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InternationalTelecommunicationUnionInternationalTelecommunicationUnionUSEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTHAstatisticalcompilationJune2008iiiAstatisticalcompilationPrefaceTheexpansionofelectronicanddigitalinfrastructurehasgivenmanymillionsofpeoplethepotentialtolearn,publishandcommunicateonanunprecedentedscale.
Therapidlydecliningrealcostoftherequisiteinformationandcommunicationtechnologies,combinedwithvastchangestoavailableinfrastructure,haveallowedmanyyoungpeopletotakeadvantageoftechnologytodoandachievethingsunknowntoearliergenerations.
Whileaccesstotechnologyandassociatedelectroniccontenthassignificantlychangedthelivesofmanyyoungpeopleinwealthiereconomies,thesameisnotgenerallytrueofthoseinlessdevelopedeconomies.
Themainpurposeofthisreportistoshedlightonthecurrentsituationbypresentinganddescribingstatisticalinformationontheuseofinformationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT)bythechildrenandyouthoftheworld.
Asecondarygoalistodescribethelimitationsofexistingstatistics,andtopresentproposalstoincreasetheavailabilityandcomparabilityofstatisticsonyoungpeople'suseofICT.
Animportantlimitation,affectingboththedataandtheconclusionspresentedinthispublication,isthesmallnumberofcountriesforwhichrelevantdataareavailable.
WhilethemajorityofdevelopedeconomieshaverichdatasetsonindividualuseofICT,dataavailabilityispoorformostdevelopingandtransitioneconomies,andparticularlypoorfortheleastdevelopedeconomies(onlytwoofwhichcollectanyindividualICTusedata).
ThisisthefirstITU-Dstatisticalreportonuseofinformationandcommunicationtechnologybyyoungpeople.
ITU'sYouthInitiativeidentifiedtheneedtodevelopglobalstatisticalindicatorstomeasureuseofICTbychildrenandyouth(includingbygenderanddisabilities),asafollow-upprojecttotheITUYouthForumin2006(ITU,2008).
ThepublicationisjointlyproducedbytheITU-D/SIS-YouthInitiativeandITU-DSTATandwillenableusersandanalyststohaveabetterperspectiveontheevolutionofthedigitaldivideamongyouthandchildren.
NeedforthispublicationalsoarosefromITU'srecognitionoftheimportantrelationshipsbetweenICTuseandyoungpeopleincludingtheroleofICTinenhancingthedevelopmentofchildren,andthecontributionsthatyoungpeoplecanmaketothedevelopmentofaninclusiveInformationSociety(WorldSummitontheInformationSociety,TunisCommitment,articles24and25).
Thesewereemphasizedbytheresolutionof,theWorldTelecommunicationDevelopmentConference(Resolution38,2006)whichcalleduponITUto"…promotetheinterestsandcapabilitiesofyouthinICT…"and"…developandstrengthenactionstomakeICTsaccessibletochildrenandyouth,particularlythedisadvantagedandmarginalized,therebybridgingthedigitaldivide.
"ThisreportisexpectedtobeupdatedeveryfouryearsinordertotrackuseofICTbytheworld'syoungpeople.
ThiswillenableITUmemberstatesandsectormemberstomonitordevelopmentsandtopreparearoadmapforactionsandprojectsthatwouldfacilitateyoungpeople'sintegrationintotheInformationSociety.
ThereportwillbedistributedtoITUmemberstatesandmadefreelyavailableontheITUwebsite.
AcknowledgementsThereportwaspreparedbySheridanRobertsandJoelMcFarlane,consultantstotheMarketInformationandStatisticsDivision(STAT)ofITUTelecommunicationDevelopmentBureau,underthesupervisionofEsperanzaMagpantay.
MsVanessaGrayandMsAsenathMpatwaprovidedvaluablecomments,whileRoxanaWidmer-Iliescuensuredtheproductionofthereport.
ThedatacontainedinthereportwerecollectedfromnationalstatisticalofficesbyITUorwerecompiledusingothernationalstatisticalsources.
EurostatdatawereusedfortheEuropeancountriesforwhichEurostatcollectsICTusestatistics.
TheInfocommDevelopmentAuthorityofSingaporeandtheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanprovideddataespeciallyforthisreport.
SpecialthanksareduetoNathalieRolletfortheoverallformattingofthereport.
TheviewsexpressedinthisreportarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheopinionsofITUoritsmembership.
AstatisticalcompilationContentsPreface.
iiiAcknowledgements.
ivContents.
vAbbreviations.
viiChapter1.
Introductionandoverview.
1Background.
1Objectives.
1Structureandcontentofthisreport.
1Chapter2.
Context.
3Introduction.
3Asnapshotoftheworld'syoungpeople.
3Population.
3Education.
4Literacy.
4Employment.
6ICTinfrastructure.
7Conclusion.
8Chapter3.
HowuseofICTbyyoungpeopleismeasured.
11Introduction.
11Coreindicatorsonaccessto,anduseof,ICTbyhouseholdsandindividuals.
13Chapter4.
Currentstatisticalcollectionworkanditslimitations.
15Introduction.
15CollectionofindividualICTusecoreindicators.
15Limitationsofexistingstatistics.
15Dataavailability.
15Datadeficiencies.
16Chapter5.
UseofICTbytheworld'schildrenandyouth.
19Introduction.
19Useofcomputers,theInternetandmobilephonesbyyoungpeople.
19GenderdifferencesintheuseofICTbyyoungpeople.
23TheinfluenceofotherdemographicfactorsonICTuse.
23UseofICTbyyoungchildren.
23WhereyoungpeopleusetheInternet.
24AccesstoICTbyhouseholdswithorwithoutchildren.
27UseofICTineducation.
27USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTHviHowoftenyoungpeopleuseICT.
29ThetimespentbyyoungpeopleusingICT.
30ThenatureofInternetusebyyoungpeople.
31Changesinyoungpeople'suseofICTovertime.
33NewstylesofICTusebyyoungpeople.
33HistoryoftheInternetanditsapplications.
33Measuringchangingstylesofuse.
35Chapter6.
Summaryandrecommendations.
41Introduction.
41Mainfindings.
41Policyimplicationsofthefindings.
42Datalimitations.
43Recommendationsforimprovingdata.
43Annex1.
AvailabilityofdataonuseofICTbyyoungpeople.
47Annex2.
Datatables.
49Bibliography.
81viiAstatisticalcompilationAbbreviationsAOLAmericaOnlineBBSBulletinboardsystemCVCoefficientofvariationDNSDomainnamesystemDQAFDataQualityAssessmentFramework(IMF)DSLDigitalSubscriberLineEUEuropeanUnionGSMGlobalsystemformobilecommunicationsICQ'Iseekyou'(atypeofinstantmessagingsoftware)ICTInformationandcommunicationtechnologyICTsInformationandcommunicationtechnologiesIPInternetprotocolIRCInternetrelaychatISCInternetSystemsConsortiumISDNIntegratedservicesdigitalnetworkISPInternetserviceproviderITInformationtechnologyITUInternationalTelecommunicationUnionKbit/sKilobitspersecondMbit/sMegabitspersecondMSNMicrosoftnetworkNSONationalstatisticalofficeOECDOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentPDAPersonaldigitalassistantSEStandarderrorUISUNESCOInstituteforStatisticsUNCTADUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopmentUNECAUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforAfricaUNECLACUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanUNESCAPUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacificUNESCOUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationUNESCWAUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforWesternAsiaUNSCUnitedNationsStatisticalCommissionUNSDUnitedNationsStatisticsDivisionURLUniformresourcelocatorWPIISWorkingPartyonIndicatorsfortheInformationSociety(OECD)WSISWorldSummitontheInformationSocietyWWWWorldWideWebAstatisticalcompilationChapter1.
IntroductionandoverviewBackground1.
Thebenefitsthatinformationandcommunicationtechnologycanbringtosocietiesandtheirinhabitantshavebeenwidelyacknowledged.
Inabroadsense,thebenefitsarisefromsocietalimprovementsbasedoneconomicgrowthandotherdevelopments,suchasimprovementsineducationortheprocessesofgovernment.
Attheindividuallevel,ICTmayassistpeopletogainmoremeaningfuljobs,tocommunicatemoreeasilywithothersandtodoarangeofday-to-daytasksmorequicklyandefficiently.
2.
TheroleofyoungpeopleintheInformationSocietyisanimportantone.
TheyarepotentialbeneficiariesofincreasedaccesstoICT,forinstance,throughimprovementsineducation.
Theymayalsoplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofinformationsocieties,throughtheirabilitytolearntouseICTanditsapplications.
ThisshouldcreateanimpetustouseICTthatwillspreadtooldercommunitymembers.
Objectives3.
TheobjectivesofthisreportaretopresentrelevantandreliabledataontheuseofICTbytheworld'syoungpeople,todescribethelimitationsofexistingdata,andtopresentproposalstoincreaseandimprovedataonyoungpeople'suseofICT.
4.
ThereportusesdataandmetadataonICTusecollectedbyITUandEurostat,supplementedbyinformationfromNationalStatisticalOffices(NSOs)andtheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.
Structureandcontentofthisreport5.
Chapter2providessomecontext,withastatisticaloverviewoftheworld'syoungpeople,intermsofpopulation,education,literacyandemployment,aswellasbackgroundinformationonthestateofICTinfrastructurebylevelofeconomicdevelopment.
6.
Chapter3looksattheinternationalstatisticalstandardsusedformeasuringaccessto,anduseof,ICT.
Thesestandardsconsistof13coreindicatorsdevelopedbytheglobalPartnershiponMeasuringICTforDevelopment.
1SixoftheindicatorsdealwithuseofICTbyindividuals.
Thisreportislargelybasedonthesecoreindicators,disaggregatedbyage(andgenderwherepossible).
7.
Chapter4discussesstatisticalcollectionworkbeingdoneinthisareaandthelimitationsofexistingstatistics.
Thelatterincludedataavailabilityandvariousdatadeficienciessuchasdataaccuracyandpoorinternationalcomparability.
8.
Chapter5presentsavailablestatisticsonuseofICTbyyoungpeople.
Themainsourcesareofficialstatistics,collectedbynationalUSEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTHstatisticaloffices.
Somenon-officialstatisticsarealsoincluded,althoughlimiteddataonyoungpeople'suseofICTareavailablefromsuchsources.
MostoftheofficialdatapresentedinthechapterarebasedonthecoreICTindicatorsdevelopedbythePartnershipanddescribedinChapter3.
9.
Chapter6summarizesthefindings,brieflyexplorestheirpolicyimplicationsandmakessuggestionsforimprovingstatisticalinformationontheuseofICT.
10.
Thereportconcludeswithannexesshowingdataavailabilityanddetaileddatatables.
1Partnership,2005,http://www.
itu.
int/ITU-D/ict/partnership/material/CoreICTIndicators.
pdf.
AstatisticalcompilationChapter2.
ContextIntroduction11.
AnumberoffactorsinfluenceuseofICT.
Forinstance,useofICTismorelikelyamongstindividualswhoareemployedandamongstthosewhoareeducated.
Itisalsomoreprevalentwheresupportedbyexistingandaffordableinfrastructure.
Thischapterprovidessomecontexttothestatisticsthatfollowbypresentingasnapshotoftheworld'syoungpeopleandtheirICTenvironment.
Thefirstsectionlooksatstatisticalinformationonpopulation,education,literacyandemployment.
ThesecondpresentssomeoftheavailabledataonICTinfrastructureindifferentregionsoftheworld.
Asnapshotoftheworld'syoungpeoplePopulation12.
Globalpopulationdataareshownforthreeyears,1996,2001and2007.
Thesearesplitintodevelopedandlessdevelopedeconomies,maleandfemale,andtwoagecategories:5-14and15-24.
Worldtotalsarealsoincluded.
13.
Inthemostrecent(2007)dataset,showninTable1,the5-14agegroupaccountsfor20percentofdevelopingeconomies'population,butonly11percentfordevelopedeconomies.
Thisisduetoahigherbirthrateindevelopingeconomies,aswellasahighermeanageindevelopedeconomies,givenhigherlifeexpectancy.
14.
However,inbothdevelopedanddevelopingeconomies,theproportionofthepopulationinthe5-14agegroupdeclinedsubstantiallyinthe1996-2007period,indicatingprobablelifeexpectancyincreasesand/orbirthratedecreases.
15.
Youthinthe15-24agegroupalsoaccountforahigherproportionofthepopulationoflessdevelopedeconomiescomparedwithdevelopedeconomies(in2006,19percentcomparedto13percent).
Theproportionofthepopulationinthisagegrouphasbeenfairlystableovertime(fortheworld,18percentinboth1996and2007).
16.
Between1996and2007,thesexratiointhe5-14agegrouphaschangedmoreinlessdevelopedthanindevelopedeconomies.
Fortheoverallworldtotalin2007,theratiowas106.
4malesto100femalesforchildrenaged5-14comparedwith105.
1foryouthaged15-24.
USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTHTable1.
Populationbyageandgender,1996,2001and2007,millions5-145-14ratio(M:100F)15-2415-24ratio(M:100F)TotalTotalRatio(M:100F)5-14:totalratio15-24:totalratio2007World1'189106.
41'175105.
16'602101.
40.
180.
18Developeda135105.
3162104.
61'21794.
40.
110.
13LessDevelopedb1'054106.
51'013105.
25'386103.
00.
200.
192001World1'206106.
01'090104.
76'147101.
40.
200.
18Developed150105.
2164104.
41'19894.
40.
130.
14LessDeveloped1'057106.
1925104.
74'949103.
20.
210.
191996World1'186105.
41'035104.
55'755101.
40.
210.
18Developed158104.
8165104.
41'17994.
30.
130.
14LessDeveloped1'028105.
5870104.
64'576103.
30.
230.
19Note:a.
BasedonclassificationsprovidedbytheIDB.
ConsistsofthecountriesofEurope(includingtransitioneconomies),NorthernAmerica,Australia,JapanandNewZealand(thetransitioneconomiesareasshownintheUNStatisticsDivision'sStandardcountryorareacodesforstatisticaluse,seehttp://unstats.
un.
org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.
htm,31January2008revision).
b.
BasedonclassificationsprovidedbytheIDB.
Consistsofdevelopingeconomies,leastdevelopedeconomiesandthetransitioneconomiesofAsia(asshownintheUNStatisticsDivision'sStandardcountryorareacodesforstatisticaluse,seehttp://unstats.
un.
org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.
htm,31January2008revision).
Source:InternationalDataBase(IDB),U.
S.
CensusBureau,PopulationDivision,2008.
1Education17.
Educationisanimportantindicator,botheconomicandsocial,especiallyinschool-agepopulations.
Educationalenrolmentandoutcomesaretwowaysofgaugingtheeducationalcircumstancesofapopulation.
18.
Internationaldataonenrolmentsofchildrenofprimary-educationageareavailableaspartoftheUN'sindicatorsoftheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(Goal2,Target3"Ensurethat,by2015,childreneverywhere,boysandgirlsalike,willbeabletocompleteafullcourseofprimaryschooling").
2Theenrolmentratioisatypicalmeasure,andisaratioofthenumberofenrolledchildrentothenumberofchildrenofappropriateagetobeenrolledataparticularschoollevel(e.
g.
primary,secondary).
19.
Table2showstheenrolmentratioforchildrenofprimaryenrolmentagefortheyears1991,1999and2005,andthepercentagechangebetween1991and2005foragivenlevelofdevelopmentorgeographicalregion.
Thegreatestincreasesinenrolmentnaturallycomefromthosewiththelowestinitialenrolmentratesin1991.
ThegeographicalregionsofNorthernandSub-SaharanAfricaandSouthernAsiashowlargeincreases(16percent,31percentand21percent)from1991,withtheleastdevelopedeconomicgroupsalsoshowingaverylargeincrease(LDCs39percent).
Literacy20.
Coupledwithincreasingenrolmentfigures,theglobalincreaseinyouthliteracyrates(4.
7percentworldwide),showninTable3,demonstratessomesuccessbynationalgovernmentsandinternationalorganizationsinchallengingpooreducationineconomicallydisadvantagedareas.
Themostnotablechangesinliteracyratesacrossthetwoperiods,1984-1994and1995-2004,areamongwomenintheseareas.
A39percentincreaseinNorthernAfrica,36percentinSouthernAsia,and16percentacrossalltheLDCsshowsthatthistraditionallydisadvantagedgroupisreapingthebenefitsofmoreaccessibleeducation.
AstatisticalcompilationTable2.
Primary-andsecondary-levelenroleesper100childrenofprimary-educationenrolmentage,1991,1999and2005Note:a.
