highlightingwww.57.com

SYSTEMATICREVIEWPROTOCOLOpenAccessWhatare'IntegratedLandscapeApproaches'andhoweffectivelyhavetheybeenimplementedinthetropics:asystematicmapprotocolJamesReed*,LizDeakinandTerrySunderlandAbstractBackground:Thereisanincreasingacceptancethatsectorialapproachestolandmanagementarenolongersufficienttomeetglobalchallengessuchaspovertyalleviation,biodiversityconservation,andfoodproduction.
Thepressingchallengeofintegratedlandscapemanagementistolinkagriculturalpractices,institutionsandpolicieswithotherlandscape-scaleactivities.
"IntegratedLandscapeApproaches"provideabasicframeworkforbalancingcompetingdemandsandintegratingpoliciesformultiplelanduseswithinagivenarea.
However,attemptstoformalizeandcharacterizewhatlandscapeapproachesactuallyrepresenthaveresultedinaplethoraofinterlinkedterminologyandre-inventionofideasandpracticesundermultipleguises.
Thishasledtodelayeduptakeamongstpolicymakersandresistancetoimplementationontheground.
Thisprotocolwilldescribethemethodologytobeemployedforasystematicmapthatwillchartthedevelopmentofthelandscapeapproachtheory,consolidateandsynthesizeexistingdefinitions,andidentifywhereandhowtheseapproacheshavebeenimplementedinthehumidanddrytropics.
Methods/Design:Ascopingexercisegaverisetoaselectionofsearchtermsappropriatetotheresearchquestionwhichwillthenbeappliedtoasuiteofspecialist,onlineandinstitutionaldatabases.
Theprotocolwillfollowapopulation-intervention-comparator-outcome(P.
I.
C.
O)frameworkwhichprovidesthebasicrationaleforevidence-basedsystematicliteraturesearches.
TheP.
I.
C.
Oservesastheinclusioncriteriaandtogetherwithapre-determinedexclusioncriteriawillbeusedtoscreenretrievedliteratureforrelevanceattitle,abstractandfulltextlevels.
Allstudiesinvestigatingeitherlandscapeapproachtheoryorimplementationwithinthehumidanddrytropicswillbeincluded.
Theresultingstudieswillbecodedandusedtosatisfytwokeyoutcomes.
First,literatureonthetheoryoflandscape-scaleapproacheswillbecomparedandcontrastedtoidentifywhereoverlapanddisjunctureexists.
Second,studiesoflandscapeapproachimplementationwillbeassessedforeffectiveness,geographicallymapped,madeavailableinsearchabledatabasesandsupplementedwithafullreport.
Keywords:Landscapeapproach,Multifunctionallandscapes,Integratedlandscapeapproach,Productionlandscapes,Foodsecurity,Agricultureenvironmenttrade-offs,Conservationanddevelopment,SystematicmapBackgroundFoodsecurity,povertyalleviation,climatechange,andbiodiversitylossareglobalchallengesthathavebeenattheforefrontofinternationalagendasduringthelastdecade[1].
However,conventionalpost-warsectorialapproachestofoodproduction,conservationanddevelopmentinitiativesalonearenolongerseenasviable,sustainablestrategiestoaddresstheseofteninter-connectedissues[2-4].
Analternativeapproachthatinvolves'joined-up'thinkingbetweenmultiplestakeholderstobestmanagemultiplelandusesatalandscapescalehasbeendevelopedinvariousformsoverrecentdecades,yetitsdefinitionandimplementationremainelusive.
ALandscapeApproachisbroadlydefinedasaframe-worktointegratepolicyandpracticeformultiplelanduses,withinagivenarea,toensureequitableandsustain-ableuseoflandwhilestrengtheningmeasurestomitigateandadapttoclimatechange[5-8].
Italsoaimstobalancecompetingdemandsonlandthroughtheimplementation*Correspondence:j.
reed@cgiar.
orgCenterforInternationalForestryResearch(CIFOR),JalanCIFOR,SituGede,SindangBarang,Bogor16115,Indonesia2014Reedetal.
;licenseeBioMedCentral.
ThisisanOpenAccessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense(http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.
0),whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycredited.
