Designcloudlink

1DELIVERABLEProjectAcronym:DaguerreobaseGrantAgreementnumber:ICT_PSP297250ProjectTitle:DAGUERREOBASED5.
4LinkedOpenDataVersion2.
0Author(s):MarkLindeman(PIM)HermanMaes(NFM)Projectco-fundedbytheEuropeanCommissionwithintheICTPolicySupportProgrammeDisseminationLevelPPublicPURERestrictedtoagroupdefinedbytheconsortiumandtheCommissionServicesCConfidential,onlyformembersoftheconsortiumandtheCommissionServices2REVISIONHISTORYANDSTATEMENTOFORIGINALITYRevisionHistoryRevisionDateAuthorOrganisationDescriptionFirstDraft18/05/2013HermanMaesNFMSecondDraft24/07/2013HermanMaesNFMFirstRevision12/09/2013MarkLindemanPIMVersion118/09/2013HermanMaesNFMDraftversion220/02/2014MarkLindemanPIMVersion231/3/2014HermanMaesNFMFinalversion"ThisprojectispartiallyfundedundertheICTPolicySupportProgramme(ICTPSP)aspartoftheCompetitivenessandInnovationFrameworkProgrammebytheEuropeanCommunity".
http//ec.
europe.
eu/ict_pspThispublication)onlyreflectstheauthor'sviews.
TheEuropeanCommunityisnotliableforanyusethatmightbemadeoftheinformationcontainedtherein".
Statementoforiginality:Thisdeliverablecontainsoriginalunpublishedworkexceptwhereclearlyindicatedotherwise.
Acknowledgementofpreviouslypublishedmaterialandoftheworkofothershasbeenmadethroughappropriatecitation,quotationorboth.
3TableofContentREVISIONHISTORYANDSTATEMENTOFORIGINALITY21.
INTRODUCTION42.
DEFINITIONS53.
LINKED(OPEN)DATA73.
1.
PrinciplesanduseofLinked(Open)Data73.
2StructureoftheDaguerreobaseaggregatorrepository113.
2.
1.
Metadata113.
2.
2.
Presentationofthecollection113.
2.
3.
Enrichmentofthecollection123.
2.
4.
Collectionmanagement133.
3SpecificationsimplementedLinkedOpenData13Annex1,CopyofChapters4.
6–4.
8ofD2.
1oftheLinkedHeritageprojectonLDandLOD1541.
INTRODUCTIONAsDaguerreobasewillactasan(project)aggregatorofcontentforEuropeana,therealizationoftheobjectivesoftheDaguerreobaseprojectarestronglydependentongoodmetadatacommunicationandconnectivitybetweentheDaguerreobaseaggregatorandtheEuropeanaportal.
TomaketheDaguerreobaseintoavaluablesourceofinformationthatwillcontributetoandbenefitfromEuropeana,severalmethodswillbeused.
TheLinkedOpenDataprotocolwasanintegralpartusedinthedevelopmentofthenewDaguerreobase.
AnAPIisdevelopedtopreparethenecessarymappingsforthemetadataconversionstotherenewedDaguerreobasestructureandtohandlethealignmentofthedigitalcontentwithEuropeanabutalsowithotheraggregatorsandproviders.
ADAM(DigitalAssetManagementsystem)anddataentrytoolwillbeusedtoprovidethemetadataandderivativestotheDaguerreobaseaggregator.
MoredetaileddescriptionsofthesemethodsandtoolsaredescribedinseparatedocumentsanddeliverablesaspartoftheWP5tasks.
-Collectionmanagementsetup(D5.
2);-API(D5.
3);-LinkedOpenData(D5.
4);-LinkingEuropeanaCollection(D5.
5);-DataImport(D5.
6).
ThisdocumentwilldescribetheuseofLinked(Open)Data.
52.
DEFINITIONS1API:ApplicationProgrammingInterface.
Content:Digital(digitisedordigitalborn)informationaboutobjects.
Inthisproject,contentisrestrictedtodigitalimagesandmetadatadescriptionsofdaguerreotypeobjects.
ContentAggregator:AnaggregatorinthecontextofEuropeanaisanorganizationthatcollectsmetadatafromagroupofdataprovidersandtransmitsittoEuropeana.
Aggregatorsalsosupportthedataproviderswithadministration,operationsandtraining.
