Zukunft.netcms

NotesForeword1.
WorldCouncilofChurches/CouncilforWorldMission(WCC-CWM),"BringingtogetherUbuntuandSangsaeng:AJourneytowardsLife-GivingCivilization,TransformingTheologyandtheEcumenismofthe21stCentury,"AfricaFiles.
org,August17,2007,http://www.
africafiles.
org/article.
aspID=15918.
2.
UlrichDuchrowandFranzHinkelammert,PropertyforPeople,NotforProfit:AlternativestotheGlobalTyrannyofCapital(LondonandGeneva:ZedBooks&WorldCouncilofChurches,2004).
3.
UlrichDuchrow,ReinholdBianchi,RenéKrüger,VincenzoPetracca,SolidarischMenschwerden:PsychischeundsozialeDestruktionimNeoliberalismus;Wegezuihrerberwindung(HamburgandOberursel:VSAinKooperationmitPublik-Forum,2006).
Introduction1.
Dussel,Enrique:"SixThesestowardaCritiqueofPoliticalReason:TheCitizenasPoliticalAgent,"RadicalPhilosophyReview,2,no.
2(1999):79–95.
Cf.
alsohisHaciaunafilosofíapolíticacrítica(Bilbao:DescléedeBrouwer,2001),80.
Thefullquotecanbefoundonpage184above.
1TheEmergenceandDevelopmentofDivisionofLabor,Money,PrivateProperty,EmpireandMaleDominationinAncientandModernCivilizations1.
F.
J.
HinkelammertandH.
M.
Mora,Coordinaciónsocialdeltrabajo,mercadoyreproduccióndelavidahumana(SanJosé,CostaRica:DEI,2001),176ff.
2.
JeremyRifkin,TheEmpathicCivilization:TheRacetoGlobalConsciousnessinaWorldinCrisis(London:Penguin,2009),22f.
3.
UlrichDuchrowandFranzJ.
Hinkelammert,PropertyforPeople,NotforProfit:AlternativestotheGlobalTyrannyofCapital.
LondonandGeneva:ZedBooksinassociationwiththeCatholicInstituteforInternationalRelationsandtheWorldCouncilofChurches,2004.
268Notes4.
GunnarHeinsohnandOttoSteiger,Eigentum,ZinsundGeld:UngelsteRtselderWirtschaftswissenschaft(Hamburg:Rowohlt,1996);ThomasMaissen,"EigentümeroderBürgerHaushalt,WirtschaftundPolitikimantikenAthenundbeiAristoteles,"inEigentumsrechteverpflichten:Individuum,GesellschaftunddieInstitutionEigentum,ed.
M.
HeldandH.
G.
Nutzinger(Frankfurt:Campus,1998),65–83.
5.
Karl-HeinzBrodbeck,DieHerrschaftdesGeldes:GeschichteundSystematik(Darmstadt:WissenschaftlicheBuchgesellschaft,2009).
Seealso,F.
vonCrüsemann,C.
Hungar,C.
Janssen,R.
Kessler,andL.
Schottroff,eds.
SozialgeschichtlichesWrterbuchzurBibel(Gütersloh:GütersloherVerlagshaus,2009),ArticleGeld.
SeealsoF.
vonCrüsemann,C.
Hungar,C.
Janssen,R.
Kessler,L.
Schottroff,eds.
SozialgeschichtlichesWrterbuchzurBibel(Gütersloh:GütersloherVerlagshaus,2009),ArticleGeld.
6.
HansG.
Kippenberg,SeminarDieEntstehungderantikenKlassengesellschaft(Frankfurt:Suhrkamp,1977).
7.
ThequotesfromBrodbeckareourtranslationsandrefertotheGermanedition.
Emphasisinoriginal.
8.
DuchrowandHinkelammert,PropertyforPeople,chapter3.
9.
SeeRifkin,TheEmpathicCivilization,22f.
withfurtherliterature.
10.
SeeHansChristophBinswanger,EigentumundEigentumspolitik.
EinBeitragzurTotalrevisionderSchweizerischenBundesverfassung(Zurich:Schulthess,1978),21:"Property(andthereby'having')wasnotunderstoodlegallyasarelationbetweendifferentpersons(becauseonehas,theotherhasnot),butasarelationbetweenapersonandanlegalobject.
Therebypropertyislegallynotahavingofapersoninconjunctionwithanon-havingofanother,butonlythehavingassuch.
"SeealsoNiklasLuhmann,RechtssystemundRechtsdogmatik(Stuttgart:Kohlhammer,1974),66(translatedfromtheGerman):"Theunityof'having'and'nothaving'isnotreflectedoninlanguageorlaw.
Itisonlyconstruedasanowner'srightofexclusion.
.
.
.
Thesociologicallymostrelevantproblem,thefactthatanygrowthinownershipautomaticallymeansadisproportionateincreaseinthenon-ownershipoftheother,isnotrelevantinlegalterms.
"11.
KarlPolanyi,TheGreatTransformation(NewYork:Rinehart,1944).
Cf.
alsoDuchrowandHinkelammert,PropertyforPeople,chap.
2.
12.
Cf.
HinkelammertandMora,Coordinaciónsocialdeltrabajo,187.
13.
Rifkin,TheEmpathicCivilization,40f.
14.
HinkelammertandMora,Coordinaciónsocialdeltrabajo,188ff.
15.
AdamSmith,AnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations(Indianapolis:LibertyPress,1979),vol.
1,15.
16.
HinkelammertandMora,Coordinaciónsocialdeltrabajo,193ff.
17.
GiovanniArrighi,TheLongTwentiethCentury:Money,Power,andtheOriginsofOurTimes(LondonandNewYork:Verso,1994);cf.
UlrichDuchrow,EuropeintheWorldSystem1492–1992(Geneva:WCC,1992).
18.
EduardoH.
Galeano,OpenVeinsofLatinAmerica.
25thanniversaryed.
(NewYork:MonthlyReviewPress,1997).
19.
DuchrowandHinkelammert,Propertyforpeople,chap.
3.
20.
Seee.
g.
,HannahArendt,TheOriginsofTotalitarianism(NewYork:HarcourtBraceJovanovich,1951).
Notes26921.
Cf.
UlrichDuchrow,AlternativestoGlobalCapitalism:DrawnfromBiblicalHistory,DesignedforPoliticalAction,2nded.
(Utrecht:InternationalBookswithKairosEuropa,1998).
22.
JohnPerkins,ConfessionsofanEconomicHitMan(SanFrancisco:Berret-KoehlerPublishers,2004).
23.
UlrichDuchrow,GlobalEconomy:AConfessionalIssuefortheChurches(Geneva:WCC,1987),117;HannahArendt,TheOriginsofTotalitarianism(NewYork:HarcourtBraceJovanovich,1951);BertramGross,FriendlyFascism:TheNewFaceofPowerinAmerica(Boston:SouthEndPress,1980).
24.
UlrichDuchrow,"CapitalismandHumanRights,"inTheEssentialsofHumanRights,ed.
RhonaK.
M.
SmithandC.
vandenAcker(London:HodderArnold,2005),33–36.
25.
JohanGaltung,TheEuropeanCommunity:ASuperpowerintheMaking(Oslo:InternationalPeaceResearchInstitute,1973).
26.
UlrichDuchrow,TheGodoftheEuropeanConstitution(FrankfurtamMain:PeterLang,2005),195–205.
27.
JamesPetras,HenryVeltmeyer,LucianoVasapollo,andMauroCasadio,EmpirewithImperialism:TheGlobalisingDynamicsofNeoliberalCapitalism(London:Zed,2006);TobiasPflügerandJürgenWagner,Welt-MachtEUropa:AufdemWeginweltweiteKriege(Hamburg:VSA,2006);ElmarAltvaterandBrigitteMahnkopf,KonkurrenzfürdasEmpire-DieEuropischeUnioninderglobalisiertenWelt.
(Münster:WestflischesDampfboot,2007).
28.
Polanyi,TheGreatTransformation.
29.
DuchrowandHinkelammert,PropertyforPeople,chap.
2.
30.
UlrichDuchrow,andGerhardLiedke,Shalom:BiblicalPerspectivesonCreation,JusticeandPeace(Geneva:WCC,1989),65ff.
31.
Ibid.
InGermanthisbecomesevenclearerthroughtheuseofthetermNaturvlkerforindigenouspeople.
32.
RichardCockett,ThinkingtheUnthinkable:ThinkTanksandtheEconomicCounter-Revolution,1931–1983(London:HarperCollins,1994);BernhardWalpen,DieoffenenFeindeundihreGesellschaft:EinehegemonietheoretischeStudiezurMontPèlerinSociety(Hamburg:VSA,2004).
33.
PaxChristi,KommissionWeltwirtschaft,ed.
DerGottKapital:AnstezueinerReligions-undKulturkritik(Münster:LIT,2006).
34.
KarlMarxandFriedrichEngels,Werke,vol.
23(vol.
IofDasKapital)(Berlin:DietzVerlag1972),189.
35.
FranzHinkelammert,TheIdeologicalWeaponsofDeath(Maryknoll,NY:Orbis,1986).
36.
KarlMarx,Capital,part2,ch.
4,TranscribedbyMarthaGiminezandHinrichKuhls,HtmlMarkupbyStephenBaird(1999).
Availableathttp://www.
marx-ists.
org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch04.
htm.
37.
Hinkelammert,TheIdeologicalWeapons,30.
38.
DirkBaecker,ed.
,KapitalismusalsReligion(Berlin:KulturverlagKadmos,2009).
(includingthefamousfragmentofWalterBenjaminonthesubject),15f.
39.
NorbertBolzandDavidBosshart,Kult-Marketing:DieneuenGtterdesMarktes(Düsseldorf:Econ,1995).
270Notes40.
KonradRaiser,Religion-Macht-Politik:AufderSuchenacheinerzukunftsfhi-genWeltordnung.
(Frankfurt/Main:Lembeck,2010).
2TheSociopsychologicalEffectsoftheMoneyCivilizationontheDifferentClasses1.
SeetheexcellentarticleofErikOlinWright,"SocialClass,"2003.
ForthcominginEncyclopediaofSocialTheory,ed.
byGeorgeRitzer(SagePublications).
Availableathttp://www.
ssc.
wisc.
edu/~wright/Social%20Class%20--%20Sage.
pdf.
2.
ForadetailedsummaryofBourdieu'sapproach,seeUlrichDuchrow,ReinholdBianchi,RenéKrüger,andVincenzoPetracca,SolidarischMenschwerden:PsychischeundsozialeDestruktionimNeoliberalismus—Wegezuihrerberwindung(HamburgandOberursel:VSAinKooperationmitPublik-Forum,2006),80ff.
3.
JrgRieger,NoRisingTide:Theology,Economics,andtheFuture(Minneapolis:Fortress,2009).
4.
Seeinmoredetail:Duchrow,Bianchi,Krüger,andPetracca,SolidarischMenschwerden,54ff.
Thischapteronthepsychologicaleffectsofneoliberalismbuildsonthepsychologicalpartsofthisbook,originallywrittenbyReinholdBianchi.
Weowehimgreatthanks.
5.
J.
R.
GreenbergandS.
Mitchell,ObjectRelationsinPsychoanalysis,11thed.
(Cambridge,MA,andLondon:HarvardUniversityPress,1998).
SeealsoRifkin,TheEmpathicCivilization.
TheRacetoGlobalConsciousnessinaWorldinCrisis.
London:PenguinBooks,2009,55ff.
6.
ReinholdBianchi,"NeoliberalismusalssoziopsychischerTraumatisierungsproze,"ZeitschriftfürPsychotraumatologieundPsycho-therapeutischeMedizin.
April(part1)andJuly(part2),2003.
7.
R.
W.
D.
Fairbairn,PsychoanalyticStudiesofthePersonality,rev.
ed.
(1952;repr.
,London:RoutledgeandKeganPaul,1986).
8.
G.
FischerandP.
Riedesser,LehrbuchderPsychotraumatologie(Munich:ErnstReinhard,1998).
9.
GreenbergandMitchell,ObjectRelations,250.
10.
PaulParin,DerWiderspruchimSubjekt(Frankfurt/M.
:Syndikat,1978),38.
11.
SigmundFreud,"EinleitungzuPsychoanalysederKriegsneurosen,"vol.
12,GesammelteWerke(Frankfurt/M.
:S.
Fischer,1919),321–324;Fairbairn,PsychoanalyticStudies;andparticularlythehistoricalsynthesisinPeterRiedesserandA.
Verderber,"MaschinengewehrehinterderFront":ZurGeschichtederdeutschenMilitrpsychiatrie(Frankfurt/M.
:Mabuse,1996).
12.
RobertJayLifton,TheNaziDoctors:MedicalKillingandthePsychologyofGenocide(NewYork:BasicBooks,1986).
13.
RobertJayLiftonandEricMarkusen,TheGenocidalMentality:NaziHolocaustandNuclearThreat(NewYork:BasicBooks,1990).
14.
Itismostinterestingtoseethattraumaticexperiences,linkedtothewavesofpestilence,weredecisivefactorsfortheshapingofthementalityinmodernityaroundthemiddleofthefourteenthcentury.
Egotismandviolenceincreased,Notes271asanalyzedbyKarlGeorgZinn,inKanonenundPest:berdieUrsprüngederNeuzeitim14.
und15.
Jahrhundert(Opladen:WestdeutscherVerlag,1989).
15.
DonaldW.
Winnicott,TheMaturationalProcessandtheFacilitatingEnvironment:StudiesintheTheoryofEmotionalDevelopment(London:HogarthPress,1965);MarthaW.
ChescheirandKarenM.
Schulz,"TheDevelopmentofaCapacityforConcerninAntisocialChildren:Winnicott'sConceptofHumanRelatedness,ClinicalSocialWorkJournal17,no.
1(1989):24–39.
16.
WorldHealthOrganization(WHO).
"ProgrammesandProjects,Depression,"Who.
int.
2012.
Availableathttp://www.
who.
int/mental_health/management/depression/definition/en/.
17.
DeutscheAngestelltenkasse(DAK),"Gesundheitsreport2005,"39ff.
Availableathttp://www.
presse.
dak.
de/ps.
nsf/Show/38A5A5A6BBF15309C1256FE0005578E2/$File/DAK_Gesundheitsreport2005-neu1.
pdf.
18.
FrankfurterRundschau,August13,2010,12.
19.
StatistischesBundesamt,"HoheKostendurchDemenzundDepressionen,inNewsAktuell,"August11,2010.
Availableathttp://www.
presseportal.
de/pm/32102/1662580/statistisches_bundesamt.
Cf.
FrankfurterRundschau,August12,2010,4.
20.
Seee.
g.
,GünterG.
Vo,SozialeMechanismenimBetrieb:TheoretischeundempirischeAnalysenzurEntgrenzungundSubjektivittvonArbeit(Mering:Hampp,2007).
21.
Ibid.
,chap.
11.
22.
DorotheevonEkesparre,"'DasistderhalbeTod':PsychosozialeundgesundheitlicheFolgenvonArbeitslosigkeit,"inPsychoanalyseundArbeit:PsychoanalytischeBltter,ed.
M.
Hirsch(Gttingen:2000),51–75,60.
23.
FischerandRiedesser,Lehrbuch,320.
24.
OskarNegt,ArbeitundmenschlicheWürde(Gttingen:Steidl,2001),275.
25.
R.
D.
Hinshelwood,"SocialPossessionofIdentity,"inCrisesoftheSelf,ed.
B.
Richards(London:FreeAssociationBooks,1989,75–84.
26.
JohnGray,FalseDawn:TheDelusionsofGlobalCapitalism(London:GrantaBooks,1998).