TheCreativeCommonsPublicDomainDedicationwaiver(http://creativecommons.
org/publicdomain/zero/1.
0/)appliestothedatamadeavailableinthisarticle,unlessotherwisestated.
Reedetal.
EnvironmentalEvidence2014,4:2http://www.
environmentalevidencejournal.
org/content/4/1/2ofadaptiveandintegratedmanagementsystems.
Thesein-cludenotonlythephysicalcharacteristicfeaturesofthelandscapeitself,butalloftheinternalandexternalsocio-economicandsocio-politicaldriversthataffectlanduse,particularlyrelatedtoconservation,forestryandagricul-ture[7].
Inshort,landscapeapproachesseektoaddresstheincreasinglycomplexandwidespreadenvironmental,socialandpoliticalchallengesthattranscendtraditionalmanagementboundaries.
Landscapeapproachesareprimarilyrootedincon-servationandthescienceoflandscapeecology[9,10].
Biodiversityconservationinparticularhasbeenaddressedina"landscapecontext"sincetheearly1980s[11],andearlyconservationtheorypromotedlandscape-scalethink-ingthroughtheprinciplesofislandbiogeography[12].
Theexpandedfocusofconservationimplementationfromprotectedareastowidersocialissuesledtothedesignof"integrateddevelopmentandconservationprojects"(ICDPs)thatattemptedtointegrateprotectedareaman-agementwithlocalsocietalneedsandaspirations,oftenwithdisappointingoutcomesforbothconservationanddevelopment[13].
ICDP'swereregardedasbeingtoolocalizedinfocusandheavilybiasedtowardsachievingconservationtargets,ratherthanthoseofeconomicdevel-opment[14],anddidnottakeintoaccounttheinherenttrade-offsbetweenthetwo[15].
Thuswehaveseenthedevelopmentofavarietyoflandscapeframeworksbymultipleactors,withtheaimofembeddingsingle-sectorconservation,agriculturalproductionandotherlanduseswithinbroaderland-scapescalemanagementstrategies.
Foremostamongsttheseisthe"EcosystemApproach"oftheConventiononBiologicalDiversity,aswellasaplethoraoflandscape-scaleinitiativesdevelopedbythemajorityofconservationNGO's.
Equally,landscapescaleinterventionshavebeenembracedacrossavarietyofsectors,forexampleIntegratedRuralDevelopment,IntegratedNaturalResourceManagement,IntegratedWatershedManagement,andIntegratedFloodplainManagementtonamejustafew.
Asdevelopmentsinlandscapescalemanagementstrat-egiescontinuetoemerge,thesheervolumeofapproachesproposedbynumerousresearchandpractitionerorgani-zationshasresultedinarich,yetconfusingterminologythatmaybeinhibitingprogress.
Organizationsareoftenreferringtothesameconceptandareeitherunknowinglyusingdifferentterminologytoothersorchoosingtolabeltheirapproachdifferently.
Thishasarguablyledtofrag-mentationofknowledge,unnecessaryre-inventionofideasandpractices,andslowprogressingainingpolicytraction[16].
TheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDG),whichwillsupersedetheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals,areduetobefinalizedin2015.
Thecurrentdraftcallsfor'holisticandintegratedapproachestosustainabledevelopmentthatrestorethehealthandintegrityoftheEarth'secosystem'–sentimentsthatresoundstronglywiththosethatendorselandscapeapproachestolandmanagement.
GiventhatatleastfiveofthekeyobjectivesoftheSDG's(endhunger;securewater;promotestrong,inclusiveandsustainableeconomicgrowth;tackleclimatechange;protectandpromoteterrestrialresources)displayclearoverlapwithlandscapeapproachdesiredoutputs,thereisatimelyneedtosynthesizethecurrentevidencebaseonlandscapeapproaches.
Asnotedinarecentre-view,auniversaldefinitionfora'landscapeapproach'remainselusive[7].
Thisconfusionoverterminologyoftenstemsfromlandscapesbeingdefinedindifferentways[7].
A'landscape'canrefertoeitherspatialandecologicalcharacteristicsthathelpdefineconservationanddevelopmenttargets,oritcanrefertogovernanceandothersocialinteractionsandmechanismsthatminimizeconservationanddevelopmenttradeoffs[17].