Thedefinitionofregionsisshownherehttp://mdgs.
un.
org/unsd/mdg/Host.
aspxContent=Data/RegionalGroupings.
htm.
b.
BasedonclassificationsprovidedbytheUNSD.
ComprisesBelarus,RepublicofMoldova,RussianFederationandUkraineinEurope,andArmenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,TurkmenistanandUzbekistan,inAsia.
c.
BasedonclassificationsprovidedbytheUNSD.
ComprisesEurope(exceptCIScountriesbutincludingtransitioncountriesinEurope),Australia,Canada,Japan,NewZealandandtheUnitedStates.
Source:TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsReport2007,UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision2007.
3Levelofdevelopmentandregiona199119992005Percentagechange1991-2005World82.
585.
088.
87.
64NorthernAfrica82.
089.
995.
316.
22Sub-SaharanAfrica53.
757.
470.
431.
10LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean86.
893.
896.
711.
41EasternAsia98.
699.
094.
9-3.
75SouthernAsia74.
581.
390.
020.
81South-EasternAsia93.
891.
893.
80.
00WesternAsia80.
884.
986.
46.
93Oceania74.
680.
678.
45.
09CommonwealthofIndependentStatesb90.
387.
191.
71.
55DevelopingRegions80.
283.
587.
99.
60DevelopedRegionsc97.
397.
396.
6-0.
72LeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)53.
059.
273.
638.
87Table3.
Literacyrateof15-24year-olds,womenandmen,percentageofthepopulationaged15-24yearswhocanbothreadandwrite4Note:a.
Thedefinitionofregionsisshownherehttp://mdgs.
un.
org/unsd/mdg/Host.
aspxContent=Data/RegionalGroupings.
htm.
b.
BasedonclassificationsprovidedbytheUNSD.
ComprisesBelarus,RepublicofMoldova,RussianFederationandUkraineinEurope,andArmenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,TurkmenistanandUzbekistan,inAsia.
c.
BasedonclassificationsprovidedbytheUNSD.
ComprisesEurope(exceptCIScountriesbutincludingtransitioncountriesinEurope),Australia,Canada,Japan,NewZealandandtheUnitedStates.
Source:TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsReport2007,UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision2007.
3Levelofdevelopmentandregiona1984-19941995-2004PercentagechangeTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenWorld83.
587.
879.
287.
490.
384.
44.
72.
86.
6NorthernAfrica66.
776.
756.
384.
389.
978.
426.
417.
239.
3Sub-SaharanAfrica64.
471.
058.
467.
872.
263.
85.
31.
79.
2LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean93.
793.
394.
296.
095.
696.
52.
52.
52.
4EasternAsia94.
597.
191.
898.
999.
298.
54.
72.
27.
3SouthernAsia60.
771.
649.
174.
682.
166.
622.
914.
735.
6South-EasternAsia94.
995.
993.
996.
296.
496.
01.
40.
52.
2WesternAsia88.
593.
882.
991.
895.
588.
03.
71.
86.
2Oceania73.
075.
370.
672.
874.
970.
5-0.
3-0.
5-0.
1DevelopingRegions80.
285.
475.
085.
088.
581.
46.
03.
68.
5CommonwealthofIndependentStatesb99.
799.
799.
699.
799.
799.
80.
00.
00.
2DevelopedRegionsc98.
799.
499.
499.
499.
499.
40.
70.
00.
0LeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)56.
364.
049.
162.
367.
957.
110.
76.
116.
3USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTHEmployment21.
Formostregions,theyouthunemploymentrate6wassimilarbetween1996and2006.
ThemostsignificantexceptionwastheSouth-EastAsiaandPacificregion,whereyouthunemploymentroseby7percentagepoints.
Forallworldyouth,theratein2006was13percent.
Overall,2006regionalratesrangedfrom8percentforEastAsiato26percentforNorthAfrica.
22.
Forallregions,theunemploymentrateforyouthismuchhigherthanitisforadults(fortheworldTable4.
Unemploymentrateforyouth,aged15-24years,percentageSource:InternationalLabourOrganization,KeyIndicatorsoftheLabourMarket(KILM),2007.
5Levelofdevelopmentandregion19962006TotalMaleFemaleTotalMaleFemaleWorld121312131313DevelopedeconomiesandEuropeanUnion151516131312CentralandSouth-EasternEurope(non-EU)andCIScountries201920191918EastAsia896896South-EastAsiaandthePacific10910171617SouthAsia101011101010LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean151219171422NorthAfrica292634262334Sub-SaharanAfrica181817181817MiddleEast252232252231Table5.
RatioofyouthtoadultunemploymentrateSource:InternationalLabourOrganization,KeyIndicatorsoftheLabourMarket(KILM),2007.
519962006World2.
93.
0DevelopedeconomiesandEuropeanUnion2.
42.
3CentralandSouth-EasternEurope(non-EU)andCIScountries2.
52.
7EastAsia2.
82.
8South-EastAsiaandthePacific5.
54.
8SouthAsia3.
62.
7LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean2.
62.
7NorthAfrica3.
23.
5Sub-SaharanAfrica3.
33.
0MiddleEast3.
13.
1total,byafactorof3in2006).
Mostregionsaresimilartotheoverallworldaverage,exceptforSouth-EastAsiaandthePacific,wheretheyouthunemploymentrateis5timestheadultrate.
23.
Inmostregionsin2006,femaleyouthunemploymentwassimilartotherateformaleyouth.
However,intheLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,NorthAfricaandMiddleEastregions,therewereparticularlylargedifferencesinunemploymentrates,withthefemaleratebeingaround10percentagepointshigherineachcase.
AstatisticalcompilationICTinfrastructure24.
ThedatapresentedinthissectionprovideapictureofthestateofICTinfrastructureanditsaffordabilityindevelopedandlessdevelopedeconomies,anddifferentregions.
ThedataarecollectedbytheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU)andpublishedintheWorldTelecommunication/ICTIndicatorsDatabase(ITU,2007a).
7TheyaredefinedintheTelecommunicationIndicatorsHandbook(ITU,2007b).
TheindicatorspresentedherearethecoreICTindicatorsA1toA9adoptedbythePartnershiponMeasuringICTforDevelopment.
25.
TheindicatorsinTable6showthatfixedtelephonelinesareuncommoninleastdevelopedeconomies.
Accesstomobilephonesisthereforelikelytobemoreimportanttoindividualsinsucheconomies.
Therewere10mobilesubscribersper100inhabitantsin2006inleastdevelopedeconomies;whilethisislowcomparedtootherlevelsofdevelopment,itrepresentssignificantgrowthinrecentyears(therewere0.
3mobilesubscribersper100inhabitantsin2000).
26.
AccesstocomputersandtotheInternet,especiallybroadband,ismarkedlyhigherfordevelopedeconomiesthanforlessdevelopedeconomies.
Importantly,thecostofICTaccess(mobilephonesandInternet)ismuchhigherasaproportionofpercapitaincomeinlessdevelopedeconomies,withtheleastdevelopedeconomiesparticularlydisadvantaged(Table7).
Table6.
AvailabilityofICTinfrastructure,aggregatevalues,8latestyearavailable9Note:a.
Thiscategoryconsistsofonecountryonly.
Source:ITU.
LevelofdevelopmentandregionFixedtelephonelinesMobilecellularsubscribersComputersInternetsubscribersBroadbandInternetsubscribersInternationalInternetbandwidthperinhabitant(bits)PercentageofpopulationcoveredbymobilecellulartelephonyNumberper100inhabitantsDevelopedeconomies51926224194'75599Asiaa4379na27211'038100Europe491075024176'24599NorthernAmerica58757722203'64599Oceania489552321810'02698Transitioneconomies2377103222388Asia1120410.
12569Europe2693113227797Developingeconomies153354217774Africa635220.
35877Asia163044216869LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean1855125333590Oceania49740.
55074Leastdevelopedeconomies0.
9100.
70.
20.
0759Africa0.
780.
60.
30.
0848Asia1130.
90.
20.
0576LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeana260.
20.
9na18naOceania4530.
60.
12520USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTHTable7.
ThecostofICTinfrastructure,medianvalues,8latestyearavailable9LevelofdevelopmentandregionInternetaccesstariffs,inUS$Internetaccesstariffs,asapercentageofpercapitaincomeMobilecellulartariffs,inUS$Mobilecellulartariffs,asapercentageofpercapitaincome20hourspermonth100minutesofusepermonthDevelopedeconomies161302Asiaa140.
5522Europe191282NorthernAmericanana12naOceania170.
9432Transitioneconomies12112717Asia12261935Europe1372715Developingeconomies228208Africa31212014Asia123133LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean2411269Oceania2553226Leastdevelopedeconomies411232260Africa421682387Asia2639818LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeana712131339Oceania58503435Note:a.
Thiscategoryconsistsofonecountryonly.
Source:ITU.
Conclusion27.
Developedeconomieshave,onaverage,asignificantlyolderpopulationthanlessdevelopedeconomies.
AsyoungpeopletendtobeearlyadoptersofICT,lessdevelopedeconomiesmayhaveanadvantageovermoredevelopedonesbecauseoftherelativeyouthoftheirpopulations.
ThechallengeistoprovideanenvironmentthatfostersthedevelopmentoftheseyoungpeopleandenablesthemtorealizetheirpotentialintheInformationSociety.
28.
TheTablesinthischaptershowthatthosechallengesaresignificant.
Theyincludeovercomingrelativedisadvantagesinratesofeducationandliteracy,andthelowavailabilityandrelativelyhighcostofICT.
Someprogresshasbeenmadeinthoseareas,includingincreasesinenrolmentofchildrenofprimaryschoolage,improvementsinliteracyratesandincreasinguseofsometechnologies,especiallymobilephones.
Astatisticalcompilation1http://www.
census.
gov/ipc/www/idb/.
2http://www.
un.
org/millenniumgoals/.
3BasedondatafromtheUNESCOInstituteforStatistics,see:http://millenniumindicators.
un.
org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Data/2007%20Stat%20Annex%20current%20indicators.
pdf.
4AccordingtoUNSD,theregionalaveragespresentedinthetablearecalculatedbyusingaweightedaverageofthelatestavailableobserveddatapointforeachcountryorterritoryforthereferenceperiod.
UISestimateshavebeenusedforcountrieswithmissingdata.
5http://www.
ilo.
org/public/english/employment/strat/kilm/.
6Youthunemploymentasaproportionoftheyouthlabourforce.
7ITUcollectsinfrastructureandaccessdatafromseveralsourcesbutmainlythroughanannualsurveyoftelecommunicationauthoritiesandsomeprivatecompanies.
Additionaldataareobtainedfromreportsprovidedbytelecommunicationregulatoryauthorities,ministriesandoperators,andfromITUstaffreports.
8Theterm'na'meansnotavailable,thatis,thereareinsufficientdatatoproduceameaningfulresultornodataareavailable.
Allvalueswhicharelessthan1havebeenshownto1decimalplace.
9Latestyearavailableisgenerally2005or2006.
11AstatisticalcompilationChapter3.
HowuseofICTbyyoungpeopleismeasuredIntroduction29.
ThischapterlooksatthestatisticalstandardsusedformeasuringICTaccessandusebyhouseholdsandindividuals.
Inrelationtoyoungpeople,statisticsonindividualuseofICTaredisaggregatedbyage,withagecharacteristicsincludedinthestandards.
30.
TheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)starteddevelopingstatisticalstandardsforinformationsocietymeasurementabout10yearsago,throughitsWorkingPartyonIndicatorsfortheInformationSociety(WPIIS).
IthasproducedtwomodelsurveysofICTaccessandusebyhouseholds/individuals(2002and2005)whichhaveestablishedasetofquestionsandstandardsformeasuringthistopic(seeOECD2007a).
31.
Eurostathasbeenveryactiveintheareaofdevelopingstandardsforinformationsocietymeasurement,mainlythroughitsCommunitysurveyonICTusageinhouseholdsandbyindividuals.
ThesurveysutilizeharmonizedBox1.
DevelopmentofcoreICTindicatorsbythePartnershiponMeasuringICTforDevelopmentAnearlyaimofthePartnershipwastodevelopacorelistofICTindicatorsthatcouldbecollectedbyallcountries.
Afinallistwasdiscussed,andagreedon,attheWSISThematicMeetingonMeasuringtheInformationSociety,heldinGenevainFebruary2005.
Thelist(publishedasCoreICTIndicators,Partnership2005)wasofficiallypresentedatthesecondphaseofWSIS,heldinTunisinNovember2005,duringaparalleleventon"MeasuringtheInformationSociety".
ThelisthasnowbeenwidelydisseminatedandservesasabasisforthePartnership'sworkonmeasuringICT.
ThecorelistwasendorsedbytheUnitedNationsStatisticalCommission(UNSC)atitsthirty-eighthmeetingofMarch2007(UNSC,2007).
Thereare41coreICTindicatorsinfourgroupsasfollows:ICTinfrastructureandaccess(12indicators);Accessto,anduseof,ICTbyhouseholdsandindividuals(13indicators);1UseofICTbybusinesses(12indicators);andTheICTsectorandtradeinICTgoods(4indicators).
Whilstthelistisnotmandatory,itsusehasbeenrecommendedbytheUNSC(2007).
Eachindicatorisnominatedaseither'basiccore'or'extendedcore',wherethelatterareconsideredoflowerpriorityand/orrelativelyuntested.
TheyarethereforemoresuitableforcountrieswithmoreadvancedICTstatisticalsystems(Partnership,2005).
ThedevelopmentofICTindicatorsisacontinuingprocessandthelistwillbereviewedperiodicallybythePartnership.
Inparticular,ICTindicatorsintheareasofeducationandgovernmentarecurrentlybeingdeveloped.
USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH12Table8.
Coreindicatorsonaccessto,anduseof,ICTbyhouseholdsandindividualsNote:a.
ElectricityisnotanICTcommodity,butisanimportantprerequisiteforusingmanyICTs.
Itisthereforeincludedasareferenceindicator.
Source:CoreICTIndicators(Partnership,2005).
2IndicatorTypeofindicatorNameofindicatorHH1HouseholdaccessProportionofhouseholdswitharadioHH2HouseholdaccessProportionofhouseholdswithaTVHH3HouseholdaccessProportionofhouseholdswithafixedlinetelephoneHH4HouseholdaccessProportionofhouseholdswithamobilecellulartelephoneHH5HouseholdaccessProportionofhouseholdswithacomputerHH6Individualuse,includingcomputerusebyyoungpeopleProportionofindividualswhousedacomputer(fromanylocation)inthelast12monthsHH7Householdaccess,includingaccessbyhouseholdswithandwithoutchildrenProportionofhouseholdswithInternetaccessathomeHH8Individualuse,includingInternetusebyyoungpeopleProportionofindividualswhousedtheInternet(fromanylocation)inthelast12monthsHH9Individualuse,includinglocationofInternetusebyyoungpeopleLocationofindividualuseoftheInternetinthelast12monthsHomeWorkPlaceofeducationAnotherperson'shomeCommunityInternetaccessfacilityCommercialInternetaccessfacilityOthersHH10Individualuse,includingInternetactivitiesofyoungpeopleInternetactivitiesundertakenbyindividualsinthelast12monthsGettinginformation:AboutgoodsorservicesRelatedtohealthorhealthservicesFromgovernmentorganizations/publicauthoritiesviawebsitesoremailOtherinformationorgeneralwebbrowsingCommunicatingPurchasingororderinggoodsorservicesInternetbankingEducationorlearningactivitiesDealingwithgovernmentorganizations/publicauthoritiesLeisureactivitiesPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergamesDownloadingmovies,musicorsoftwareReading/downloadingelectronicbooks,newspapersormagazinesOtherleisureactivitiesHH11Individualuse,includinguseofmobilephonesbyyoungpeopleProportionofindividualswithuseofamobiletelephoneHH12Householdaccess,includingaccessbyhouseholdswithandwithoutchildrenProportionofhouseholdswithaccesstotheInternetbytypeofaccessNarrowbandaccessBroadbandaccessHH13Individualuse,includingfrequencyofInternetusebyyoungpeopleFrequencyofindividualaccesstotheInternetinthelast12months(fromanylocation)AtleastonceadayAtleastonceaweekbutnoteverydayAtleastonceamonthbutnoteveryweekLessthanonceamonthHHR1ReferenceindicatorProportionofhouseholdswithelectricitya13Astatisticalcompilationquestionnairesthatareprovidedtomemberstatestouseintheirnationalsurveys.
Theresultingdataarehighlycomparableandofferagoodsetofobservationsovertime(thatis,'timeseries').
