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July2004NREL/CP-500-36270SanJuanicoHybridPowerSystemTechnicalandInstitutionalAssessmentPreprintDaveCorbus,CharlesNewcombandZekeYewdallTobepresentedattheWorldRenewableEnergyCongressVIIIDenver,ColoradoAugust29–September3,2004NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory1617ColeBoulevard,Golden,Colorado80401-3393303-275-3000www.
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htmPrintedonpapercontainingatleast50%wastepaper,including20%postconsumerwasteSanJuanicoHybridPowerSystemTechnicalandInstitutionalAssessmentWorldRenewableEnergyCongressVIII(WRECVIII)August2004DaveCorbus,CharlesNewcomb,ZekeYewdallNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory1617ColeBlvd.
GoldenCo80401303-384-6966,dcorbus@nrel.
govIntroductionSanJuanicoisafishingvillagewithapproximately120homesandmorethan400peopleintheMunicipalityofComondu,BajaCaliforniaSur.
SanJuanico'sfirstautonomousdieselgeneratorbeganoperatingin1980.
The205-kWgeneratorsuppliedpowerfor3to4hoursaday.
Theaverageloadwasabout50kilowatts(kW),andtheobservedpeakdemandwasabout75kW.
Duringthattime,customerenergyusewasnotmetered.
Eachcustomerpaidthesamefee(50pesos/month).
Additionally,23homesinthevillagewereequippedwithsmallgasoline-poweredgeneratorsthatprovidedpowerforrefrigeratorsandotherappliances.
InApril1999,theArizonaPublicServiceCompany(APS)andMexico'snationalelectricutility–ComisionFederaldeElectricidad(CFE),installedahybridpowersysteminSanJuanicotoprovide24-hourpower.
Beforetheinstallationofthehybridpowersystem,researchersfromtheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)conductedafieldstudytocharacterizeSanJuanico'selectricalusageanditsinstitutionalandsocialframework.
Oneyearaftertheinstallationofthehybridpowersystem,researchersperformeda"post-electrification"studytodocumentthechangesthathadoccurredasaresultoftheintroductionof24-hourpower.
BecauseresearchersmonitoredthetechnicalaspectsandtheinstitutionalissuesregardingthehybridpowersystemandtheelectricityusageofSanJuanico'sresidents,thereismoreinformationonthishybridpowersystemthananyonotherrenewableenergyvillagepowersystem.
InDecemberof2003,NRELresearchersvisitedthesitetoconductatechnicalassessmentofthesystem,toupgradethedataacquisitionsystematthesite,andtorevisitthesocial/institutionalissuesasdetailedintheoriginalassessment(Boer,2000).
TheSystemThesystemiscomposedofaTraceHY-100inverterwithanintegratedpeakpowertrackerfora17-kWPVarray.
Anominal240VDCfloodedlead-acidbatterybankconsistingof7stringsof350amp-hourbatteriesinparallel(nominal2450amp-hrs)providesenergystorage.
TenBergey1Excelwindturbines(about70kWtotal)areconnectedtotheDCsideoftheelectricalsystem.
An80-kWdieselgeneratorcarriesthevillageloadandchargesthebatterieswhentherenewablesystemscannotmeettheload.
ThedieselgeneratorisdispatchedbytheTraceinvertercontrollerandchargesthebatteriesviaarectificationcircuitwithintheinverter.
Approximately20%-35%ofthevillage'selectricityissuppliedbytherenewableenergysystems,asshowninfigure1.
Thesiteiswellmaintainedbytworesidentsemployedtoperformroutineoperationsandrecordsystemoperationaldatapointsandissuesforabout20hoursperday.
EnergySourcesWind16%Solar10%Generator74%Renewablefraction:26%EnergyUsesOtherPlantLosses1%InverterLosses,Charging7%VillageLoad78%InverterLosses,Inverting9%BatteryLosses5%Batteryefficiency:86%Batterythroughput:44%ofload32hourswithoutpowerFigure1:TypicalEnergyUsesandSourcesOperationalIssuesSeveraltechnicalissueshavebeenaddressedsincethesystemwasinstalled.
Threeturbinesexperiencedafailedalternatorbearing.
ItisunclearwhetherthiswasamanufacturingrelatedissueorwasduetoSanJuanico'sharshenvironment(proximitytocorrosiveseaairinadditiontoprevalenceoffineparticulatescharacteristicofthedesertdust).
Therewerealsoseveralproblemswiththeinverter.
Althoughmostofthesecanbecharacterizedasnuisanceproblems,theykeptthesystemdownforlongperiodsoftimebecauseCFEpersonnelwereunfamiliarwiththesystem.
Theoriginalbatterieslastedabout2.
5years,andafterthattheircapacitydegradedtolessthan80%ofrated.
Allofthebatterieswerereplacedinthefallof2003,andthebatterybankwasupgradedfrom5to7stringsforatotalof280TrojanL-16batteries.