Consequently,despitesuchasurfeitofapproaches,re-searchersandpractitionersarestillquestioningwhatthelandscapeapproachactuallyis,whileitsapplicationandpracticalityarealsoquestionedasaresultofthecomplexityoftheassociatedconcepts[18].
ObjectivesofthesystematicmapThissystematicmapthereforeattemptstoshedsomelightonthesequestionsby:conceptuallymappingthedevelopmentoflandscapeapproaches;consolidatingandsynthesizingexistingdefinitionsandconceptualframeworksoflandscape-scaleapproachestolandmanagement;synthesizingthecurrentliteraturetoidentifywhereandhoweffectivelylandscapeapproacheshavebeenimplementedinpractice.
geographicallymappingwhereandhowlandscapeapproacheshavebeenimplementedinthedryandhumidtropics.
Theauthorsacknowledgethatthissystematicmappingprocesscannotuncoveralloftheevidencerelatedtointegratedlandscapeapproachestolandmanagementasmanycurrentexamplesarearesultoftrialanderrorap-proachesatthelocallevel.
However,weunderstandthismappingtobethefirstattempttoaggregatetheexistingpublishedscientificknowledgeonthesubject.
Assuch,thisreviewcancomplementlocalknowledgeandotherreviewswhichengagedirectlywithpractitionersontheground[19,20].
Ultimately,itisanticipatedthisprocesswillhelpinformthedevelopmentofaclearstrategyonlandscape-scalemanagement,contributetotheintegrationofconservation,agricultureandotherlandusesintofuturelandusepoliciesandidentifyhowlandscapeapproachesReedetal.
EnvironmentalEvidence2014,4:2Page2of7http://www.
environmentalevidencejournal.
org/content/4/1/2canbebestimplementedtosupporttheforthcomingSustainableDevelopmentGoals.
PrimaryreviewquestionTheprimaryquestionofthissystematicmapwillbe:Whatarelandscapeapproaches,andhoweffectivelyhavetheybeenimplementedinthetropicsThesecondaryquestionofthissystematicmapwillbe:Whatthecharacteristicsof,andwhereare,landscapeapproachesbeingimplementedThisreviewwilltaketheformofasystematicmap,cataloguingtheexistingevidenceacrossawiderangeofvariablessuchassetting,methodology,scaleandmeasuredoutcomes.
Themapdatabasewillcataloguethedefinition,purposeandlocationofrelevantframeworksrepresentativeoflandscapeapproachesintropicalregions.
Weanticipatethatthiswillprovideavitalresourceforresearchers,prac-titionersanddecision-makersby:–Synthesizingthecurrentlyfragmentedliteraturebaseonlandscapeapproaches–Identifyingwhereknowledgeorresearchgapsexist–Actingasabaseforthedevelopmentoffuturelandscapeapproachresearch–Providingaresourcefortheimplementationoffuturelandscapeapproachinitiatives–DecipheringcurrentterminologyapplicabletolandscapeapproachesAninteractivegeographicalmapwillalsobeproducedhighlightingthelocationsofwherelandscapeapproacheshavebeen/arebeingimplementedinthetropics.
Thismapwillallowuserstoexploregeographically(byloca-tion)orthematically(byprimaryresourceinterestoftheproject)andprovideabriefsynopsisoftheprojectandalinktothepublication.
Finally,stakeholderconsultation,theauthorgroup'spriorknowledge,andscreeningoftheliteraturewillidentifykeyconceptualframeworksforlandscapeapproachesproducedinrecentdecades.
Thesewillbeformattedinawebdiagraminordertohighlightoverlapsanddisjuncture,particularlywithreferencetoterminologyapplied.
Thisprocesswillcontributetoeffortsaimedatdisentanglingtheproliferationoftermsinuseandprovidegreaterclarity.
Themapwillfollowapopulation-intervention-com-parator-outcome(P.
I.
C.
O)frameworkwhichprovidesthebasicrationaleforevidence-basedsystematiclit-eraturesearches[21].
Inordertoberetainedateachstageoftheliteraturescreening,studieswillhavetoconformtothefollowinginclusion(P.
I.
C.
