocampaignedbroadlyonitinthe1980s.
Thesetwolanddisputecasesthenbecameexamples/modelsoftheeffortsofeducatedactivistsinurbanGarutandBandungtoorganizefarmersintheWestJavaPeasantsUnion(SerikatPetaniJawaBaratorSPJB—differentfromSPP).
TheWestJavaPeasantsUnionorganizedpeasantsandthoseamongsttheirleaderswhohadbeeninvolvedinthelandconflictcaseshandledbytheBandungLegalAidSocietysincetheendofthe1980s.
TheSPJBwasitselfestablishedin1991whenitbecameinvolvedwithcasesinCimerak(Ciamisdistrict),SagaraandBadega(Garutdistrict),Jatiwangi(Majalengkadistrict),GunungBatu(Sukabumidistrict)andCikalongKulon(Purwakartadistrict).
EventhoughforadecadeSPJBdidnotsucceedinmobilizingpeasantissuesattheprovinciallevel,primarilybecausethe(macro)politicalsituationwasnotyetconducivetosuchaction,theydidsucceedinusingtheselanddisputecasestodevelopeducationalactivitiesforurbanactivists.
StudentandprofessionalactivistsinGarutbegantobreakawayfromSPJBin1998,aftertheauthoritarianpoliticalsituationchangedwiththefallofSuharto.
Afterhewasreleasedfromprisonin1997,theleaderandprimaryforcebehindSPP–Agustiana–wantedtogooutonhisown.
49Subsequently,inFebruary2000,severaloftheurbanactivistsfromGarutjoinedwithruralpeasantleadersfromeachofthedistrictswithlanddisputesandannouncedtheformationofSPP.
Now,SPPhadbecomeatestcase—areal-lifeexampleofallthetheoriesthathadbeendiscussedsincethemid-1980sinKPAforaconcernedwithlandreforminIndonesia.
KPAisanationalnetworkofNGOsthatwasformedin1995.
Itwasstartedby65memberorganizations,severalwell-knownacademicsandprominentseniorNGOactivists.
50TheKPAsystematically(re)-placedtheissueofagrarianreformonthe"stage"ofnationalsocialmovements.
SincetheNewOrderwasstillinpoweratthattime,KPAworkedtodevelopcomparativeanalysesofagrarianconflictandchangingagrarianstructuresinvariousregions,aswellascritiquingtheagrarianpolitics/policiesthathadcreatedproblems.
51Theyalsopromotedagrarianreformbyconductingseminars,workshops,trainingprograms,research,andpublishingonthetopic.
52Whenitwasestablished,thefoundersofKPA,includingtheauthor,believedthat:Withoutagrarianreform,thenationaleconomicfoundationwillcollapseandtheeconomywillexperience[suchsevereand]permanentcontradictionsthatenforcing48SeeDiantoBachriadi,"WarisanKolonialyangTidakDiselesaikan:KonflikdanPendudukanTanahdiTaposdanBadega,JawaBarat",inBerebutTanah:BeberapaKajianBerperspektifKampusdanKampung,AnuLounellaandR.
YandoZakaria(eds.
),Yogyakarta:InsistPress:KARSA,2002.
49Thissplitneedstoberesearchedfurther.
Whydidithappen50Seehttp://www.
kpa.
or.
id.
InitsfirstnationalmeetinginDecember1995,KPAdeclaredthatitsrolewas"toempowerpeasants,fishermen,customarycommunities,andothermarginalizedpeoples"andserveasa"pressuregroupoverunfairagrarianpolicyandsystems".
SeeKPA's1995Constitution.
51Bachriadietal.
(eds.
),ReformasiAgraria.
.
52Seehttp://www.
kpa.
or.
id.
12underdevelopment.
Whetherornotagrarianreformiscarriedoutwillaffectthingsinthefollowingways.
First,agrarianreformwillcreatemarketsandpurchasingpower.
Withoutlandredistribution,therewillbenopurchasingpowerandthemarketswillbeweak.
Withoutstrongmarkets,productionwillnotdevelop.
Agrarianreformisameanstocreateadomesticmarket,aprerequisiteforeverynationaleconomy.