Projectaggregator:Projectaggregatorsareorganizationsthathavejoinedaprojectconsortiumwithaspecificaimandpurpose.
Projectaggregatorsaimtoaggregatewithinaspecificthemeorbydomain(singleorcross).
Daguerreobase:project/thematiccontentaggregatorondaguerreotypes.
EU-CIP,ICT-PSPfundedproject#297250.
DaguerreobaseAPI:technicalinterfaceforthepurposeofsearchingandretrievingDaguerreotypeMetadata.
Europeanaportal:StichtingEuropeana,theFoundationprovidingtheEuropeanaAPI.
LinkedData:Incomputing,linkeddata(oftencapitalizedasLinkedData)describesamethodofpublishingstructureddatasothatitcanbeinterlinkedandbecomemoreuseful.
ItbuildsuponstandardWebtechnologiessuchashttp,rdfandURI's,butratherthanusingthemtoservewebpagesforhumanreaders,itextendsthemtoshareinformationinawaythatcanbereadautomaticallybycomputers.
Thisenablesdatafromdifferentsourcestobeconnectedandqueried.
2LinkedOpenData:LinkedOpenData(LOD)isLinkedDatawhichisreleasedunderanopenlicence,whichdoesnotimpedeitsreuseforfree.
CreativeCommonsCC-BYisanexampleopenlicence,asistheUK'sOpenGovernmentLicence.
LinkedDatadoesnotofcourseingeneralhavetobeopen--thereisalotofimportantuseoflinkeddatainternally,andforpersonalandgroup-widedata.
Youcanhave5-starLinkedDatawithoutitbeingopen.
However,ifitclaimstobeLinkedOpenDatathenitdoeshavetobeopen,togetanystaratall.
31AccordingtoEuropeanadefinitions.
EuropeanaAggregators'HandbookEdition1May2010.
2Bizer,Christian;Heath,Tom;Berners-Lee,Tim(2009).
"LinkedData,TheStorysofar".
InternationalJournalonSemanticWebandInformationSystems5(3):1–22.
doi:10.
4018/jswis.
2009081901.
ISSN15526283.
Retrieved2010-12-18.
SolvingSemanticInteroperabilityConflictsinCross–BorderE–GovernmentServices.
3http://www.
w3.
org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.
html6Metadata:metadataisinformationaboutContent,describingitscharacteristicstoaidinitsidentification,discovery,interpretationandmanagement.
Preview:generaltermincludingsmallerand/orlowerresolutionversionofstillimageContentorshorterand/orlowerresolutionextractofaudioormovingimageContent.
73.
LINKED(OPEN)DATAWP5isresponsiblefortheactualingestionofdatafromtherenewedDaguerreobasethatwillserveasanaggregatorforcontainingacriticalmassofhistoricalrelevant,multilingualandhighqualitycontentofmainlyhistoricalandEuropeanstyledaguerreotypeobjectsandliterature.
Thecurrentconsortiumpartners,newinstitutionalpartnersandprivatecollectorsorownerswilldeliverthemainpartoftheactualcontent.
AddressingEuropeana,Daguerreobasedevelopedmultilingualterminologyandthesauri/entriesliststoimprovesemanticweb-basedaccessandretrievalofculturalandhistoricalinformationwithinEuropeana.
ThetechnicalpartnersintheDaguerreobaseprojectexploredtheuseofLinkedData(LD)andLinkedOpenData(LOD).
ApplyingLDandLODwillsupportthesemanticprocessingandinteroperabilitywithinandwiththeEuropeanadatamodel(EDM).
3.
1.
PrinciplesanduseofLinked(Open)DataTimBerners-LeeoutlinedfourprinciplesoflinkeddatainhisDesignIssues:LinkedDatanote4:1.
UseURI'stodenotea'thing',2.
UsehttpURI'ssothatthesethingscanbereferredtoandlookedupbypeopleanduseragents,3.
Provideusefulinformationaboutthe'thing'whenitsURIisde-referenced,leveragingstandardssuchasRDForSPARQL.
4.
Includelinkstootherrelatedthings(usingtheirURIs)whenpublishingdataontheWeb.
In2010heintroduceda(5)starratingschemeinordertoencouragepeopletodelivergoodlinked(open)data:Underthestarscheme,yougetone(big!
)stariftheinformationhasbeenmadepublicatall,evenifitisaphotoofascanofafaxofatable--ifithasanopenlicence.