O)andexclusioncriteria:PopulationLandscapesofthehumidanddrytropics.
Intervention/exposureFrameworks/strategiescharacteristicoflandscapeap-proachesforintegratingagriculture,forestryandotherlanduses.
Whileitisdifficulttospecifyaprioricriteriaforinclusion,someminimumrequirementswouldbethattheinterventionaimstobalancecompetingsectorial(i.
e.
agriculture,conservation,forestry,privateetc.
)orstakeholderdemandsonlandandthatthescaleoftheprojectisthereforebeyondasinglelanduseunit.
ComparatorLackofintegratedlandmanagementstrategyinproxim-ateregions(spatialcomparator),orbefore-during-afterlongitudinalcomparisonwithinintegratedlandscapesites(temporalcomparator).
OutcomeDocumentedpositiveornegativeevidenceoflandscapeapproachesinpracticeonsocial,agronomic,environmen-taloreconomicoutcomes.
ExclusioncriteriaNon-EnglishstudiesStudiesthatfalloutsidethegeographicscopeofthemap(thehumidanddrytropics)Priorreviewpaperswillnotbeincluded,butthebibliographiesofsuchpaperswillbescreenedforprimarysourcematerialofrelevance.
Theoreticalpaperswill,however,beincludedastheywillhelptodocumenthowlandscapeapproachtheoryhasdeveloped.
MethodsSearchesApreliminaryscopingwasconductedinMay2014usingGoogleScholar[22].
Thisscopingexercisewasde-signedto1.
Aidtheevolutionofthefinalsearchterms;2.
Contributetotheframingoftheresearchquestions;and3.
Identifypotentialoutputsofthesystematicmap.
FollowingconsultationwithintheauthorgroupandbetweenotherrecognizedexpertsinthefieldatastakeholderworkshoporganizedasasideeventattheLandscapesforPeopleFoodandNatureinAfricacon-gressinNairobi(July3rd2014),apreliminaryselectionoftermswereestablished.
AsecondaryscopingexercisewasperformedinAugust2014usingWebofScience(WoS)[23],designedtotesttheappropriatenessofthese-lectedterms.
Itwasfoundthattheoriginaltermswerecapturinganunwieldynumberofpublications,manyofwhichwerefaroutsidetherelevanceofthetopic.
Thesearchtermswereaccordinglyrevised,re-formattedandre-trialedanumberoftimesbeforeconsensuswasachievedwithintheresearchteamthataselectionofReedetal.
EnvironmentalEvidence2014,4:2Page3of7http://www.
environmentalevidencejournal.
org/content/4/1/2termsthatwerebothinclusiveandspecific,appropriatetotheresearchquestion,hadbeenachieved(thedetailsofthisscopingexerciseareattachedasanAdditionalfile1).
Theseterms(formattedasbelow)generated10,045'hits'inthescopingexerciseusingWoS[23]andbyusingthefunctionstorefinethesearchbyauthorandrelevancewewereabletotesttheappropriatenessofthesearchagainstapre-determinedselectionofpublicationsacknowledgedasparticularlyrelevanttotheresearchquestion(seeAdditionalfile2).
(("LandscapeApproach"OR"IntegratedLandscapeManagement"OR"LandscapeConfiguration"OR"Land-scapeEcology")AND("MultifunctionalLandscapes"OR"LandUseChange"OR"LandscapeMatrix"OR"Land-scapeMosaic"OR"Landsharing"OR"Landsparing"OR"ProductionLandscapes")AND("SustainableAgriculture"OR"AgriculturalManagementPractices"OR"Agro-ecology"OR"Agro-ecosystemManagement"OR"Ecoa-griculture"OR"Climate-SmartAgriculture"OR"EvergreenAgriculture"OR"FoodSecurity"OR"Forest-agricultureNexus"OR"SustainableIntensification"OR"SustainabilityScience"OR"sustainableusereserves"OR"agroforestry")OR("EnvironmentandDevelopmentReconciliation"OR"BiodiversityConservation"OR"EcosystemApproach"OR"EcosystemBasedAdaptation"OR"EnvironmentalSustain-ability"OR"IntegratedConservationandDevelopment"OR"IntegratedDevelopmentApproaches"OR"IntegratedNaturalResourceManagement"OR"IntegratedWatershedManagement"OR"LandscapeConnectivity"OR"Agricul-tureEnvironmentTradeOffs")).