27.
FischerandRiedesser,Lehrbuch,323.
28.
Aristotle,Politica,ed.
W.
D.
Ross(Oxford:ETypographeoClarendoniano,1957),1256a-1260b(ourtranslation).
29.
PeterJüngst,"Raubtierkapitalismus"Globalisierung,psycho-sozialeDestabilisierungundterritorialeKonflikte(Gieen:Psychosozial-Verlag,2004).
30.
JohnMaynardKeynes,TheGeneralTheoryofEmployment,Interest,andMoney(SanDiego:HarcourtBrace,1964),159:"Speculatorsmaydonoharmasbub-blesonasteadystreamofenterprise.
Buttheproblemisseriouswhenenterprisebecomesthebubbleonawhirlpoolofspeculation.
"31.
DuchrowandHinkelammert,op.
cit.
,chap.
2.
32.
BarringtonMoore,Injustice:TheSocialBasesofObedienceandRevolt(London:Macmillan,1978).
33.
ErichFromm,ToHaveorToBe(NewYork:Harper&Row,1976).
34.
HorstEberhardRichter,AllMighty:AStudyoftheGodComplexinWesternMan(NewYork:HunterHouse,1984).
272Notes35.
SybilWagener,Feindbilder:WiekollektiverHassentsteht(Berlin:Quadriga,1999).
36.
KarlMarx,DasKapital:Kritikderpolitischenkonomie,vol.
23,KarlMarxandFriedrichEngels,Werke(1867;repr.
,Berlin:DietzVerlag,1969),100.
37.
DuchrowandHinkelammert,PropertyforPeople,43.
38.
LiftonandMarkusen,TheGenocidalMentality.
39.
DanielP.
Goleman,SuzyWelch,andJackWelch,WhatMakesaLeader:ALeadingwithEmotionalIntelligenceConversationwithJackandSuzyWelch(ConversationSeries)(NewYork:MacmillanAudio,2006).
40.
LeMondeDiplomatique,July2005.
41.
FrankfurterRundschau,August2010,10.
42.
FrankfurterRundschau,January22,2008,16.
43.
Hans-UlrichWehler,DeutscheGesellschaftsgeschichte,vol.
3,1849–1914(Munich:Beck,1995).
44.
SiegfriedKracauer,TheSalariedMasses:DutyandDistractioninWeimarGermany(BrooklynandLondon:Verso,1998).
45.
Forthedetailsofthefollowing,cf.
MichaelVesteretal.
,SozialeMilieusimgesellschaftlichenStrukturwandel:ZwischenIntegrationundAusgrenzung(Frankfurt:Suhrkamp,2001),58ff.
,andWolfgangVgele,HelmutBremer,andMichaelVester,eds.
,SozialeMilieusundKirche(Würzburg:ErgonVerlag,2002),311ff.
46.
BarbaraEhrenreich,FearofFalling:TheInnerLifeoftheMiddleClass(NewYork:Pantheon,1989);id.
,BaitandSwitch:The(Futile)PursuitoftheAmericanDream(NewYork:Metropolitan,2005).
47.
Rieger,NoRisingTide,37.
48.
MatthewRothschild,"ChomskyWarnsofRiskofFascisminAmerica,"TheProgressive,April12,2010.
Availableathttp://www.
progressive.
org/wx041210.
html.
49.
ErichFromm,TheFearofFreedom(London:RoutledgeandKeganPaul,1942).
3TheJudeo-ChristianTraditionintheAxialAge1.
Aftercompletionofourmanuscriptwebecameawareofthreeimportantbooks:TonVeerkamp,DieWeltanders:PolitischeGeschichtederGroenErzhlung(Hamburg:Argument/InkriT,2011);LaurelDykstraandChedMyers,eds.
,LiberatingBiblicalStudy:Scholarship,Art,andActioninHonoroftheCenterandLibraryfortheBibleandSocialJustice(Eugene,OR:CascadeBooks,2011);andAntonioFernándezGonzález,TheReignofGodandtheEndofEmpires(forthcomingin2012),whichshowhowrelevantthebiblicalnarrativeofanalternativesocietyisfortoday'sstruggleagainsttheempireofcapitalism.
2.
UlrichDuchrow,ReinholdBianchi,RenéKrüger,andVincenzoPetracca,SolidarischMenschwerden:PsychischeundsozialeDestruktionimNeoliberalismus—Wegezuihrerberwindung(HamburgandOberursel:VSAinKooperationmitPublik-Forum,2006),chap.
10.
3.
KarlJaspers,TheOriginandGoalofHistory(London:RoutledgeRevivals,2010).
Cf.
alsoShmuelEisenstadt,"TheAxialAge:TheEmergenceofNotes273TranscendentalVisionsandtheRiseofClerics,"EuropeanJournalofSociology23,no.
2(1982):294–314.
4.
KarenArmstrong,TheGreatTransformation:TheBeginningofOurReligiousTraditions(NewYork:AnchorBooks/RandomHouse,2006).
AsfarasIcansee,shedoesnotindicatethatshetakeshertitlefromthepivotalstudyofKarlPolanyi,TheGreatTransformation(NewYork:Rinehart,1944).
5.
JeremyRifkin,TheEmpathicCivilization:TheRacetoGlobalConsciousnessinaWorldinCrisis(London:PenguinBooks,2009).
6.
AfterfinalizingourmanuscriptwediscoveredDavidGraeber'soutstandingbook,Debt:TheFirst5,000Years,Brooklyn,N.
Y.
:MelvilleHousePublishing,2011.
ItconfirmsourinterpretationoftheAxialAgeclaimingthatthephilosophiesandreligionsrespondtothedevelopmentsofthepoliticaleconomyofthatperiod.
Graeberevenshowsthatthenewperiodofmoneyeconomy,inwhichalsocoinscameintousebeginningaround600BC,isdirectlyrelatedtothenewlevelofmilitaryviolenceduringthatperiod.
Hecallsitthemilitary-coinage-slaverycomplexgoverningtheAxialAge.
Unfortunately,atthisstageofthepublishingprocesswecannotengageinadetailedconversationwithhisfindings.
7.
InregardtotheliberatinginterpretationofConfucianismandTaoism,wereferreaderstotheworkofPaulChung.
Cf.
PaulChung,KimKyoung-jae,andVeli-MattiKarkkainen,eds.
,AsianContextualTheologyfortheThirdMillennium:TheologyofMinjunginFourth-EyeFormation.
PrincetonTheologicalMonographSeries70(Eugene,OR:WipfandStock,2007);id.
,ConstructingIrregularTheology:BambooandMinjunginEastAsianPerspective(Leiden:Brill,2009).
8.
RainerKeler,StaatundGesellschaftimvorexilischenJuda(Leiden:Brill,1992).
9.
Ibid.
,70,ourtranslation.
10.
FrankCrüsemann,DieTora:TheologieundSozialgeschichtedesalttestamentlichenGesetzes(Munich:Kaiser,1992);similarly,RainerAlbertz,ReligionsgeschichteIsraelsinalttestamentlicherZeit,2nded.
(1992;repr.
Gttingen:Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht,1996).
11.
TonVeerkamp,AutonomieundEgalitt:konomie,PolitikundIdeologieinderSchrift(Berlin:Alektor,1993).
12.
Crüsemann,ibid.
13.
ThemostprobablecontextoftheconceptoftheJubileeyearisacompromisebetweentheexiledupperclasscomingbacktothelandafter50yearsandthosewhohadremainedinJudahandoccupiedthelandgiventothembytheBabylonians.
14.
TonVeerkamp,DieWeltanders.
PolitischeGeschichtederGroenErzhlung.
Hamburg:Argument/InkriT,2011.
(Publishedafterthecompletionofthemanuscriptofthisbook.
Therefore,wecanonlyrefertoitbriefly,althoughittouchesonmanyoftheissuesofourstudy.
)15.
TonVeerkamp,DieWeltanders,115ff.
16.
WalterWink,TheHumanBeing:JesusandtheEnigmaoftheSonoftheMan(Minneapolis:AugsburgFortress,2002).
17.
Ibid.
,28.
274Notes18.
Ibid,30.
19.
SigurdBergmann,CreationSetFree:TheSpiritasLiberatorofNature,SeriesSacraDoctrina:ChristianTheologyforaPostmodernAge(GrandRapids,MI:Eerdmans,2005),showsthatGregorylinkstherelationalityofthetriuneGodtotherelationalcharacterofGod'screation.
20.
SeealsoTonVeerkamp,"DerAbschieddesMessias:EineAuslegungdesJohannesevangeliums,"partI,inTexte&Kontexte:ExegetischeZeitschrift29,nos.
109–111,113–115(2006):43f.
21.
Thereisabroadconsensusamongscholarsthatthetranslationsreading"sonofman"havetobecorrectedinmostofthecases.
"Sonof"isaSemiticwayofexpressingbelongingtoagroup,aspecies.
Sotheexpression"sonofman"intheoriginaltextshastobetranslatedas"thehumanone"or"humanbeing,"notasatitleorforaspecialindividual.
22.
Wink.
,op.
cit.
,14.
SeealsoKlausWengst,PaxRomana:AnspruchundWirklichkeit(Munich:Kaiser,1986),83.
23.
ThesameapproachcanbefoundinGandhiandtheZapatistasinMexico.
24.
MatthewFox,ASpiritualityNamedCompassionandtheHealingoftheGlobalVillage:HumptyDumptyandUs(SanFrancisco:Harper&Row,1979),readsthewholeBiblefromtheperspectiveofcompassionasacosmicprincipleandremedyforourdistortedglobalcivilization.
25.
Seepart2belowinmoredetail.
26.
JuliodeSantaAna,KonradRaiser,andUlrichDuchrow,ThePoliticalEconomyoftheHolySpirit(Geneva:WCC,1990).
27.
MartinBuber,SchriftenzurBibel,vol.
2ofGesammelteWerke(MunichandHeidelberg:Ksel/LambertSchneider,1964),715.
28.
FranzHinkelammert,Lamaldiciónquepesasobrelaley:Lasraícesdelpensia-mentocríticoenPablodeTarso(SanJosé,CostaRica:EditorialArledín,2010)(Germaned.
publishedbyEditionExodus,Luzern,2011).
29.
BrigitteKahl,GalatiansRe-imagined:ReadingwiththeEyesoftheVanquished(Minneapolis:Fortress,2010).
30.
Forthefollowing,cf.
Hinkelammert,Lamaldición,35ff.
31.
Forthefollowingargumentationcf.
ibid,71ff32.
UlrichDuchrow,ChristenheitundWeltverantwortung:TraditionsgeschichteundsystematischeStrukturderZweireichelehrerev.
ed.
(1970;repr.
,Stuttgart:Klett-Cotta,1983),61ff.
ThatPaulknewabouttheargumentsofthePoliteiathroughthemediationofHellenistJewslikePhilocanbeseeninRomanschapter7.
33.
JohnPerkins,ConfessionsofanEconomicHitMan(SanFrancisco:Berret-KoehlerPublishers,2004).
34.
Hinkelammert,Lamaldición,92.
35.
Ibid.
,95.
36.
DesmondTutu,GodhasaDream.
:AVisionofHopeforOurTime(NewYork:Doubleday,2004).
37.
Veerkamp,DieWeltanders,253ff.
38.
SeealsoRichardA.
Horsley,PaulandtheRomanImperialOrder(ValleyForge,PA:TrinityPressInternational,2004);id.
,MessageandtheKingdom:HowJesusNotes275andPaulIgnitedaRevolutionandTransformedtheAncientWorld(Minneapolis:AugsburgFortress,2002).
39.
Seebelow,chap.
8.
40.
"Thermidor"meanstheturningoftheFrenchRevolutionintoabetrayingcounterrevolution.
Cf.
CraneBrinton,TheAnatomyofRevolution(NewYork:VintageBooks,1965).
41.
U.
Duchrow,G.
Eisenbürger,andJ.
Hippler,eds.
,TotalWaragainstthePoor:ConfidentialDocumentsofthe17thConferenceofAmericanArmies,MardelPlata,Argentina,1987(NewYork:NewYorkCircusPublications,1990).
42.
M.
MThomasandDavidJenkins,asquotedinSantaAna,Raiser,andDuchrow,ThePoliticalEconomyoftheHolySpirit,57.
4BuddhismintheAxialAge1.
UmaChakravarti,TheSocialDimensionsofEarlyBuddhisminIndia(Delhi:OxfordUniversityPress,1987).
2.
UmaChakravarti,"CanDalit/BuddhistCultureBeanAnti-CapitalistResource,"unpublishedpaper,2005.
3.
ErnstFriedrichSchumacher,"BuddhistEconomics,"chap.
4inSmallisBeautiful:EconomicsAsIfPeopleMattered(NewYork:Harper&Row,1973).
4.
ErnstFriedrichSchumacher,AGuideforthePerplexed(NewYork:Harper&Row,1977).
5.
Afterhisdeathin1977,friendspublishedacollectionofessaysonthispar-ticularsubject:ErnstFriedrichSchumacher,GoodWork(NewYork:Harper&Row,1979).
6.
Seee.
g.
,MarcosArruda,ed.
,TransnationalCorporations,TechnologyandHumanDevelopment(Geneva:WCC/CCPD,1980).
7.
InternationalNetworkofEngagedBuddhists(INEB),Inebnetwork.
org,2012,http://www.
inebnetwork.
org.
Cf.
SulakSivaraksa,SociallyEngagedBuddhism.
AshokVihar,Phase-IV(Delhi:B.
R.
PublishingCorporation)[ADivisionofBRPC(India)Ltd.
],2005.
8.
SulakSivaraksa,TheWisdomofSustainability:BuddhistEconomicsforthe21stcentury(ChiangMai,Thailand:SilkwormBooks,2009),69.
9.
DavidR.
Loy,ABuddhistHistoryoftheWest:StudiesinLack(NewYork:StateUniversityofNewYorkPress,2002);id.
,TheGreatAwakening:ABuddhistSocialTheory(Somerville,MA:WisdomPublications,2003).
10.
HorstEberhardRichter,DerGotteskomplex(Hamburg:Rowohlt,1979).
11.
ApopulardialoguebetweenaBuddhistandaChristianoncompassionateengagementforjusticeispresentedin:KonstantinWeckerandBernhardGlassman,EsgehtumstunundnichtumsSiegen:EngagementzwischenWutundZrtlichkeit(Munich:Ksel,2011).
12.
PaulS.
Chung,MartinLutherandBuddhism:AestheticsofSuffering,2nded.
(2002;Eugene,OR:WipfandStock,2008).
13.
ErnstTugendhat,"berwest-stlicheMystikundhhereTraurigkeit:DankesredezurVerleihungdesMeister-Eckhart-Preises,"LeMondediploma-tique,January12,2006,8f.
276Notes14.
Karl-HeinzBrodbeck,BuddhistischeWirtschaftsethik:EinevergleichendeEinführung(Aachen:Shaker,2002).
15.
ApichaiPuntasen,BuddhistEconomics:Evolution,TheoriesandItsApplicationtoVariousEconomicSubjects(Bangkok:ChulalongkornUniversity:CenterforBuddhistStudies,2008;id.
,"TheWorld'sCrisesandtheResponsetotheCrisesbyBuddhistEconomics,"inBuddhistApproachtoEconomicCrisis,editedbyTheInternationalBuddhistConferenceontheUNDayofVesakCelebrations4–6May2552/2009.
(Ayutthaya,Thailand:MahachulalongkornrajavidyalayaUniversity,2009),1–27.
PuntasenusestheBuddhistconceptsinPali,notinSanskritasmostWesternersareusedto.