Second,peasantswithoutlandassetsarethesameaspoorpeasantswhocannotinvest.
Yet,everygovernmentneedsagriculturalinvestmentinordertohavecapitaltodevelopagricultureorothersectors.
Third,unlessfarmerincomesareimproved,theagriculturaltaxbasewillremainlow.
Fourth,withoutagrarianreform,therewillnotbeabroadenoughdifferentiationinthevillagelaborforcegeneratedfromtheneedsofthevillagersthemselves.
Laborforcedifferentiationwithoutlandreformislimited,vague,andexploitative.
Fifth,withoutagrarianreformtherewillbenoinvestmentinagriculturebyfarmersthemselves.
Infact,whatwillhappenisdisinvestment,becauseafterawhile,manyfarmerswilllosetheirlandandpovertywillspread.
Thiswillweakenthesmallindustrysector,homeindustry,trade,services,andmoneycirculationingeneral,andpeoplewillhavetodependoncashinputsfromthecities.
Theterribleresultofthiswillbethattheruralareaswillbesubjectedtothedemandsandinterestsofthecities.
Ruralareaswillthensubsidizeurbaneconomies,whilevillageswillgetmoreandmorebackward.
Andsixth,landwillbethe[widespread]objectofspeculation,becausefarmerswon'tbeabletouseitproductively,anditwillbeseizedbytheurbanclassesforspeculationandnon-productiveinvestment.
Landwillbecommoditizedandwillbethebasisforfirst-stageprimitiveaccumulationthroughlandgrabbing.
Thelandwillthenberesoldorputonthemarket.
AllthesecircumstanceshavealreadycomeintoexistenceinIndonesia,becausetheNewOrderhasrefusedtocarryoutlandreform.
53Morethanservingasatestcase,onewhichemergedoutofmanyyearsofconversationsaboutagrarianreform,theleadershipofSPP(alleducatedactivists)arenowinanexcellentpositiontoinfluencetheentirespectrumofIndonesianNGOswhoarelookingforwaystosupportandpromotelandreform.
54WhilemanyNGOsinIndonesiahavebeentryingtolearnaboutpolicyadvocacy,55SPPhasalreadyprovidedanexampleofhowtobeinvolvedinadvocacyprocessesandtoreapthefruitsthereof.
Verycleverly,SPPmobilizedsome10,000peasants,fromGarut,Tasikmalaya,andCiamisDistricts,todemonstrateattheadhoccommitteemeetingoftheNationalPeoples'ConsultativeAssemblyWorkingGroupwhichwasholdinganational-levelworkshopataBandunghoteltodiscussthedraftPeople'sConsultativeAssemblyDecreeonAgrarianReformonSeptember15,2001.
TheywereblockedbyapolicelineatCicalengka,asmallcitysome30kmfromBandungandGarut.
Negotiationsthentookplaceattwolocations,ontheroadtoCicalengka—betweentheleadersofSPPwiththepolice;andinBandungbetweenNGOactivistswhowereparticipantsandresourcepeopleintheworkshop,andthelegislatorsparticipatingthere.
Subsequently,it53Onthisargument,seeBonnieSetiawan,"PembaruanAgraria,SuatuTinjauanKonseptual",inBachriadietal.
(eds.
),ReformasiAgraria.
54In2002,whenKPAconducteditsthirdnationalmeeting,Agustiana,theGeneralSecretaryofSPP,waselectedtoserveaschairpersonofKPA'sBoard.
55SeeRoemTopatimasangetal.
,MerubahKebijakanPublik,PanduanLatihanAdvokasi,Yogyakarta:InsistPress,200013wasdecidedthattheleadersoftheadhoccommitteewouldgoouttowherethepeasantswereinCicalengka,ratherthanhavingagroupoffarmersgointoBandung.
WhenhegottoCicalengka,thecommitteechair,RambeKamaruzzaman,promisedtoresignifthedecreewasnotpassed.
SPP'sactiveinfluenceonthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyDecreeNo.
IX/2001didnotstopthere.
WhenthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyhaditsannualmeetingonNovember7,2001,agroupfromSPPmobilizedabout1,000peopletodemonstrateinJakartaandtogivevoicetotheneedfortheMPRtopassthedecreeonagrarianreform.
56Throughtheseactions,SPPshoweditselftobeinsupportofthedecree.
TheissuanceofMPRDecreeNo.
IX/2001hadstrategicmeaningforSPP.
Landreformwasreturnedtotheofficialstage.
57Everywherethattherewerelanddisputecases,localSPPleadersusedthedecreetojustifytheirlandoccupations.
Inadditiontoitssuccessasatoolatthelocallevel,SPPalsomonitored,promoted,andbenefitedfromitasabargainingchipwiththegovernment,includingregionalgovernments,pushingthemtofulfilltheirobligations.
ResearchAgendas".
.
abetterunderstandingofthespecificwaysinwhichhistory,memory,andthepracticesofpeople,states,andtheforcesofcapitalismoftencometogetherviolentlymightprovideforanoptimismofboththeintellectandthewill.
"(NancyPelusoandMichaelWatts,2001)58ThispaperismeanttointroducetheemergentmasspeasantmovementinGarutdistrict,amovementthathasbeenafocusoftenyearsofagrarianreformdiscussionsbyNGOsinIndonesia.
ThisstoryhasstimulatedsomestudentsofhistoryofruralJavatomakecomparisonswithsimilarphenomenaintheperiodofPresidentSukarno(1949–1965)followingIndonesia'sindependence,asEdwardAspinallhasdoneinarecentpaper.
59But,forscholaractivistssuchastheauthor,theknowledgeproductionembodiedinthispaperandfutureeffortswillbeprocessedintoeducationandadvocacyefforts.
60Iwillclosethisintroductorypaperbydescribingsomepossiblefutureresearchagendas.
1.
Rural-UrbanLinkagesTheriseanddevelopmentofthepeasantmovementinGarutdistricthasbeeninfluencedbythecharactersoftwokindsofSPPleaders--districtlevelSPPleaderslivinginurbanareas56Seehttp://www.
tempo.
co.
id/harian/fokus/76/2,1,15,id.
html.
57AccordingtotheBasicAgrarianLawNo.
5/1965andothergovernmentregulationsderivedfromit,landreformwasthelegalobligationoftheIndonesiangovernment,buttheNewOrderregimefrozethisagendafrom1967onwards.
SeeNoerFauzi,PetanidanPenguasa,DinamikaPerjalananPolitikAgrariaIndonesia,Yogyakarta:InsistPress;KPA,1999.
58NancyPelusoandMichaelWatts,"ViolentEnvironments"inViolentEnvironments,NancyPelusoandMichaelWatts(eds.
),Ithaca:CornellUniversityPress,2001.
p.
38.
59EdwardAspinall,CivilSocietyandDemocratization:FromAliranStruggletoCivilSocietyintheCountrysideofIndonesia,presentedattheEastWestCenterWorkshoponCivilSocietyandPoliticalChangeinAsia(RoundII),PhnomPenh,Cambodia,24-28October2002.
60Somespecificabilitiesareneeded,ofcourse,totransformtheacademicresultintoeducationalmediaforthesupportingactorsofthemovement,andintoargumentsforadvocacy.
SeeTopatimasang.
14andlocalSPPleadersthatwereborninvillages,livedinurbanareas,andreturnedtotheirruralorigins.
61SomelocalSPPleadersalsohavehadurbanexperiences,mainlyastradersbridgingbetweenagriculturalcommodityproducersinthevillagesandurbanmarkets.
Livinginurbanareasasinformalsectortradershashelpedthemdeveloptheabilitytodealwithagentsoftherepressivestateapparatusand/orunofficialrepressiveforces(preman—gangsters,thugs,etc).
Theyhavesurvivedevictions,physicalviolence,discrimination,andextortion.
Itwouldbeusefultoknowmoreaboutthedynamicsofrural-urbanlinkagesinthepeasantmovement,especiallyhowcoalitionsform,andtheconnectionsbetweentheclassbackgroundsofSPPleaders,theirspecificexperiences,aswellastheirrelativeinfluenceonthemovement'sagendas.