Thenyougetmorestarsasyoumakeitprogressivelymorepowerful,easierforpeopletouse.
Availableontheweb(whateverformat)butwithanopenlicence,tobeOpenDataAvailableasmachine-readablestructureddata(e.
g.
excelinsteadofimagescanofatable)as(2)plusnon-proprietaryformat(e.
g.
CSVinsteadofexcel)Alltheaboveplus,UseopenstandardsfromW3C(RDFandSPARQL)toidentifythings,sothatpeoplecanpointatyourstuffAlltheabove,plus:Linkyourdatatootherpeople'sdatatoprovidecontextUseofLinked(Open)Data4http://www.
w3.
org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.
html8InNovember2011,theLinkedHeritageproject5finalizedDeliverable2.
1,'LH_D2-1_Bestpracticereportonculturalheritagelinkeddataandmetadatastandards_final'inwhichtheuseandpotentialoflinkeddatawasexplored.
Theprojectidentifiedthemostappropriatemodels,processesandtechnologiesforthedeploymentofculturalheritageinformationrepositoriesaslinkeddata.
TheDaguerreobaseprojectisreusingsomeofthisinformationaboutthepractiseanduseofLDandLODinmakingdecisionsfortheownproject.
OtherpurposesofdeliverableD2.
1oftheLinkedHeritageprojectwere:-Consideringhowlinkeddatapracticescouldbeappliedtoculturalheritageinformationrepositories;-Exploringthestateoftheartinpersistentidentifiers(bothstandardsandmanagementtools);-Identifyingthemostappropriateapproachtopersistentidentification;-Designingafeasibilitymodelandrealisingademonstratorofaflexible,scalable,secureandreliableinfrastructureforanetworkoflinkeddataenabledculturalheritageinformationrepositories;-Exploringthestateoftheartinculturalmetadatamodels,andinparticulartheirinteroperabilityacrosslibraries,museums,archives,publishers,contentindustries,andtheEuropeanamodels(ESEandEDM);-OutliningthepotentialbenefitsthatricherculturalheritagemetadatacouldbringtoEuropeana,andtotheotherserviceswhichwilluseit.
InSection4ofdeliverableD2.
1oftheLinkedHeritageproject,theLinkingOpenDataCloudwashighlightedandcommented.
Theprojectresearchedthenextquestions:IsTheCloudopenWhichIPRlicencesareusedforlinkeddataHowbigisTheCloudWhatarethesubjectsinthedataWhichformatsareusedtoencodedataHowisTheCloudlinkedWhatculturalheritagedataisinTheCloudThe'Cloud'ThenextdiagramshowsdatasetsinthedifferentareasorfieldsthathavebeenpublishedintheLinkedDataformat,bycontributorstotheLinkingOpenDatacommunityprojectandotherindividualsandorganisations.
ItisbasedonmetadatacollectedandcuratedbycontributorstotheDataHub6.
Thediagramispublishedonhttp://lod-cloud.
net/andismaintainedbyRichardCyganiak(DERI7,NUIGalway)andAnjaJentzsch(HPI8).
ThethemesinthecloudareMedia,Geographic,Publications,User-generatedcontent,Government,Cross-domain,Lifesciences.
Thisdiagramwaslastupdated:2011-09-19.
5LINKEDHERITAGE,ICT-PSPProjectno.
270905,CoordinationofstandardandtechnologiesfortheenrichmentofEuropeana.
LH_D2-1_Bestpracticereportonculturalheritagelinkeddataandmetadatastandards_final.
Thisdeliverablewascreatedbasedonaprocessforcreatingsimilardeliverablesthatwasdevelopedandsuccessfullyused,duringtheATHENAproject.
6http://datahub.
io/group/lodcloud7http://www.
deri.
ie/,theDigitalEnterpriseResearchInstitute.
8http://www.
hpi.
uni-potsdam.
de/willkommen.
html,theHassoPlattnerInstitute.
99Nextconditionsandstepsarerequiredtogetametadatasetintothediagram.
9"LinkingOpenDataclouddiagram,byRichardCyganiakandAnjaJentzsch.
http://lod-cloud.
net/"10MakesurethatdataarepublishedaccordingtotheLinkedDataprinciples.
Weinterpretthisas:Theremustberesolvablehttp://(orhttps://)URIs.