16.
ThisandthefollowingquotesaretakenfromPuntasen,"TheWorld'sCrises,"1ff.
17.
Puntasen,BuddhistEconomics,3.
(emphasisinoriginal)18.
Puntasen,"TheWorld'sCrises,"9.
19.
Puntasen,"TheWorld'sCrises,"10.
20.
NicoPaech,"DieLegendevomnachhaltigenWachstum:EinPldoyerfürdenVerzicht,"LeMondediplomatique,September2010.
21.
Puntasen,"TheWorld'sCrises,"10.
22.
Puntasen,ibid.
,11.
23.
Puntasen,ibid.
,12.
24.
Puntasen,ibid.
,13f.
25.
Puntasen,BuddhistEconomics,16f.
26.
Cf.
Puntasen,"TheWorld'sCrises,"14f.
27.
Cf.
ibid.
,16ff"28.
Seebelow,chap.
8.
29.
Puntasen,BuddhistEconomics,76.
30.
Ibid.
,26.
31.
Brodbeck,HerrschaftdesGeldes,1137f.
5Islam,aRenewalofAxialAgeSpirituality1.
Forthefollowing,seeFaridEsack,TheQur'an:AUser'sGuide(Oxford:Oneworld,2005),33ff.
2.
Cf.
ibid.
,47ff.
3.
Ibid.
172ff.
4.
QuotedfromMichaelSells,ApproachingtheQur'an:TheEarlyRevelations(Lancaster,UK:GazelleBookServicesTB,2007),114.
5.
Ibid.
118.
6.
HansKüng,DerIslam:Geschichte,Gegenwart,Zukunft(Munichand/Zurich:Piper,2004),178ff.
7.
Ibid.
,726f.
;Wikipedia,"IslamicBanking,"lastmodifiedAugust12,2012.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Islamic_banking;AlyKhorshid,EncyclopediaofIslamicFinance(London:EuromoneyBooks,2009).
8.
PaulF.
KnitterandChandraMuzaffar,eds.
,SubvertingGreed:ReligiousPerspectivesontheGlobalEconomy(Maryknoll,NY:OrbisBooks,2002),148ff.
9.
UlrichDuchrow,ed.
,Colloquium2000:FaithCommunitiesandSocialMovementsFacingGlobalization(Geneva:WorldAllianceofReformedChurches,2002),24.
Notes27710.
SeeIrfanA.
Omar,"Islam,"inTheHopeofLiberationinWorldReligion,ed.
MiguelA.
DeLaTorre(Waco,TX:BaylorUniversityPress,2008),91ff.
11.
Ibid.
,104.
12.
"ProgressiveIslam:AViewfromOctober,2001,"December6,2004,Ihsan.
net(Arabictermmeaning"perfection"or"excellence"),http://ihsan-net.
blogspot.
com/2004/12/progressive-islam-view-from-october.
htmlshowComment=1102556700000.
6ClassicalGreekPhilosophy1.
Aristotle,Politica,ed.
W.
D.
Ross(Oxford:ETypographeoClarendoniano,1957),1256a–1260b(ourtranslation).
2.
Onthewholequestion,seeU.
Duchrow,AlternativestoGlobalCapitalism:DrawnfromBiblicalHistory,DesignedforPoliticalAction,2nded.
(1995;repr.
,Utrecht:InternationalBookswithKairosEuropa,1998),20ff.
3.
Ibid.
,69.
4.
Ontheroleofcraftsmenandartistsandtheoriginofdivisionoflaborintheearlyempiresandcitykingdoms,seeF.
J.
HinkelammertandH.
M.
Mora,Coordinaciónsocialdeltrabajo,mercadoyreproduccióndelavidahumana(SanJosé/CostaRica:DEI,2001),178ff.
5.
Th.
Maissen,"EigentümeroderBürgerHaushalt,WirtschaftundPolitikimantikenAthenundbeiAristoteles,"inEigentumsrechteverpflichten.
Individuum,GesellschaftunddieInstitutionEigentum,ed.
M.
HeldandH.
G.
Nutzinger(Frankfurt:Campus,1998),70.
6.
SeeStefanBreuer,ImperienderAltenWelt(Stuttgart:Kohlhammer,1987),138f.
7.
Maissen,Eigentümer,81.
8.
Ibid.
,67.
9.
GeorgPicht,Wahrheit,Vernunft,Verantwortung:PhilosophischeStudien(Stuttgart:Klett,1969),87ff.
10.
BrunoSnell,SokratesimGesprch:VierDialoge(Hamburg:Fischer,1954).
11.
Plato,"Politeia,"inPlatonisOpera,ed.
I.
Burnet(Oxford:ETypographeoClarendoniano,1957),514ff.
(ourtranslation).
Seethedetailedinterpreta-tionofthistextin:UlrichDuchrow,ChristenheitundWeltverantwortung:TraditionsgeschichteundsystematischeStrukturderZweireichelehre,2nded.
(1970;repr.
,Stuttgart:Klett-Cotta,1983),61ff.
12.
SeecommentsinTonVeerkamp,AutonomieundEgalitt:konomie,PolitikundIdeologieinderSchrift(Berlin:Alektor-Verlag,1993),325.
13.
Karl-HeinzBrodbeck,DieHerrschaftdesGeldes.
GeschichteundSystematik(Darmstadt:WissenschaftlicheBuchgesellschaft,2009),412ff.
7TheBasicCharacteristicsofModernity1.
ThispartcontainstextsalreadypublishedinGermanbyFranzHinkelammert,DasSubjektunddasGesetz:DieWiederkehrdesverdrngtenSubjekts(Münster:EditionITP-Kompass,2007).
Chapter7isunpublished.
BothweretranslatedbyPatriciaDavie.
278Notes2.
AdetailedanalysisofJohnLocke'sthinkingcanbefoundinUlrichDuchrow,andFranzJ.
Hinkelammert,PropertyforPeople,chap.
3.
3.
Cf.
MichaelHardtandAntonioNegri,Empire:TheNewWorldOrder(Boston:HarvardUniversityPress,2000).
4.
ThisreachesitsextremeinthetwentiethcenturyintheideasofGaryBecker,HumanCapital(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1993).
Beckerevencal-culatestheutilityaffordedhimbyhismotherandchildren.
ForthispinnacleofrationalityhewasevenawardedtheNobelPrize.
Indeed,anyoneseekingtounder-standoureramustgraspthefactthatthisisthepinnacleofourrationality.
5.
Cf.
FranzHinkelammert,Lamaldiciónquepesasobrelaley:Lasraícesdelpen-samientocríticoenPablodeTarso(SanJosé,CostaRica:EditorialArlekín,2010).
InGerman:DerFluch,deraufdemGesetzlastet:PaulusvonTarsusunddaskritischeDenken(Luzern:Exodus,2011).
Seechap.
3,"SobrelosmarcoscategorialesdelainterpretacióndelmundoenPabloyAgustín.
"6.
LudwigWittgenstein,VortragüberEthikundanderekleineSchriften,ed.
JoachimSchulte(Frankfurt:Suhrkamp,1989),12.
7.
InanovelbyUmbertoEco,theconsequencesofsuchaworldviewaredescribedinashockingway.
Cf.
UmbertoEco,ThePragueCemetery(London:RandomHouse,2011).
8.
TranslationofquotationfromW.
Schirmacher,TechnikundGelassenheit(Freiburg:KarlAlber,1985,25).
9.
FranzHinkelammert,Democraciaytotalitarismo(SanJosé,CostaRica:DEI,1990).
Seepart2,chap.
1:"LametodologíadeMaxWeberyladerivacióndeestructurasdevaloresennombredelaciencia.
"10.
Paulsaysthistoo:"Thestingofdeathissin;andthestrengthofsinisthelaw.
"11.
Puttogether(inGerman)byMaschaMadrinfromOmegaadvertisementtexts,Weltwoche,December7,1989,49.
12.
RenaudLambert,"LatinAmerica,"LeMondediplomatique,February18,2011.
Monde-diplomatique.
fr,http://www.
monde-diplomatique.
fr/.
OurthanksgotoAnneStickelforsendingusthisarticle.
8TheIrrationalityoftheRationalized1.
ReferringtotheLatinAmericaneconomicorganizationSELA(SystemaEconómicaLatinoamericana),thetitleofanarticleread:"TheSELAempha-sizesregionalprogress.
LatinAmericareadyforglobalization.
"Inthearticleitsaid:"ThesecretaryofSELA,SalvadorArriola,confirmsthatLatinAmericaisequippedbothtofacegreatchallengesinthefutureandtocontributetoasuccessfulandenduringglobalization.
SpeakingtotheXXthcounciloftheSELA,whichwillmeetintheMexicanMinistryforFinancefrom1–3Junewith27countriesrepresented,hepointedoutthattheregionfacesthechal-lengeofmaintainingacompetitiveholdontheworldmarket.
.
.
.
Heonceagainemphasizedtheimportanceofcompetitionformaintainingaplacewithineconomicglobalization,anditwasforthisreasonthatthewatchwordforthemeetingwas'SolidarityinordertoCompete'.
WithintheframeworkNotes279oftheSELAthereisaforumforindustrialpolicy,wheredifferentexperiencesintheregionarediscussed'toensurethatLatinAmericadoesnotstrayfromthecompetitivepath',saidthesecretaryoftheorganization"(LaNación,SanJosé,CostaRica,June1,1994).
Thustechnicalefficiencyisdeclaredtobethehighestvalue.
2.
However,thiskindofbookdiffersconsiderablyfromahandbookonthetechniquesinvolvedinshoemaking.
Ashoemakerisinapositiontoofferusthebestguidetoshoemaking.
Hecantelluswhichmethodsareappropriateandwhicharenot.
Butanyonewhopublishesahandbookonsuicidemethodscannotspeakfromhisownexperienceofsuccess.
Hecanonlyspeakatbestofhisfailedattempts.
Unliketheshoemaker,then,thesuicidecannotteachushowtocommitsuicidebecausetheexperiencecannotberepeatedandscrutinized.
Anyonewhowishestopublishaguidetosuicidetechniquescanonlyrefertotheexperiencesofotherswho,however,arenotinapositiontoconfirmhisutterances.
Suicideisnotanaimthatwecanreachbyaprocessoftrialanderror.
Suicidemeansendingone'slife,whichremovestherequire-menttohaveaimsinthefirstplace.
Thuslifeisnotanaiminitselfbuttheabilitytohaveaims.
Means-endrationality,therefore,cannotbeappliedtodecisionsconcerninglifeanddeath.
Neverthelessthesedecisionsarebasedonmaterialjudgments.
Anyonewhoreducessciencetomeans-endrationalitymustdriveoutofhisconsciousnessanyideathatsuchjudgmentsareneces-sary.
Thisiswhyexplanationsofmeans-endrationalityconspicuouslyalwaysbeginwiththeprovisoofperfectknowledge.
Theyarethusarguingfromthepointofviewofa"transcendentalsubject.
"Putnamspeaksofthe"eyeofGod.
"Thisprovisodisposesofanyconnectionwiththequestionoflifeanddeath.
MiltonFriedmandevelopshisreasoninginthefollowingway:"Letusfirstconsiderthebehaviorofaconsumingentityunderconditionsofabsolutecertainty.
Letussupposethatheknowswithcertaintytheexactamountthathecanreceiveineverymoment:heknowsthepricesoftheconsumergoodsthatareofferedforsaleineveryepochandtherateofinterestatwhichmoneycanbelentorborrowed"(MiltonFriedman,ATheoryoftheConsumptionFunction[Madrid:Alianza,1973],22).
Theillusionofabsolutecertaintyleavesdeathoutoftheequation.
Later(p.
30)heintroducestheterm"effectofuncertainty.
"3.
"Ifyouarecontentwithyourlife,thenlive!
Ifyouarenotcontent,thenyouhavethefreedomtogofromwhenceyoucame.
Youhavebeenbledoftenenoughtorelieveaheadache.
Theybleedyouinordertoreduceyourbodyweight.
Itisnotnecessarytoinflictagapingwoundonthechest:withtheaidofatinylittleknifeyoucanopenthewaytogreatandeternalfreedom—thepriceforpeaceandfreedomfromcareisonlyashort-livedpain.
"SowritesSenecatoLucilius(70thletter).
Indeathweareallfree:"Oneshouldnotbelievethatonlygreatmenhavethepowertobreakthebarriersofearthlybondage.
NeithershouldonethinkthatonlyaCato—who,theswordhavingfailed,usedhisownhandtoopenthewaytofreedomforhissoul—iscapableofaccomplishingthedeed.
Evenpeopleoftheloweststationhave,withwildenthusiasm,soughtrefugeinthesecurityofdeath.
Astheydidnotdieastheywouldhavewantedandit280Noteswaslefttothemtochoosetheirinstrumentofdeath,theyseizedanythingthatwastohandandviolentlyturnedobjectsthatareinthemselvesharmlessandinnocentintoweapons"(ibid.
).
WithSenecathereisacertainneedtoescapeintodeath,andavoluntarydeathbecomesatriumphoverdeathitself:"Atnootherpointinlifedoesaperson'sstateofmindcarrymoresignificancethaninhisdeath.
Drivenbyaninnerurge,apersonmaychoosetoendhislife,whetherheseizessword,rope,orapoisonthatwillcoursethroughhisveins.
Wellnow!
Heshouldbreaktheshacklesofbondageasunder!
Everyoneneedsthejustifica-tionofothersinlife,butindeathonlyhisown:thebestdeathistheonethatpleasesus"(SenecatoLucilius,70thletter).
JohnLockestatesthisinsimilarfashion,suggestinghisowntechniqueforsuicide:"If,however,apersonforfeitshisownlifetrulythroughhisownfault,becauseofsomedeedthatdeservesdeath,thentheonetowhomhehasfor-feitedhislifemay(whenhehashimunderhiscontrol)putoffhisexecutionandtakehimintohisownservice,wherebyheiscommittingnoinjusticetohim.
Forshouldthepersonbelievethatthetrialofbeingaslaveoutweighsthevalueofhislife,hehasitwithinhispowertoresistthewillofhismasterandbringabouthisdesireddeath"(JohnLocke,TwoTreatisesofGovernment,ed.
PeterLaslett(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress(part2,§23).
Thesepiecesofadviceontheartofsuicidearematerialjudgmentsbutnotmeans-endrationaljudgments.
Thenormhereisnottheantithesisoftruthandfalsehoodbutoflifeanddeath.
4.
Wittgensteinthoughtaboutsuicideinthissense,butlatercompletelyrejectedtheseconsiderations:"Ifsuicideisallowed,theneverythingisallowed.
Ifany-thingisnotallowed,thensuicideisnotallowed.
Thisshedssomelightontheessenceofethics,forsuicideis,sotospeak,theelementarysin.
Andtoinvestigateitisjustlikeinvestigatingmercury-vaporinordertounderstandthenatureofvapors.
Otherwisesuicideinitselfisneithergoodnorevil!
"(LudwigWittgenstein,Tractatuslogico-philosophicus:Tagebücher1914-1916;PhilosophischeUntersuchungen.
Werkausgabe,vol.
1(FrankfurtamMain,Suhrkamp,1984),89-187,diaryentryforJanuary10,1917).
Ifhehadreallytakenthisseriously,hewouldneverhavebeenabletodevelophislaterthoughtinthewaythathedid.
5.
MaxWeber,"BasicSociologicalTerms,"§1inEconomyandSociety(Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1978).
(emphasisinoriginal)6.
Accordingtotheoldcatechism,themeaningoflifeconsistedindoingGod'swillinordertogettoheaven.