2.
AgrarianenvironmentcontextofSPP'smovementStudiesofpeasantmovements,asshownbymanyscholars,62almostalwaysstartwithanalysesofthechangingcontextsofpeasantlives,especiallychangesintheiragrarianenvironments.
63ItwouldbeinterestingtoknowhowSPPasasocialmovementorganizationhashelpedproducedifferentresponsesindifferenttypesofagrarianenvironments.
SPPhasinitiatedconfrontationalactionsagainsttheStateForestryCorporationandplantations.
Theirstandingshavebeendifferentfromtheiractionstowardthenaturereserve.
InSarimukti,SPPdidnotconfrontthebiglandholdercontrolling50hectaresandmorethan150agriculturalworkers.
Moreover,SPPhasnotconfrontedthegeothermalproject,whichis95percentownedbythemultinational,ChevronTexaco.
Thiscorporationcontrols70hectarestoexploitwhattheycallas"theworld'sfourth-largestdrysteamgeothermal"64with"highlyefficientgas-firedco-generationandgeothermalsteamtoproduceenoughpowertosupplymorethat3millionIndonesians.
"65Howdodifferentmanagementregimesthatproducedifferentkindsoflandcontrol,differentresources,anddifferenttypesofsocialrelationswithlocalpeopleaffectthenature—especiallythetactics--ofthemovement3.
Structureofpoliticalopportunityinthetransitionperiod.
SPP'speasantmovementhasbeengrowingduringthetransitionperiodthatstartedin1998.
ThechangingpoliticalopportunitieshasbeenusedbySPP'sleaderstomobilizelandless(andnear-landlesspeople)toreoccupylandscontrolledbytheplantationand/ortheStateForestryCorporation,andalsoforchanginglocalpoliticalconfigurations.
In2004,SPPisgoingtodealwithanewgeneralelection,whereIndonesiancitizenswilldirectlyelectcandidatesofnational,provincialanddistrictparliaments.
66Itisinterestingtoknowwhat61EricR.
Wolf,PeasantWarsoftheTwentiethCentury,NewYork:Harper&Row,1969.
Wolffoundthattheclassbackgroundofrevolutionarypeasantmovementleaderswasusuallyuprootedmiddleclasswithurbanlinkages.
62SeeJamesScott,TheMoralEconomyofthePeasant.
NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress,1976;SamuelPopkin,TheRationalPeasant.
Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1979;andJeffryPaige,AgrarianRevolution:SocialMovementsandExportAgricultureintheUnderdevelopedWorld,TheFreePress,1978.
63Fortheconceptoftheagrarianenvironment,seeArunAgrawalandK.
Sivaramakrishman,"Introduction:AgrarianEnvironments"inAgrarianEnvironments:Resources,Representations,andRuleinIndia.
ArunAgrawalandK.
Sivaramakrishman(eds.
),Durham,N.
C.
:DukeUniversityPress,2000,pp.
1–22.
64Seehttp://www.
api.
or.
id/darajat.
htm,downloaded10October2003.
65See"ChevronTexaco–IndonesiaFactSheet".
66Intermsoflandreformadvocacy,itisworthwhiletorememberTai'sconclusionthat"(i)theneedforlegitimacypromptsthepoliticalelitetoinitiatereform;(ii)therelationshipbetweentheeliteandthelandedclassdeterminesthemannerandcontentoftheprogramadopted;and(iii)theextentofprogramimplementationvarieswiththedegreeofpoliticalcommitment.
"SeeHung-ChaoTai,LandReformandPolitics,AComparativeAnalysis,Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1974.
15kindsofpoliticalopportunityhavebeencreatedbythesepoliticalprocesses.
HowwillSPPdealwiththepoliticalprocessesthatarethemainarenasofpoliticalpartiesHowhasSPPstrategizedtoachievetheirobjectivesundertheseconditionsArethereanypoliticalpartiesthatSPPrefertoWhatkindofcoalitionswillSPPtrytoform4.