Theymustresolve,withorwithoutcontentnegotiation,toRDFdatainoneofthepopularRDFformats(RDFa,RDF/XML,Turtle,N-Triples).
Thedatasetmustcontainatleast1000triples.
ThedatasetmustbeconnectedviaRDFlinkstoadatasetthatisalreadyinthediagram.
Thismeans,eitheryourdatasetmustuseURIsfromtheotherdataset,orviceversa.
Wearbitrarilyrequireatleast50links.
AccessoftheentiredatasetmustbepossibleviaRDFcrawling,viaanRDFdump,orviaaSPARQLendpoint.
Ifyourdatasetmeetsthesecriteria:1.
PleaseaddittotheDataHub,theopenregistryofdataandcontentpackages.
SeetheGuidelinesforCollectingMetadataonLinkedDatasetsintheDataHubformoredetails.
(BeforecreatinganewDataHubrecord,pleasedouble-checkwhetherarecordalreadyexistsforyourdataset.
)2.
Weprovideahandyrecordvalidator;useittocheckthatatleasttheminimumrequiredinformationispresent.
3.
Emailrichard@cyganiak.
deandmail@anjajentzsch.
de.
4.
WewillreviewtheDataHubrecord,andaddittothelodcloudgroup.
5.
Thedatasetwillbeincludedinthenextupdateofthediagram.
InAnnex1,Section5to8ofdeliverable2.
1oftheLinkedHeritageprojectaregiven.
Section5explorestheStandardsLandscapeforLinkedData.
Thisdescribesallthemajorstandards,includingthoseforcreatingandlicensingtheuseoflinkeddata.
CulturalmetadatastandardsarelookedatinSection6.
Theresultsofthepartnersmetadatasurveyaregiven,andthisleadstotheselectionofstandardsforuseduringtheLinkedHeritageproject.
Section7containsworkpackage2sbestpracticeadviceforlinkeddataandmetadata,andSection8givesconclusionsincludingsuggestionsforfurtherwork.
113.
2StructureoftheDaguerreobaseaggregatorrepository3.
2.
1.
MetadataAdaguerreotypeismuchmorethanjustaphotographicimage.
AnimportantoutcomeoftheDaguerreobaseprojectistherealisationofacommunitystandardforthedescriptionofthecomplexstructureofadaguerreotypeobject.
Thestandardforthedescriptionofadaguerreotypeobjectisdescribedinaseparatedeliverable,D2.
3.
a-d10,andincludestheentiremetadatamodelandappliedgeneraldescriptivestandards.
3.
2.
2.
PresentationofthecollectionTheDaguerreobaseimagerepositoryisintegratedinJoomla!
2.
5.
Theimagerepositoryhasa'simplesearch'and.
TheOpenSearchtoolscanbeusedtosearchonspecificfieldstoprovideallneedsofthedifferentusergroups.
ThesearchenginewillbebasedonSolR,anopensourceApacheprojecttowhichPicturae(PIM)hasmadeseveralcontributions.
Thiswillresultinthepossibilityoffacetedsearchcapabilities.
Asinglesearchwillleadtoaresultpage,whichcanbeviewedinfourdifferentlayouts:-Gallery–aviewwithlargeimagesandperimageatitle;10D3.
2.
a-dStandards.
.
.
12-List-inthelistviewthereareonlyafewimagesshown(max10),allthemetadataisshownatthesideoftheimages;-Presentation–afullscreenviewoftheindividualrecordsofthesearchresults.
Thiswillbeshowninanoverlaiddesign.
Allviewswillbedevelopedin'HTML5'.
HTML5willbeusedasasolidbaseforthewebsitethatwillhaveasocalled"responsivedesign",whichmeansthesitewillbeaccessiblefrommobiledevicesandtabletPC's(suchasiPad,etc.
).
AdetailedviewofeveryrecordisavailableandhasauniqueURLandisfullysearchengineoptimized(SEO).
Byusingthismethodalltherecordswillbeindexedbysearchengines(Google,Bing,etc.
)andthusitwillbeeasiertofindaresultinaregularbrowser.
ThepossibilitytoviewtheimagesupcloseisprovidedbyconvertingtheimagestoatiledviewformatusingJPEG2000.
Thefullimagerepositorywillbeexportedtoasiteindex,whichwillbeperiodicallyusedbysearchbotstoindexthefullcollection.