MoreinformationonthesesurveyscanbefoundinEurostat'sMethodologicalManuals(Eurostat2006and2007a).
32.
ThePartnershiponMeasuringICTforDevelopmenthasextendedthisworkbydevelopingacorelistofICTindicatorsthatareapplicabletoallcountries.
ThemainpurposeofthecorelististohelpcountriesthatproduceICTstatistics(orhopetoproducetheminthefuture)tocompilehighqualityandinternationallycomparabledata.
Box1outlinestheobjectivesandhistoryofthiswork.
33.
Moreinformationoninformationsocietystatisticalstandards,includingthecorelist,canbefoundinthePartnership'srecentstatisticalcompilation,TheGlobalInformationSociety:AStatisticalView(Partnership,2008).
Coreindicatorsonaccessto,anduseof,ICTbyhouseholdsandindividuals34.
MostofthedatapresentedinthisreportarebasedonthePartnership'scoreICTindicatorsonaccessto,anduseof,ICTbyhouseholdsandindividuals(HH1–HH13).
Thecoreindicatorsareoftwotypes–householdaccessindicatorsthatrefertotheICTfacilitiesavailabletothehouseholdandindividualuseindicators,whichdetailtheuseofICTbyindividuals.
Themainemphasisinthisreportisthesetofindividualuseindicators,HH6,8,9,10,11and13.
AllthecoreindicatorsareshowninTable8,withtherelevancetoyoungpeople'suseofICTindicated(intheTypeofindicatorcolumn).
35.
Thecoreindicatorshaveassociatedstandardsandmetadataincluding:Definitionsofterms(e.
g.
computer,theInternet);Modelquestions;Calculationofindicators(e.
g.
appropriatedenominatorsforcalculatingproportions);Classificatoryvariables(e.
g.
ageandgenderforindividualICTusecoreindicators);Adviceonparticularstatisticalissues(suchasthemeasurementofmobilephoneuse);Collectionscope(e.
g.
ageofindividualssurveyed);andLimitedrecommendationsonmethodology(e.
g.
statisticalunits,surveyvehicles).
36.
TheindividualusecoreindicatorsrefertouseofICTequipmentandservicesbyindividuals.
Thesuggestedtimeperiod('referenceperiod')isthelast12months(althoughmanystatisticalofficesuseashorterperiodofthreemonths,orevenonemonth).
Theindividualusecoreindicatorsarepresentedastheproportionofindividualswhoused[equipment,Internetaccess]inthelast12months,withthreeindicatorsdissectingInternetuse(bylocation,Internetactivities,frequency).
37.
TheICTuseindicatorscanbedistinguishedbywhethertheyaresimple(theproportioniscalculatedbydividingthenumberofin-scopeindividualsusing[equipment,Internetaccess]bythetotalnumberofin-scopeindividuals)orcomplex(theproportionmayusethetotalpopulationasthedenominatororthesub-populationofInternetusers).
38.
ThecomplexindicatorsareHH9(locationofuse),HH10(Internetactivities)andHH13(frequencyofuse).
Inthisreport,mostdataonthecomplexindicatorsarepresentedastheproportionofindividualsusingtheInternet.
39.
Sub-indicatorscanbeconstructedusingtheclassificatoryvariables:age,gender,educationlevel,employmentstatusandoccupation.
Thisreportfocusesonthevariables,ageandgender.
40.
TheclassificatoryvariablesrecommendedforthecoreindicatorsonindividualuseofICTincludeageranges.
Theyare:16-24,25-34,35-44,45-54,55-64and65-74.
ThoserangeshavebeenadaptedforthispublicationbasedonagerangestandardsemployedbytheUN;arangeforchildren,5-14,hasbeenaddedandtheyouthrangehasbeenchangedto15-24.
41.
MoreinformationonthecoreindicatorscanbefoundinthePartnershippublication,CoreICTIndicators(Partnership,2005).
USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH141A'referenceindicator',HHR1,ontheproportionofhouseholdswithelectricityisalsopartofthisset.
However,feweconomiescollectitanditisnotincludedinthecountofICTindicators.
2http://www.
itu.
int/ITU-D/ict/partnership/material/CoreICTIndicators.
pdf.
15AstatisticalcompilationChapter4.
CurrentstatisticalcollectionworkanditslimitationsIntroduction42.
ThischapterlooksatsomepracticalissuesconcerningthecollectionofdataforthecoreICTindicatorsonindividualuseofICT,andthemoredetailedstatisticsonusebyyoungpeople.
Itlooksbroadlyatcollectionworkbeingundertakenbycountriesandexaminesthelimitationsofexistingstatistics.
CollectionofindividualICTusecoreindicators43.
Statisticsonhousehold/individualICTaccessandusearetypicallycollectedbynationalstatisticaloffices(NSOs)viahouseholdsurveys.
SuchsurveysmaybededicatedtomeasuringICTaccessanduse,buttheyarefrequentlysurveyssuchaslabourforceor'omnibus'('generalpurpose')surveyswhereICTisoneofseveraltopics.
44.
MostdevelopedeconomieshavebeencollectingICTusestatisticsforanumberofyears,usingmodelquestionnairesrecommendedbytheOECDandEurostat.
OthereconomiesarestartingtocollectthesestatisticsusingthecoreICTindicatorsmethodologicalrecommendations(Partnership,2005)and/orthoseoftheOECD(2007a)andEurostat(2006and2007a).
Amongdevelopingeconomies,theLatinAmericaandCaribbeanregionhasbeenparticularlyactiveinthecollectionofhouseholdICTindicators.
45.
TheOECDandEurostathavebeencollectingaggregatedhousehold/individualICTaccessandusestatisticsfromtheirmembercountriessinceabout2002.
Morerecently,ITUhasstartedtocollectthesestatisticsfromdevelopingeconomiesandcompilesstatisticsforalleconomies.
ITUiscurrentlypreparingastatisticalmanualonthemeasurementofhousehold/individualICTaccessanduse.
Itisexpectedthatthiswillfacilitatethecollectionofthesedatabyitsmembercountriesandresultinimprovedstatisticsinthisarea.
LimitationsofexistingstatisticsDataavailability46.
WhileofficialstatisticsonICTusebyindividualsarecollectedbyanumberofcountries(mainlydevelopedeconomies),notallcountriesareabletodisaggregatetheirdatabyageandgender.
47.
Table9showstheavailabilityofdataforthecoreindicatorsonindividualICTuseandAnnex1outlinesdataavailableonICTusebyyoungpeople.
TheyshowthatthecoreindicatorsonindividualICTusearewidelyavailableonlyfordevelopedeconomies.
Dataavailabilityfordevelopingandtransitioneconomiesislowforallindicators,whileonlytwoleastdevelopedeconomies1collectanyindividualICTusedata.
48.
Europeancountrieshavethemostcomparableandavailabledata,whilethewidermembershipoftheOECDhasareasonablesetofcomparablestatistics.
2Amongstdevelopingeconomies,someLatinAmericaandCaribbeaneconomieshaveUSEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH16quitecomprehensiveandrecentdatasets,althoughdifferencesinagescopeexist.
49.
Giventhatuseofsocialnetworkingandfreecontent-hostingwebsitesisamajoractivityofyoungpeople,registrationdataforsuchsites(forexample,FacebookandYouTube)wouldconstituteausefulinformationsource.
However,theywerenotmadeavailableforthisreport(asdiscussedfurtherinChapter5).
Arguably,suchdatamaybeofdubiousvaluebecauseofthetendencyofthoseregisteringtoadoptdifferentpersonas(oftenwithdifferentageand/orgendercharacteristics).
50.
WhilemostdatainthereportarecoreICTindicatordata,otherofficialandunofficialsourceshavealsobeenincluded,andare:DatafromthePewInternetProjectintheUnitedStatesonsocialnetworking;DatafromEurostatonselectedweb-basedactivities(apartfromthoseincludedinthecoreindicators);DataontimespentusingtheInternet(statisticalagencies);Table9.
Summaryofglobalmeasurementstatus:coreindicatorsonuseofICTbyindividuals3Source:ITUandEurostat.
IndicatorDevelopedeconomiesTransitioneconomiesDevelopingeconomiesLeastdevelopedeconomiesNumberofeconomieswithindicatorPercentageofeconomieswitheachindicatorProportionofindividualswhousedacomputer(fromanylocation)inthelast12months(HH6)66%17%14%0%53ProportionofindividualswhousedtheInternet(fromanylocation)inthelast12months(HH8)68%17%23%4%66LocationofindividualuseoftheInternetinthelast12months(HH9)64%17%18%0%56Internetactivitiesundertakenbyindividualsinthelast12months(HH10)66%17%16%0%55Proportionofindividualswithuseofamobiletelephone(HH11)60%11%17%0%52FrequencyofindividualaccesstotheInternetinthelast12months(fromanylocation)(HH13)64%17%10%0%47Totalnumberofeconomies501812050238DatafromtheOECDPISAstudiesonstudentproficiency;andDatafromFacebookongrowthinmembership.
Datadeficiencies51.
Thereareseveralaspectsofexistingdatathatlimittheirusefulnessforthetypesofanalysispresentedinthisreport,andelsewhere.
Theyhavebeengroupedhereunderthebroadheadings,Dataaccuracy,DatatimelinessandInternationalcomparability.
Moregenerally,dataqualitycanbeconsideredintermsofseveraldimensionsorcriteria(forexample,relevance,accuracy,timelinessandpunctuality,accessibilityandclarity,comparability,andcoherence).
4Dataaccuracy52.
Dataaccuracyreferstohowwellstatisticsreflectthephenomenatheyaredesignedtomeasure.
Therearetwomaincomponentsofdataaccuracy,beingdatareliabilityandbias.
Theseareoftenreferredtoassamplingerrorandnon-samplingerrorrespectively.
Notethatbiasisgenerallynot17Astatisticalcompilationmeasurablebutitspossiblesourcesareusuallywellknown,5enablingittobeminimized.
53.
Samplingerrorariseswhereanestimateisbasedonasample.
Thereliabilityofanestimateisusuallyindicatedbythecoefficientofvariationoraconfidenceinterval.
Thecoefficientofvariation(CV),alsocalledtherelativestandarderror(RSE),istheratioofthestandarderrorofanestimatetothevalueoftheestimatetowhichitrefers;andisusuallyexpressedasapercentage.
Ideally,statisticalagencieswouldreleasemeasuresofsamplingerrorforarangeofstatisticsandindicateestimateswithaparticularlyhighleveloferror(e.
g.
theCVisover25percent).
54.
Itisimportanttobeawarethatsamplingerrorusuallyincreasesasbreakdownsbecomemoredetailed.
Thisisespeciallyrelevantforthestatisticsdisaggregatedbyageandgenderthatarepresentedinthisreport.
Becausetheyaresubsetsoflargerdatasets,theunderlyingsamplesizeonwhichtheestimatesarebasedmaybequitesmall(especiallyforbreakdownssuchasbylocationandageorgender).
Somedatabasedonverysmallsamplesizeswereomittedfromthisreportforthisreason.
However,itwasnotalwaysclearwhattheunderlyingsamplesizeswereforcomponentsofeachcountry'sdataandthereforedatawithhighsamplingerrorsmaybeincluded.
55.
Inrelationtobias,theonlysourceconsideredinthischapterispotentialbiasresultingfromalowresponserate.
Othersourcesofbiasarelikelybutareunknown.
5Becausesomeofthestatisticsinthisreportcomefromsurveyswithlowresponserates,non-responsebiasmightbepresent(butislargelyunmeasurable).
AvailableresponseratesforsurveysusedinthisreportareshowninTable10andrangefrom39percentforChinato95percentormoreforseveralcountries.
Datatimeliness56.
ThefastgrowthinICTsophisticationandusemeansthatdateddatamaybeoflimitedvalue.
Bythetimestatisticsarecollated,theymaybe12monthsold,andbythetimetheyarecitedorusedbypolicymakerstheymaybetwoyearsoldandlargelyoutofdate.
A2007OECDstudy(OECD,2007b),forexample,rightlyclaimedthat,in2005,FacebookwasapopularsocialnetworkingsystemlimitedtoUniversityandHighSchoolCampuses,with5.
5millionusers.
BytheTable10.
ResponseratesforsurveysusedtocollecttheICTusecoreindicatorsCountryReportedresponserateAustralia94%Austriaa56%Azerbaijan95%Belgium74%Bermuda82%Brazil98%Bulgariaa95%China39%CzechRepublic66%Estonia67%Germanya74%HongKong(China)75%Irelanda76%Japan62%Lithuaniaa87%Malaysia77%Mauritius99%Netherlands67%NewZealand89%OccupiedPalestinianTerritory86%Romaniaa95%Serbia98%Spaina80%TFYRMacedonia89%Thailand98%UnitedStatesofAmerica87%Note:a.
FromEurostatMethodologicalManual2007,refersto2004survey.
Source:ITU,nationalstatisticalsourcesandEurostat.
endof2007,Facebookhadover62millionactiveusers(Facebook,2008),showingtheextremelyrapidgrowthofthisICTservice.
57.
InanareasuchasuseofICT,itisobviouslypreferableifavailabledataareasrecentaspossible.
Mostdatapresentedinthisreporthaveareferenceyearof2005or2006.
However,somedatefromasearlyas2003.
Acomparisonofdatafrom2003withdatafrom2006obviouslyhasitslimitations,giventhepaceofchangeinadoptionofmanytechnologies.
Inaddition,mostUSEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH18countriesdonothavegoodtimeseriesofICTusedata(Eurostatcountriesaretheexception).
Whencomparingdataacrosscountries,itcanbeusefultocomparetherateofchangeinadoptionsolackoftimeseriesdataisalsoadatacomparabilityissue.
Internationalcomparability58.
OfficialsurveysonICTusegenerallycollectinformationattheindividualand/orhouseholdlevel.
WorkbytheOECD,EurostatandthePartnershiptostandardizestatisticalindicatorsandmethodologieshasimprovedcomparabilitysignificantly.
However,anumberofdifferencesstillexistand,withafewexceptions,goodstatisticalcomparabilityhasnotbeenachieved.
59.
Thereareanumberofissuesconcerningdatacomparabilityacrosscountries.
Theyinclude:Variationsintimelinessandlackoftimeseriesdata(discussedabove);Variabilityinrecallperiod(withEurostatcountriesandseveralothersusinga3monthreferenceperiodratherthan12months);itisassumedthatsuchvariationsdonothavemucheffectoneventswhicharereasonablycommonsuchasuseoftheInternetforcommunicating;theymaybeasourceofincomparabilityforrarereventssuchaspurchasingovertheInternet;Agescopevariability,includingsignificantvariationintheagescopeofthe'children'category(5-14years)andtotalpopulationagescope,forinstance,fortheEurostatcountriesitis16-74years,whetherornotacountryhasdataforyoungeragegroups;formostothercountries,theagescopeincludesthoseinyoungeragegroupswheredataexist;AccesstotheInternetmaybefromcomputersonly(Japan,Brazil)orfromalldevices;andVariationsindefinitionsusedforquestioncategories('responseitems'),forinstance,howlocationsandactivitiesaredefined.
AnexampleoftheformeristhedefinitionofcommunityandcommercialInternetaccessfacilities.
EurostatcollectslocationdataatamoredetailedlevelandthecategoriesdonotreadilymaptocommunityandcommercialInternetaccessfacilities.
OthercountriesonlyincludefreeaccessundercommunityInternetaccessfacilities(Mauritius)orhaveotherrestrictionssuchaspubliccomputeraccessfacilitiesprovidedbygovernment(HongKong(China)).
CommercialInternetaccessfacilitiesmayonlyincludecyber/Internetcafés(Japan,MauritiusandHongKong(China)).
ThenotestothedataTablesinAnnex2provideavailableinformationondifferencesinresponseitems.
1AfghanistanandBhutanhaveproducedstatisticsoncoreICTindicatorHH8,useoftheInternetbyindividuals.
2Eurostat,thestatisticalagencyfortheEUalsocollectsdatafromasmallnumberofnonEUcountries,includingNorway,Icelandandcandidatecountries.
DataforthosecountriesarenotincludedinEUaggregatespresentedinthisreport.
3Anindicatorisconsideredtobeavailableifcompleteorpartialdataforit(includingzerovalues)areknowntobeavailablefortheyear2002orlater.
ThetotaleconomycountincludescountriesfromwhichITUorEurostatdonotcollectdata.
Theeconomieswhichareincludedineach'Levelofdevelopment'categoryfollowtheUNStatisticsDivision'sStandardcountryorareacodesforstatisticaluse(31January2008revision),seehttp://unstats.
un.
org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.
htm.