HistoryofagrarianenvironmentandpoliticsoflandinuplandWestJava.
TheWestJavauplands"havebeenconstituted,imagined,managed,controlled,exploitedand'developed'througharangeofdiscoursesandpractices.
"67TheStateForestCorporationhasalonghistoryofforestextractionsincetheeighteenthcentury.
Sometypesofcommodityproductions,likecoffeeandcinchonaplantations,haveleftartifactsinthelandscapeaswellasinpeople'smemories.
Anothertypeofcommodityproductionlikepalmoilhasrecentlydeveloped.
Exploringthehistoryofagrarianenvironmentsandthepoliticsoflandwillleadustotheclassictopicofpeasantstudies,namelywhatishappeninginagrariantransitions,tonewformsofcapitalisminthepost-colonialera.
Itwouldbeusefultoknowmoreaboutthisagrariantransition,especiallytounderstandrelationbetweenpoliticsofland,typesofcommodityproduction,andland-basedpeasantmovements.
685.
Typesoflandreformprogramsthatarerelevanttolocalagrarianconditions.
Althoughlandreformhasreturnedtothenationalstage,theNationalLandAgencyandMinistryofForestryhavenotyetdevelopedadequateprogramstoimplementit.
ThelandoccupationactionsorganizedbytheSPPhaveseemedtobeantheeffectivewaytofulfill[short-term]practicalneedsoflandlesspeasantsandtopushgovernmentagenciestodeveloplandreformprograms.
TheSPPhasalreadyplayedarolearticulatingthepeasants'needforlandreform.
But,inthecontextofpolicymaking,SPPstillhastoarguewithpolicymakersanddevelopbroaderargumentsforlandreform.
ThisresearchwillproduceknowledgeontypesoflandreformprogramsthatarerelevanttolocalagrarianconditionsandmightbepromotedbySPPandtheirsupporters.
67SeeLi,p.
1.
68TwousefularticlesonthistopicareThommySvensson,"PeasantandPoliticsinEarlyTwentiethCenturyWestJava",inIndonesiaandMalaysia,ScandinavianStudiesinContemporarySociety.
ThommySvenssonandPerSorensen(eds.
).
London:CurzonPress,1983andThommySvensson,"BureaucraciesandAgrarianChange,ASoutheastAsiaCase",inAgrarianSocietyinHistory,EssayinHonourofMagnusMorner.
MatsLundahlandThommySvensson(eds.
).
London:Routledge,1990.
16Table1-LanddisputecasesorganizedbySPPinGarutDistrict–WestJavaNo.
NameofSettlementNameofVillage/DisputedLandsHouseholdsStartingyear"Opponent"Sub-district(hectares)oforganizing1Sagara,Ciniti,TarisiSagara/Cibalong1,1007761989Perhutani2Balegod,KurumuyKaryamuikti/Cibalong5804521999Perhutani3Cijeruk,CibajingSancang/Cibalong1001311999BKSDA4PasirLeubeMekarjaya/Sukaresmi32121999BKSDA5LegokSalim,Belengur,Goyobod,Mekarjaya/Sukaresmi1502301999Perhutani6LegokJeuro,Wahi,Gn.
Aul,Daruki,JogjoganSarimukti/Pasirwangi2002201999Perhutani7Lutung,BarokasoPangauban/Cisurupan1502101997Perhutani8LutungCipaganti/Cisurupan1001151997Perhutani9StamplatKaramatWangi/Cisurupan2005401997Perhutani10SukamulyaSukamulya/Pakenjeng3005001997Perhutani11Ciledug,Kiaralawang,Cileutik,Ciajag,Congeang,Balong,BaroSukamukti/Cilawu23.
52091999PTPNVIIDayeuhManggung12BatuSirep,Ciledug,CongeangMekarmukti/Cilawu131011999PTPNVIIDayeuhManggung13LegokHaji,Nabak,CibitungDangiang/Cilawu28.