TheLinkedOpenDatainitiativeprovidessemanticwebcapabilities.
DatafromGeoNames(seegeonames.
org)willbeavailablethusprovidingcontextualinformationaboutspatialinformationforanimageorasubject.
3.
2.
3.
EnrichmentofthecollectionTofacilitateandencouragetheaggregationofcontentbynotonlytheexperts,butalsobythegeneralpublic,theDaguerreobaseprojectwillprovidethefollowingcapabilitiesinthedatabase:-Commenting:Acommentcanbeplacedwitheveryrecordandprovideabasefordiscussionandcommunitybuilding.
Thecapabilityofplacingcommentswillprovidepossibilitiesforenrichingmetadata.
AllthisUserGeneratedMetaDatawillbesearchablebytheSearchEngineandwillbesavedseparatelybutstillconnectedtotheobjectinthecollection.
TheUserGeneratedMetaDatacanbeusedbyLinkedOpenDataprotocolsprovidingavaluableandrichsourceforinformationforothersearchqueries.
-LinkingtoExternalInformation(Triples,RDF,LinkedOpenData):DBpedia:DBpediaisconsideredtheSemanticWebmirrorofWikipedia.
ItwillbeusedtotagitemsfromDaguerreobasetotopicalitemsfromWikipedia.
GeoNames:TheGeoNamesgeographicaldatabasecoversallcountriesandcontainsovereightmillion.
ItwillbeusedtotaggeospatialinformationonDaguerreobase.
ByusingdifferentkindsofmethodstosearchotherdatabasesthecontextualinformationoftheDaguerreobasewillbesignificantlyenhanced.
WithintheResourceDescriptiveFramework(RDF)socalledtriplesareusedtocreatelinksbetweenLinkedOpenDatafromGeoNamesandDBpedia(bothpartoftheLODcloud).
133.
2.
4.
CollectionmanagementWithitsextensiveexperienceinfacilitatingtheculturalheritagesector,PIMimplementedacollectionmanagementsystembuiltforconnectingmetadataandcollections.
-Data-Entry:Tocreateadvancedmetadatathecollectionmanagementsystemusesadataentrytool.
-Triples:Thecollectionmanagementsystemprovidestheabilitytouseandmanagetriplerelations.
TriplerelationsareacorepartofconnectingtheinformationintheDaguerreobasetothesemanticweb.
-Thesauri/entrieslists:TomakeuseofthepossibilitiesofLinkedOpenData,thesauri/entrieslistsarebuiltfollowingtheSKOS(SimpleKnowledgeOrganizationSystem)methodology.
TheproposedcollectionmanagementsystemwillmakeuseoftheOpenSourceSKOSmanagementsystemOpenSKOSfortheusertobeabletomanageallusedthesauri.
3.
3SpecificationsimplementedLinkedOpenDataPIMimplementedtheOpenSearchAPIasdescribedinD5.
3.
ResultsarepublishedinRDF/XMLformat,whichisrecommendedfortheLinkedOpenData.
Theresultpagecontainstheitemswithallfieldsrequiredbytheopensearchstandardaswellastherdfdescriptionofthedocument.
Thisrdfdescriptionisusedconsistentlythroughoutthewebsiteandalltheservicesrelatedtoit.
ThisrdfdescriptionmightcontainlinkstosourcesfromotherlinkedopendataprojectsliketheGeonamesthesaurus.
Italsocontainslinkstoallimagesassociatedwiththedaguerreotype.
Anexampleofsuchanitemisshownbelow.
1415Annex1,CopyofChapters4.
6–4.
8ofD2.
1oftheLinkedHeritageprojectonLDandLODChapter4.
6WHICHFORMATSAREUSEDTOENCODEDATAInordertoencodedataforTheCloudvariousformatsareused.
Inmostoftheliteratureonlinkeddatathetermusedforthemisvocabulary.
Wecontinuetouseformatheretoavoidconfusionwiththeculturalheritageuseofvocabularyasbeingthedescriptivetermsbeingusedratherthanthemetadataelements.
Alsoofnoteisthatsomeoftheformatsarecalledontologies.
Themostcommonlyusedare:Format1Numberofpackagesusingtheformat%ofpackagesusingtheformatResourceDescriptionFramework(rdf)26183.
92DublinCore(dc)9731.
19FriendofaFriend(foaf)8427.
01SimpleKnowledgeOrganizationSystem(skos)5718.