Impactsof24-HourPowerThemostsignificantimpactof24-hourpowerforSanJuanico'sresidentshasbeenrefrigeration.
Whereasbefore,onlythoseresidentswithgasoline-poweredgeneratorshadrefrigerators,noweverybodyconnectedtothehybridpowersystemownsarefrigerator,therebyincreasingtheirabilitytostorefoodandforshopstopreservefood.
However,thisdidnothelpthefishermentopreservetheirfish,astheelectricityisnotusedforfishpreservationorstorageandthisdoesnotappeartobeanoptionforthenearfuture.
Whileelectricrefrigerationwouldbeanimprovementoverinsulatedtrucksusingice,itisunclearwhetherthebenefitsfromimprovedstoragequalityandcapacitywouldoutweighthecosts.
Theimpactof24-hourpoweronthetouristeconomyinSanJuanicohasbeenmodest.
TouristnumbersovertheyeararesimilartopreviousyearsandcontinuetobeinfluencedbySanJuanico'ssurfing.
2Localbusinessesconnectedtothesysteminclude5–7groceryshops,afewmechanics,acoupleofrestaurants,acoupleofbeerdepositories,andavarietyofpart-timehomebusinesses.
Severalfamiliesprovidelaundryservices.
TherearealsothreeschoolsinSanJuanico:akindergarten,aprimary,andasecondaryschool.
Thesecondaryschoolisa"telesecondary,"whichusessatellitetelevisionprogrammingtoadministerlessons.
Alltheschoolsareconnectedtothehybridpowersystem,buttheirenergyuseislow.
Accordingtotheelectrificationstudy(Boer,2000),onlythetelesecondaryschoolrealizedsignificantbenefitsfromusing24-hourpower.
Although24-hourpowerreplacedthehealthclinic'spreviousenergysource–aPVsystem–ithashadminimalimpact,becausetheclinichasfewelectricalappliances.
Atnight,streetlightingrepresentsasmuchas15%ofthevillageload.
Streetlightingisprovidedbyasmanyas7545-wfluorescentlamps,butnotallofthesewereworkingatthetimeofthestudy.
Householdsexperiencednotableshort-term(withinoneyearafterthesystemwasinstalled)impactsfromthehybridpowersystem.
Everyhomeconnectedtothegridobtainedatleastoneelectricappliance.
Withtheincreaseinthenumberofappliancesasignificantmodificationinbehavioroccurred.
Domestictasksandsomeproductiveusesmovedfromtheeveningstothedaytime.
Boernotesthat73%ofrespondentsreportedmovingdomestictasksfromtheeveningtothedaywithinoneyearaftertheinstallationofthesystem.
Leisureuseofelectricity,includingradioandtelevisionuse,increasedthroughoutthedayandevenings(Boer,2000).
Applianceuse,estimatedfromdataprovidedbythelocalelectrificationpanelofsevenmembersknownasthePatronato,islistedbelowforsixmajorappliances.
Otherpopularappliances,notincludedinthetable,includeblenders,coffeemakers,stereos,VCRs,andelectrictools.
Table1–ApplianceUseApplianceEstimatedusersRefrigerator100%WashingMachines60%Irons25-30%Microwave20-30%Television90%Becausethepowerprovidedbythehybridsystemisintermittent,someofSanJuanico'sresidentsusebatterychargerstochargebatteriesthatpowersmallbatteryinvertersystemstopowerappliancesduringtheoutages.
LoadandLoadGrowthThehourlyaveragecommunityloadshowsarathertypicalusagepatternforavillagethesizeofSanJuanico(Figure2).
posedofrefrigerators,energylossesinthesystem,andmiscellaneoususes.
Thereisabrief,moderateincreaseduringearlymorninghoursasthefishermenwakeupandvillagerspreparefortheday.
a.
m.
,someproductiveuseloadsstartup.
TheloadsincreaseduringthemiddayandthroughoutSatelliteTelevision50%FloorFans100%(Mostlysummeruse)BaseloadsarecomAlthoughthestreetlightsturnoffat8:003theafternoonashouseholdsusemoreelectricityfordomestic,recreational,andproductiveactivities.
Eveningloadsarehigherasvillagersuselightsandtelevisions,andthestreetlightsswitchon.
By11:00p.
m.
theloaddecreasesasfamiliesgotobed.
Theseasonalloadishighestinthesummerwhenfloorfansareusedforcoolingandtourismishigher.
ThehighestsummerloadsoccurduringtheSaintJohnsDayfestival,withapeakloadof63kWinJuneof2001.
Therestoftheyeartheloadexperienceslittlechange.
Loadgrowthforthevillagegridfrom1999to2003isshowninFig2.
Gridloadgrowthfrom2000to2003wasapproximately10%.
Usershaveincreasedfrom110to130,with18newresidentialusersand2newstores.
Thisistheprimarycontributiontoloadgrowth.
TheaverageresidentialkWhusagepermonthhasremainedsteadywhiletheaveragecommercialkWhusagehasgrown14%.