4101181999PTPNVIIDayeuhManggung14Cipicung,Cidahu,BurujulNeglasari/Cisompet782111999PTPNVIIBunisariLendra15Benjang,Cikeuyeup,KubangNeglasari/Cisompet27501999PTPNVIIBunisariLendra16CineungahJatisari/Cisompet12302002PTPNVIIBunisariLendra17BatuBeureum,BatuBero,LeuwiPanjang,DayuehManggungKaryasari/Cibalong751381999PTPNVIIBunisariLendra18SancangSagara/Cibalong1251311999PTPNVIIMiramare19Koreak,Cigorowek,BatuBeulangTegallega/Bungbulang1001001999PBSCondong20Cikoromong,Pamoyanan,Cigorowek.
Karangwangi/Mekarmukti1002001999PBSCondong21Gn.
Masigi,Gn.
KembarSinarjaya/Bungbulang1501501999PBSCondong22KiaraPugur,LeuweungBuntu,KiaraJangot,LawangJangkurang/Leles2003001994Villagehead,Rancasalak/KadungoraBureaucrats,Mandalasari/KadungoraGarutregencyHegarsari/Kadungoralands3,7924,924Source:adaptedfromYayasanPengembanganMasyarakat,2002.
17Table2.
PrivateOwnedandStateOwnedPlantationinGarutDistrict–WestJavaNoPlantationnameNameofcompany/TypeofcommodityproducedConcession(hectares)TotalI.
PrivateOwnedPlantation1CondongPTCondongGarut/PalmoilandRubber8,021.
40002PamegatanPT.
MandalaGiriUtama/Tea1,690.
59003SelektaPT.
Harjasari/Tea107.
05724GunungBadegaPT.
Chakra/Tea422.
30005MegawatiPT.
SuryaAndakaMustika/Tea413.
45006Neglasari/GnGajahPT.
TatarAnyarIndonesia/TeaandRubber1,340.
29697BaruUlisPTBumiPrada/Tea34.
2210Sub-total12,029.
3151IIStateOwnedPlantation1BunisariLendraPTPNVIII/Rubber4,082.
87502DayeuhManggungPTPNVIII/RubberandTea1,205.
40253PapandayanPTPNVIII/Tea1,991.
47684MiraMarePTPNVIII/Tea4,267.
40005CisaruniPTPNVIII/Tea1,723.
5360Sub-total13,270.
6903Total25,300.
0054Source:DinasPerkebunanPemdaIJawaBarattahun1998,RangkumanData-DataKlasifikasiPerkebunanBesartahun1997/1998.
18AppendixTHEPEOPLE'SCONSULTATIVEASSEMBLYOFTHEREPUBLICOFINDONESIADECREEOFTHEPEOPLE'SCONSULTATIVEASSEMBLYOFTHEREPUBLICOFINDONESIANO.
IX/MPR/2001ONAGRARIANREFORMANDNATURALRESOURCEMANAGEMENTBYGRACEOFGOD,THEALMIGHTYTHEPEOPLE'SCONSULTATIVEASSEMBLYOFTHEREPUBLICOFINDONESIA,Considering:a.
ThatagrarianresourcesandnaturalresourcesasblessingsfromGodtotheIndonesianpeoplearenationalrichestobethankfulfor.
Therefore,theseresourcesmustbeoptimallymanagedandusedforpresentandfuturegenerationstocreateafairandprosperoussociety;b.
ThatthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyofRepublicofIndonesiahasaconstitutionaldutytodeterminethedirectionandbasisfornationaldevelopmentthatcansolveproblemsofpoverty,socio-economicimbalancesandinjusticeaswellasnaturalresourcedestruction;c.
Thatmanagementofagrarian/naturalresourcestodatehascausedadecreaseinenvironmentalqualityandalackofbalanceinthestructureofcontrol,ownership,useandexploitationofthoseresourcesandhasgivenrisetoconflict;d.
Thatregulationsrelatingtothemanagementofagrarian/naturalresourcesoverlapandcontradicteachother;e.
Thatthefair,sustainableandenvironmentallyfriendlymanagementofagrarian/naturalresourcesmustbecarriedoutinacoordinatedandintegratedmannerthataccommodatesthedynamism,aspirationsandparticipationofthepeople,andsothatconflictsareresolved;f.