4ExamplesaretheAustralianBureauofStatistics'qualitytemplate(see:http://www.
nss.
gov.
au/nss/home.
NSF/533222ebfd5ac03aca25711000044c9e/61743489d51ade77ca2571ab002436be/$FILE/Appendix%201.
pdf);Eurostat'scodeofpracticeforEuropeanstatistics,principles11to15onstatisticaloutput(see:http://epp.
eurostat.
ec.
europa.
eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_DS_QUALITY/TAB47141301/VERSIONE_INGLESE_WEB.
PDF)andIMF'sDataQualityAssessmentFramework(see:http://dsbb.
imf.
org/Applications/web/dqrs/dqrsdqaf/).
5Biascanarisefromseveralfactors,including:non-response(ifthecharacteristicsoftherespondingpopulationdifferfromthoseofthenon-respondingpopulation),respondenterrors(e.
g.
lackofunderstandingoftechnicalterms),errorsinthepopulationframe(e.
g.
undercoverageofparticularsub-populations),poorquestionnairedesign(e.
g.
confusingquestionwordingorpoorlogic),interviewererror(e.
g.
leadingrespondentstoparticularanswers)andprocessingerrors(e.
g.
indataentryorediting).
19AstatisticalcompilationChapter5.
UseofICTbytheworld'schildrenandyouthIntroduction60.
ThischapterpresentsavailablestatisticsonuseofICTbyyoungpeople.
Themainsourcesareofficialstatistics,1fromnationalstatisticaloffices(NSOs).
2Somenon-officialstatisticsarealsoincluded,althoughlessdataonyoungpeople'suseofICTareavailablefromsuchsources(whichincludeprivate-sectorresearchfirms,universityresearchoutputanduserorsurveydatafromorganizationsprovidingICTservices).
61.
MostofthestatisticaldatapresentedinthischapterareofficialstatisticsbasedonthecoreICTindicatorsonICTusedevelopedbythePartnershiponMeasuringICTforDevelopmentanddiscussedindetailinChapter3.
62.
Inthischapter,thefollowingterminologyisused:Youngpeoplereferstoindividualsagedunder25;Childrenreferstoindividualsintheagegroup5-14oryounger;andYouthreferstoindividualsintheagegroup15-24.
63.
Itshouldbenotedthatthereareanumberofpointsofnon-comparabilitybetweenthecountrydatapresentedinthischapter(seeChapter4fordetails).
Specificexamplesarereferredtointhischapter.
Agescopevariabilityisaparticularissueforstatisticsonchildren'suseofICT.
TheTablesinAnnex2showdetailsofnon-standardagerangeswheretheseareused.
Useofcomputers,theInternetandmobilephonesbyyoungpeople64.
ThisreportconsidersuseoftheICTs,computers,theInternetandmobilephones,bychildrenandyouth.
LimiteddataareavailableonuseofotherICTs;examplesofavailabledataincludeSingapore,whichcollectsinformationonuseofportableequipmentsuchaslaptopsandgamemachines(seeTable11),andEurostatcountries,whichcollectdataonuseofhandheldandportablecomputerstoaccesstheInternet.
Detaileddataontheuseofcomputers,theInternetandmobilephonesbyyoungpeoplecanbefoundinTables26to28inAnnex2.
65.
Charts1to3showavailableICTusedataforchildrenandyouth,plusthetotalpopulation,forcomparison.
Althoughtherearesomeissuesofdatanon-comparabilityasdescribedinthepreviouschapter,severalgeneralconclusionscanbedrawnasfollows:DespitetheavailabilityofdevicesotherthancomputerstoaccesstheInternet,computeruseisgenerallyhigherthanInternetuse(anotableexceptionisJapan,wherethereappearstobequiteahighlevelofaccessusingdevicesotherthancomputers).
USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH20Withfewexceptions,childrenandyoutharemuchmorelikelytousecomputersandtheInternetthanthegeneralpopulation.
Thereisnoclearrelationshipbetweenratesofuseofthesetechnologiesbychildrenandyouth,withvariationsmostlikelyduetodifferentagerangesused.
4MobilephonesareoftenapersonalICTdevice,whereascomputersandtheInternetcanbeusedChart1.
Computerusebyage,percentageofindividuals3Source:ITU,Eurostatandnationalstatisticalsources.
0102030405060708090100DevelopedDeveloping%5-14total15-24totalTotalFinlandGreeceHungaryItalyJapanLithuaniaNetherlandsPortugalSlovaniaSlovakiaSpainUnitedStatesChileHongKong(China)Macao(China)MauritiusMexicoOcc.
Palestin.
Terr.
Rep.
ofKoreaSingaporeThailandwithoutbeingowned.
Thisdistinctionprobablyexplainsthefindingthatyouthaged15-24aremorelikelytousemobilephonesthanthegeneralpopulation,butmobilephoneusebychildrenisusuallylowerthanforthegeneralpopulation.
RatesofuseofcomputersandtheInternetforallagegroupstendtobelowerfortransitionanddevelopingeconomiesthanfordevelopedeconomies,althoughtherearenotableexceptionsTable11.
Portableequipmentusers,Singapore,2006Source:InfocommDevelopmentAuthority,Singapore.
AllAges10-1415-24TotalMaleFemalePercentageofindividualsineachgroupGSM/GPRSmobilephone47524314623Gmobilephone131511818Laptop/notebook232818632Gamemachine45451021AstatisticalcompilationChart2.
Internetusebyage,percentageofindividuals3Source:ITU,Eurostatandnationalstatisticalsources.
Chart3.
Mobilephoneusebyage,percentageofindividualsSource:ITU,Eurostatandnationalstatisticalsources.
5-14total15-24totalTotal0102030405060708090100%DevelopedTransitionDevelopingBermudaEU27IcelandJapanNewZealandAzerbaijanSerbiaBrazilChileChinaCostaRicaCyprusHongKong(China)Macao(China)MalaysiaMauritiusMexicoNorwayUnitedStatesMoroccoOcc.
Palestin.
Terr.
ParaguayRep.
ofKoreaSingaporeThailandAustralia0102030405060708090100DevelopedTransitionDeveloping%5-14total15-24totalTotalBermudaEU27IcelandJapanNewZealandNorwaySerbiaTFYRMacedoniaBrazilChileCostaRicaCyprusHongKong(China)MoroccoOcc.
Palestin.
Terr.
Rep.
ofKoreaSingaporeThailandUSEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH22Chart4.
Internetusebyageandgender,percentageofindividuals3Source:ITU,Eurostatandnationalstatisticalsources.
0102030405060708090100AustraliaJapanBrazilHongKong(China)Macao(China)MauritiusOcc.
PalestinianTerr.
Rep.
ofKoreaDevelopedDeveloping%Male5-14Female5-140102030405060708090100DevelopedTransitionDeveloping%Male15-24Female15-24BermudaEU27IcelandJapanNewZealandNorwaySerbiaAzerbaijanBrazilCyprusHongKong(China)Macao(China)MauritiusMoroccoOcc.
Palestin.
Terr.
Rep.
ofKorea0102030405060708090100DevelopedTransitionDeveloping%TotalmaleTotalfemaleBermudaEU27IcelandJapanNewZealandNorwaySerbiaAzerbaijanBrazilCyprusHongKong(China)Macao(China)MauritiusMoroccoOcc.
Palestin.
Terr.
Rep.
ofKoreaAustralia23Astatisticalcompilation(forexample,HongKong(China),theRepublicofKoreaandSingapore).
Mobilephoneuseishighindevelopedandtransitioneconomies,andrelativelyhighformostdevelopingeconomiesforwhichdataareavailable.
Thisfindingissupportedbyinfrastructurestatistics,whichshowthatmobilephoneuseandthenumberofsubscribersarerelativelyhighindevelopingeconomiescomparedwithcomputerandInternetaccessanduse(seeChapter2).
66.
Table11showsuseofportableequipmentbyindividualsinSingapore.
Foralltypesofportableequipment,thereishigherusebyyouthinthe15-24yearoldgroupcomparedwiththetotalpopulation.
Theoppositeistrueforchildrenaged10-14whohavealowerlevelofuseofalltypesofportableequipmentexceptforgamesmachines.
Maleuseishigherthanfemaleuseforalltypesofportableequipment(thisisalsotrueforcomputerandInternetusersinSingapore).
GenderdifferencesintheuseofICTbyyoungpeople67.
Chart4showsverysimilarratesofInternetuseforboysandgirlsaged5-14,formosteconomiesforwhichdataareavailable(theexceptionisOccupiedPalestinianTerritory).
Thesituationissimilarintheyouthagegroupof15-24,althoughtherearemoreexceptions:Azerbaijan,Cyprus,OccupiedPalestinianTerritoryandSerbia.
ForCyprus,asignificantlyhigherproportionoffemalesthanmalesusedtheInternet;fortheothereconomies,malesaremorelikelytobeInternetusers.
Formosteconomies,thesituationforthegeneralpopulationisdifferentfromthatpertainingtoyoungpeople,withamuchhighergendergapinInternetuse,infavourofmaleusers.
68.
Thegenderdifferencesforcomputersandmobilephoneuse(Tables26and28)showasimilarpatterntoInternetuse,thatis,levelsofuseforyoungfemalesaresimilartothoseforyoungmales.
Forcomputeruse,fortheagegroup15-24,thegendergapforthethreeeconomieswithahighratioofmaletofemaleusersarelowerandforCyprus,itishigher(thatisthemaletofemaleratioislessthanonebuthigherthanforInternetuse).
Formobilephoneuse,theonlycountrywithasignificantgendergapfor15-24yearoldsistheOccupiedPalestinianTerritory,wheremorethantwiceasmanymalesasfemalesinthatagegrouparemobilephoneusers.
TheinfluenceofotherdemographicfactorsonICTuse69.
ManycountriesareabletodisaggregateInternetusedatabyindividualcharacteristics,apartfromageandgender.
Theyincludeoccupation,income,levelofeducationandemploymentstatus.
Themainfindingsarethat:ThoseinmanagerialandprofessionaloccupationsaremorelikelytousetheInternetthanthoseinotheroccupations;HigherincomeearnersaremorelikelytobeInternetusers;PeoplewithtertiaryqualificationsaremorelikelytobeInternetusersthanthosewithout;andThosewhoareemployedhaveahigherInternetuseratethanthosewhoareunemployed.
70.
Whilethisreportprimarilyexplorestherelationshipbetweenage,genderandICT,theinfluenceofotherindividualcharacteristicsisofinterest.
Unfortunately,therearelittledataavailabledisaggregatedbyage.
EurostatprovidessomeusefuldataonInternetusebyageandlevelofeducationandemploymentstatus.
Table12showsavailabledataforEU27.
Thedatasupportthegeneralizationpresentedabove,thatis,thatthosewithahigherlevelofeducationandthosewhoareemployedaremorelikelytobeInternetusers.
UseofICTbyyoungchildren71.
TheintensityofICTusebyyoungerchildrenappearstobedifferentfromusebyolderchildrenandyoungpeople.
Itisthereforeusefultofurthersplitandextendtheagerange5-14whichisusedelsewhereinthisreport.
72.
SomecountriesmeasureuseofICTbyveryyoungchildren(thoseunder5).
TheyincludetheUnitedStatesandtheRepublicofKorea.
Othercountrieshaveahigheragecut-offbutdisaggregatechildren'sICTusedataintofineragegroups(forinstance,Australiaproducesdataforchildrenaged5-8,9-11and12-14).
USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH24Table12.
Internetusebyindividualcharacteristics,EU27,2007,percentageofindividualsaged16-24ineachcategorySource:Eurostat(30Nov07).
Personsaged16-24withnoorloweducation84Personsaged16-24withmediumeducation90Personsaged16-24withhigheducation97Employeesandself-employedpersons(includingfamilyworkers)aged16-2486Unemployedpersonsaged16-247273.
Tables13to15showInternetusedatafortheRepublicofKorea,theUnitedStatesofAmericaandAustralia.
Eventhoughthedataarenotstrictlycomparable,theyallshowthesamepatternforyoungerchildren,thatis,atrendofincreasingInternetusewithage.
5Table13.
Internetusebyage,fromanylocation,RepublicofKorea,2007Source:NationalInternetDevelopmentAgencyofKorea(2007).
6AgeInternetusers(percentageineachagegroup)3years344years475years693–5years515–14years9715–24years100Table14.
Internetusebyage,fromanylocation,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2001and2003Source:U.
S.
DepartmentofCommerce(2004).
WhereyoungpeopleusetheInternet74.
MostcountriesthatcollectindividualICTusedataaskaboutthelocationofInternetuse.
InformationonalllocationswhereindividualshaveusedtheInternetduringthereferenceperiodisgenerallycollected(ratherthanonlythemainlocation).
AgeGroupInternetusers(percentageineachagegroup)September2001October20033–4years18205–9years414210–13years676714–17years767918–24years677125AstatisticalcompilationTable15.
Internetusebyage,fromanylocation,Australia,2006Source:AustralianBureauofStatistics(2006and2007).
7AgeInternetusers(percentageineachagegroup)5–8years389–11years7612–14years895–14years6515–24years91ThelocationsofusepresentedinthispublicationfollowthoseofthecorehouseholdICTindicator,HH13(locationofindividualuseoftheInternetinthelast12months),thatis:home,work,placeofeducation,anotherperson'shomeandcommunityandcommercialInternetaccessfacilities.
AvailabledataareshowninCharts5and6,withdetaileddatainAnnex2.
Notethatthereareseveralvariationsinscopeanddefinitionsthataffectthecomparison.
8Despitethesedifferences,somegeneralobservationsmaybemadeasfollows:Forpeopleindevelopedeconomies,homeisthemostlikelylocationofInternetuse,irrespectiveofage.
ThisgenerallyreflectsthehigherlevelofhomeInternetaccessindevelopedeconomies.
ThemoredevelopedAsianeconomiesshowsimilarpatternsofusetothedevelopedeconomies.
Amongotherdevelopingeconomies,homeislessimportantasaplaceofInternetuse,reflectinglowerlevelsofhouseholdInternetaccess.
Chart5.
LocationofInternetuse:homeandplaceofeducation,percentageofInternetusersHome0102030405060708090100DevelopedTransitionDeveloping%5-14total15-24totalTotalEU27IcelandJapanNewZealandNorwaySerbiaTFYRMacedoniaBrazilCyprusHongKong(China)Macao(China)MauritiusMoroccoRep.
ofKoreaAustraliaUnitedStatesMalaysiaMexicoParaguaySingaporeThailandUSEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH26Chart5.
LocationofInternetuse:homeandplaceofeducation,percentageofInternetusers(continued)Source:ITU,Eurostatandnationalstatisticalsources.
Placeofeducation01020304050607080DevelopedDevelopingTransition%5-14total15-24totalTotalEU27IcelandJapanNewZealandNorwayAustraliaUnitedStatesBrazilCyprusHongKong(China)Macao(China)MauritiusRep.
ofKoreaMexicoParaguaySingaporeThailandSerbiaTFYRMacedoniaChart6.
LocationofInternetusebyindividuals:commercialandcommunityInternetaccessfacilities,percentageofInternetusersSource:ITUandnationalstatisticalsources.
0102030405060708090CommercialInternetaccessfacilityCommunityInternetaccessfacility%5-14total15-24totalTotalBrazilJapanHongKong(China)MoroccoMauritiusRep.
ofKoreaMexicoParaguaySingaporeThailandMoroccoNewZealandMexicoNewZealandMauritiusJapanBrazilHongKong(China)AustraliaRep.
ofKoreaSingapore27AstatisticalcompilationNotsurprisingly,childrenandyouthwhousetheInternetarequitelikelytouseitataplaceofeducation.
Formosteconomies,childrenhavehigherratesofuseataplaceofeducationthanyouth.
WhilethereissignificantpolicyinterestinuseoftheInternetatcommunityInternetaccessfacilities,relativelyfewcountriescollectdataonthislocationofuse.
Inaddition,dataontheselocationsareunlikelytobecomparableduetoinconsistentdefinitions.
8Chart6presentsavailabledataonbothcommunityandcommercialInternetaccessfacilities.
Thedatashowhigherratesofuseforcommercialthancommunityaccessfacilities,withuseoftheformerbeingparticularlyhighinBrazil,Mexico,Morocco,Paraguay,ThailandandtheRepublicofKorea.
9However,thesituationmightbedifferentinotherdevelopingeconomieswherepeoplemaybemorereliantonpublicorsubsidizedaccess.
AccesstoICTbyhouseholdswithorwithoutchildren75.