Thismeaningisattachedtolifefromtheoutsideinjustthesamewayasthemeaningderivedfromthetheoryofrationalactionthatformsthebasisofneoclassiceconomictheory.
Accordingtothistheory,themeaningoflifeconsistsinmaximizingthemeans-endrelationandbeingefficient.
Accordingtothistheory,itisbettertodiethanlivewithaproductionaccordingtopracticalvaluesthatisnotdeterminedbycompetitionandefficiency.
Thelargesectionsofthepopulationthatareexcludedintoday'sworldbearwitnesstothecatastrophiceffectsofsuchadefinitionofthemeaningoflife.
7.
"Itisinfacttheconventionthat,whenspeakingofeconomics,onethinksofmeetingeverydayneeds,so-calledmaterialneeds—howeverinaparticularlyconfinedsense.
PrayersandrequiemmassescouldinfactequallybetheobjectNotes281ofeconomicsWeber,"TypesofCommunalandSocietalGroupings,"§1inEconomyandSociety).
8.
Exceptionstothisarethoseauthorswhoarehardlyconsideredinthemeth-odologyofthesciences,especiallySigmundFreudandAlbertEinstein.
Theyrepeatedlyreflectonthemethodologycontainedintheirarguments.
Einstein'smethodologicalreflectionsare,however,notimportanttotheauthorswehavementioned.
AndtheymakeFreud,togetherwithMarx,intoanobjectofridicule.
9.
Jean-FranoisLyotard,DaspostmoderneWissen:EinBericht(GrazandVienna:Bhlau,1986),181[Jean-FranoisLyotard,ThePostmodernCondition:AReportonKnowledge(Manchester,UK:ManchesterUniversityPress,1984)].
HansAlbertsaysthesameinadifferentway:"Itmustalsotakeheedofthoseparticularneedsandidealswhich,incertaincircumstances,mayonlybeheededtothedetrimentoftheirfreedom—thatis,bylimitingtheirfreedomtomakeautonomousdecisions.
Todaywearehardlystillsopresumptuousastoexpectthelegislaturetoberesponsibleforthehappinessofitssubjects.
Butwecanatleastexpectittomakevoluntaryorderasattractiveaspossibleforitscitizens,bystrivingtoaccentuateandelucidatethevalueoffreedom"(HansAlbert,TraktatüberrationalePraxis[Tübingen:Mohr,1978],157f.
).
10.
MaxWeber,"Die'Objektivitt'sozialwissenschaftlicherundsozialpolitischerErkenntnis",inGesammelteAufstzezurWissenschaftslehre[(Tübingen:Mohr,1968),146–214,213f.
11.
Ibid,171.
12.
MaxWeber,"SoziologischeGrundbegriffe,"§4inWirtschaftundGesellschaft,ed.
J.
Winckelmann,5thed.
(Tübingen:Mohr,1980),15.
13.
Neoclassicaleconomists,however,believeitdoes.
Samuelsonsays:"Nobodyexpectsthecompetitivewageofapersontobethesameasahorse'swage.
"PaulA.
Samuelson:Volkswirtschaftslehre:EineEinführung,vol.
2,11thed.
(Cologne:Bund-Verlag,1981),261.
Thisismeans-endfantasy.
Ihaveneverheardofahorsereceivingawage,letaloneacompetitivewage.
IstheearthreceivingawageifweaddfertilizerIsaslavereceivingawageifhegetssomethingtoeatTheconvolutedmeaningsofourscientistshaveonlyonepurpose:tobrainwashtheirstudents,whoaretolearnthatrealityismoneyandthatconcreterealityanillusion,atbestasourceoffrictionalloss.
Theythenseerealitysubspeciecompetenciaeperfectae,whereasbeforerealitywasseenassubspecieaeternitatis.
14.
Thisstatementspellsanawfulshockforsciencethatturnsmeans-endrational-ityintoanabsolutequantity.
AccordingtoMaxPlanck,realityiswhatcanbemeasured.
Toreducerealitytowhatcanbemeasuredundermineseverykindofreproductiverationalityandmakesaviablefuturesocietyimpossible.
15.
Cf.
ArthurMiller'sDeathofaSalesman:Findinghimselfinadesperatesitua-tion,thesalesmancommitssuicidesothathisfamilywillbenefitfromthelifeinsurancepolicyhetookoutearlier.
Theactiongivestheappearanceofbeingmeaningfulbecausethesalesmandoesnotcommitsuicidewiththeintentionofbenefitingfromtheinsurancepolicyhimself.
Theapparentmeaningrestsonthesacrificeoflife.
Hesacrificeshimselfsothathisfamilymaylive.
Butthefamilyrejectsthissacrificebecausetheylovehimandnotthemoney,evenif282Notesthismeanscontinuingtoliveindifficultcircumstances.
Thesacrificebecomesnonsensicalowingtothefactthatthesalesmancutshimselfofffromhissub-jectivity.
Heturnshimselfintoanobject.
Themaxim:"Sawoffthebranchtheotherissittingonandnotyourbranch!
"wouldbeequallynonsensical.
IntheChristiantraditionthereisanotheractthatissometimesdescribedassacrifice,andthatismartyrdom.
Martyrdommeanswitness.
Itiscompletelydifferentfromsacrifice.
Themartyriskilledbecauseheunderstandshimselfassubject,andinsodoingstrengthensthesubjectivityofotherpeople.
Thisiswhynei-therthedeathofArchbishopscarRomeronorthoseoftheJesuitcommunityinSanSalvadorshouldberegardedassacrifices,butinsteadasactsofwitness.
Themartyrholdsfasttohiswitnessevenwhenheknowsthatheistobekilled.
Thosewhokillhimarecommittingthecrimeofhumansacrifice:"Itisbetterforonemantodieforthepeoplethanforthewholenationtobedestroyed"(John18:14).
Thusmartyrdomitselfissubjectivity,whilemurderrepresentsthemostviolentformofdenialofsubjectivity.
ItistruethattheChristiantraditionisambiguouswithregardtomartyrdom,anditisfrequentlyreducedtosacrifice.
Buteveryhumansacrificeisacrime.
16.
Poppertalksabout"lawsliketheoneaccordingtowhichmancannotlivewith-outfoodcf.
KarlR.
Popper,DasElenddesHistorizismus[Thepovertyofhistoricism],4thed.
(Tübingen:Mohr,1974),50–51n15.
Popperseesthisasafalsifiableclaim,andyettofalsifythisclaimwouldmeantobringaboutone'sowndeathorthedeathofothers.
Thefalsificationcouldthusbedefinedasmurderorsuicide.
Wearedealingherewiththelife-and-deathnormoftruth,notwithfalsificationorverification.
Knowledgedoesnotcomeaboutwithoutaliving,actingperson,andthispersonisasubject.
Thelearningprocessofthissubjectrestsonirreversibleprocesses;therefore,itcannotbedescribedintermsofahypothesisthatisbasedonreversibilityinthesenseoftrialanderror.
TheactingpersonassubjectcannothavetheexperiencementionedinPopper'ssentencetwice.
Shouldtheresultoftheexperimentturnouttobenegative,hewillnolongerbeinapositiontolearnfromit.
17.
CharlesP.
Kindleberger,Manias,PanicsandCrashes:AHistoryofFinancialCrises(NewYork:BasicBooks,1989).
18.
Kindleberger,Manias,PanicsandCrashes,33.
19.
Ibid.
,178–179.
20.
IntheMexicocrisistherewassuchacaseofstockmarketpanic.
Itwasonlywhenpeoplestartedactinginsolidaritythattherewereattemptstosavethestockexchange,buttheirsoleaimwastobeabletocontinuetheverysysteminwhichthecrazyappearsrationalandtherationalappearscrazy.
ItappearsthatoneoftheconditionsforfinancialhelpfromtheUnitedStatesgovernmentwasthesuppres-sionofuprisingsinChiapas.
Thegenocidecontinues,foundedonthiscraziness.
21.
HilaryPutnam,Ellenguajeylafilosofia:CuadernosdeCrítica(MexicoCity:UNAM,1984).
22.
CristinaLafont,SpracheundWelterschlieung(Frankfurt:Suhrkamp,1994),223.
23.
Regardingthetransformationofthesubjects'mutualrecognitionasdependentnaturalbeingsintothechoiceinfavorofthevictimsofcircumstances,cf.
EnriqueDussel,Eticacomunitaria(Petrópolis,Brazil:Vozes,1986);EnriqueDussel,"DieLebensgemeinschaftund'DieInterpellationdesArmen,'"inEthikundNotes283Befreiung,ed.
RaúlFornet-Betancourt(Aachen:Augustinus-Buchhandlung,1990);EmmanuelLevinas,OfGodWhoComestoMind(Meridian:CrossingAesthetics),trans.
BettinaBergo(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,1998).
9IntheFaceofGlobalization1.
Cf.
inmoredetailourearlierbookPropertyforPeople,NotforProfit,chap.
3.
2.
KarlMarxandFriedrichEngels,Capital,vol.
1,chap.
15,Marxists.
org,accessedAugust3,2012,http://www.
marxists.
org/archive/marx/works/subject/quotes/index.
htm.
3.
Cf.
StanfordEncyclopedia,EmmanuelLevinas,Plato.
Stanford.
edu,firstpub-lishedJuly23,2006;substantiverevisionAugust3,2011,http://plato.
stanford.
edu/entries/levinas.
4.
EmmanuelLevinas,WennGottinsDenkeneinfllt:DiskurseüberdieBetroffenheitvonTranszendenz(FreiburgandMunich:Alber,1982),115.
5.
Wearesurroundedbyabsences.
AjokefromtheGermanDemocraticRepublic(GDR)demonstratesthisratherwell.
Ashoppercomesintoashopandasksfororanges.
Theshopkeeperreplies:whatwedon'thavearepotatoes;facingthemtherearenooranges.
Weconstantlyexperiencethatsomethingisnotthere,theabsenceofwhich,however,hasconsequences.
Facingthesystemisthesubject,whoisabsent:whoseabsenceisapressure.
Marxdescribesmarketrelationsintermsofpresenceandabsence:"Thereforethesocialrelationsoftheirprivatelivesappeartothelatter(theproducers)asthosewhichtheyare,i.
e.
,notasimmediatesocialrelationsofpeopleintheirworkthemselves,butratherasfactualrelationsofpersonsandsocialrelationsoffacts.
"KarlMarx,DasKapital:Kritikderpolitischenkonomie,vol.
23,KarlMarxandFriedrichEngels,Capital,inWerke,vol.
23(Berlin,DDR:Dietz,1977),87.
Here,too,thatwhichisnot,namely"immediatesocialrelationsofpeopleintheirworkthemselves,"isnotthoughtofasapartofwhatis.
Itistheothersideofwhatisandthereforeanabsencethatispresentandpressing.
6.
Inhisdiaries,LudwigWittgensteinsensestheproblemthiskindofsubjectposes:"Thethinkingsubjectissurelymereillusion.
Butthewillingsubjectexists.
"(LudwigWittgenstein,Tractatuslogico-philosophicus,Tagebücher1914-1916,PhilosophischeUntersuchungen.
Werkausgabe,vol.
1(Frankfurt:Suhrkamp,1984),89-187.
(diaryentryAugust5,1916).
Hegoeson:"Andthesubjectisnotpartoftheworldbutaboundaryoftheworld.
"(diaryentryAugust2,1916).
"Apresuppositionofitsexistence"(diaryentryAugust,2,1916).
ButthenhedistanceshimselffromthisintheTractatusbydevelopinganexample:"MythesesgainclaritythroughaprocesswherebyapersonwhounderstandswhatIamsaying,havinggonethroughandbeyondthetheses,recognisesthemasnonsensical.
(Inotherwords,hemustthrowawaythelad-deroncehehasusedittoclimbup.
)"(Tractatus6.
54,inibid.
,85)Thesubjectisaboundaryoftheworldbecauseittranscendsallpositivepres-enceintheworld;nevertheless,allpositivepresenceisdependentonthesubjectforitsexistence.
Wittgensteintoodisregardstheautodestructivetendenciesthatarisewhentheworldandthesystemaretreatedasaninertsystem.
284NotesWittgensteinseestheworldassomethingthatisguaranteedindependentlyofwhatapersondoes.
Inthissensehetooassumesametaphysicalguaranteefortheexistenceoftheworldthathecanneverjustify.
Ourexperiencetoday,however,tellsusthatthismetaphysicalguaranteedoesnotexist.
Everythingdependsonwhetherhumansbehaveasasubjecttowardtheworld,shouldtheworldexist,andinturnanethicresultsfromthisthatisfundamentaltohumansurvival.
10ACriticalTheoryandaCritiqueofMythicalReason1.
"DerMenschistfreigeschaffen,istfrei,undwürd'erinKettengeboren,"inFriedrichSchiller:WerkeundBriefe,vol.
1,ed.
GeorgKurscheidt(Frankfurt:DeutscherKlassikerVerlag,1992),23.
2.
KarlMarx,"TheDifferencebetweentheDemocriteanandEpicureanPhilosophyofNature,"preface,Marxists.
org,accessedAugust3,2012,http://www.
marxists.
org/archive/marx/works/1841/dr-theses/foreword.
htm.
3.
KarlMarxandFriedrichEngels,GermanIdeology,Marxists.
org,accessedAugust3,2012,http://www.
marxists.
org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01a.
htm#a1.
4.
KarlMarx,CritiqueofHegel'sPhilosophyofRight,introduction,Marxists.
org,accessedAugust3,2012,http://www.
marxists.
org/archive/marx/works/1843/critique-hpr/intro.
htm.
Inthefollowinginterpretation,weuseinclusivelan-guagefortheGermanoriginalMensch,heretranslatedas"man.
"5.
KarlMarx,Capital,vol.
1,chap.
15,Marxists.
org,accessedAugust3,2012,http://www.
marxists.
org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch15.
htm#S10.
6.
Cf.
theproposalforanewUnitedNationsCharterfortheCommonGoodofHumanity,FranoisHoutart,From"CommonGoods"totheCommonGoodofHumanity,Rosalux-europa.
info,November2011(Brussels:RosaLuxemburgFoundation),http://rosalux-europa.
info/userfiles/file/common_good_of_humanity.
pdf,andthe"GlobalisationfortheCommonGoodInitiative,"accessedAugust3,2012,http://www.
gcgi.
info/.
11TheVisionofLifeinJustRelations1.
EnriqueDussel,Haciaunafilosofíapolíticacrítica(Bilbao:DescléedeBrouwer,2001),356.
2.
LeonardoBoff,DieErdeistunsanvertraut:EinekologischeSpiritualitt(Kevelaer:Butzon&Bercker,2010),givesanimpressiveinterdisciplinaryover-viewofthisdevelopment.
Anearlyexampleofthesearchforanewunderstand-ingofscienceingeneralisJeromeR.
Ravetz,ScientificKnowledgeandItsSocialProblems(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1971).
3.
AntonioR.
Damasio,Descartes'Irrtum:FühlenDenkenunddasmenschlicheGehirn,3rded.
(1995;repr.
MunichandLeipzig:ListVerlag,1997).
4.
JoachimBauer,Warumichfühle,wasdufühlst:IntuitiveKommunikationunddasGeheimnisderSpiegelneuronen,6thed.
(Hamburg:HoffmannundCampe,2005).
Notes2855.
DavidKorten,ThePost-CorporateWorld:LifeafterCapitalism(WestHartford,CTandSanFrancisco:KumarianPress/Berret-Koehler,2000),87ff.
6.
LeonardoBoff,DieErdeistunsanvertraut.
EinekologischeSpiritualitt(Kevelaer:Butzon&Bercker,2010),53ff.