Thattorealizethelong-standingwishesoftheIndonesianpeopleasstatedinthePreambleofthe1945Constitution,aseriouspoliticalcommitmentisrequiredtogiveabasisanddirectiontoagrarianreformandmanagementofnaturalresourcesinorderforittobeafair,ongoingandenvironmentallyfriendlyprocess;g.
Thatinrelationtoconsiderationsinlettersa,b,c,d,eandf,aDecreeofthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyonAgrarianReformandNaturalResourcesManagementisrequired.
Referringto:1.
Article1clause(2),Article2,Article3,Article18,Article18A,Article18B,Article25E,Article28A,Article28Cclause(1),Article28Dclause(1),Article28G,Article28H,Article28I,Article28J,Article33clause(3)ofthe1945Constitution;2.
DecreeofthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyNo.
XV/MPR/1998onRegionalAutonomy;FairManagement,DistributionandUseofNationalResources;and19EqualizationofCentralandRegionalFinancialintheFrameworkofUnityoftheRepublicofIndonesia;3.
DecreeofthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyoftheRepublicofIndonesiaNo.
II/MPR/1999ontheEstablishmentoftheRulesandRegulationsofthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyoftheRepublicofIndonesiaasamendedwiththeDecreeofPeople'sConsultativeAssemblyoftheRepublicofIndonesiaNo.
V/MPR/2001;4.
DecreeofthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyNo.
IV/MPR/2000onRecommendationsofPolicyforRegionalAutonomy;Noticing:1.
DecisionofthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyoftheRepublicofIndonesiaNo.
5/MPR/2001ontheAgendaforthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyoftheRepublicofIndonesia2001AnnualMeeting;2.
DiscussioninthePeople'sConsultativeAssembly2001AnnualMeetingfromNovember1toNovember9,2001abouttheDraftPlanofthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyoftheRepublicofIndonesiaonAgrarianReformandNaturalResourcesManagement,preparedbytheExecutingBoardofthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyoftheRepublicofIndonesia;3.
Decisionofthe7thPlenaryMeetingonNovember9,2001inthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyoftheRepublicofIndonesiaAnnualMeeting.
DECIDINGTodetermine:ADECREEOFTHEPEOPLE'SCONSULTATIVEASSEMBLYOFTHEREPUBLICOFINDONESIAONAGRARIANREFORMANDNATURALRESOURCEMANAGEMENTArticle1TheDecreeofthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyonAgrarianReformandNaturalResourceManagementisthebasisforlawsandregulationsonagrarianreformandnaturalresourcemanagement.
Article2Agrarianreformreferstoaninterconnectedprocessrelatingtothereorganizationofpower,ownership,useandexploitationofagrarianresourcesthatiscarriedoutinordertoachievecertaintyandprotectionofthelawaswellasjusticeandprosperityforallIndonesianpeople.
Article3Managementofnaturalresourcesonland,intheoceanandintheairiscarriedoutoptimally,sustainably,andinawaythatisenvironmentallyfriendly.
Article4Thestatedeterminesmanagementofagrarianandnaturalresourcesthatisforthebenefitofthepeopletothefullestextent.
20Article5Agrarianreformandnaturalresourcemanagementmustbecarriedoutaccordingtothefollowingprinciples:a.
maintainandprotecttheintegrityoftheRepublicofIndonesia;b.
respectandprotecthumanrights;c.
respectthesupremacyofthelawbyaccommodatingdiversityinlegalunification;d.
promotepeoples'prosperity,particularlythroughimprovingthequalityofhumanresources;e.
developdemocracy,ruleoflaw,transparencyandoptimalizationofthepeople'sparticipation;f.
createjusticeinthecontrol,ownership,useandmaintenanceofagrarian/naturalresources;g.
nurturesustainabilitythatcanprovideoptimalbenefit,forthecurrentgenerationandforfuturegenerations,byheedingenvironmentalcapacityandsupport;h.
conductsocial,conservation,andecologicalfunctionsaccordingtolocalculture;i.
increaseintegrationandcoordinationbetweendevelopmentsectorsandbetweenregionsinmanagementofagrarianreformandnaturalresources;j.
acknowledgeandrespecttherightsofindigenouspeoplesandculturaldiversityregardingagrarian/naturalresources;k.
striveforabalanceintherightsandresponsibilitiesofthestate,government(central,provincial,district/subdistrict,andvillageorthesamelevel),communitiesandindividuals;l.
implementdecentralizationbydistributingauthorityatthenational,provincial,district/subdistrict,andvillageorthesamelevel,inconjunctionwiththeallocationandmanagementofagrarian/naturalresources.