ThepresenceofdependentchildreninahouseholdappearstobepositivelyrelatedtohouseholdICTaccess.
Thismaybeduetofactorssuchastheageoftheadultsinthehousehold,thetotalincomeofthehouseholdandthedemandforICTbychildren(andontheirbehalf,forexample,foreducationalpurposes).
Thesefactorsarelikelytovarysignificantlyacrossregions,givendifferencesinfamilystructuresandincome.
Cross-classificationagainsthouseholdincometofurtherisolateinfluentialfactorswouldbeinformative,butunfortunately,comparablestatisticsarenotavailable.
76.
DatafromEurostatandAustraliaonhouseholdICTaccessclassifiedbythepresenceorabsenceofdependentchildrenareshownbelow.
TheyshowthathouseholdswithchildrenarefarmorelikelytohaveaccesstocomputersortheInternetthanthosewithoutchildren.
Furthermore,householdswithchildrenareevenmorelikelytohavebroadbandaccessthanthosewithout.
UseofICTineducation77.
Arguably,ICThasamajorroletoplayineducationalfacilitiesateverylevel.
MeasurementofICTuseinschoolsanduniversitiesworldwideandanalysisoftheconnectionbetweenthequalityofeducationandoptimalICTuseareimportantresearchendeavours,withtheultimategoalbeingtheimprovementofeducationalstandards,accessandopportunities.
78.
The2003WorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)inGenevaproducedgoalswithrespecttothedevelopmentandexpansionofaccesstoICT.
Inparticular,highprioritywasgiventotheroleICTcouldplayintheachievementoftheUN'sMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs).
Inrelationtoeducation,theWSISGenevaPlanofActionincludedgoalstoconnecteducationalinstitutionswithICTandtoadaptschoolcurriculatomeetthechallengesoftheInformationSociety.
Italsodiscussedtheimportanceofcapacity-buildingandICTliteracyasthemeanstobenefitfromtheInformationSociety.
ItstatedthatICTTable16.
AccesstoICTbyhouseholdswithandwithoutchildren,EU27andAustraliaSource:Eurostat(30Nov07)andAustralianBureauofStatistics(2007).
10HouseholdICTindicatorEU27(2006)Australia(2006-07)WithchildrenWithoutchildrenWithchildrenWithoutchildrenAsapercentageofhouseholdsHouseholdswithacomputer76558867HouseholdswithInternetaccess61448157HouseholdswithdialupInternetaccess(EU27includesISDN)20172319HouseholdswithbroadbandInternetaccess(EU27DSL,AustraliamainlyDSL)33215738USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH28cancontributetothegoalofuniversaleducationinseveralways,includingbydeliveringeducationandtrainingofteachers.
TheTunisCommitmentreferredtothepotentialofICTtoexpandaccesstoqualityeducation(ITU,2005).
79.
GiventhepolicyimportanceofICTandeducationandthefocusofthisreportonyoungpeople,itisappropriatetoconsiderstatisticsonuseofICTineducation.
SomestatisticsoneducationandtrainingasanInternetactivityandonplaceofeducationasalocationofInternetusearepresentedinthischapter.
TheyshowthatyoungInternetusersaremorelikelytousetheInternetforeducationalactivitiesthanthegeneralpopulationandthatplaceofeducationisanimportantlocationofInternetuseforyoungpeopleinmanycountries.
80.
OtherdatasourcesonthetopicofICTineducationareavailableandarediscussedinsomedetailinthePartnership's2008statisticalpublication(Partnership,2008).
Thisreportwillexamineoneofthesesources,thePISAstudyof2003.
81.
TheOECD'sPISA(ProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessment)isathree-yearlystudyoftheknowledgeandskillsofthousandsof15-yearoldstudentsinanumberofOECDandnon-OECDcountries(41countriesin2003and56countriesin2006).
AsasupplementtothePISAstudies,anadditionalsurveyispresentedtoparticipatingstudents,whichinvestigatestheiruseofICT(computersandInternet)aswellastheirbackground,attitudesandmotivation.
ThisinformationenablesmeasurementoftheimpactofICToneducationaloutcomes.
82.
Computeruseratesfromthe2003studyshowthatinthemajorityofcountriessurveyed,over98percentofstudentshadusedacomputeratsomepoint.
InformationonwhetherthestudenthadaccesstotheInternetathomewasalsogathered,andwhencomparedwithhouseholdaccessdata,showsastrongcorrelationbetweenthehouseholdpresenceofadolescentchildrenandthepresenceofanInternetconnection(R2=0.
87)(OECD,2005).
83.
OneofthegreatadvantagesofsuchastudyisthepotentialtoobtaingooddataonschoolaccesstocomputersandtheInternet.
TheproportionofstudentswhohavecomputeraccessfromschoolisveryhighinthedevelopedOECDnationsinvolvedinthestudy,andwhetherornotastudentisanactiveandlong-termcomputeruserisstronglycorrelatedwithperformancescores–mostnotablymathematics.
Implyingcausality,however,ismuchharder.
AsPISAalsocollectsinformationonsocio-economicstatus,itispossibletocontrolforthesefactorstosomedegree.
Theresults(Table17)showthatstudentswhousecomputershaveasignificantadvantage–andthelongerthestudenthasbeenauser,thegreatertheadvantage.
84.
Table17showsthemeandifferencesbetweenthemathematicalliteracyscoresofthosewithvaryinglevelsofcomputeruseexperience,comparedwithTable17.
LengthoftimestudentshavebeenusingacomputerandstudentperformanceonthePISAmathematicsscaleNote:a.
UnitedKingdomisexcludedfromtheOECDaverageduetolowresponserates.
Source:OECD(2005)Table4.
3.
11Differenceinmathematicalliteracyscoresafteraccountingforthesocio-economicbackgroundofstudents,byyearsusingacomputer1-3yearsSE3-5yearsSE>5yearsSEOECDaveragea+341.
6+561.
6+641.
7Latvia+295.
5+436.
8+446.
5RussianFederation+264.
2+426.
3+467.
3Serbia+173.
5+274.
6+376.
3Thailand+133.
7+345.
6+476.
1Uruguay+176+525.
3+695.
529Astatisticalcompilationtheoverallmeanandcorrectedforsocio-economicdifferences.
Asareferenceframe,theoverallmeanscoresare:OECDaverage433(SE121.
6),Latvia449(SE5.
2),RussianFederation451(SE5.
0),Serbia420(SE3.
6),Thailand393(SE3.
7)andUruguay376(SE5.
3).
Thisyieldsarangeofmeanscorepercentageincreasesof3-9percentfor1-3yearscomputeruse,7-16percentfor3-5yearsand10-22percentforover5yearsuse.
HowoftenyoungpeopleuseICT85.
Thefrequencywithwhichanindividualusesafacilityortechnologyisanindicationofitsimportanceandcontributiontoone'slifestyle.
Anindividualwhousesacomputer,forexample,onceamonth,wouldmostlikelyagreethatacomputerislessimportanttothemthananindividualwhousesacomputermanytimesaday.
Chart7.
FrequencyofInternetuse(fromanylocation),percentageofInternetusersSource:ITU,Eurostatandnationalstatisticalsources.
Atleastonceaday(oralmosteveryday)0102030405060708090DevelopedTransitionDeveloping%5-14total15-24totalTotalAustraliaEU27IcelandJapanNewZealandNorwaySerbiaTFYRMacedoniaBrazilCyprusHongKong(China)MauritiusMexicoMoroccoOcc.
Palestin.
Terr.
Rep.
ofKoreaSingaporeThailandAzerbaijanLessthanonceaweekDevelopedTransitionDeveloping%AustraliaEU27IcelandJapanNewZealandNorwaySerbiaTFYRMacedoniaBrazilCyprusHongKong(China)MauritiusMexicoMoroccoOcc.
Palestin.
Terr.
Rep.
ofKoreaSingaporeThailandAzerbaijan5-14total15-24totalTotal05101520253035USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH3086.
FrequencyofInternetuseisacoreICTindicatoranddataarereasonablywidelyavailable.
13Chart7comparesveryfrequentInternetuse(atleastonceaday)withinfrequentuse(lessthanonceaweek).
DetaileddataonthefrequencyofuseoftheInternetcanbefoundinAnnex2.
87.
Thedatashowthat,formostcountries,themajorityofInternetusersamongyouthandthegeneralpopulationlogonatleastonceaday.
Whilethisistrueofallcountriesforwhichdataareavailable,thehighestrates(over80percentof15-24yearolds)areseeninthehighICT-usingcountriesofFinland,HongKong(China),Iceland,NetherlandsandtheRepublicofKorea.
Childrenarelesslikelytobefrequentusersinmostcountries,withratesquitelow(about20percentorless)forBrazil,Greece,Japan,Table18.
HongKong(China):averagehoursperweekusingICT,2006,frequentusers(atleastonceaweek)Note:a.
Includesplayingon-linegames,listeningtosongs/radioprogrammesonlineandwatchingvideoprogrammesonline.
Source:CensusandStatisticsDepartment(2006).
14Age(years)Averagetime(hours)perweekspentusing:PCsInternetInternetforentertainmenta10-1415.
812.
07.
915-2428.
120.
89.
325-3436.
023.
66.
235-4429.
518.
24.
545-5423.
014.
04.
555andover15.
811.
04.
0Total27.
518.
47.
3Mauritius,MexicoandThailand.
Conversely,childrenaremorelikelytobeinfrequentusers(lessthanonceaweek)thanotheragegroups.
ThetimespentbyyoungpeopleusingICT88.
TheICTusesurveysofsomecountriesincludequestionsonhowmuchtimepeoplespendusingICT.
ResultsforHongKong(China),BrazilandtheRepublicofKoreaarepresentedbelow.
Thisisausefulmeasureasitgivesanideaofintensityofuseratherthanjusttheincidenceofuse.
89.
Eventhoughtheyhavedifferentmeasurementapproaches,theresultsindicateloweraveragetimespentusingtheInternetbychildren(10-14yearsforHongKong(China)andBrazil,and3-5andTable19.
Brazil:hoursperweekusingInternet,2005,percentageofInternetusersineachagegroupSource:IBGE,dataextractedbyECLAC.
Age(years)HoursperweekTotalPhotobucket,YouTube,MySpace,BlogSpotandsimilarfreecontent-hostingsitesoffermorethanjusthosting;thesheeramountofcontentonsuchsitesnecessitatesacomprehensiveandpowerfulsystemoforganization.
101.
ThewideintegrationofFreetags(orFolksonomy,FolkTaxonomy)tosuchsiteshelpsuserstolocateandlinkinformationthatisofinterestorrelevancetothem.
Italsohelpstrackthenumberofpiecesofcontentthatarerelatedtoaparticulartopic.
AFreetagissimplyaword,orshortphrase,whichdescribessomeaspectofapieceofcontent.
18Thisreport,forexample,mightbetaggedwiththetermsITU,youth,children,Internet,ICT,technology,educationandstatisticsamongotherrelevantkeywords.
Suchtaggingallowsuserstoeasilylocatepublicationsofinteresttothemwhentheysearchonkeywords.
Italsoallowsdocumentstobeeasilyandautomaticallylinkedtosimilardocumentsthatsharesomeofthesametags.
Thisgreateraccesstoinformationmeansthatuserscaneasilyfindsimilarcontenttothatwhichtheyhaveauthored,uploadedorread,aswellasbeingabletocontactthosewithsimilarinterestsorwhopublishonsimilartopics.
Measuringchangingstylesofuse102.
Monitoringtheexpansionintheuserbaseofmanyprominentcontenthostingsitesorsystemscanhelpgaugethesocialimpactofsuchsystems.
Unfortunately,noneofthecompaniescontactedwereabletoprovideanydepersonalizedusedata,butsomegrowthdataarepubliclyavailable.
Chart10showsthegrowthinmembershipofthepopularUSsocialnetworkingsite,Facebook.
FacebookwaslaunchedinFebruary2004and,byDecember2004,hadalreadyamassednearly1millionusers.
The2008figuremayseemtobearelativelysmallincreaseoverthe2007figure,butinfactrepresentsonlya2monthchangefromNovember2007toJanuary2008.
(Facebook,2008).
103.
Facebookisasocialnetworkingsite,whichmeansthatitsroleistoconnectuserswithotherswithwhomtheyshareinterests,historyoractivities.
Likemostlargeon-linecommunities,membershipisfreeandthecompanyreceivesrevenuefromadvertising.
AccordingtoWikipedia(2008),Facebook'smajorcompetitor,MySpace,hasmoreregisteredusers(200million).
However,theirusertrafficdataarecomparable:MySpaceholdstheAlexaInternetrankingof6thwithabout6percentoftotalInternettraffic,Facebook7thwitharound5.
6percent(Alexa,2008).
104.
Collectively,theemergingwebsitesandfacilitiesthatgiverelativelyfreereintousersuploading,USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH36Chart10.
GrowthinFacebookmembershipsincelaunchSource:Facebook(2008).
01020304050607020042005200620072008Users(millions)editingandpublishingmaterialareknownasUserGenerated(orCreated)Content(UGC)orConsumerGeneratedMedia(CGM).
Theyincludesocialnetworkingsites,whereindividualshavecontrolovertheirownprofiles,networksand"spaces",free-contentuploadandsharingsitessuchasYouTube(video)andFlickr(stillimagesandphotographs),publicmessageboardsandforums,andWikis.
TheOECD(2007c)suggeststhatinorderforcontenttobeclassifiedasUGC,itneedstohavethreecharacteristics:Publication.
Workmustbepublishedinsomeaccessibleform–evenifonlyaccessibletoalimitedgroupsuchasanetworkorlistofcontacts.
UsuallyUGCwouldbeaccessibleeitherwithoutrestriction,ortomembersofasiteorcommunity.
CreativeEffort.
Thereshouldbesomeoriginal,creativecomponentfromtheauthorinordertocreateanewwork.
Simplereplication,recordingorcopyingofanother'sworkdoesnotconstituteUGC.
Thecreativeeffortmaybecollaborativebetweenmultipleindividuals,however.
Creationisnotpartofaprofessionalpractice.
Creatorsmaybeprofessional,butasUGCisanamateurpractice,theycannotbepaidforthiswork.
ThemotivationsforcreationofUGCaremoreintrinsicandexpressive.
19105.
TimeMagazine's2007PersonoftheYearwas"You"(TimeMagazine,December2006).
Thisdoesnotrefertoeverypersonontheplanet,butinsteadtothepublicpopulationofamateurauthors,photographers,journalists,opinionwritersandmovieproducerswhoareresponsibleforthecreationofanenormousvolumeofon-linecontent,andtowhichanyoneisfreetobeapart.
TheInternetrevolutioninthe1990sallowedunprecedentedaccesstoinformationandcommunication.
Web2.
020inthe21stcenturygoesastepfurther–allowingunprecedentedandpracticallyunlimitedlicensetoanyonetopublishtheirowncontent.
Thiscommunityoffreespeechandopinionexchangeisenormousandwide-ranging,andyoungusersareattheforefrontofit.
106.
Unfortunately,therearelimiteddataonhowyoungpeoplearerespondingtothiscontent-richvirtualenvironment.
SomedataareavailablefordevelopedeconomiesofEuropeandtheUnitedStates;theseareshowninTables21to25.
Inthedevelopingworld,thereislittleinformationavailable.
OneconcernisthattheopportunitiestobenefitfromtheInternetanditsapplications37Astatisticalcompilationaregrowingquicklyindevelopedeconomiesandonlyslowlyinothers,thusincreasingthedigitaldividebetweenrichandpooreconomies.
AcounterargumentisthattheInternetissuchabroadphenomenonthatpeopleinpoorercountriesareabletobenefitfromdevelopmentstargetedatwealthiereconomies,albeitwithalag.
Yetanotherviewisthatsomeoftheseactivitiesarenotpositiveand,infact,distractyoungpeoplefrommoreusefulorfulfillingactivities.
However,withoutmoredata,includingdataontheimpactsofICT,theseviewsareonlyspeculation.
107.
Table21showshowprolificEuropeanyoungpeopleareincreatingandusingrichcontentcomparedwiththegeneralpopulation.
AlthoughTable21.
UseoftheWebbyEuropeanyoungpeople,EU25,percentageofthetotalpopulationandInternetusers,2006Source:Eurostat,30November2007.