7.
J.
E.
Lovelock,Gaia:ANewLookatLifeonEarth(Oxford:OxfordPaperbacks,1982);id.
,AgesofGaia:ABiographyofOurLivingEarth(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1988);id.
,Gaia:PracticalMedicineforthePlanet(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2001).
8.
LynnMargulisandDorionSagan,WhatIsLifeTheEternalEnigma(London:Weidenfeld&Nicolson,1995);LynnMargulis,SymbioticPlanet:ANewLookatEvolution(NewYork:BasicBooks,1999).
9.
Atthispoint,itseemstous,Lovelockmaybetoooptimisticintermsoftheearth'scapacitytocopewithmostoftheman-madedevastationonearth.
10.
TheGermanphilosopherAxelHonnethhasputmutualrecognitionintothecenterofhissocialandpoliticalphilosophy,SeeAxelHonneth,TheStruggleforRecognition:TheMoralGrammarofSocialConflicts(Cambridge:PolityPress,1996);id.
,Reification:ARecognition-TheoreticalView(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2007).
11.
Rifkin,TheEmpathicCivilization,82ff.
12.
Ibid.
,91.
13.
ChristianFelber,Gemeinwohl-konomie:DasWirtschaftsmodellderZukunft(Vienna:Deuticke,2010).
SeealsoKamranMofid,"AbouttheGlobalisationfortheCommonGoodInitiative,"2011,GlobalisationfortheCommonGoodInitiative,accessedAugust3,2012,www.
gcgi.
info/about.
14.
MarcosArruda,Humanizaroinfra-humano—Aformaodoserhumanointe-gral:Homoevolutivo,práxiseeconomiasolidária'(Petrópolis,Brazil:Vozes,2003);id.
Tornarrealopossível—AFormaodoserhumanointegral:Economiasolidária,desenvolvimentoeofuturodotrabalho(Petrópolis,Brazil:Vozes,2006).
15.
INAISE,InternationalAssociationforInvestors,"Aboutus,"Inaise.
org,accessedAugust14,2012,http://www.
inaise.
org/node/15.
16.
Felber,Gemeinwohl-konomie,150ff.
,updatedbyemailofSeptember5,2011.
17.
"Wikipedia,MondragonCorporation,"lastmodifiedonAugust3,2012,http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Mondragon_Corporation.
Cf.
alsoFelber,Gemeinwohlkonomie,110ff.
18.
DavidKorten,ThePost-CorporateWorld:LifeafterCapitalism(WestHartford,CT,andSanFrancisco:KumarianPress/Berret-Koehler,2000),103ff.
19.
Cf.
SilkeHelfrichandHeinrich-Bll-Stiftung,WemgehrtdieWeltZurWiederentdeckungderGemeingüter(Munich:oekom,2009);AmyR.
Potette,MarcoJanssen,andElinorOstrom,WorkingTogether:CollectiveAction,theCommons,andMultipleMethodsinPractice(Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress,2010);ElinorOstrom,TheDramaoftheCommons(Washington,DC:NationalAcademiesPress,2002);GenevièveAzam,Letempsdumondefini:versl'après-capitalism(Paris:LLLEditionsLesLiensquiLibèrent,2010)(Azamisvice-presidentofAttacFrance.
Herbookrepresentsaverysimilarapproachtoours).
286Notes20.
"StrengthentheCommons—Now!
"—Amanifesto,ed.
SilkeHelfrich.
ThethesispaperwasdevelopedincollectiveauthorshipinthecontextoftheinterdisciplinarypoliticalsalonsoftheHeinrichBllFoundation's"Timeforcommons,"2008–2009,http://www.
boell.
de/downloads/Almmendemanifest_engl_screen.
pdf.
21.
DietrichBonhoeffer,Werke,vol.
6,Ethik(Gütersloh:Kaiser,1992),131f.
:"DieKirchebekenntsichschuldigaller10Gebote.
.
.
siehatdieFürsorgeGottesnichtsoglaubhaftzumachenvermocht,dassallesmenschlicheWirtschaftenvonihrausseineAufgabeinEmpfanggenommenhtte.
"22.
Cf.
SigurdBergmann,"EnergiealsWareoderGabe/Energy—GiftorCommodity,"inEnergyTalksOssiach:Liberalisierung:QuoVadis,ed.
SymposVeranstaltungsmanagement(Vienna:EnergiesystemederZukunft,2009),36–40.
23.
DuchrowandHinkelammert,PropertyforPeople,chap.
7.
24.
Binswanger,EigentumundEigentumspolitik:EinBeitragzurTotalrevisionderSchweizerischenBundesverfassung(Zurich:Schulthess,1978),58ff.
25.
WolfgangBelitz,ed.
,Hoppmann:EineunternehmerischeAlternative.
MitdemokratischerBeteiligungundsozialerGerechtigkeitzumwirtschaftlichenErfolg(Lengerich:Pabst,2011).
26.
RichardDouthwaite,ShortCircuit:StrengtheningLocalEconomiesforSecurityinanUnstableWorld(Dublin:TheLilliputPress,1996),61ff.
27.
UlrichDuchrow,AlternativestoGlobalCapitalism:DrawnfromBiblicalHistory,DesignedforPoliticalAction,2nded.
(1995;repr.
Utrecht,theNetherlands:InternationalBookswithKairosEuropa,1998).
28.
AttacAustria,"GeldisteinffentlichesGut—FüreinalternativesFinanzsystem!
,"2nddraft2010,Attac.
de,http://www.
Attac.
de/aktuell/krisen/bankentribunal/programm0/forum-der-alternativen/alternatives-finanzsystem/.
29.
EnriqueDussel,"SixThesestowardaCritiqueofPoliticalReason:TheCitizenasPoliticalAgent,"RadicalPhilosophyReview2,no.
2(1999):79ff.
Cf.
alsohisHaciaunafilosofíapolíticacrítica(Bilbao:DescléedeBrouwer,2001).
30.
Felber,Gemeinwohl-konomie,109.
31.
AboutTaxJusticeNetwork,2002–2005,Taxjustice.
net(websitedevelopedbyweave.
ch),http://www.
taxjustice.
net/cms/front_content.
phpidcatart=2&lang=1.
32.
FrankfurterRundschau,February3,2011,3.
33.
Wikipedia,"TheComingInsurrection,"lastmodifiedonAugust4,2012,http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/The_Coming_Insurrection.
34.
ThissectionismainlyabriefsummaryinEnglishtranslationofDuchrowetal.
,SolidarischMenschwerden,chapter8.
35.
TranslatedfromHorstEberhardRichter,DerGotteskomplex,263.
36.
RobertJayLiftonandEricMarkusen,TheGenocidalMentality:NaziHolocaustandNuclearThreat(LondonandNewYork:Macmillan,1991).
37.
TonVeerkamp,"DerAbschieddesMessias:EineAuslegungdesJohannesevangeliums,"part1,Texte&Kontexte:ExegetischeZeitschrift,29(2006):44ff.
38.
ErichFromm,ToHaveortoBe(NewYork:Harper&Row,1976).
39.
ResearcherswhohavepresentedvaluableresponsestothisquestionareJungMoSungandJrgRieger.
SeeJungMoSung,DesejoMercadoereligio(Petrópolis,Notes287Brazil:Vozes,1998);JrgRieger,NoRisingTide:Theology,Economics,andtheFuture(Minneapolis:Fortress,2009).
40.
Fromm,ToHaveortoBe,137.
41.
Cf.
IgnacioDoblesOropezaandLeandroZúiga,Militantes:LavivenciadelopolíticoenlasegundaoladelmarxismoenCostaRica(SanJosé,CostaRica:EditorialdelaUniversidaddeCostaRica,2005).
42.
ForumBarcelona2004,"Lamemoriacompartida,"organizedbyFórumUniversaldelasCulturasBarcelona2004incooperationwithServicioPazyJusticiaenAméricalatina(SERPAJ),barcelona2004.
org,http://www.
barcelona2004.
org/www.
barcelona2004.
org/esp/eventos/dialo-gos/docs/ppmemoriaesp5.
pdf.
43.
parareflexionarsobreelpodereconómico,lamilitarización,cultura,memoriahistóricayladenominadapropuesta'Otromundoesposible,'""PérezEsquivelllamaalareflexiónparaunidaddeAméricaLatina,"AgenceFrance-Presse(SanJosé),February9,2004,Eluniverso.
com(officialwebsiteofthenewspaperElUniverso,Guayaquil,Ecuador),accessedAugust14,2012,http://www.
eluniverso.
com/2004/02/09/0001/14/9104EF7D4FC942CCABBFEEE5FC608DEC.
html.
44.
ScientificCouncilATTAC-Germany,"ManifestoontheCrisisoftheEuro:ThePublicDebtCrisisCanOnlyBeOvercomethroughFundamentalReformsoftheGlobalFinancialSystemaswellastheEU,"Attac.
org,March2011,accessedAugust15,2012,http://www.
Attac.
org/sites/default/files/ATTAC%20Scientific%20Council%20Germany%20Mainfesto%20on%20the%20crisis%20of%20the%20Euro%20march%202011.
pdf.
45.
JrgRieger,"DerMittelweg,derdenTodbringt:EineAnalysederkirchlichenundpolitischenMitteindenUSA,"JungeKirche66,no.
4(2005),51ff.
46.
EcumenicalNetworkinGermany(niD),"ProposedDeclarationfortheSecondVersionoftheEcumenicalDeclarationonJustPeace,"Kairoseuropa.
de,October24,2009,accessedAugust15,2012.
http://www.
kairoseuropa.
de/english/Proposed%20Declaration%20on%20Just%20Peace.
pdf.
47.
SiegfriedKracauer,TheSalariedMasses:DutyandDistractioninWeimarGermany(BrooklynandLondon:Verso,1998).
48.
"InitiativeAppellVermgenderfüreineVermgensabgabe"http://www.
appell-vermoegensabgabe.
de/index.
php5show=presse_von&multi=1&more=1&PID=2.
AccessedAugust15,2012.
49.
TonVeerkamp,AutonomieundEgalitt:konomie,PolitikundIdeologieinderSchrift(Berlin:Alektor-Verlag,1993),281ff.
50.
JoséMiranda,MarxandtheBible:ACritiqueofthePhilosophyofOppression,rev.
ed.
(1971;repr.
,Maryknoll,NY:Orbis,1974).
51.
AmosYong,BeyondtheImpasse:TowardaPneumatologicalTheologyofReligions(GrandRapids,MI:Paternoster/BakerAcademic,2003).
52.
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eatwot.
org/.
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,PorlosmuchoscaminosdeDios:Desafíosdelpluralismoreligiosoalateologíadelaliberación,4vols.
ColecciónTIEMPOAXIA(Quito,288NotesEcuador:CentroBíblicoVerboDivino,2003–2006).
Cf.
alsoJoséMariaVigil,TheologyofReligiousPluralism,vol.
2(Münster:Lit,2008);id.
,TowardaPlanetaryTheology(Münster:Lit,2010).
54.
Cf.
WorldForumonTheologyandLiberation(WFTL),PortoAlegre,accessedAugust15,2012,http://www.
wftl.
org/default.
phplang=en-us&t=padrao&p=capa&m=padrao.
55.
JuanJoséTamayoandLuizCarlosSusin,eds.
,Teologíaparaotromundopossible(Madrid:PPC,2006),containingthecontributionsduringtheForummeetingin2003ontheoccasionofthe3rdWSF.
56.
FaridEsack,TheQur'an:AUser'sGuide(Oxford:oneworld,2005),147;ToshihikoIzutsu,Ethico-ReligiousConceptsintheQur'an(Montreal:McGillUniversityPress,1966).
57.
Esack,TheQur'an,178f.
58.
BesidesdelaTorre,op.
cit.
,seeVargheseManimala,TowardMutualFecundationandFulfilmentofReligions:AnInvitationtoTranscendenceandDialoguewithaCosmotheantricVision(Delhi:MediaHouse/ISPCK,2009).
59.
HansKüng,AGlobalEthic(London:SCMPress,1993).
60.
AloysiusPieris,ALiberationChristologyofReligiousPluralism.
(SriLanka:NhandutiEditora,2009).
61.
Cf.
FrankCrüsemann,"DerGottIsraelsunddieReligionenderUmwelt,"inWahrheitsansprüchederWeltreligionen:KonturengegenwrtigerReligionstheologie,ed.
Chr.
DanzandF.
Hermanni(Neukirchen:NeukirchenerVerlagshaus,2006),andJürgenEbach,"FremdeReligionen,"inSozialgeschichtlichesWrterbuchzurBibel,ed.
FrankCrüsemannetal.
(Gütersloh:GütersloherVerlagshaus,2009),162–167.
62.
WorldCouncilofChurches/CouncilforWorldMission(WCC-CWM),"BringingTogetherUbuntuandSangsaeng,"2007,AfricaFiles.
org,accessedAugust15,2012,http://www.
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org/article.
aspID=15918.
63.
FromTapestryInstitute,"IndigenousEarth-BasedWorldview.
"TapestryInstituteisauniquenonprofitcorporationthatworkswithinanIndigenousEarth-basedworldviewtoexploreandreweavemodernsociety'sconnectionwithnature.
Tapestryinstitute.
org,accessedAugust15,2012,http://www.
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org/indigenousworldview.
html.
Cf.
RenaudLambert,"Pachamama:WieeineAndengottheitzurSchutzheiligenderUmweltwurde,"LeMondediplomatique,February2,2011,3.
Hedescribes,howPachamama,agoddessoftheAndes,becamethesaintofenvironmentandthemovementscaringforecology.
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"RepublicofEcuadorConstitutionof2008,"GeorgetownUniversityPoliticalDatabaseoftheAmericas,1995–2011,Pdba.
georgetown.
edu,accessedAugust15,2012,http://pdba.
georgetown.
edu/Constitutions/Ecuador/english08.
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65.
Cf.
thearticle"Sumakkawsay,"Wikipedia,lastmodifiedJuly11,2012,http://de.
wikipedia.
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66.
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org(UnitedWorldofIndigenousPeople),http://www.
uwip.
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LaurelKearnsandCatherineKeller(NewYork:FordhamUniversityPress,2007),77–93.
70.
IsabelCarterHeyward,TheRedemptionofGod:ATheologyofMutualRelation(Boston:UniversityPressofAmerica,1982).
71.
Cf.
Worldviews:GlobalReligions,Culture,andEcology,aninternationalaca-demicjournalthatstudiestherelationshipsbetweenreligion,culture,andecologyworldwide.
InformationavailableatwebsiteofpublisherBrill,Leiden(accessedAugust15,2012)fhttp://www.
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cit.
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"TheEarthCharterInitiative,"TheEarthCharter,2012,http://www.
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SigurdBergmann,CreationSetFree:TheSpiritasLiberatorofNature,SeriesSacraDoctrina:ChristianTheologyforaPostmodernAge(GrandRapids,MI:Eerdmans,2005).
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SigurdBergmann,RaumundGeist:ZurErdungundBeheimatungderReligion—einetheologischesth/EthikdesRaumes(Gttingen:VandenhoeckundRuprecht,2010).
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Cf.
particularlyPaulKnitter,IntroducingTheologiesofReligions(Maryknoll,NY:OrbisBooks,2002).
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Cf.
AmosYong,BeyondtheImpasse.
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HinkelammertandMora,Haciaunaeconomíaparalavida.
SanJosé:DEI,2005,397ff.
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DavidKorten,ThePost-CorporateWorld:LifeafterCapitalism(WestHartford,CT,andSanFrancisco:KumarianPress/Berret-Koehler,2000),262ff.