33RDFSchema(rdfs)4213.
50WebOntologyLanguage(owl)3410.
93BasicGeo(geo)258.
04AdvancedKnowledgeTechnologiesReferenceOntology(akt)227.
07eXtensibleHyperTextMarkupLanguage(xhtml)196.
11BibliographicOntology(bibo)144.
50[nonegiven]134.
18MusicOntology(mo)134.
18DBpediaOntology(dbpedia)123.
86vCard(vcard)113.
54Semantically-InterlinkedOnlineCommunities(sioc)103.
22CreativeCommons(cc)82.
57FunctionalRequirementsforBibliographicRecords(frbr)61.
93GeoNamesOntology(geonames)61.
93XMLSchema(xsd)61.
93EventOntology(event)51.
611Theabbreviationinbracketsafteraformat'snameisthenamespaceforthatformat.
Thereseemstobethreetypesofformat:Basic–ThosethatgenerallyorganisetheentitiesinTheCloud,includinglinksbetweentheentities.
Theyarefoundinuseinnearlyallthepackagesinit,asmightbeexpected.
Thereforeitislikelythatanyculturalheritagepackagewillalsousethem.
Theyare:ResourceDescriptionFramework;RDFSchema;WebOntologyLanguage;andXMLSchema.
Descriptive–Thosewhoseelementsholddescriptivedataabouttheentitiesforuseinmanypackages.
Theyaregenerallydevelopedbyasetofinterestedpartieswhowanttopublishtheirinformationaslinkeddata.
Quiteoftentheyhavetheiroriginsinaspecificprojectorinitiative.
Theyare:DublinCore(forwebresources);FriendofaFriend(persons);SimpleKnowledgeOrganizationSystem(terminologies);BasicGeo(geographical);BibliographicOntology;MusicOntology;vCard(businesscards);Semantically-InterlinkedOnlineCommunities(socialnetworks);CreativeCommons(IPR);FunctionalRequirementsforBibliographicRecordsandEventOntology.
Packagespecific–Thosewhoseelementsrepresentthespecificdataheldinaparticularpackage.
Theyweredevelopedinthecontextofthepublicationofasinglepackageaslinkeddata.
Howevertheycanbeusedinthepublicationofotherpackageswhichmayleadtothembecomingdefactostandards.
16Theyare:AdvancedKnowledgeTechnologiesReferenceOntology,DBpediaOntology,andGeoNamesOntology.
Thattherearesomeformatsofthistypethatareusedbymorethanonepackageissignificant.
ItsuggeststhattheseparentpackageisplayingasignificantroleinTheCloud.
ObviousexamplesofthisareDBpediaandGeoNames,andweshallseeasimilarpatternwhenwelookatlinkinginTheCloudinthenextsection.
Itissurprising,whenBerners-Leesuggestsusingastandardformat,tofindthat75formatsareusedbytwoorlesspackages.
Whatweareseeingisperhaps,takingabiologicalanalogy,isanevolutionaryexplosioninspeciesinanewenvironment.
Forthesakeofinteroperabilityitmaybehopedthatsurvivalofthefittestwillbegintoact.
Itseemsthatlinkeddataisstillinanexperimentalphase.
4.
7HOWISTHECLOUDLINKEDThemostimportantpartofTheCloudishowthepackagesarelinkedtogether.
TheDataHubsiteallowsustoseethedetailofthelinks.
Thetenmostcommonlylinkedtopackages,intermsofthenumberofpackageslinking,are:PackagebeinglinkedtoNumberofpackageslinkingNumberoflinksDBpedia15831,531,365GeoNamesSemanticWeb429,353,935[none]340DBLPComputerScienceBibliography(RKBExplorer)271,338,927AssociationforComputingMachinery(ACM)(RKBExplorer)261,487,410ePrints3InstitutionalArchiveCollection(RKBExplorer)26281,385Freebase2510,452,728CiteSeer(ResearchIndex)(RKBExplorer)24805,921SchoolofElectronicsandComputerScience,UniversityofSouthampton(RKBExplorer)2437,996ReSISTProjectWiki(RKBExplorer)24408TheclearwinnersareDBpedia,GeoNamesSemanticWeb,andFreebase.
Thesearelinkedtoby50.
8%,13.
5%and8.
0%oftheotherpackagesinTheCloud.
Itissupposedthatthissuccessisduetheirbeingwell-known.