ActivityPopulationFemale16-24Male16-24All16-24AllIndividualsIhave[ever]createdawebpageTotalpopulation1726229Internetusers19292416Ihave[ever]usedpeer-to-peerfilesharingforexchangingmovies,music,etcTotalpopulation24393211Internetusers27433618Ihave[ever]postedmessagestochatrooms,newsgroupsoranon-linediscussionforumTotalpopulation47535019Internetusers52595632IhaveusedInternet,inthelast3months,forlisteningtowebradios/forwatchingwebtelevisionTotalpopulation22312612Internetusers26373222IhaveusedInternet,inthelast3months,forothercommunicationuses(chatsites,etc.
)Totalpopulation48545118Internetusers57656133IhaveusedInternet,inthelast3months,forreading/downloadingon-linenewspapers/newsmagazinesTotalpopulation25292719Internetusers30353235Table22.
UseoftheWebbyAmerican12-17yearoldsSource:PewInternetProject2007,TeensandSocialMedia.
21200020042006Internetusers(percentageofpopulationaged12-17)738793DailyInternetusers(percentageofpopulationaged12-17)425161PercentageofInternetuserswho:Shareartwork,photos,storiesorvideos3339Createorworkonwebpages/blogs3233Createdownon-linejournal/blog1928Maintainpersonalwebpage2227Remixon-linecontentintoowncreations1926Doatleastoneoftheseactivities64USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH38thesedataarenotcurrent(2006)theygiveanindicationwhichremainsaccurate–thatadolescentsandyouthareveryenthusiasticusersandcreatorsofwebcontent.
Interestingly,thereisasignificantgendergapforalltheactivitiesshown,withfeweryoungfemaleInternetusersundertakingtheactivities.
108.
Table22showsdetailedusedataforyoungpeopleaged12-17intheUnitedStatesfortheyears2004and2006.
ItshowsveryhighgeneralInternetusein2006bythisagegroup(93percent)aswellasahighlevelofcontentcreationamongusers.
In2006,nearlytwothirds(64percent)ofteenageusers,aged12-17,engagedinsomesortofInternetcontentcreationorpublication,withthemostcommonactivitybeingto'Shareartwork,photos,storiesorvideos'(39percent).
ThesurveyistoodifferentfromtheEurostatsurveystomakedirectcomparisons.
However,theincidenceofcreativewebactivitiesforyoungpeopleintheEUandtheUnitedStatesseemsreasonablysimilar(forinstance,33percentofUS12-17yearoldInternetuserscreatedorworkedonwebpages/blogscomparedto24percentofEU16-24yearoldInternetuserscreatingawebpage).
109.
Table23showsamoredetailedbreakdownoftheuseofblogsbyAmerican12-17yearolds.
Itdemonstratesthat,aswithtraditionaldiariesandjournals,teenagegirlsaremorelikelytorecordtheirthoughtsandfeelingsintheformofanon-lineweblog(35percentcomparedwith20percentofboys).
Theyarealsomorelikelytoreadtheblogofsomeoneelse(57percentcomparedwith43percentofboys).
Onthewhole,bothreadingandwritingofweblogshasincreasedinthisagegroupbetween2004and2006–by9and11percentagepointsrespectively110.
Table24detailscontentcreationintheformofpostingphotostoawebsite,journalorsocialnetworkingprofile.
Inthisfieldalso,girlsarethemoreprolificusers,witha54percentratecomparedwith40percentofboys.
Aninteresting,ifunsurprising,sidenoteisthatyoungInternetuserswhoareconnectedwithbroadbandaremorelikelytopostphotos(ademandingtaskintermsofbandwidth)at51percentcomparedwith39percentofthoseconnectedwithdial-up.
RegularInternetusersarealsomuchmorelikelytobepostingphotosthantheircounterpartswhoareonlinelessoften(59percentcomparedwith29percent).
111.
Table24alsoshowsthatboysweremoreprolificthangirlsinpostingvideos,in2006.
AlmosttwiceasmanyInternet-usingboysasgirlspostedvideosontheWeb.
Theadultrateforpostingvideosisfarloweroverall–only8percent.
SiteslikeYouTube.
comprovideanopportunitytosharevideoswithahugeaudienceatnoindividualcosttousers.
Farfrominspiringhighqualityfilm-making,muchofthecontentofsuchsitesishumorousorfarcicalinnature,perhapsreinforcingtheirpopularitywithteenageboys.
112.
ToputsomeoftheInternet-basedsocialmediadataincontext,in2006PEWalsoaskedquestionsaboutothermethodsofsocialcommunicationpractisedbyAmerica'syoungpeople(Table25).
Notsurprisingly,technology-basedcommunicationdominates.
Traditionalformsofsocialcommunicationincludedinthislistarelimitedtolandlinetelephoneuseandspeakingface-to-face.
Itisperhapsreassuringthatthelatterformofcommunicationstillrankshighly,with31percentofteenagersseeingtheirfriendsinpersonoutsideofschoolhoursonadailybasis.
Emailissurprisinglylowonthelist,perhapsindicatingthattheeaseofshorttextmessagesviacellphonesorInternet-basedsystemsismakingemailsomewhatobsoletewithinthisagegroup.
Table23.
UseofblogsbyAmerican12-17yearoldsSource:PewInternetProject2007,TeensandSocialMedia.
21PercentageofInternetuserswho:20042006TotalGirlsBoysTotalWriteblogs19352028Readblogs3857434939AstatisticalcompilationTable24.
IncidenceofphotoandvideopostingbyAmerican12-17yearolds,2006Source:PewInternetProject2007,TeensandSocialMedia.
21PhotoPosting(percentageofInternetusers)GirlsBoysTotal12-17Total544047Connectedwithdial-up39Connectedwithbroadband51Onlinedaily59Onlineseveraltimesperweekorless29VideoPosting(percentageofInternetusers)101914Table25.
Methodsof(daily)communicationbyAmerican12-17yearolds,percentageofindividualsSource:PewInternetProject2007,TeensandSocialMedia.
21Talktofriendsonlandlinetelephone39Talkoncellphone35Spendtimewithfriendsinperson31Instantmessage28Sendtextmessagesviacellphone27Sendmessagesoversocialnetworksites21Sendemail14USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH401StatisticsproducedbygovernmentstatisticalagenciesaccordingtotheUN'sfundamentalprinciplesofofficialstatisticsasadoptedbytheUnitedNationsStatisticalCommissionin1994:http://unstats.
un.
org/unsd/statcom/doc94/e1994.
htm.
2ThetermNSOisalsotakentoincludegovernmentagencieswhichcollectofficialstatistics(whereanationalstatisticalsystemisdecentralized,theremaybeseveralofficialstatisticalagenciesinacountry).
NSOsareusuallygovernment-fundedandareresponsibleforprovidinghighquality,standardizedstatisticaldatatogovernment,industryandthepublic.
3Fromanylocationinthelast12months,latestyearavailable.
4Countrieswhichhavealowagecut-offforthe5-14agegrouptendtoshowlowerICTuseforthisgroup,probablybecauseusebyveryyoungchildrentendstobelowerthanforolderchildren.
5WiththeexceptionoftheUnitedStateswhereusebyteenagersaged14-17isgreaterthanthatofyoungadults,aged18-24.
6http://isis.
nida.
or.
kr/board/service/bbsList.
jspbbs_id=10.
7www.
abs.
gov.
au/ausstats/abs@.
nsf/mf/4901.
0andwww.
abs.
gov.
au/ausstats/abs@.
nsf/mf/8146.
0.
8Thereareanumberofpointsofnon-comparabilitybetweencountrydata.
SomeaffectICTusedatagenerallyandarediscussedinChapter4.
InrespectofdataonlocationofInternetuse,thereareanumberofdifferencesbetweencountries.
Themaindifferencesarevaryingdefinitionsofsub-categories,forinstance,itisnotpossibletoidentifyEurostatdatacorrespondingtocommunityandcommercialInternetaccessfacilities.
9IntheRepublicofKorea,thehighrateofuseamongyouthisrelatedtothehighincidenceofmultiplayergaming(in'PCbangs').
10www.
abs.
gov.
au/ausstats/abs@.
nsf/mf/8146.
0.
11http://www.
oecd.
org/dataoecd/28/4/35995145.
pdf.
12SEreferstothestandarderrorofthescore.
13Therearefewerareasofnon-comparabilitythanforotherstatisticspresentedinthischapter.
ThemainareasarethoseaffectingICTusedatagenerally.
14http://www.
censtatd.
gov.
hk/products_and_services/products/publications/statistical_report/social_data/index_cd_B1130227_dt_latest.
jsp.
15http://isis.
nida.
or.
kr/board/service/bbsList.
jspbbs_id=10.
16Anotherreasonistherelativeavailabilityofdataonnewertechnologiescomparedwitholderones.
WhiletherearegooddatasetsformanycountriesonhouseholdlevelofaccesstoolderICTs,thereisverylittleinformationontheirusebyindividuals.
Ontheotherhand,aswesawearlierinthechapter,thereisquitealotofdataonuseofthenewerICTs.
17ICQ,MSNMessenger,YahooInstantMessengerandAOLInstantMessengerwereallpopularexamples.
18ThisprinciplehasbeenusedindatasystemsforalongtimeandisknownasMetadatainthatcontext.
19Thisdistinctionbecomesblurredwhenthoseinprofessionalandpublicpositionsmaintainblogs,spacesorsiteswhicharepersonalinnatureandwhichmaybepromotionaloftheindividualortheiraffiliatedcompany,organizationorpoliticalparty(e.
g.
theMySpacepagesofAustralianPrimeMinister,KevinRudd,ortheblogofSunMicrosystemsPresidentandCEOJonathanSchwartz).
20Web2.
0isacatchphrasewhichattemptstocapturethisnewstyleofInternetuse.
21http://www.
pewinternet.
org/pdfs/PIP_Teens_Social_Media_Final.
pdf.
41AstatisticalcompilationChapter6.
SummaryandrecommendationsIntroduction113.
Asstatedinthepreface,themainpurposeofthisreportistoinvestigatethecurrentglobalstateofICTusebyyoungpeoplethroughavailablestatistics.
Asecondaryaimistodescribethelimitationsofthosestatisticsandtomakerecommendationstoimprovethem.
Thischaptersummarizesthemainfindingsofthereportanddescribesthedatalimitationsthathamperfurtheranalysisofthisimportanttopic.
Recommendationsaremadeinrespectofthoselimitationsandsomeofthepolicyimplicationsofthefindingsareexplored.
Mainfindings114.
Itshouldbenotedattheoutsetthatthefindingsofthisreportandtheconclusionsbasedonthemhaveanimportantlimitation,namelythesmallnumberofcountriesforwhichrelevantdataareavailable.
WhilethemajorityofdevelopedeconomieshaverichdatasetsonindividualuseofICT,dataavailabilityispoorformostdevelopingandtransitioneconomies,andverypoorfortheleastdevelopedeconomies(onlytwoofwhichcollectanyindividualICTusedata).
115.
Withthatcaveatinmind,thedatacompiledforthisreportindicaterelativelyhighuseofcomputers,theInternetandmobilephonesbyyoungpeople,comparedwiththegeneralpopulation.
Formostcountries,peakuseofthesetechnologiesoccursinthe15-24yearagegroup,withhighusealsofortheyoungergroup,5-14.
1116.
Animportantfindingisthatcomputeruseishigherinboththe5-14and15-24yearagegroupsthanthegeneralpopulationinallcountriesforwhichdataareavailable(Table26).
Withveryfewexceptions,thesamepatternisseenforInternetuse(Table27).
UseoftheInternetinthe15-24yearagegroupishigherthanforthegeneralpopulationinallcountries.
However,useamongchildrenislowerthanthegeneralpopulationforasmallnumberofcountries.
2While,forallbutonecountry,3thoseinthe15-24yearagegrouparemorelikelytouseamobilephonethanthegeneralpopulation,thesameisnottrueofchildren(Table28).
Thiscanprobablybeattributedtothefactthatmobilephonesarepersonaldevicesthatarelesslikelytobereadilyavailabletochildren.
117.
ThereareprobablyseveralreasonsforhigheruseofICTbyyoungpeople.
Wecanhypothesizethatitisrelatedtofactorssuchas:Thenaturalenthusiasmfornewtechnologythatyoungpeopleseemtohave,andtheircapacitytolearntouseitquickly;Higherliteracyofyoungpeopleinmosteconomies;Theextrasparetimewhichyoungpeople(outsideofthefull-timeworkforce)tendtohavecomparedtoolderpeoplewithinthesamecommunity,combinedwiththeleisureopportunitiesofferedbyICT;USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH42The'criticalmass'effectofcommunicationmedia,wherebyitbecomesinconvenientorimpracticaltocommunicatewithothersinone'ssocialgroupunlessoneadoptsthemethodofcommunicationbeingusedbymembersofthatsocialgroup;4andThepresenceofcomputersand/orInternetaccessinschoolsandfurthereducationfacilities,predominantlyusedbyyoungpeople.
118.
ThedatainthereportshowthatthelevelofICTuseishigherinmoredevelopedeconomies.
Thereasonsforthisarereasonablyobviousandincludebetter(andcheaper)accesstoICTinfrastructureandhigherlevelsofdiscretionaryspendingpercapita.
FactorswhichappeartorestricttheavailabilityofICTinlessdevelopedeconomiesinclude:Electricityconnectionsbeingabsent,expensiveorunreliable;Computers,theInternetormobilephonesnotbeingavailablelocally;andTelecommunicationsservices(mobilephoneandInternet)havinglow-capacity,orbeingunreliableand/orexpensive(seeChapter2fordetails).
119.
DataonICTusebyageandgendershowlittledifferencebetweentheproportionsofyoungmaleandfemaleusers,formostcountries.
Thisdiffersfromthesituationforthegeneralpopulationwherethereisgenerallyagendergapinfavourofmaleusers.
120.
DataongrowthinuseofICTarenotwidelyavailable,exceptforEuropeancountries.
InformationfromEurostatshowssteadygrowthformalesandfemalesinallagegroups(under16,16-24and16-74)overtheperiod2003to2007.
121.
ThisreportalsoincludesinformationonfrequencyandlocationofuseoftheInternet,andInternetactivitiesundertaken(Tables29to31).
Themainfindingsareasfollows:Forthemajorityofcountries,overhalftheInternetusersamongyouthandthegeneralpopulationlogonatleastonceaday.
InsomeEuropeancountriesandthemoredevelopedAsianeconomies,over80percentof15-24yearoldslogoneveryday.
Childrenaremorelikelythanolderagegroupstobeinfrequentusers(thoseusingtheInternetlessthanonceaweek).
ReflectingthehigherlevelofhomeInternetaccess,indevelopedeconomies(andthemoredevelopedAsianeconomies),homeisthemostlikelylocationofInternetuseforallagegroups.
Amonglessdevelopedeconomies,hometendstobelessimportantasaplaceofInternetuse,reflectinglowerlevelsofhouseholdInternetaccess.
Despitethepolicyinterest,dataonuseatcommunity(or'public')Internetaccessfacilitiesarecollectedbyfewcountries.
Availabledata,whilelimited,showhigherratesofuseatcommercialthanatcommunityInternetaccessfacilities.
DataonInternetactivitiesarenotverywellstandardized,mainlybecauseofdifferencesintheresponsecategoriesusedbycountriesthatcollectthisinformation.
However,somegeneralobservationsarepossibleandindicategreateruseoftheInternetbychildrenforeducationandplayinggames.
UseoftheInternetforcommunicationisgreaterforyouthandthegeneralpopulationthanitisforchildren.
122.
ItisclearthatstylesofInternetusebyyoungpeoplearerapidlyevolving–atleastindevelopedeconomies.
ThisreportexaminestheuseoftheInternetforgeneratingusercontentandsocialnetworking.
Whilelittledataareavailable,theyindicatethatthisisayoungperson'srealm(atleastinEuropeandtheUnitedStates).
ForEurope,EU25datashowthatchildrenandyoutharegreaterusersandcreatorsofwebcontent.
Asignificantgendergapexists,withfeweryoungfemalesundertakingtheseactivities.
IntheUnitedStates,alargeproportionofteenage(12-17)Internetusersshareandcreatewebcontent.
TeenageboysaremoreprolificthangirlsinpostingvideosontheWeb,whilegirlsaremorelikelytopostphotos.
Policyimplicationsofthefindings123.
InChapter2,itwasnotedthatdevelopingeconomies(includingleastdevelopedeconomies)haveayoungerageprofilethanmoredevelopedeconomies.
GiventhefindingsonhigherICTuseamongtheyoung,alargerproportionofyoungpeopleinapopulationsuggestsapotentialassetinthehumancapitalrequiredtodevelopanInformationSociety–andultimatelyimproveacountry'seconomicandsocialsituation.