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WalterWink,UnmaskingthePowers:TheInvisibleForcesThatDetermineHumanExistence(Minneapolis:FortressPress,1986).
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RichardCockett,ThinkingtheUnthinkable:ThinkTanksandtheEconomicCounter-Revolution,1931–1983(London:HarperCollins,1994);BernhardWalpen,DieoffenenFeindeundihreGesellschaft:EinehegemonietheoretischeStudiezurMontPèlerinSociety(Hamburg:VSA,2004).
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ReinhardLoske,"EffizienzversusSuffizienz:DasgrüneSchisma,"BltterfürdeutscheundinternationalePolitik,no.
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thememorandaoftheProtestantChurchinGermany(EKD),"UnternehmerischesHandelninevangelischerPerspektive"(Gütersloh:GütersloherVerlagshaus,2008)and"EvangelischeVerantwortungseliten:EinOrientierungsrahmen,"EKD-Texte112,(Gütersloh:GütersloherVerlagshaus,2011),availablealsoat(http://www.
ekd.
de/EKD-Texte/76144.
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Cf.
alsothecritiqueofthispositioninUlrichDuchrowandFranzSegbers,eds.
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DavidJenkins,MarketWhys&HumanWherefores:ThinkingAgainAboutMarkets,PoliticsandPeople(London:Cassell,2000).
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,esp.
483.
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de/fileadmin/user_upload/Gremien/Wissenschaftlicher_Beirat/Scientific%20advisory%20board%20of%20Attac%20-%20Controlling%20the%20financial%20markets.
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de/fileadmin/user_upload/Gremien/Wissenschaftlicher_Beirat/Verm%C3%B6genskonzentration%20und%20Finanzkrise.
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Notes29118.
Cf.
thedocumentationinCampaigntoStopKillerCoke,NewYork,Coke'sCrimesinColombia,Killercoke.
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org/crimes_colombia.
php.
19.
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com,accessedAugust10,2012,http://bulatlat.
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Cf.
alsoCabuyaoworkersbrief-ing,"Nestléabusingworkers'rightsinthePhilippines—andignoringSupremeCourtrulings,"February2009,Nestlecritics.
org,http://www.
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20.
Wikipedia,"SolidarityEconomy,"lastmodifiedJune10,2012,http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Solidarity_economy;MarcosArruda,ed.
,ExchangingVisionsofaResponsible,Plural,SolidarityEconomy(RiodeJaneiro:ALOEandPACS,2008);ElmarAltvaterandNicolaSekler,eds.
,Solidarischekonomie(Hamburg:VSA,2006);SvenGiegoldandDagmarEmbshoff,eds.
(incooperationwiththeBewegungsakademieundtageszeitung),SolidarischekonomieimglobalisiertenKapitalismus(Hamburg:VSA,2008).
21.
"SolidarityEconomy,"lastmodifiedJune10,2012,http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Solidarity_economy.
22.
AllianceforaResponsible,PluralandSolidarityEconomy,"ACharter,"Aloe.
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23.
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coop,July18,2006,InternationalOrganisationofIndustrial,ArtinasalandServiceProducers'Cooperatives,accessedAugust10,2012,http://www.
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24.
RichardDouthwaite,ShortCircuit:StrengtheningLocalEconomiesinanUnstableWorld.
Expandedonlineedition.
June2003.
WithupdatesbyRichardDouthwaite,JoanneElliott,andCarolineWhyte.
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feasta.
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e.
g.
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DevelopmentAlternativeswithWomenforaNewEra(DAWN)isanetworkoffeministscholars,researchersandactivistsfromtheeconomicSouthworkingforeconomicandgenderjusticeandsustainableanddemocraticdevelopment.
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org/fileadmin/files/wccmain/documents/p3/ACaringEconomy_FeministPerspectivesonAGAPEweb.
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ThejournalReformedWorld,56,no.
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ECAGistheEcumenicalCoalitionforAlternativestoGlobalization(ECAG)composedofGenevabasedecumenicalfamily:theWorldCouncilofChurches(WCC),theWorldAllianceofReformedChurches(WARC);theLutheranWorldFederation(LWF);theNotes293PaxRomana,theWorldYWCA,theWorldAllianceofYMCA,WorldStudentChristianFederation,andFrontierInternshipinMission.
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UlrichDuchrowandGerhardLiedke,Shalom:BiblicalPerspectivesonCreation,JusticeandPeace(Geneva:WorldCouncilofChurches,1989),71.
45.
HannaRheinz,ZwischenStreichelzooundSchlachthof:berdasambivalenteVerhltniszwischenMenschundTier(Munich:Ksel,2011).
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JeanZiegler,ChristopheGolay,ClaireMahon,andSally-AnneWay,TheFightfortheRighttoFoodLessonsLearned(NewYork:PalgraveMacmillan,2011).
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51.
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thewebsiteofTaxJusticeNetwork(TJN),Taxjustice.
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phpidcatart=103&lang=2,andWikipedia,"TaxJusticeNetwork,"accessedAugust10,2012,http://de.
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52.
Cf.
UlrichDuchrow,MartinGück,andTheoKneifel,Um-Steuern:SteuergerechtigkeitstattUmverteilungvonuntennachobenundffentlicherArmut(Heidelberg:KairosEuropa,2004).
53.
Cf.
UlrichDuchrow,AlternativestoGlobalCapitalism,op.
cit.
,95ff.
and288ff.
54.
WilhelmHankel,DollarundECU:LeitwhrungenimWettstreit(Frankfurt:Fischer,1992),22f.
55.
AttacAustria,"GeldisteinffentlichesGut—FüreinalternativesFinanzsystem!
,"2nddraft,Attac.
de,March2010,http://www.
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de/aktu-ell/krisen/bankentribunal/programm0/forum-der-alternativen/alternatives-finanzsystem/.
Cf.
alsotheEuropeanAttac-Statementonthefinancialcrisisandondemocraticalternatives,"DieZeitistreif:DemokratischeKontrollederFinanzmrkte!
AttacStatementzurFinanzkriseunddemokratischenAlternativen,"Attac-netzwerk.
de,accessedAugust10,2012,http://www.
Attac-netzwerk.
de/index.
phpid=2611.
56.
KairosEuropagivesadetailedanalysisofthefollowingreflectionsinMartinGückundUlrichDuchrow,kologischeSchuld(en)undUmkehr:Anforderungenaneingerechtes,zukunftsfhigesWeltklimaregime(Heidelberg:KairosEuropa,2009).
294Notes57.
Cf.
TobiasPflügerandJürgenWagner,Welt-MachtEUropa:AufdemWeginweltweiteKriege(Hamburg:VSA,2006);AndreasZumach,MilitrmachtDeutschland:WohinmarschiertdieBundeswehr(Frankfurt:Brandes&Apsel,2011).
58.
"EcumenicalCalltoJustPeace"(Geneva:WorldCouncilofChurches,2011).
ThebookletisalsoavailableatthewebsiteoftheWCC'sProgram"OvercomingViolence,"Overcomingviolence.
org,accessedAugust10,2012,http://www.
overcomingviolence.
org/fileadmin/dov/files/iepc/resources/ECJustPeace_English.
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59.
kumenischesNetzinDeutschland(NiD),"ProposedDeclarationbytheEcumenicalNetworkinGermany(niD)fortheSecondVersionoftheEcumenicalDeclarationonJustPeace,"Germete,October24,2009.
Oenid.
net,accessedAugust10,2012,http://www.
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net/IOeFK/Engl_FinalProposalDeclarationOnJustPeace.
pdf.
60.
HinkelammertandMora,Haciaunaeconomíaparalavida,415ff.
61.
UlrichDuchrow,"CapitalismandHumanRights,"inTheEssentialsofHumanRights,ed.
RhonaK.
M.
SmithandC.
vandenAcker(London:HodderArnold,2005),33–36.
62.
Cf.
theclassicbookofErnstFriedrichSchumacher,SmallIsBeautiful:EconomicsAsIfPeopleMattered(NewYork:Harper&Row,1973).
63.
TonVeerkamp,DerGottderLiberalen:EineKritikdesLiberalismus(Hamburg:ArgumentVerlag,2005).
64.
Cf.
Jean-FranoisLyotard,ThePostmodernCondition:AReportonKnowledge,rev.
ed.
(1984;repr.
,Minneapolis:UniversityofMinnesotaPress,1997).
65.
Cf.
abovepart2,andDuchrowandHinkelammert,PropertyforPeople,94.
66.
Seen46.
67.
Cf.
theInitiativeResponsibleWealth(RW).
Itisanetworkofover700busi-nessleadersandwealthyindividualsinthetopfivepercentofincomeand/orwealthintheU.
S.
whoadvocateforfairtaxesandcorporateaccountability.
Informationisavailableonthewebsiteof"UnitedforaFairEconomy"(UFE),2011,accessedAugust10,2012,http://faireconomy.
org/responsible_wealth.
68.
"kumenischesTeilen:SolidarischerLohn.
"InformationaboutthisinitiativeisavailableatitswebsitePetracca.
de,accessedAugust10,2012,http://www.
petracca.
de/solilohn/wir/werwirsind.
htm;http://www.
petracca.
de/solilohn/down/flyer.
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69.
Cf.
Wikipedia,"AntonioGramsci,"lastmodifiedAugust14,2012,http://de.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci.
70.
Duchrow,Eisenbürger,andHippler,eds.
,TotalWaragainstthePoor,29ff.
.
71.
Korten,ThePost-CorporateWorld,215.
13InterreligiousSolidarityPracticeforLifeinJustRelationsToday1.
KlausM.
Girardet,DieKonstantinischeWende:ZurReligionspolitikKonstantinsdesGroen(Darmstadt:WissenschaftlicheBuchgesellschaft,2007);TonVeerkamp,DieWeltanders:PolitischeGeschichtederGroenErzhlung(Hamburg:Argument/InkriT,2011),392ff.
Notes2952.
ForthedifferentphasesofwesternChristianityinrelationtoworldlypow-ers,seethedifferentiatedaccountin:UlrichDuchrow,ChristenheitundWeltverantwortung;JrgRieger,ChristandEmpire:FromPaultoPostcolonialTimes(Minneapolis:Fortress,2007).
AveryinterestingpsychohistoricalaccountoftheConstantinianRevolutionandthehistoryuptonowcanbefoundinReinholdBianchi,"DiegroeDesorientierung:zurKonstantinischenWendedesChristentumsundihrerpsychohistorischenBedeutung,"JahrbuchfürPsychohistorischeForschung,vol.
12(Heidelberg:MattesVerlag,2011).
3.
Cf.
e.
g.
,KarenArmstrong,HolyWar:TheCrusadesandTheirImpactonToday'sWorld,rev.
ed.
(1988;repr.
,NewYork:AnchorBooks,1991).
4.
Cf.
FranzHinkelammert,DerFluch,deraufdemGesetzlastet.
PaulusvonTarsusunddaskritischeDenken(Lucerne:Exodus,2011),67f.
;andid.
,"DerSchuldenautomatismus,"inIneurenHusernliegtdasgeraubteGutderArmen:konomisch-theologischeBeitrgezurVerschuldungskrise,ed.
KunoFüsseletal.
(FreiburgandBrig:EditionExodus,1989),79ff.
5.
JacquesLeGoff,WucherzinsundHllenqualen:konomieundReligionimMittelalter(Stuttgart:Klett-Cotta,1988).
6.
"Thermidor"isthetermfortheturningaroundofarevolutionintothepatternoftheprevioussystem,whichwasoverthrownbytherevolution.
Cf.
CraneBringon,TheAnatomyofRevolution(NewYork:VintageBooks,1965),205ff.
7.
UlrichDuchrow,ed.
,LutheranChurches—SaltorMirrorofSocietyCaseStudiesontheTheoryandPracticeoftheTwoKingdomsDoctrine(Geneva:LutheranWorldFederation,Dep.
ofStudies,1977).
8.
Thisdoesnotmeanthatthe"spiritofcapitalism"wascreatedbyCalvinism,asMaxWeberassumed,butthattherewasamutualreinforcementbeginninginPuritantimes.
Cf.
H.
Lüthi,VariationenübereinThemavonMaxWeber:DieprotestantischeEthikundderGeistdesKapitalismus,inid.
,InGegenwartderGeschichte(CologneandBerlin:1967);andTonVeerkamp,DerGottderLiberalen:EineKritikdesLiberalismus(Hamburg:ArgumentVerlag,2005).
9.
KennethCopeland,Prosperity:TheChoiceisYours(FortWorth,TX:KennethCopelandPublications,1996).
10.
UlrichDuchrow,EuropeintheWorldSystem1492–1992(Geneva:WCC,1992).
11.
Duchrow,Eisenbürger,andHippler,TotalWaragainstthePoor(NewYork:NewYorkCIRCUSPublications,1990).
12.
RosemaryRadford-Ruether,America,Amerikkka:ElectNationandImperialViolence(London:EquinoxPress,2007).
13.
UlrikeBechmann,"Genesis12andtheAbrahamParadigmconcerningthePromisedLand,"inInternationalTheologicalConference"PromisedLand,"September10–14,2008,ed.
WorldCouncilofChurcheset.
al.
,Oikoumene.
org,http://www.
oikoumene.
org/fileadmin/files/wcc-main/documents/p3/pief/files/bern/Panel%201.
3%20-%20Ulrike%20Bechmann.
pdf.
2008;thisisfurtherdevelopedinUlrikeBechmann,AbrahamunddieAnderen:KritischeUntersuchungzurAbraham-ChiffreiminterreligisenDialog(BerlinandMünster:LIT,2010).
14.
Cf.
WalterDietrich,"DerroteFadenimAltenTestament,"inEvang.
Theologie49,no.
3(1989):232–250.
296Notes15.
Cf.
thesummaryoftheresearchfindingsinUlrichDuchrow,AlternativestoGlobalCapitalism:DrawnfromBiblicalHistory,DesignedforPoliticalAction,2nded.
(Utrecht,theNetherlands:InternationalBookswithKairosEuropa,1998),142ff.
16.
TonVeerkamp,op.
cit.
125f.
;139;150;268f.
17.
NorbertLohfink,DasJüdischeamChristentum:DieverloreneDimension(Freiburg:Herder,1989);GerhardLohgind,WemgiltdieBergpredigtZurGlaubwürdigkeitdesChristlichen(Freiburg:Herderbücherei,1993).
18.
MarcH.
Ellis,TowardaJewishTheologyofLiberation(Maryknoll,NY:Orbis,1987).
19.
Ibid.
inthe2004ed.
,217.
20.
MarkBraverman,FatalEmbrace:Christians,Jews,andtheSearchforPeaceintheHolyLand(Austin,TX:SynergyBooks,2010).
21.
NaimStifanAteek,Justice,andOnlyJustice:APalestinianTheologyofLiberation(Maryknoll,NY:Orbis,1989).
22.
VirginiaTilley,"ACalltoChristiansatChristmas2011,"Defyingsilence.
blogspot.
com,PostedbyGulamhuseinAbba,December16,2011,http://defyingsilence.
blogspot.
com/2011/12/call-to-christians-at-christmas-2011.
html.
23.
TheBethlehemCall,ConferenceofKairosPalestine,December4–10,2011,Kairospalestine.
ps,http://www.
kairospalestine.
ps/sites/default/Documents/The%20Bethlehem%20call.
pdf.
24.
FrankCrüsemann,"DerGottIsraelsunddieReligionenderUmwelt,"inWahrheitsansprüchederWeltreligionen:KonturengegenwrtigerReligionstheologie,ed.
C.
DanzandF.
Hermanni(Neukirchen:NeukirchenerVerlagshaus,2006);JürgenEbach,"Art.