Wherepossiblethesearchtermswillbeappliedinthisformat,howeverweareawarethatdatabasefunctionalityisnotuniversalandwewillthereforeamendtheamountoftermsoruseofBooleanoperatorswherenecessary.
Anysuchchangeswillbedocumentedandreportedinthemap.
PublicationdatabasesearchesSearcheswillbeconductedthrough:-a.
Specialistpeer-reviewedpublicationdatabasesThefollowingdatabaseswereselectedinordertobestcaptureabroadspectrumofboththenaturalandsocialscienceliteraturebase:WebofScience(WoS)[23]CABAbstracts[24]Scopus[25]PubMed[26]b.
IndividualjournalsThefollowingsourceswereidentifiedasbeingabletoofferaplatformtocaptureregionallyspecificorfurtherfreelyaccessibleliterature:InternationalNetworkfortheAvailabilityofScientificPublications(INASP)[27]DirectoryofOpenAccessJournals(DOAJ)[28]AfricanJournalsOnline(AJOL)[29]AsiaJournalsOnline(AsiaJOL)[30]c.
InternetsearchesWebsearcheswillbeconductedinGoogleScholar[22]andMicrosoftAcademicSearch[31]totestthecomprehensivenessofthedatabasesearches.
Thefirst100returnedhitswillbecomparedwiththosealreadyretrieved.
Anyadditionalliterature,notpreviouslycapturedwillbeaddedtothereferencelist.
SpecialistandsupplementarysearchesGreyliterature(unpublishedornon-peer-reviewedar-ticles)willbesoughtviaanumberofchannels.
First,appropriateresearchorganizations(seelistbelow)willbecontactedandinvitedtocontributeanyrelevantmaterial.
Second,thewebsitesoftheseorganizationswillbescreened.
Third,expertworkshopswereheldtorequestanyfurtherpublicationsrelevanttothesubject,thefirstinconjunctionwiththeLandscapesforPeople,FoodandNatureconference(July1–3,2014)andasec-ondattheJamesCookUniversity(JCU)workshoponlandscapeapproachesatCapeTribulation(July18–20,2014).
Fourth,acallforgreyliterature(anexampleisat-tachedasanAdditionalfile3)willbepostedontheCIFORwebsiteandwidelydistributedinblogpostsandotherappropriatesocialmediachannels.
Finally,relevantlistserveswillbeidentifiedandacallforgreyliteraturewillbesubmittedanddistributed.
ResearchorganizationstobecontactedforliteratureCenterforInternationalForestryResearch(CIFOR)[32]CommonwealthForestryAssociation(CFA)[33]EcoAgriculturePartners[34]FaunaandFloraInternational(FFI)[35]FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)[36]Food,AgricultureandNaturalResourcesPolicyAnalysisNetwork(FANRPAN)[37]GlobalPartnershipforForestandLandscapeRestoration(GPFLR)[38]GloballyImportantAgriculturalHeritageSystems(GIAHS)[39]InternationalInstituteforEnvironmentandDevelopment(IIED)[40]InternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopment(IISD)[41]InternationalModelForestNetwork(IMFN)[42]Reedetal.
EnvironmentalEvidence2014,4:2Page4of7http://www.
environmentalevidencejournal.
org/content/4/1/2InternationalUnionforConservationofNature(IUCN)[43]InternationalUnionofForestResearchOrganizations(IUFRO)[44]PlatformforAgrobiodiversityResearch(PAR)[45]Terrafrica[46]TheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgricultureResearch(CGIAR)[47]TheNatureConservancy(TNC)[48]TheWorldBank'sProgramonForests(PROFOR)[49]UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)[50]UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram–WorldConservationMonitoringCentre(UNEP-WCMC)[51]WageningenUniversity[52]WorldAgroforestryCentre(ICRAF)[53]WorldConservationSociety(WCS)[54]WorldEnvironmentLibrary[55]WorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)[56]WorldWildlifeFund(WWF)[57]ZoologicalSocietyofLondon(ZSL)[58]SearchstrategyandscreeningprocessDuetotimeandresourceconstraints,searcheswillbeperformedinEnglishlanguageonly.