Theresidentialenergyusageaccountsforapproximately78%ofthetotalenergyusage,whilethecommercialenergyusageisabout21%ofthetotalenergyuse.
40353025Averageprofile2003Averageprofile2001Averageprofile2000Averageprofile1999DecemberdatakW020151050100200300400500600700800900100011001200130014001500160017001800190020002100220023002400HourFigure2:DailyloadprofilegrowthThetwomajorcommercialloadcontributorsarethecomodu(thecityitself),whichuseselectricitymainlyforstreetlighting,andtheRattlesnakeRestaurantBarandGrill,whichuseselectricitymainlyforrefrigeration.
ThecomoduandRattlesnakeBaraccountforabouttwo-thirdsofthetotalcommercialload.
AccordingtothePatronato,thereareabout40peoplenotconnectedtothevillagegridelectricalsystem.
Thesepeople,madeupofbothAmericansandMexicans,usuallyhavetheirownsourceofpower,typicallyasmallstand-alonePVorasmalldiesel-battery-invertersystem,becausetheydonottrustthereliabilityofthevillagesystem.
Table2–ElectricityUseAverageResidentialUse(105customers)kWh/month85Monthlycost$176pesosAverageCommercialUse(20customers)kWh/month120Monthlycost$406pesosSource:Patronato4ThetariffstructureforSanJuanicoisshownintable3.
Priceswereraisedforthefirsttimesincethebeginningofthehybridpowersystem(i.
e.
,3.
5years)by10pesosasof12/3/2003.
ItwasnotedbythePatronatothattheabilitytopaydependedontheseason,asfishermenmakemoremoneyduringseasonswithhighfishvalue(e.
g.
,lobsterseason).
Note10pesosisequaltoaboutadollarasof2003.
Table3–ElectricityRatesResidentialUse$50.
00pesofixedchargeplus,first50kWh$1.
55pesos/kWhNext100kWh$1.
85pesos/kWhOver150kWh$2.
60pesos/kWhCommercialUse$80.
00pesofixedchargeplus,Source:PatronatoSystemReliabilityandOperationInOctoberandNovemberof2003thetownwentwithout24-hourpowerfor6-7weeksbecauseofaproblemwiththeinverterthatwaseasilycorrectedduringthesitevisit.
outageshaveanadverseeffectonthepeople'sopinionofthehybridpowersystemandcancausemonetarylossesforthebusinessesthatrelyonthesystemforrefrigerationthroughouttheday.
ThesystemismaintainedthroughmonthlyvisitsbyCFEengineersthatcorrectanyproblemsandtoperformdetailedassessmentsofthebatterybank.
emberlocalelectrificationcouncil(Patronato)administersthedailyoperationoftheplant,includingregularmaintenance,fuelprovision,andmeterreadingandbilling.
Thesystemisoperatedbytwovillageresidentsemployedbythevillage.
ConclusionsTheSanJuanicohybridsystemisagoodexampleofasuccessfulhybridsystem.
Whiletheassessmentteamdiscoveredsomeproblemsandshortcomingsduringtheirvisit,theybelievethesystemisingoodoperatingcondition.
erstoleratesystemproblemsbecausetheyrecognizethecomplexityandappreciatethesavingstherenewablesystemprovides.
Althoughtheywouldlikethesystemtobemorereliable,ingeneral,theyareverygratefultohave24-hourpower.
continuestoprovidevaluableinsightsintovillagepowersystemsfrombothatechnicalandinstitutionalstandpointbecauseofthewealthofavailableinformation.
Reference:lRenewableEnergyLaboratoryReport,2000.
Alluse$2.
70pesos/kWhThesetypesofTheseven-mThevillagTheSanJuanicosystemBoer,Dereck,UnpublishedNationa5REPORTDOCUMENTATIONPAGEFormApprovedOMBNo.
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TITLEANDSUBTITLESanJuanicoHybridPowerSystemTechnicalandInstitutionalAssessment:Preprint5a.
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SUPPLEMENTARYNOTES14.
ABSTRACT(Maximum200Words)SanJuanicoisafishingvillageofapproximately120homesintheMunicipalityofComondu,BajaCalifornia.
InApril,1999,ahybridpowersystemwasinstalledinSanJuanicotoprovide24-hourpower,whichwasnotpreviouslyavailable.
Beforetheinstallationofthehybridpowersystem,afieldstudywasconductedtocharacterizetheelectricalusageandinstitutionalandsocialframeworkofSanJuanico.
Oneyearaftertheinstallationofthehybridpowersystema"post-electrification"studywasperformedtodocumentthechangesthathadoccurredaftertheinstallation.
InDecemberof2003,NRELvisitedthesitetoconductatechnicalassessmentofthesystem.
15.
SUBJECTTERMSSanJuanico;hybridpowersystem16.
SECURITYCLASSIFICATIONOF:17.
LIMITATIONOFABSTRACTUL18.
NUMBEROFPAGES19a.
NAMEOFRESPONSIBLEPERSONa.
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18F1147-E(05/2004)