Thesixpackagesinthelistwith(RKBExplorer)attheendofnamesarepartofamini-cloudofabout50packages.
RKBExplorer(See:http://www.
rkbexplorer.
com)isasystemforpublishinglinkeddata,developedduringtheEC-fundedReSISTproject(See:http://www.
resist-noe.
org).
Ithasabrowserthatallowsuserstoexploretheinterlinkeddatasets.
Itisinteresting,andperhapsatfirstglancesurprising,tonotethatover10%ofthepackagesinTheClouddonotlinktootherpackages.
Theyaregenerallylinkedto,orhavebeenpublishedinordertobelinkedto.
Includedinthisgrouparesomeofthelargestpackages,e.
g.
Data.
gov,2000U.
S.
CensusinRDF(rdfabout.
com),data.
gov.
ukTimeIntervals,UniParc,TheOpenLibrary,andGeneID.
Thetenmostcommonlylinkedtopackages,intermsofnumberoflinks,are:PackagebeinglinkedtoNumberofpackageslinkingNumberoflinksUniProtKBTaxonomy646,630,89817MARCCodesList342,409,958QDOS140,000,000UniProtKB1033,447,122DBpedia15831,531,365OrdnanceSurveyLinkedData1629,717,902UniParc127,534,215IdRef:Sudocauthoritydata320,040,000Sudocbibliographicdata120,000,000flickrwrappr416,358,998DBpediaistheonlypackagetoappearinthisandthepreviouslist,whichreinforcesitspopularity.
flickrwrapprisextensivelylinkedfromDBpediatoprovideimagesforitsconcepts.
PackageswithUniProtatthebeginningoftheirname,andtheUniParcpackage,arepartofamini-cloudofthesubjectofproteins.
SudocistheFrenchacademicunioncatalogue,andthelinksherearebetweenpackagesrelatedtoit.
OrdnanceSurveyLinkedDataisgeographicaldatafortheUK,andlinkedtobypackagesfromthatcountry,especiallyUKgovernmentdatapackages.
QDOSisconnectedtoapackagedealingwithpopularmusic.
Thisanalysisshowsthatthelinkingofpackagesisnotsomethingthatis,atleastatthemoment,growinginanorganicway.
ThereareinitiativeswhichareresponsibleforcreatinglargepartsofTheCloud.
Theimplicationisthatfortheculturalheritagesectorthatsuchaninitiativeneedstohappentoo.
Europeanaistakingaleadingroleinsuchaninitiative(See:http://version1.
europeana.
eu/web/lod)4.
8CULTURALHERITAGEDATAINTHECLOUDThereare18packagesinTheCloudthatcouldbeidentifiedashavingculturalheritageastheirsubjectorrelatedtoit:PackageIPRNumberoftriplesVIAF:TheVirtualInternationalAuthorityFile[notgiven]200,000,000EuropeanaLinkedOpenData[notgiven]2185,000,000BritishNationalBibliography(BNB)CC080,249,538HungarianNationalLibrary(NSZL)catalog[notgiven]19,300,000AmsterdamMuseumasLinkedOpenDataintheEuropeanaDataModelCCBY-SA5,000,000LibraryofCongressSubjectHeadings[notgiven]4,151,586SwedishOpenCulturalHeritageOther(Open)3,400,000Calames[notgiven]2,000,000RAMEAUsubjectheadings(STITCH)[notgiven]1,619,918data.
bnf.
fr-BibliothèquenationaledeFrance[notgiven]1,400,000NationalDietLibraryofJapansubjectheadings[notgiven]1,294,669GemeenschappelijkeThesaurusAudiovisueleArchieven–CommonThesaurusAudiovisualArchivesODbL992,797GemeinsameNormdatei(GND)Other(non-commercial)629,582ArchivesHubLinkedDataCC0431,088ThesaurusforGraphicMaterialsCCBY-SA103,00018(t4gm.
info)ItalianMuseums(LinkedOpenData.
it)CCBY-SA49,897ThesaurusWforLocalArchives[notgiven]11,000MARCCodesListOpenDataOther(PublicDomain)8,8162ThiswilleventuallybepublishedasCC0TwoofthepackagesaredirectlyrelatedtoEuropeana:AmsterdamMuseumandEuropeanaitself.