Anynon-EnglishmaterialidentifiedwillbeassignedaseparateMendeley[59]libraryandbemadeavailableonrequest.
Theprinci-palsearchtermsare'landscapeapproach','multifunctionallandscapes','sustainableagriculture'and'environmentanddevelopmentreconciliation'.
Thegeographicscopeforthismapwillbethehumidanddrytropics.
Itisacknowledgedthatlandmanagementatalandscapescalehasbeenprac-ticedforcenturiesbutduetothetemporalandspatiallimitationsofthismap,wewillrefineoursearchtolitera-turefrompost-1975.
EachsearchrecordfromtherespectivedatabasesandsearchengineswillbeassignedaseparateMendeley[59]librarytoclearlydocumenteachstageofthesearchstrategy.
Theselibrarieswillthenbecombinedtoremoveduplicatesandasystematicscreeningprocessusingapre-definedinclusion/exclusioncriteria(seeObjectivessectionabove)willbeapplied.
Tworesearcherswillworkindependentlyapplyingtheinclusion/exclusioncriteriathroughthreesequentialstages(seeFigureone[21])inordertosortforrelevance,assessstudyqualityandgeneratedatacollection.
Priortoscreening,thetworesearcherswillperformaKappaanalysisattitleandabstractlevelonarandomsubsetof100articlesidentifiedinthescopingprocesstotestconsistencyandobjectivitybetweenreviewers[60,61].
Intheeventofthescorebeingbelow0.
6,thereviewerswilldiscussdiscrepanciesandrepeattheKappaprocess.
Anysignificantdisagreementswillbediscusseduntilconsensusisreachedorassessedbyathirdreviewer.
Atthefirststageofscreening,researcherswillreviewthearticletitlesofallreturned'hits'.
Thosethatcon-formtotheinclusion/exclusioncriteriawillpassthroughtothenextstage,whilethosethatdonotwillberemoved.
Ifthereisanydoubt,thearticlewillberetained.
Thesameprocesswillthenbefollowedforthefollowingtwostages,firstlyreviewingbyabstractandfinallyreviewingbyfull-text.
Full-textassessmentisdependentontheabilitytogeneratethecompletedocument.
Everyeffortwillbemadeandintheeventofbeingunabletosourcethefulltext,arecordofunavail-ablestudieswillbeprovidedasanannexinthefullmap.
Thisfinalstageofreviewwillalsoincorporateastudyqualityassessmentanddataextractionprocess(seebelow).
Anystudieseliminatedatthefull-textstagewillbedocumentedwitharecordofwhytheywerecategorizedasnotrelevant.
StudyqualityassessmentAbasicchecklistofqualitycriteriaadaptedfromprevi-oussystematicmaps[21,62],hasbeendevelopedagainstwhichstudieswillbeassessed.
Forinclusionforsynthe-sis,studiesmustdemonstrate:ClearaimsClearandrepeatablemethodologyEvidenceofintegratingatleast2landusesEvidenceofintegratingatleast2stakeholdersOutcomesthataremeasuredaccuratelyandreliablyFindingsreportedconsistentlywiththemethodologyemployedandtheempiricaldataprovidedStudieswillberankedhightolowdependentonthenumberofcriteriatheyfulfillfromtheabovelist.
Thiscriteriawillbetestedonkeyknownreferencesandmaybefurtherdevelopedduringconsultationwithrecog-nizedexpertsandasthedataextractionprocessisper-formed.
Studieswhichfailtomeetanyofcriteriawillbeeliminatedfromthemapbutretainedwithinanadd-itionalfile.
MapcodingRetrievedstudieswillbecataloguedbyrecordingthekeybibliographicinformationdetailedbelowandexportedtoanexcelfile.
–Title–Author(s)–Journal–Dateofpublication–Locationofstudy–Scopeofstudy(extentoflandscapescaleifgiven)–Terminologyappliedanddefinition(e.
g.
Landscapeapproach,integratedmanagementetc.
)Reedetal.