43AstatisticalcompilationDevelopingeconomiesthatrecognizethatICTisatoolfordevelopment,andadoptappropriatepoliciestoencourageitswideruse,willbebestabletotakeadvantageoftheir'youthasset'.
124.
Thetypesofpolicieswhichcouldbepursuedarewellknownandinclude:ProvidingaccesstocomputersandtheInternetinschools;MakingchangestoschoolandhighereducationcurriculatoencouragetheICTandlanguageskillsthatareneededinaglobalInformationSociety;Establishingcommunityaccessfacilities(and/orencouragingtheestablishmentofcommercialInternetaccessfacilities);andWorkingwithICTserviceproviderstoreducethecostandimprovethequalityofICTservices.
5125.
AnimportantaimofsuchpoliciesistoraiseagenerationthatiscapableofusingICTandcanbenefitfromitsuse(forinstance,byutilizinginformationavailableontheInternetandcommunicatingwithothers).
126.
Requisitebasicskillsincludetheabilitytocreateandmanipulatecomputerfiles;useapplicationssuchaswordprocessorsandspreadsheets;typewithareasonablelevelofaccuracyandspeed;andmanageacomputerbyperformingtaskssuchasinstallinganduninstallingprograms,andfixingminortechnicalproblems.
127.
AsICTpenetrationincreases,itislikelythatthesebasiccompetencieswillbecomeevenmoreimportant.
Ensuringthatthecurrentgenerationofschoolagechildrenandyoungadultshasaccesstocomputersandcomputereducationwillbeessentialinminimizingdigitalandothergapsbetweendevelopedandlessdevelopedeconomies.
128.
Itisworthnotingthatthebasicskillslistedabove,whilerequiringcomputeraccess,donotnecessarilyrequirepowerfulorexpensivecomputers–nordotheyrequirehighspeedInternetaccess.
Thisindicatesthatsignificantadvancescanbemadewithoutthehighlevelofequipmentandinfrastructureoftenavailableindevelopedeconomies.
129.
Ofcourse,manyotheradvances,suchasthetransformationofbusinessandgovernmentprocesses,arereliantonahigherlevelofICTinfrastructure,includingbroadbandaccess.
Datalimitations130.
DatalimitationsweredescribedinsomedetailinChapter4.
Itisclearthatthereareanumberofissuestobeaddressedinordertoimprovethelevelofdataavailableanditsinternationalcomparability.
Theforemostlimitationislackofdataformanyeconomies,includingtheleastdevelopedeconomies.
AsTable9andAnnex1show,thecoreindicatorsonindividualICTusearewidelyavailableonlyfordevelopedeconomies.
Dataavailabilityfordevelopingandtransitioneconomiesislowforallindicators,whileonlytwoleastdevelopedeconomies(AfghanistanandBhutan)collectanyindividualICTusedata.
131.
Formostcountrieswithrelevantdata,variousproblemslimitcomparisonwiththedataofothercountries.
Theselimitationsincludedatadeficienciesthatareintrinsic,forinstancesmallsamplesizesresultinginunreliablestatistics,andthosethatarecommontomanycountries,forinstancelackofadherencetointernationalstandards.
Theimportanceofconsistencyandstandardizationinthecollectionandreportingofstatisticscannotbeoveremphasized.
Recommendationsforimprovingdata132.
ThecoreICTindicatorsdevelopedbythePartnershiponMeasuringICTforDevelopmentwereintroducedinChapter3.
Thereareanumberofdefinitionsandmethodologicalrecommendationsassociatedwiththecoreindicators.
CloseradherencetothesestandardswouldsolvealargenumberofthecomparabilityissuesthataffectICTusestatistics.
133.
WhileamajorityofdevelopedeconomiesincludeICTstatisticsintheirstatisticalprograms,thesameisnottrueofmostdevelopingeconomies.
Itissuggestedthatsuchinclusionwouldgenerallybringbenefitsintermsofdataunderstandingandquality.
Itwouldalsoenabletheproductionoftimeseriesdata,whichcanbeausefulpolicymonitoringtool.
Asanexampleofthelatter,ifacountryhasapolicytoestablishcommunityInternetaccessfacilitiesinordertopromoteUSEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH44ICTuseinruralareas,thentimeseriesdataonlocationofInternetusebyregionwouldenablequantificationofgrowthinuseattributabletosuchaninitiative.
134.
ItissuggestedthatcountriesusetheresourcesofthePartnershiponMeasuringICTforDevelopment(anditspartners)toprogressworkonICTstatistics.
Usefulreferencesinclude:PartnershiponMeasuringICTforDevelopment(2005),CoreICTIndicators,http://www.
itu.
int/ITU-D/ict/partnership/material/CoreICTIndicators.
pdf;OECD,GuidetoMeasuringtheInformationSociety,2007,www.
oecd.
org/sti/measuring-infoeconomy/guide;andEurostat,MethodologicalManualforStatisticsontheInformationSociety,Surveyyear2007v2.
0,http://europa.
eu.
int/estatref/info/sdds/en/isoc/isoc_metmanual_2007.
pdf.
135.
Inaddition,thePartnershipundertakestrainingandcapacity-buildingactivitiesaimedatimprovingcountries'capacitiestocollectICTstatistics.
ExamplesoftheseactivitiescanbefoundontheITUwebsite,seehttp://www.
itu.
int/ITU-D/ict/partnership/index.
html.
136.
ITUiscurrentlydevelopingamanualformeasuringhousehold/individualICTaccessanduse;thisisexpectedtobereleasedinthesecondhalfof2008.
ThemanualshouldprovetobeavaluableresourceforcountriesinvolvedinmeasurementofICTusebyindividuals.
45Astatisticalcompilation1Notingagainthatthisgroupisofvariableage,withsomecountriescollectingdataforthoseasyoungas3andothersforolderchildren,e.
g.
12-14yearolds.
2Wherethisisthecase,theproportionsareusuallyquiteclose.
3OccupiedPalestinianTerritory.
4Wheretherearehighlevelsofsocialactivityamongyoungpeople,thiscouldcontributetotheiradoptionofICTasagroup.
Muchoftheusereportedisofasocialorcommunicativenature,ratherthansimpleinformationgatheringorresearch–althoughtheseusesarecommonaswell.
SMSuse(onmobilephones)andChat/IM/Socialnetworkinguse(throughanInternetconnection)areprimarilythedomainsoftheyoung.
Itcouldbesuggestedthatwhileacommunicationsystem(forexample,aninstantmessagingservicesuchasAIMorMSN)hasarelativelylowrateofusewithinagroup,thereislittleimpetusformemberstoadoptit.
However,onceacertainproportionofusershaveadoptedasystemforreasonsoffunctionality,convenienceorotherwise,itgivesothermembersofthatgroupastrongmotivationtoadoptitaswell.
Assuchwecouldexpecttoseearapidriseintheuserbaseofsuchsystems.
AnexampleisshowninChart10whichshowstheveryrapidincreaseinmembershipoftheUSsocialnetworkingsiteFacebook,inwhichsocialgroupsandnetworksaregivencentralimportance.
5Thisincludesarecognitionbywebdesignersthatbandwidthlimitationsshouldbetakenintoaccountwhendesigningwebsites.
47AstatisticalcompilationAnnex1.
AvailabilityofdataonuseofICTbyyoungpeopleThesituationdescribedinthisannexappliestocountriesknowntohaveICTusedatadisaggregatedbyage.
Theremaybeothercountrieswithsuchdata,whichhavenotprovidedinformationtoITUortoEurostat,orarenotknowntotheconsultantswhopreparedthisreport.
Itshouldalsobenotedthat,forvariousreasons,1notalldatathatareavailablehavebeenusedinthisreport.
Region/countryStatusofdatacollectionAfricaMauritius2006dataonICTusebychildrenandyouth,aged12+.
Morocco2006dataonICTusebychildrenandyouth,aged12-65.
AsiaAzerbaijan2006dataonICTusebyyouth,aged15+.
China2007dataonInternetusebychildrenandyouth,aged6+HongKong(China)2007dataonICTusebychildrenandyouth,aged10+.
Japan2006dataonICTusebychildrenandyouth,aged6+.
Macao,China2006dataonICTusebychildrenandyouth,aged3+.
Malaysia2006dataonInternetuseathomeareavailableforallages.
OccupiedPalestinianTerritory2006dataonICTusebychildrenandyouth,aged10+.
RepublicofKorea2007dataonICTusebychildrenandyouth,aged5+.
SupplementarydataonICTusebyveryyoungchildren(aged3-5)arealsoavailable.
Singapore2006dataonICTusebychildrenandyouth,aged10+.
Thailand2006dataonICTusebychildrenandyouth,aged6+.
Europe2BelgiumAnnualdataonICTusebyyouth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
CzechRepublicAnnualdataonICTusebychildren(10-15),youth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
EstoniaAnnualdataonICTusebyyouth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
FinlandAnnualdataonICTusebychildren(10-15),youth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
FranceAnnualdataonICTusebyyouth(15-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
GermanyAnnualdataonICTusebychildren(10-15),youth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
GreeceAnnualdataonICTusebychildren(12-15),youth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
HungaryAnnualdataonICTusebychildren(10-15),youth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
IcelandAnnualdataonICTusebyyouth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
ItalyAnnualdataonICTusebychildren(6-15),youth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
LatviaAnnualdataonICTusebyyouth(15-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
LithuaniaAnnualdataonICTusebychildren(12-15),youth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
NetherlandsAnnualdataonICTusebychildren(12-15),youth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
TFYRMacedoniaAnnualdataonICTusebyyouth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH48Region/countryStatusofdatacollectionNorwayAnnualdataonICTusebyyouth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
PolandAnnualdataonICTusebyyouth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
PortugalAnnualdataonICTusebychildren(10-15),youth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
SerbiaAnnualdataonICTusebyyouth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
SlovakiaAnnualdataonICTusebychildren(10-15),youth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
SloveniaAnnualdataonICTusebychildren(10-15),youth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
SpainAnnualdataonICTusebyyouth(15-24)andtotalpopulation(16-74).
SwitzerlandBiennialdataonICTusebyyouth,aged14+.
TurkeyDataoncomputerandInternetusebyyouth,16-24.
LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean3Brazil2005dataonICTusebychildrenandyouth,aged10+.
Chile2006dataonICTusebychildrenandyouth,aged5+.
CostaRica2005dataonICTusebychildrenandyouth,aged5+.
Mexico2006dataonICTusebychildrenandyouth,aged6+.
Paraguay2005dataonICTusebychildrenandyouth,aged10+.
NorthernAmericaBermuda2003dataonICTusebyyouth(16-24)andtotalpopulation(16-65).
CanadaDataonICTusebyindividuals,aged18+from2005.
USA2003dataonICTusebychildrenandyouth,aged3+.
OceaniaAustraliaAnnualdataonICTusebyyouth,15+.
OccasionalsurveysonuseofICTbychildrenaged5-14(thelatestwasfor2006).
NewZealand2006dataonICTusebyyouth(15-24).
1Reasonsincludeuseofnonstandarddefinitionsorconcepts(suchascollectingmainInternetactivityratherthanallpossibleactivities),aswellasintrinsicissuessuchasverysmallsamplesizesfordisaggregateddata.
2EurostatcollectsdataonICTuseannuallyfrommostEuropeancountries(includingnonEUmembersNorway,Iceland,SerbiaandTFYRMacedonia).
Thosecountrieswhichcollectadditionaldataforindividualsunder16maynotdosoeveryyear;thesituationwithrespecttosuchdatadescribedhereappliesto2006.
3AnumberofotherLatinAmericanandCaribbeancountrieshavedataonICTusebyindividuals.
ItisthereforeprobablethatmorecountriesthanthoseshownhavedataonICTusebychildrenandyouth.
49AstatisticalcompilationAnnex2.
DatatablesGeneralnotesonTables:1.
DataaregenerallythelatestavailableexceptforcountriesthatconducttheEurostatcommunitysurvey.
Inthiscase,2006datawereusedbecausearelativelylargenumberofEuropeancountriescollecteddatainrespectofchildreninthatyear(morethanin2007).
TheexceptionisSerbiaforwhichonly2007dataareavailable.
2.
Eurostat:Totalagerangeis16-74yearolds;15-24referstothe16-24yearoldgroup;themajorityofcountriesdonotcollectdataforthoseunder16;forthosewhichdo,theagerangevaries,seeNotes.
3.
Fordatafromothersources,unlessindicatedotherwiseintheNotes,agerangesare5-14and15-24,withTotalbeing5(or15)yearsorolder.
Whereanagerangewasoneyeardifferentfromastandardrange,nonotewasadded.
4.
Someeconomyandsourcenameshavebeenabbreviatedtosavespace.
5.
Muchofthedatawerederivedfromnumbers,someofwhichwererounded(e.
g.
tothenearesthundredorthousand).
Onconversiontopercentages,smallroundingerrorsmayoccur,leadingtoslightdifferencescomparedwithpublisheddata.
6.
DatasourcesareshowninfootnotesandintheSourcecolumn.
EurostatdatawereextractedfromthedownloadableAccessdatabase,version30November2007,seehttp://epp.
eurostat.
ec.
europa.
eu/portal/page_pageid=2973,64549069,2973_64554066&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL.
USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH5058Table26.
Individualswhousedacomputer(fromanylocation)inthelast12months,percentageineachageandgendergroupEconomyMale5-14Female5-14Total5-14Male15-24Female15-24Total15-24TotalmaleTotalfemaleTotalYearSourceNotesAustralia9293922006;2007ABSAustria9395947566702006EurostatAzerbaijan2717222211172006StateStat.
CommitteeBelgium9191917365692006EurostatBermuda9697968791892003DepartmentofStatisticsTotalrefersto16-65Bulgaria6769683333332006EurostatChile7070432006UNECLACCyprus7891844944462006EurostatCzechRepublic8987885753552006EurostatDenmark10098999088892006EurostatInthelastmonthEstonia6663642006EurostatFinland999999998481822006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Germany8276792006EurostatGreece948081804436402006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15HongKong(China)9898989898986660632006CensusandStatsDept'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+Hungary889189905755562006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Iceland991001009290912006EurostatIreland7882806062612006EurostatItaly657576755039442006Eurostat'5-14'refersto6-15Japan6061618078796348562006MIC'15-24'refersto15-29Latvia9593945856572006EurostatLithuania989090904948482006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15Luxembourg10096988668772006Eurostat51Astatisticalcompilation59EconomyMale5-14Female5-14Total5-14Male15-24Female15-24Total15-24TotalmaleTotalfemaleTotalYearSourceNotesMacao(China)8382839288905851542006StatsandCensusServ.
last3months;Totalrefersto3+Mauritius7276745155533227302006CentralStatisticsOffice'5-14'refersto12-14;Totalrefersto12+Mexico3950312006UNECLACNetherlands1001001001008883862006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15NewZealand8892907475742006StatisticsNZNorway1001001008885872006EurostatOcc.
PalestinianTerritory9593949285899083872006CentralBur.
ofStatistics'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+Poland9291915550522006EurostatPortugal91864841452006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15RepublicofKorea9796971001001008474792007NIDARomania6662643631332006EurostatSerbia8176794840442007EurostatSingapore85857058642006IDA'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+Slovakia999594956864662006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Slovenia1009796976557612006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Spain8989896053572006EurostatSweden10098999289902006EurostatTFYRMacedonia694432382006EurostatThailand5252262006NationalStat.
OfficeUnitedKingdom7973762006EurostatUnitedStates92826969692003BureauoftheCensus'5-14'refersto6-14;Totalrefersto3+Source:ITU,Eurostatandnationalstatisticalsources;datawereextractedfromtheEurostatdownloadabledatabase(30nov07version).
USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH52Table27.