Article5(1)Directionsforagrarianreformpolicyare:a.
Conductresearchonlegislationrelatingtoagrarianpolicytosynchronizeinter-sectorpolicyandbringaboutlegislationthatisbasedonprinciplesasreferredtoArticle5ofthisDecree.
b.
Rearrangecontrol,ownership,useandexploitationofland(landreform)thatisequitablebynotinglandownershipbythepeople,bothinruralandurbanareas.
c.
Conductdatacollectiononlandthroughinventoryandregistrationoflandcontrol,ownership,useandexploitationinacomprehensiveandsystematicprocessintheframeworkoflandreformimplementation.
d.
Settleconflictsrelatingtoagrarianresourcesarisingtothistimewhileatthesametimeanticipatingpotentialconflictinthefuture,thusguaranteeingtheupholdingoflawbasedontheprinciplesreferredtoinArticle5.
e.
Strengtheninstitutionsandtheirauthoritytoconductagrarianreformandtosettledisputesrelatingtoagrarianresources.
f.
Ensuretheavailabilityoffundingforprogramsofagrarianreformandfortheresolutionofconflictsrelatingtoagrarianresources.
(2)Directionsforpolicyonnaturalresourcemanagementare:21a.
Reviewregulationsrelatingtomanagementofnaturalresourcestosynchronizetheinter-sectorpolicybasedonprinciplesreferredtoinArticle5ofthisDecree.
b.
Optimizenaturalresourceusethroughtheidentificationandinventoryofqualityandquantityandpotentialfornationaldevelopment.
c.
Expandaccessofinformationtosocietyaboutnaturalresourcepotentialintheirregionsandencouragetheestablishmentofsocialresponsibilitytouseenvironmentalfriendlytechnologyincludingtraditionaltechnology.
d.
Payattentiontothetypesandcharacteristicsofvariousnaturalresourcesandimplementeffortstoaddvaluetothesenaturalresources.
e.
Settleconflictsonnaturalresourceuseandanticipatepotentialconflictinthefuture,thusguaranteeingtheupholdingoflawaspertheprinciplesreferredtoArticle5ofthisDecree.
f.
Developastrategytousenaturalresourcesbasedonoptimalusebypayingattentiontoregionalandnationalinterestsandconditions.
Article6AssignthePeople'sRepresentativeAssemblyoftheRepublicofIndonesiatogetherwiththePresidenttoworkpromptlytoregulatetheimplementationoftheagrarianreformprogramandthemanagementofnaturalresourcesandtowithdraw,amendand/orsubstitutealllawsandregulationsthatareincontradictiontothisDecree.
Article7AssignthePresidentoftheRepublicofIndonesiatoimplementimmediatelytheDecreeofthePeople'sConsultativeAssemblyoftheRepublicofIndonesiaonAgrarianReformandNaturalResourcesManagementandtoreportitsimplementationtotheAnnualMeetingofPeople'sConsultativeAssemblyoftheRepublicofIndonesia.
Article8ThisDecreeshallcomeintoforceonthedateofitsratification.
DecreedinJakartaonNovember9,2001Chairman,Prof.
Dr.
H.
M.
AmienRaisViceChairman,Prof.
Dr.
Ir.
GinandjarKartasasmitaViceChairman,Ir.
SutjiptoViceChairman,Letjen.
TNIAgusWidjojoViceChairman,Drs.
H.
A.
NazriAdlaniViceChairman,Drs.
H.
M.
HusnieThamrinViceChairman,Prof.
Dr.
JusufAmirFeisal,S.
Pd.
22