FremdeReligionen,"inSozialgeschichtlichesWrterbuchzurBibel,ed.
F.
Crüsemannetal.
(Gütersloh:GütersloherVerlagshaus,2009),162–167.
25.
FrankCrüsemann,"DergoldeneGottderFreiheit.
Exodus32,"inExegetischeSkizzen:EinführungindieTextederBibelarbeitenundGottesdienstedes29.
DeutschenEvangelischenKirchentags,ed.
DeutscherEv.
Kirchentag(Frankfurt:DeutscherEv.
Kirchentag,2001),16–25.
26.
"Kin-dom"isaconceptusedbyfeministtheologiansinordertoavoidthehierarchicalsymbolismof"kingdomofGod,"thusstrengtheningthenonhier-archicalcharacterofJesus'suseof"kingdomofGod.
"WethankSusanDaviesforthisinformation.
27.
MiguelA.
DeLaTorre,ed.
TheHopeofLiberationinWorldReligions(Waco,TX:BaylorUniversityPress,2008).
28.
SusanGeorgeandFabrizioSabelli,FaithandCredit:TheWorldBank'sSecularEmpire(London:PenguinBooks,1994).
29.
HansChristopheBinswanger,DieGlaubensgemeinschaftderkonomen(Munich:GerlingAkademieVerlag,1998).
30.
MichaelNovak,TheSpiritofDemocraticCapitalism(NewYork:AmericanEnterpriseInstituteandSimon&Schuster,1982).
31.
Seeabove,chap.
5.
Notes29732.
JanRehmann,"IstlinkeReligionskritikveraltetThesenzumDialogzwischenMarxismusundChristentum,"inKmpfefüreinesolidarischeWelt:TheologiederBefreiungunddemokratischerSozialismusimGesprch,ed.
I.
FinkandC.
Hildebrandt(Berlin:RosaLuxemburgStiftung,2010),5–1333.
MarxandEngels,Werke,vol.
1,562.
34.
Cf.
MargaretA.
Fay,DerEinfluvonAdamSmithaufKarlMarx'TheoriederEntfremdung:EineRekonstruktionderkonomisch-philosophischenManuskripteausdemJahr1844(FrankfurtandNewYork:CampusVerlag,1986),247ff.
35.
MarxandEngels,Werke,vol.
3,6.
36.
MarxandEngels,Werke,vol.
23,393n.
37.
MarxandEngels,Werke,vol.
1,378;emphasisinoriginal.
38.
Cf.
FranzSegbers,"MarximLehrhausdesMoses,"in'SuchetzuerstdasReichGottesundseineGerechtigkeit':KunoFüsselzuEhren,ed.
UrsEigenmann,OdiloNoti,SimonSpengler,andBernhardWalpen(Lucerne:EditionExodus,2001),95–107.
39.
MarxandEngels,Werke,vol.
1,385;cf.
abovechap.
10,n36.
40.
MarxandEngels,Werke,vol.
23,85ff.
41.
MarxandEngels,Werke,vol.
,23,393.
42.
FreiBetto,"DasScheiterndesdeutschenSozialismusalsHerausforderungandieLinke,"inepdEntwicklungspolitik,no.
16(1990):c-e.
43.
DavidM.
Paton,ed.
,"BreakingBarriers—Nairobi1975"(NairobiReport)(Geneva:WCC,1976),240.
Cf.
JuliodeSantaAna,KonradRaiser,UlrichDuchrow,ThePoliticalEconomyoftheHolySpirit(Geneva:WCC,1990),57.
44.
Howthisissystematicallybeingusedinmarketing,canbestudiedinthecyni-calbook:NorbertBolzandDavidBosshart,op.
cit.
45.
Karl-HeinzBrodbeck,DieHerrschaftdesGeldes,2009.
46.
KarlMarx,DasKapital:Kritikderpolitischenkonomie,inMarxandEngels,Werke,vol.
23(Berlin:DietzVerlag,1969),529f.
Cf.
abovechap.
10.
2.
47.
In2007,theWorldCouncilofChurches(WCC)andtheCouncilforWorldMission(CWM)organizedaconsultationinKoreaonthetheme:"TransformingTheologyandLife-GivingCivilizationBringingtogetherUbuntuandSangsaeng:AJourneytowardsLife-GivingCivilization,TransformingTheologyandtheEcumenismofthe21stcentury,"August17,2007,Africafiles.
org,ccessedAugust15,2012,http://www.
africafiles.
org/article.
aspID=15918.
48.
Seeagain,MigueldelaTorre,ed.
,TheHopeforliberationinWorldReligions.
SeealsoJrgRieger,ed.
,OptingfortheMargins:PostmodernityandLiberationinChristianTheology(Oxford:OxfordUniverityPress,2003).
HansKüng'sGlobalEthicproject,whileproducingvaluablematerials,doesnotseemquiteclearregardingthishermeneutics.
49.
Thegroundforanalysisandjudgmentwaslaidinpart1ofthisstudy.
Inthisfinalpartweshallconcentrateonconcretepracticalconclusionsandexamples.
50.
PaulKnitter,"ProphetsandProfits:InterreligiousDialogueandEconomicDevelopment,"inTheWorldMarketandInterreligiousDialogue,ed.
CatherineCornilleandGlennWillis(Eugene,OR:Wipf&Stock,2011).
298Notes51.
PaulKnitter,inhisbookOneEarth,ManyReligions:MultifaithDialogueandGlobalResponsibility(Maryknoll,NY:OrbisBooks,1995),chap.
4,dealsextensivelywiththeproblemofdialogueinthecontextofasymmetricpowerrelations,butrelatesdialoguetothedifferenttraditionalreligions,nottocapitalistprotagonists.
Herewefullyagreethatdialogueistheonlyway,becauseobjectivelytherearenopowerasymmetriesbetweenreligions—unlesstheyare(misused)forpoliticaloreconomicends.
Inthatcase,thereligionsareparticularlycalledtodialogueinordertounleashtheforcesofjusticeandpeace,encapsulatedintheirauthenticsourcesoffaithandwisdom.
52.
PaulChung,UlrichDuchrow,andCraigNessan,LiberatingLutheranTheology;FreedomforJusticeandSolidarityinaGlobalContext(MinneapolisandGeneva:Fortress/WorldCouncilofChurches,2011),chap.
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53.
PublicationsDivision,MinistryofInformation&Broadcasting,ed.
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55.
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56.
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139.
57.
TanyaReinhart,TheRoadMaptoNowhere:Israel/Palestinesince2003(London:Verso,2006),209ff.
58.
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60.
Wikipedia,"KairosDocument,"1985,lastmodifiedJuly23,2012,http://en.
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61.
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62.
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tikkun.
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63.
InformationabouttheNetworkofSpiritualProgressives(NSP),Berkeley,CA,canbefoundintheirhomepage,accessedAugust13,2012,http://spiritualprogressives.
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Cf.
alsoMichaelLerner,SpiritMatters:GlobalHealingandtheWisdomoftheSoul(Charlottesville,VA:HamptonRoads,2000).
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JohnJ.
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65.
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Seeaboven359.
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Seetheveryimportantbookonthissubject:MarkBraverman,FatalEmbrace:Christians,Jews,andtheSearchforPeaceintheHolyLand(Austin,TX:SynergyBooks,2010).
68.
Cf.
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ForGermany,seePatrickBahners,DiePanikmacher:DiedeutscheAngstvordemIslam.
EineStreitschrift(Munich:C.
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StuartE.
Brown,MeetinginFaith:TwentyYearsofChristian-MuslimConversationsSponsoredbytheWorldCouncilofChurches(Geneva:WCC,1989).
Forthelastdecade,seethejournalCurrentDialogue,websiteofWorldCouncilofChurches(page3971),2012,http://www.
oikoumene.
org/en/programmes/interreligiousdialogue/current-dialogue/magazine.
html,andHansUcko,ChangingthePresent,DreamingtheFuture:ACriticalMomentinInterreligiousDialogue(Geneva:WCC,2006).
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Formulationofthe23rdWARCGeneralCouncilinDebrecen.
ForthehistoryoftheWARCprocess,see"CovenantingforJusticeintheEconomyandtheEarthProject,"Moderator:Mr.
HelisHernánBarrazaDíaz,Warc.
jalb.
de,accessedAugust13,2012,http://warc.
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Forthetextsmentionedhereaswellasthewholeprocess,seeKairosEuropa,"DocumentsRelatedtotheEcumenicalProcess,"Kairoseurope.
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de/fix/english.
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LWFDocumentation50/2004,ed.
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org,http://www.
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Cf.
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,2007.
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WorldAllianceofReformedChurches,24thGeneralCouncil,Accra,Ghana,July30–August132004,DocumentGC23-e,"CovenantingforJusticeintheEconomyandtheEarth,"Warc.
jalb.
de,http://warc.
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76.
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StylianosTsompanidis,Orthodoxieundkumene:GemeinsamaufdemWegzuGerechtigkeit,FriedenundBewahrungderSchpfung(Münster:LIT,1999).
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org,http://www.
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AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,SchoolofTheology(Thessaloniki:AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,SchoolofTheology,2011),905-923.
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"AlternativeGlobalizationAddressingPeoplesandEarth(AGAPE).
ABackgroundDocument,"ed.
Justice,PeaceandCreationTeam,WorldCouncilofChurches,Geneva2005,Oikoumene.
org,http://www.
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79.
"Life-GivingAgricultureIsPossible!
ReportoftheLife-GivingAgricultureGlobalForum,"April9–13,2005,Wonju,Korea,inKeyCovenantingforJusticeDocuments,Warc.
jalb.
de,http://warc.
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de/80.
WARC/CWM(CouncilforWorldMission),"JointDeclaration,LivingouttheAccraConfession,"KualaLumpur,May15–19,2006,Warc.
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de,http://warc.
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"AnEcumenicalFaithStanceagainstGlobalEmpire,"Manila,thePhilippines,July13–15,2006,Warc.
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de,postedAugust17,2006,http://warc.
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org,accessedAugust15,2012,http://www.
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"TheDaresSalaamStatementonLinkingPoverty,WealthandEcologyinAfrica,AlternativeGlobalisationAddressingPeopleandEarth(AGAPE),"ConsultationonLinkingPoverty,WealthandEcology:AfricaEcumenicalPerspectives,November7–9,2007,DaresSalaam,Tanzania,accessedAugust3,2012,http://www.
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html,2012WorldCouncilofChurches(page4824).
84.
AttheEuropeanlevel,KairosEuropaiscooperatingwiththeWCCaswellastheReformedandLutheranWorldCommunionsinordertopublishthedocu-mentsandorganizemeetingsandseminarsforreflection,strategy,andaction.
TogetherwithWEED(WorldEconomy,Ecology&Development),KairosEuropafoundedAttacGermany,inordertofosterthecooperationbetweenchurches,unions,andsocialmovements.
Cf.
http://www.
kairoseuropa.
de/fix/english.
html(seeabove).
85.
Wikipedia,"ACommonWord,"InstituteforIslamicThought,accessedAugust14,2012,http://www.
acommonword.
com/index.
phplang=en&page=option1.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/A_Common_Word_Between_Us_and_You.
86.
FaridEsack,Qur'anLiberation&Pluralism:AnIslamicPerspectiveofInterreligiousSolidarityAgainstOppression,rev.
ed.
(1997;repr.
,Oxford:Oneworld,1998).
87.
"ProgressiveIslam:AViewfromOctober,2001,"postedDecember6,2004,Ihsan-net.
blogspot.
com,("Ihsan,"anArabictermmeaning"perfection"or"excellence"),http://ihsan-net.
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Notes30188.
"PeaceforLife:APeople'sForumandMovementforGlobalJusticeandPeace,WhoWeAre,"Peaceforlife.
org,accessedAugust14,2012,http://www.
peace-forlife.
org/aboutus/pfl/whoweare.
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(emphasisinoriginal)89.
InternationalNetworkofEngagedBuddhists(INEB),Inebnetwork.
org,2012,http://www.
inebnetwork.
org.
Cf.
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90.
InternationalAssociationofBuddhistUniversities(IABU),2551/2008,"Buddhism&Ethics,"MahachulalongkornrajavidyalayaUniversity,Ayutthaya,Thailand;InternationalBuddhistConferenceontheUNDayofVesakCelebrations(UNDV),2552/2009,"BuddhistApproachtoEconomicCrisis,"MahachulalongkornrajavidyalayaUniversity,Ayutthaya/Thailand;InternationalBuddhistConferenceontheUNDayofVesakCelebrations(UNDV),2552/2009,"BuddhistApproachtoPoliticalConflictandPeaceDevelopment,"MahachulalongkornrajavidyalayaUniversity,Ayutthaya,Thailand;InternationalBuddhistConferenceontheUNDayofVesakCelebrations(UNDV),2552/2009,"BuddhistApproachtotheEnvironmentalCrisis,"MahachulalongkornrajavidyalayaUniversity,Ayutthaya,Thailand;InternationalBuddhistConferenceontheUNDayofVesakCelebrations(UNDV),2553/2010,"GlobalRecovery:TheBuddhistPerspective,"MahachulalongkornrajavidyalayaUniversity,Ayutthaya,Thailand.
91.
Wikipedia,"GrossNationalHappiness,"lastmodifiedJuly25,2012,http://en.
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SulakSivaraksa,TheWisdom,64ff.
92.
Wikipedia,asquotedinthepreviousendnote.
93.
Duchrow,ed.
,Colloquium2000,32ff.
94.
InMiguelA.
DelaTorre,ed.
,TheHopeofLiberation,131ff.
95.
"WhattheWorldSocialForumIs,"August22.
2002,Forumsocialmundial.
org,updatedAugust14,2012,http://www.
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FranoisHoutart,From"CommonGoods"tothe"CommonGoodofHumanity,"Rosalux-europa.
info,November2011,http://rosalux-europa.
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pdf.
Abraham,234–6,248,250AccraConfession"CovenantingforJusticeintheEconomyandtheEarth,"218,254accumulation,11,18,23,34–6,49,65,76,79,85–7,152,183,247Adorno,Theodor,98Africa,18,198,256Albert,Hans,281alternativesbiblical,47–71Buddhist,73–83,259–62ecojustice,223–4ecumenical,254–7energy,215financialsystem,222–3interreligious,265local-regional,213–15Muslim,85–90,257–9politicaleconomy,178–86,198–200,205–31propertyorderfrombelow,182–3subject,159–61seealsoeconomy;rebellion;resistanceAlternativestoGlobalizationAddressingPeopleandEarth(AGAPE),218,225,255–6Altvater,Elmar,215,269Amin,Samir,262Amos,48AnselmofCanterbury,66,232apocalypticliterature,52Arendt,Hannah,110,268Aristoteles,23,35,91,245Armstrong,Karen,46,273Arrighi,Giovanni,18,268Ateek,NaimStifan,239Attac,184,191,221,223,290Augustine,106AxialAge,45–7,194,231,265,273Azam,Genevieve,285Babeuf,Franois-Nol,164Bacon,Francis,21,201bank,14,17,21,39,88(Islamic),114,121,166,179,191,211,214–15,222–4,261–2banker,12,232Bauer,Joachim,284Bauman,Zygmunt,109Bechmann,Ulrike,234–6Bergmann,201–2,274Betto,Frei,246Bhutan,260Bianchi,Reinhold,270Binswanger,HansChristian,182,268biology,177Boff,Leonardo,177,201Bhm-Bawerk,Eugenvon,120Bonhoeffer,Dietrich,181,190,246–7,286bookkeeping,double-entry,98,103–4Bourdieu,Pierre,270brainresearch,177Braverman,Mark,238BrettonWoodsConference(1944),19,184,222Index304IndexBrodbeck,Karl-Heinz,11–13,76,81,186,194,246,268Buddhism,73–83,189,194,243–4,259–62buenvivir,199,228–30calculation,11,14,21–3,63,65,70,76–8,103–10,152–5,157–9,174,187,194capital,17–20,23–5,77,154,166,171,221capitalism,16–25,35–6,66–8,75–7,82–3,88–90,101–3,106,156–7,169,199,206,209,222–3,248–9,254CarterHeyward,Isabel,201Céspedes,Geraldina,202Chakravarti,Uma,73–4China,39,45,207,248Chung,PaulS.