ThereisevidenceofaFrencheffortwithlinkeddata,especiallyterminologies:Calames,RAMEAUsubjectheadings(STITCH),data.
bnf.
fr-BibliothèquenationaledeFrance,ThesaurusWforLocalArchives.
ThiswasalsoseenintheLinkedHeritagepartnerssurvey.
SwedenisalsodoingsomethingsimilarwithSwedishOpenCulturalHeritage.
Italyisalsostartingtofollowthesamepath.
Thereisanadditionalterminologyandauthorityfilecomponentwith:VIAF:TheVirtualInternationalAuthorityFile,BritishNationalBibliography(BNB),LibraryofCongressSubjectHeadings,NationalDietLibraryofJapansubjectheadings,GemeinsameNormdatei(GND),ThesaurusforGraphicMaterials(t4gm.
info)andtheMARCCodesListOpenData.
Finallythereisacontributionfromthedomainsoflibraries(HungarianNationalLibrary(NSZL)catalog),archives(ArchivesHubLinkedData),andaudio-visualarchives(GemeenschappelijkeThesaurusAudiovisueleArchieven–CommonThesaurusAudiovisualArchives).
ThepartofTheCloudfromculturalheritageisstillrathersmall(c500mtriplesor<1.
5%).
HoweverdevelopmentsfromEuropeanaareplannedtosignificantlyincreaseitssize.
LinkedHeritagewillbeasignificantcomponentofit.
Letusfurtherexplorefurtherdetailsabouttheculturalheritagemini-cloud.
Culturalheritagepackagesusetheseformats:FormatNumberofpackagesusingtheformatResourceDescriptionFramework13SimpleKnowledgeOrganizationSystem11DublinCore7eXtensibleHyperTextMarkupLanguage4FriendofaFriend3BasicGeo1BibliographicOntology1DBpedia1MusicOntology1ObjectReuseandExchange1RDFSchema1vCard1WebOntologyLanguage1XMLSchema1ThegeneralpictureissimilartoTheCloudasawhole,exceptthattheuseofSKOSismuchmoresignificant,indicatingtheimportanceofterminologicalresourcesandauthorityfilesinthesector;Ofnoteistheabsenceofaformatformuseuminformationspecifically.
AlsotheEuropeanaDataModelisnotmentionedinTheDataHub,butfromothersourceswasusedbyAmsterdamMuseum,andprobablybytheEuropeanapackages.
CulturalheritagepackagesinTheCloudlinkto:PackagebeinglinkedtoNumberofpackageslinkingNumberoflinks19DBpedia582,308LibraryofCongressSubjectHeadings4108,135VIAF:TheVirtualInternationalAuthorityFile21,820,684GeoNamesSemanticWeb2510,658DeweyDecimalClassification(DDC)2200,543RAMEAUsubjectheadings(STITCH)283,530SwedishOpenCulturalHeritage1100,489GemeinsameNormdatei(GND)120,000IdRef:Sudocauthoritydata110,000[DCMITypeVocabulary–notinTheCloud]110,000UKPostcodes15,000AGROVOC1700HungarianNationalLibrary(NSZL)catalog1136[none]10Asonemightexpect,DBpediaisthemostpopularpackagetolinkto.
AnothergeneralpackagelinkedtoisGeoNamesSemanticWeb.
BothofthesewerealsoidentifiedintheLinkedHeritagesurvey,andrepresentwellknownsourcesofcross-domainandgeographicalinformationtolinktothis.
Apartfromthistherestofthelinkedpackagesaremainlyotherculturalheritagepackages,andespeciallystandardterminologiesandauthorityfiles.
Lookingattheuseofserialisations:SerialisationNumberofpackagesusing(%)RDF/XML16(88.
9%)N-Triples5(27.
8%)Turtle1(5.
5%)[nonegiven]1(5.
5%)RDF/XMLisusedbyallbuttwoofthepackages:EuropeanaLinkedOpenDatausesmentionsonlyNTriples,andtheCalamesPackagedoesnotmentionanyserialisation.
N-TriplesareusuallypublishedtogetherwithRDF/XML.
TheoneoccurrenceofTurtleisincombinationwithRDF/XML.
Thissuggeststhatculturalheritagelinkeddatashouldbe,atleast,publishedasRDF/XMLandpossiblyasN-Triplesinordertobecompatibletoexistingdata.
Howeverthereisnoreasonwhyalltheserialisationscannotbeused.