EnvironmentalEvidence2014,4:2Page5of7http://www.
environmentalevidencejournal.
org/content/4/1/2–Methodologyemployed(e.
g.
experimental,researchstationtrials,RCTs,farmerfields,remotesensing/GIS,participatorytrials,householdsurveys,communityworkshopsetc.
)–Typeofdata(i.
e.
primary,reviewormeta-analysis)–Typeoffoodproductionsystem(s)incorporated(e.
g.
homegarden,coffeeagroforestry,largescalegrainproduction,etc.
)–Documentationofcompetinglandusesbysector(e.
g.
forestry,agriculture,miningetc.
)–Levelofprivatesectorinvolvement–Typeoflandscape(e.
g.
forestfragments,degradedforests,swiddenlandscapes,pastoralsystems,etc.
)–Typeofoutcome(i.
e.
yield,conservationtarget,livelihoodindicators,other).
Itisnotanobjectivetoidentifyoutcomesofsuccess/failureasitisanticipatedthataslong-terminitiatives,manylandscapeapproacheswillbestillbeongoing.
However,ifresultsaredocumented(forexampleshort-termobjectivesachieved),theywillbeextractedforthemap(resultsherewillbedependentonthestudiesidentifiedbutitisanticipatedthesewillincludebothlivelihoodandenvironmentalvariables,amongstothers).
–Othereffectmodifiers(e.
g.
impactofvariablesotherthanthosestudied)DatamappingTwodatamappingprocesseswillbeperformed,oneeachfortheconceptualandresearchelementsofthemap.
Conceptualframeworksforlandscapeapproacheswillbemappedinawebdiagramthatwillenablesimplevisualcomparisonofthevariousapproaches,highlightingwhereoverlapordisjunctureoccurs.
Fortheresearchelement,ageographicalinteractivemapwillbeproducedwhichwillallowuserstosearchgeographicallyorthemat-ically.
Thismapwilldetailwhere,howandoverwhattimeperiodlandscapeapproachesarebeingimplemented.
Re-sults(measureofsuccess)willbeincludedwhenpossible(e.
g.
whereshorttermobjectiveshavebeenachieved)orwhenappropriate.
However,weacknowledgethatland-scapeapproachesareoftenlong-term,andon-goinginitia-tives;assuchan'endresult'isnotameasurewesetouttoidentify.
Inadditiontothemapsproduced,alldatawillbefor-mattedinasearchabledatabase(seebelow)summariz-ingstudycharacteristicsandquality.
Theentireprocesswillthenbesynthesizedwithinadetailedpeer-reviewedsystematicmapreport.
SystematicmapdatabaseTheliteraturecapturedduringthesystematicmappingprocesswillberecordedinafreelyaccessible,searchabledatabase.
Thislibrarywillcontainliteraturerelatedtoimplementationoflandscapeapproachesandwillfullydetailthenatureandlocationofthestudies.
Byidentify-ingkeyknowledgegaps,weanticipatethisdatabasewillprovideausefulresourceforfutureresearch.
Thedata-basecanalsoprovideabaseorstartingpointforfurthersynthesisoftheliteraturewithinafullsystematicreview.
AdditionalfilesAdditionalfile1:EvolutionofsearchtermsforsystematicmaponLandscapeApproachesScopingexerciseusingWebofScience.
Additionalfile2:KeyTextListforLASM.
Additionalfile3:Acallforgreyliterature:'LandscapeApproaches'inhumidanddrytropics.
Asystematicreviewmap.
CompetinginterestsTheauthorsdeclarethattheyhavenocompetinginterests.
Authors'contributionsJR,LD&TSco-draftedthemanuscript.
JR&LDdevelopedthesearchstrategyanddataextractionstrategy.
JR&LDwillcoordinatethereview.
Allauthorsreadandapprovedthefinalmanuscript.
AcknowledgementsTheauthorswouldliketothankallparticipantsinthetwoworkshopsmentionedabove(LPFNNairobi,JCU,CapeTribulation).
WealsothankGillianPetrokofskyandJessicaClendenningforinputsonmethodology.
FundingsupportforthisprojectcameviatheEvidenceBasedForestry(EBF)Initiative,whichisfundedbyagranttoCIFORfromtheUK'sDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DfID).
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