,75,273,298church,62,70,98,167,172,181,190–1,193,209,231–4class,12,27–43,51,85,227commongood,93–4,159–62,179,263commons,180–4,214compassion,75,79,175,194,274seealsoempathy;lovecompetition,74,119–25,178–9,227Confucianism,47,273Constantine,Emperor,231ConstantinianChristianity,58,66,209,231–4consumption,74,77–81,152,215,227,262cooperation,74,89,178–80,227cooperatives,179,214crisis,102,175Crusades,232Crüsemann,Frank,268,273,288Daniel,Bookof,52,56–7Darwin,Charles,178DAWN(DevelopmentAlternativeswithWomenforaNewEra),217debt,10,47–8,50–2,65–6,93,211,232Decalogue,64,195democracy,112,184–6,226Descartes,René,21,76,102,151,177,201Deuteronomy,49–50dictator,19,91–2,186Diefenbacher,Hans,214divisionoflabor,9–18,133–6,217DoblesOropeza,Ignacio,287Dominguez,Joe,229Douthwaite,Richard,214Duchrow,Ulrich,267,269,274–6,290,293,298Dussel,Enrique,5Dykstra,Laurel,272earth,50,115–17,175,177,199,201ecofeminism,200–2ecojustice,223–4ecology,74,78,136,156–7,171,177–8,180,199economyalternativepoliticaleconomy,178–86,198–200,205–31basicgoodsandservices,185–6biblical,45–71Buddhist,73–83cooperativebusiness,179ecumenicalmovement,254–7Greekantiquity,91–7Islam,85–90life-centered,82,179–80marxist,164–9money-propertybased,9–18,73–83,94,194,246,273Muslim,85–90neoclassical,133neoliberal(ism),20–3,38,41,206–10politics,25,166postcorporateworld,180psychologicaleffects,27–43,53–4,65socialmarketeconomy,19,38–41,192,208–9solidarityeconomy,213–15,227womenandeconomy,218seealsocapitalism;market;resistance;transnationalcorporationsEcumenicalAssociationofThirdWorldTheologians(EATWOT),195Index305ecumenicalmovement,254–7EcumenicalNetworkinGermany(NiD),225efficiency,107–10,119–50ego,11,30–1,37,63,74,78,194elites,34–43,51,193,205Ellis,Marc,238emancipation,163–75,187seealsoliberationempathy,46–7,53–8,60,177–8,190empire,10–11,18,20,54,56–7,95,100,224–5,233,259energy,215equality,51Esack,Farid,196,258Esquivel,AdolfoPérez,190ethics,58,101,154,161,164–70euro,21,211Europe,17,20–1,39,191,208–9,211,220,226EvangelicalChurchinGermany,233exchange,12,51,76,214Fairbairn,RonaldW.
D.
,28–32Fanon,Frantz,207fascism,19,34,38,41,109–10,230Felber,Christian,178–9,285FernándezGonzález,Antonio,272fetishism,24,166,172,187Feuerbach,Ludwig,244FIAN(FoodFirstInformationandActionNetwork),220finance,17,77financialcrisis,21,77,222–3financialsystem,222–3FrenchRevolution,164Freud,Sigmund,189Friedman,Milton,22Fromm,Erich,28–32,188functionalmechanism,103–18fundamentalism,167,197,233,236Gaia,178,202Galtung,Johan,19,248Gandhi,64,190,239,249Gebara,Ivone,201genocide,18,37–8,187globalization,25,98,151–61,167,207,210,245,256God,23,37,50–3,55–6,62,85,165–7,172,181,193–7,235,240–1,257–9Goethe,JohannWolfgangvon,103gold,114Gonzales,PatriciaFeC.
,217Gouges,Olympede,164Graeber,David,273Gramsci,Antonio,192,229Greece,Greekphilosophy,45–6,61,91–6,194greed,11,34–6,50,55,64–5,67–8,76–83,87,188,195,234greencapitalism,209Grossman,David,253growth,78,136–7,154,179,183,188,207Habermas,Jürgen,98,185Hamelink,CeesJ.
,290Harvey,David,115Harvey,William,104Hayek,FriedrichAugustvon,22,207hegemony,18–19,263Heidegger,Martin,108,154Helfrich,Silke,285Hellenistic-Romanempires,52,54,61–2,69,91–6Hess,Moses,245Hinkelammert,Franz,9–10,24,60Hobbes,Thomas,21,36,78,177holocaust,109,201homooeconomicus,106,154Honneth,Axel,285Horkheimer,Max,98Horsley,RichardA.
,274–5Houtart,Franois,262–3,284humanbeing,18,55,62,68,102,159,163–74,244,274humancapital,106–7,154,278humanrights,20,37,111–12,152,161,191,212,226humanisticforces,247humanity,45,76,112,130,157,160,163,201,263306Indexhumanization,163–74humanness,53–8,165,186–93Hume,David,100,156hunger,58,65,68,110,210idolatry,35,166,254illusion,38–43,73–83,91,94,188,191,194,228imperialism,18,34,99,199,224–5India,45,73–84,232,248indigenouscultures,18,21,32,37,115,130,186,199,288individualism,21,28,85,91,98,152–5,174,177,188,243interest,10,34–6,50,86–90,183,232InternationalAssociationofBuddhistUniversities(IABU),259InternationalAssociationofSocialFinanceOrganisations(INAISE),179,214InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),20,191,206,211–13,222,243InternationalNetworkofEngagedBuddhists(INEB),275intersubjectivity,28–9,159Isaiah,49Islam,85–90,196,243–4,257–9Islamophobia,253IsraelAncientIsrael/Judah,45–57,68,231–2stateof,234–40,248,250–3Jaspers,Karl,45Jenkins,David,210,246Jeremiah,54–5Jesus,52–3,56–8,65,197,201,232Jevons,WilliamStanley,120jihad,89Job,Bookof,54Judaism,250–53Judeo-Christiantradition,45–71,197,234–40,245JungMoSung,285–6justice,3–4,33,48,51–2,62–4,89,169–74,175–203,217–18,224–5,236–43,246–8,251–60,263Kahl,Brigitte,60,69KairosDocumentSouthAfrica(1985),233,238KairosEuropa,293,300KairosPalestineDocument,239,251Keynes,JohnMaynard,19,184,222–3,271KingJr.
,MartinLuther,225kingdomofGod,56–7Knitter,Paul,202,248–50,276,298Korten,David,177,179,205,228Kraus,Karl,112Küng,Hans,196Kuntiranont,Wallapa,260labor,24,40,74,91,169,184,190–1,207,212,216–17,227seealsodivisionoflaborland,50–1,234–6language,112–15LatinAmerica,18,205,263law,49–52,58–71,112Lerner,RabbiMichael,251–2LETS(LocalExchangeandTradingSystems),183,214Levinas,Emmanuel,28–32,90,159Lévi-Strauss,Claude,152Leviticus,50liberation,19,50,61,66,69–70,73,75,89–90,175,183–4,186–91,225,237,242,265seealsoemancipationliberationtheology,167–9,171,175,195–7,202,233,243,247lifecapitalistmarketandotherpowersendanger,16–17,22–3,59,71,96–7,101–2,111,115,120–8centerofcriticalthinking,4,179incommunity,75,91,114–15,179,185,198cultureoflife,3,71,115,230Index307withdignity,32dimensionsof,179–80economyintheserviceoflife,82,205–20God'slife-sustaininginstructions,50,57,68goodlife,169illusionofeternallifethroughmoney,35,52–3,86–8injustrelationsandsolidarity,4–5,66,69,161,170,175–203,265–6life-and-deathnorm,143–50life-givingagriculture,218–20materialneeds,157–61naturalcycleofhumanlife,129–41"theother"astheconditionofone'sownlife,63relationalcultureoflife,7,45,58,178resistinglife-endangeringstructures,attitudes,andactions,58,71,77spiritoflife,58–9,68,71survival,128,149,157,159–60,166,170–1,178–9seealsoreproductionLifton,RobertJay,31,38,187Locke,John,18,37,99–100,280love,69,79,159–60,178,187–8,195Lovelock,JamesE.
,177Loy,DavidR.
,75Luther,Martin,23,75,232,245LutheranWorldFederation,213,254–5Lyotard,Jean-Franois,98–9,228Margulis,177market,10,13,25,51,85,92,100–1,134,171,209Marx,Karl,23,27,98,156,164–9,189,244–7media,14,33–6,42,207,210,259memory,190Menger,Carl,120Mennonites,234Micah,48middleclass,38–43,191,227–9Mies,Maria,217military,12,18–20,224,273modernity,76–7,97–174,233Mofid,Kamran,285Mondragon,179moneybiblicalperspective,64–5Buddhistperspective,76–83commons,notcommodity,183–4emergenceof,9–18,273Greekphilosophicalperspective,91–6Islamperspective,85–90Marx'perspective,23–5MiddleAge,232–3moneysubject,23,147,187,194,210psychologicaleffects,27–43regional,214spiritualityof,102,246seealsoeconomy;fetishism;finance;greedmonster,110–12MontPèlerinSociety,22,207Muhammad,85–90Muzaffar,Chandra,276Myers,Ched,272myth,mythical,115,163–74,206–7Negri,Antonio,100,278Nehemiah,51neoliberal,neoliberalism,19–23,27,32,36,38–9,186,190,206–10,243–4,254Nessan,Craig,298NetworkofProgressiveSpirituals(NPS),252Nietzsche,Friedrich,114nirvana,79–80nonintentionalresults,136,155Novak,Michael,243Omar,IrfanA.
,243Orthodoxchurches,56,255,299Pachamama,115,199Palestine,234–40,248,250–3Pareto,Vilfredo,120–1patriarchy,14–15,37,57,91–2,201,210Paul,Apostle,60–71,90,236–7308Indexpeace,20,31,38,59,78,81,95,186,191,198–200,224–5PeaceforLife—APeople'sForumandMovementforGlobalPeacewithJustice,259pensionfunds,221People'sCommunicationCharter,210Peralta,Athena,218Picht,Georg,93,277Pieris,Aloysius,196–7Pinochet,Augusto,22Plato,64,91,277Polanyi,16,21politics,12,18–25,184–6poor,15,22,46–8,53–4,58,61,73,86,89,189,194,198Popper,Karl,137,282Postmodernism,97,228power,11–12,14,18,21,25,27,36–8,58,62,98,171,186,189,191,196,201,207,224–5,231–4,237,240privatization,16,22,39,182,206,220–1production,9–10,15–16,24–5,36,51,74,81,101,121–2,141,156–8,169–71,181–4,215,227profit,10–12,17–19,24,33,52,68,88,104–5progress,104,120ProgressiveMuslimNetwork,258–9propertyalternative,people-centered,182–3Greekantiquity,92Jesusmovement'sposition,52,65modernity,99–100Muslimposition,85–90private,9–18,20–2,25,35–6,60,65,73,100,152,180,254rights,11,13–14,34,48,78,82,121,152psychology,27–43,53–4,178,186–92publicgoodsandservices,220–1Puntarigvivat,Tavivat,261Puntasen,Apichai,76–83Puritanism,107,167RadfordRuether,Rosemary,201Raiser,Konrad,25ratio,rationality,11,70,74,98–100,119–50,184–5reason,58–71,95,110–12,115rebellion,102Rehmann,Jan,244Reinhart,Tanya,50relationalcultureoflife,7,198–9feministview,201versusindividualowner,152–3,159–61interconnectednessofalllife,79,177,188,198–9psychology,28–37,178,187–8religioncapitalism,25class,27critiqueofreligion,231–47interreligioussolidaritypractice,231–63Marx'view,167–8movements,247–62foranewcultureoflife,187–90seealsoBuddhism;Islam;Judaism;Judeo-ChristiantraditionRenaissance,103–4,163,171reproduction,9,128–30,132,134,137,184,217resistance,47–71(biblical),73–83(Buddhist),102,190,195,210–13,258–9(Muslim)revolution,186Richter,Horst-Eberhard,37,75,187Rieger,Jrg,27,41Rifkin,Jeremy,16,46–7Robin,Vicki,229Romero,ArchbishopOscar,168Rousseau,Jean-Jacques,98sacrifice,22–3,52,159Sangsaeng,198–9Schumacher,74Index309science,37,58,76,95,98,117,123,131,175,177Segundo,JuanLuis,168SELA(SystemaEconomicaLatinoamericana),278Sennett,Richard,33service,57Shakespeare,William,153Shiva,Vandana,201Sivaraksa,Sulak,75,259,275slavery,10,12,18,37,50,61,91,273Smith,Adam,16–17,100–1,134,156socialanalysis,30–2socialmovements,186,189,191,205,262–3socialism,20,100,188,245–6solidarity,10,53–8,60,89,186–93,195,221,227–8,258Slle,Dorothee,201speculation,88spirit,55–6,58–71,263spirituality,1,46–7,58–9,62–3,71,75,85,102,166–7,197,201–2,245,265–6Stieglitz,JosephE.
,193structuraladjustmentprograms(SAPs),20,211subject,102,106,117,133,137–50,151–61suffering,33,70–82,138,189suicide,102,124–5,279Susin,LuizCarlos,288Tamayo,JuanJose,288Taoism,47,273tax,19,87,221–2technology,37,58,74–6,95,175,207–8Thermidor,70–1,232,275Torah,49–52,64,69,236totalitarian,12,25,52,83,108,119–37,205ToussaintLouverture,164transmodernity,175transnationalcorporations(TNCs),20,103–17,212,220trauma,29–30tribalsocieties,10Trinity,195Tsompanidis,Stylianos,299Tugendhat,Ernst,76Tutu,BishopDesmond,69,274Ubuntu,198–9Unemployment,32–3,216–17UnitedStates,19,34–5,41,100,167,233,248,259utility,103–10Veerkamp,Ton,51,69,228,236,273–4viacampesina,219Vigil,JoseMaria,287violence,13,33–4,37,57,175,239,295Walras,Léon,120war,19,94Weber,Max,37,58,101,109,120–37,155,167welfarestate,19–20,31–2,38–42,190,211westerncivilization,3–4,19,46,58,75–6,149,175,202,258–9,288Wink,Walter,55,206,273,289Winnicott,DonaldW.
,28–32Wittgenstein,Ludwig,108,137,280,283women,37,55–6,91–2,173,184,202,217–18seealsoecofeminism;patriarchyWorldAllianceofReformedChurches,213,218,254–7WorldBank(WB),20,212–13,222,243WorldConferenceofReligionsforPeace(WCRP),196WorldCouncilofChurches(WCC),213,218,225,234,254–7WorldForumforAlternatives,262WorldForumonTheologyandLiberation,196310IndexWorldPeople'sConferenceonClimateChangeandtheRightsofMotherEarth,200WorldSocialForum(WSF),102,191,229,262WorldTradeOrganization(WTO),212–13YES!
AJournalofPositiveFutures,230Yong,Amos,202Zapatista,102Ziegler,Jean,210Zionism,234–40,253