IndividualswhousedtheInternet(fromanylocation)inthelast12months,percentageineachageandgendergroupEconomyMale5-14Female5-14Total5-14Male15-24Female15-24Total15-24TotalmaleTotalfemaleTotalYearSourceNotesAustralia656565917168692006;2007ABSAustria9091916958642006EurostatAzerbaijan17913146102006StateStatisticalCommitteeBelgium9089896860642006EurostatBermuda9396957982802003DepartmentofStatisticsTotalrefersto16-65Brazil2425243133322220212005IBGE'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;last3months;accessbycomputerBulgaria5957582826272006EurostatChile5665372006UNECLACChina9431311122007CNNICCostaRica1538222005UNECLACCyprus5978683834362006EurostatCzechRepublic758381825046482006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Denmark9998998886872006EurostatinthelastmonthEstonia6563642006EurostatFinland989899998278802006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15France8286845044472006EurostatGermany917668722006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Greece697270713728322006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15HongKong(China)9796969797976458612006CensusandStatsDept'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+53Astatisticalcompilation61EconomyMale5-14Female5-14Total5-14Male15-24Female15-24Total15-24TotalmaleTotalfemaleTotalYearSourceNotesHungary718382824846472006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Iceland100991009089902006EurostatIreland7372735554552006EurostatItaly346768684333382006Eurostat'5-14'refersto6-15Japan6668679191917263682006MIC'15-24'refersto15-29Latvia9593945552542006EurostatLithuania908886874543442006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15Luxembourg9892958263732006EurostatMacao(China)6463638783855043462006StatsandCensusServ.
last3months;Totalrefersto3+Malaysia2191110102006MCMAnoloweragerestrictionbutrespondentsmustbeabletorespond;homeuseonly;previousmonthMauritius2425253134331815172006CentralStatisticsOffice'5-14'refersto12-14;Totalrefersto12+Mexico1840202006UNECLACMorocco647770745638462006Totalrefersto12-65Netherlands9910099998679832006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15NewZealand8586866969692006StatisticsNZNorway99100998580832006EurostatOcc.
PalestinianTerritory2613205036434328362006CentralBur.
ofStatistics'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH54EconomyMale5-14Female5-14Total5-14Male15-24Female15-24Total15-24TotalmaleTotalfemaleTotalYearSourceNotesParaguay61382005UNECLAC'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+Poland8786864742452006EurostatPortugal758180814235382006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15RepublicofKorea9796971001001008575802007NIDARomania5653542723252006EurostatSerbia7056633828332007EurostatSingapore84826554602006IDA'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+Slovakia919391925953562006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Slovenia969388915850542006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Spain8687865447502006EurostatSweden9899999086882006EurostatTFYRMacedonia3423292006EurostatThailand1438142006NationalStat.
OfficeUnitedKingdom7365692006EurostatUnitedStates58745859592003BureauoftheCensus'5-14'refersto6-14;Totalrefersto3+Source:ITU,Eurostatandnationalstatisticalsources;datawereextractedfromtheEurostatdownloadabledatabase(30nov07version).
55Astatisticalcompilation63Table28.
Individualswithuseofamobilephone,percentageineachageandgendergroupEconomyMale5-14Female5-14Total5-14Male15-24Female15-24Total15-24TotalmaleTotalfemaleTotalYearSourceNotesAustria9597968782852006EurostatBelgium9695958985872006EurostatBermuda5760585336452003DepartmentofStatisticsTotalrefersto16-65Brazil1523194046433835372005IBGE'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+Bulgaria8180816656612006EurostatChile2266542006UNECLACCostaRica1134332005UNECLAC'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+Cyprus9898989482882006EurostatCzechRepublic809798989086882006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Denmark10097999388902006EurostatEstonia9897989087892006EurostatFinland971001001009894962006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15France9195937572732006EurostatGermany759698978681832006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Greece809396948270762006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15HongKong(China)5462589394948885862006CensusandStatsDept'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+Hungary839092917475742006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Iceland9999999797972006EurostatIreland9999999091912006EurostatItaly599597968984872006Eurostat'5-14'refersto6-15Japan2637329195937468712006MIC'15-24'refersto15-29;excludesPHSLatvia9897988682842006EurostatLithuania919799988281812006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15Luxembourg9999999591932006EurostatMorocco929494949286892006Totalrefersto12-65USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH56EconomyMale5-14Female5-14Total5-14Male15-24Female15-24Total15-24TotalmaleTotalfemaleTotalYearSourceNotesNetherlands8298100999086882006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15NewZealand8993918080802006StatisticsNZNorway9998989695962006EurostatOcc.
PalestinianTerritory138116931499548742006CentralBur.
ofStatistics'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+Poland9093917066682006EurostatPortugal679393938274782006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15RepublicofKorea2632299395948476802007NIDARomania7373736053562006EurostatSerbia9795967975772007EurostatSingapore1462472006IDA5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;GSM/GPRSmobilephoneonlySlovakia949898988985872006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Slovenia949799988982852006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Spain9797978482832006EurostatSweden9796969493932006EurostatThailand4655058544339412006NationalStat.
OfficeTFYRMacedonia9186897057632006EurostatUnitedKingdom9897989089902006EurostatSource:ITU,Eurostatandnationalstatisticalsources;datawereextractedfromtheEurostatdownloadabledatabase(30nov07version).
57Astatisticalcompilation65Table29.
FrequencyofindividualaccesstotheInternetinthelast12months(fromanylocation),percentageofInternetusersineachagegroupGeneralnoteontable:Formosteconomies,thesumofobservationsaddsto98,99or100percent.
Forasmallnumber,totalsforoneormoreagegroupsareslightlylower.
Thediscrepancyislikelytoresultfrom'donotknow'responses.
EconomyFrequencyTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesDaily256150Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)623341Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)1268AustraliaLessthanmonthly0112006;2007ABSuseathomeDaily6864Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)2426Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)67AustriaLessthanmonthly232006EurostatDaily3441Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)5851Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)55AzerbaijanLessthanmonthly332006StateStat.
Committeelast3monthsDaily7772Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)1822Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)45BelgiumLessthanmonthly112006EurostatDaily223336Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)584947Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)151312BrazilLessthanmonthly4332005IBGE'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;last3months;accessbycomputerDaily5558Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)3531Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)99BulgariaLessthanmonthly12006EurostatUSEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH5866EconomyFrequencyTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesDaily4456Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)4431Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)1012CyprusLessthanmonthly222006EurostatDaily264241Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)494140Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)221517CzechRepublicLessthanmonthly22006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Daily7979Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)1716Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)24DenmarkLessthanmonthly012006EurostatinthelastmonthDaily7866Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)1826Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)46EstoniaLessthanmonthly22006EurostatDaily598173Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)291519Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)936FinlandLessthanmonthly3122006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Daily4956Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)3528FranceAtleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)15162006EurostatDaily406357Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)332628Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)21910GermanyLessthanmonthly542006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Daily153344Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)584234Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)172117GreeceLessthanmonthly9452006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-1559Astatisticalcompilation67EconomyFrequencyTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesDaily778472Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)211319Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)225HongKong(China)Lessthanmonthly1142006CensusandStatsDept'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+Daily295764Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)593529Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)1176HungaryLessthanmonthly1112006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Daily8680Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)1215Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)24IcelandLessthanmonthly012006EurostatDaily4850Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)3936Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)1111IrelandLessthanmonthly242006EurostatDaily657981Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)1165Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)211413ItalyLessthanmonthly3122006Eurostat'5-14'refersto6-15Daily174641Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)343127Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)221012JapanLessthanmonthly13472006MIC'15-24'refersto15-29;PCaccessDaily6662Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)2929Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)48LatviaLessthanmonthly112006EurostatUSEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH6068EconomyFrequencyTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesDaily395656Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)483534Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)1178LithuaniaLessthanmonthly1222006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15Daily6766Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)2726Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)57LuxembourgLessthanmonthly122006EurostatDaily143033Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)604947Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)211615MauritiusLessthanmonthly5452006CentralStatisticsOffice'5-14'refersto12-14;Totalrefersto12+Daily111920Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)727168Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)15910MexicoLessthanmonthly1222006UNECLACincludes'don'tknow'Daily6055Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)3434Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)58MoroccoLessthanmonthly232006Totalrefersto12-65Daily718375Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)251419Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)434NetherlandsLessthanmonthly1112006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15Daily5858Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)3030Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)76NewZealandLessthanmonthly652006StatisticsNZ61Astatisticalcompilation69EconomyFrequencyTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesDaily7672Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)2222Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)25NorwayLessthanmonthly012006EurostatDaily465049Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)424140Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)12810Occ.
PalestinianTerritoryLessthanmonthly0002006CentralBur.
ofStatistics'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+Daily5455Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)3331Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)1212PolandLessthanmonthly132006EurostatDaily406462Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)452726Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)1178PortugalLessthanmonthly32006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Daily748871Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)251121Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)112RepublicofKoreaLessthanmonthly1152007NIDADaily4042Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)4946Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)1011RomaniaLessthanmonthly112006EurostatDaily4850Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)4037Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)68SerbiaLessthanmonthly642007EurostatUSEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH6270EconomyFrequencyTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesDaily567070Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)362222Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)SingaporeLessthanmonthly8782006IDA'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+Daily304753Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)553734Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)141411SlovakiaLessthanmonthly1222006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Daily527872Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)351720Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)1367SloveniaLessthanmonthly1022006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15Daily5251Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)3231Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)1212SpainLessthanmonthly452006EurostatDaily7971Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)1722Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)36SwedenLessthanmonthly122006EurostatDaily1116235-7daysperweekAtleastweekly(butnoteveryday)7065601-4daysperweekAtleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)1718171-3dayspermonthThailandLessthanmonthly1112006NationalStat.
Office1-11daysperyearplusunknownDaily4044Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)4540Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)1213TFYRMacedoniaLessthanmonthly32006EurostatDaily6059Atleastweekly(butnoteveryday)2627Atleastmonthly(butnoteveryweek)99UnitedKingdomLessthanmonthly42006EurostatSource:ITU,Eurostatandnationalstatisticalsources;datawereextractedfromtheEurostatdownloadabledatabase(30nov07version).
63Astatisticalcompilation71Table30.
LocationofindividualaccesstotheInternetinthelast12months,percentageofInternetusersineachagegroupEconomyLocationofuseTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesHome858488Work2645Placeofeducation756222schoolAtanotherperson'shome286338CommunityInternetaccessfacility92114accessatlibraries/publiclibrariesAustraliaOtherplaces223192006;2007ABSHome7977Work2748Placeofeducation3710Atanotherperson'shome1710AustriaOtherplaces552006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome8786Work1135Placeofeducation3410Atanotherperson'shome189BelgiumOtherplaces852006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome414350Work2640Placeofeducation513726Atanotherperson'shome393831'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;last3months;accessbycomputerCommunityInternetaccessfacility151410'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;last3months;accessbycomputer,usingfreepublicInternetcentreBrazilCommercialInternetaccessfacility2931222005IBGE'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;last3months;accessbycomputer,paidUSEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH6472EconomyLocationofuseTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesHome5056Work1042Placeofeducation3412Atanotherperson'shome159BulgariaOtherplaces44242006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome6770Work1551Placeofeducation4716Atanotherperson'shome2815CyprusOtherplaces1692006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome576270Work1045Placeofeducation776720Atanotherperson'shome303416'5-14'refersto10-15CzechRepublicOtherplaces81582006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15;includesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome9193Work1056Placeofeducation7617Atanotherperson'shome239inthelastmonthDenmarkOtherplaces13112006Eurostatinthelastmonth;includesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome7475Work1645Placeofeducation5319Atanotherperson'shome3517EstoniaOtherplaces962006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome908685Work1750Placeofeducation746823Atanotherperson'shome587137'5-14'refersto10-15FinlandOtherplaces429202006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15;includesInternetaccessfacilities65Astatisticalcompilation73EconomyLocationofuseTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesHome7074Work1139Placeofeducation4413Atanotherperson'shome5634FranceOtherplaces16102006EurostatHome908887Work2239Placeofeducation464312Atanotherperson'shome233820'5-14'refersto10-15GermanyOtherplaces5992006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15;includesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome396162Work842Placeofeducation724414Atanotherperson'shome171811'5-14'refersto12-15GreeceOtherplaces2428152006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15;includesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome949591Work1742Placeofeducation543014'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;atleastonceaweekCommunityInternetaccessfacility532'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;publiccomputeraccessfacilitiesprovidedbygovernment;atleastonceaweekCommercialInternetaccessfacility131'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;cybercafes;atleastonceaweekHongKong(China)Otherplaces4642006CensusandStatsDept'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;atleastonceaweekHome225264Work642Placeofeducation907326Atanotherperson'shome293121'5-14'refersto10-15HungaryOtherplaces2024152006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15;includesInternetaccessfacilitiesUSEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH6674EconomyLocationofuseTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesHome9090Work2456Placeofeducation6022Atanotherperson'shome5025IcelandOtherplaces24172006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome5870Work2245Placeofeducation4514Atanotherperson'shome85IrelandOtherplaces1072006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome787973Work946Placeofeducation424413Atanotherperson'shome303919'5-14'refersto6-15ItalyOtherplaces1015132006Eurostat'5-14'refersto6-15;includesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome808883Work2334Placeofeducation462912CommunityInternetaccessfacility444'15-24'refersto15-29;accessfromPCsJapanCommercialInternetaccessfacility1952006MIC'15-24'refersto15-29;accessfromPCs;InternetcaféHome5762Work2043Placeofeducation4918Atanotherperson'shome2617LatviaOtherplaces29182006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome617170Work1441Placeofeducation736827Atanotherperson'shome414224'5-14'refersto12-15LithuaniaOtherplaces1829162006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15;includesInternetaccessfacilities67Astatisticalcompilation75EconomyLocationofuseTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesHome8992Work1345Placeofeducation4911Atanotherperson'shome228LuxembourgOtherplaces632006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome909186Work1126Placeofeducation221812Macao(China)Otherplaces81082006StatsandCensusServ.
last3months;Totalrefersto3+MalaysiaHome219102006MCMAnoloweragerestrictionbutrespondentsmustbeabletoanswerquestions;previousmonthHome626673Work1228Placeofeducation584123Atanotherperson'shome232'5-14'refersto12-14;Totalrefersto12+CommunityInternetaccessfacility332'5-14'refersto12-14;Totalrefersto12+;freepublicaccessfacilityCommercialInternetaccessfacility81595-14'refersto12-14;Totalrefersto12+;cybercafeMauritiusOtherplaces0002006CentralStatisticsOffice5-14'refersto12-14;Totalrefersto12+Home262934Work924Placeofeducation222416Atanotherperson'shome432CommunityInternetaccessfacility111centreofpublicaccesswithoutcostMexicoCommercialInternetaccessfacility5753422006UNECLACcentreofpublicaccesswithcostHome132628Work7Placeofeducation3Atanotherperson'shome3CommunityInternetaccessfacility1MoroccoCommercialInternetaccessfacility8670712006Totalrefersto12-65USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH6876EconomyLocationofuseTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesHome969495Work2848Placeofeducation625211Atanotherperson'shome373111'5-14'refersto12-15NetherlandsOtherplaces2432006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15;includesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome8288Work2136Placeofeducation4416Atanotherperson'shome4324CommunityInternetaccessfacility169CommercialInternetaccessfacility1511NewZealandOtherplaces02006StatisticsNZHome9390Work2758Placeofeducation5515Atanotherperson'shome3416NorwayOtherplaces14132006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome171319Work1331Placeofeducation403320Atanotherperson'shome354CommercialInternetaccessfacility475038ParaguayOtherplaces2112005UNECLAC'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;threemainlocationsonlyHome5866Work833Placeofeducation5925Atanotherperson'shome4025PolandOtherplaces25142006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilities69Astatisticalcompilation77EconomyLocationofuseTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesHome486265Work1046Placeofeducation816122Atanotherperson'shome364728'5-14'refersto10-15PortugalOtherplaces2226152006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15;includesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome989895Work1032Placeofeducation345317Atanotherperson'shome14127CommunityInternetaccessfacility274CommercialInternetaccessfacility214821RepublicofKoreaOtherplaces332172007NIDAincludesanylocationviamobilephoneaccessHome4153Work835Placeofeducation4720Atanotherperson'shome1812RomaniaOtherplaces17122006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome7176Work1032Placeofeducation3013Atanotherperson'shome3018SerbiaOtherplaces862007EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome878882Work2850Placeofeducation755225Atanotherperson'shome142013CommunityInternetaccessfacility126SingaporeCommercialInternetaccessfacility252006IDA5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH7078EconomyLocationofuseTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesHome424448Work1652Placeofeducation826323Atanotherperson'shome233018'5-14'refersto10-15SlovakiaOtherplaces1624152006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15;includesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome849080Work2656Placeofeducation776019Atanotherperson'shome554727'5-14'refersto10-15SloveniaOtherplaces2937182006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15;includesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome6968Work1646Placeofeducation4115Atanotherperson'shome4729SpainOtherplaces31212006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome8889Work1145Placeofeducation5514Atanotherperson'shome219SwedenOtherplaces762006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome2032Work17Placeofeducation3519Atanotherperson'shome99TFYRMacedoniaOtherplaces72542006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome292133Work728Placeofeducation757046responsecategorydescribedas'institution'CommercialInternetaccessfacility132917responsecategorydescribedas'Internetshop'ThailandOtherplaces2222006NationalStat.
Office71AstatisticalcompilationEconomyLocationofuseTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesHome7985Work2546Placeofeducation4615Atanotherperson'shome4929UnitedKingdomOtherplaces26212006EurostatincludesInternetaccessfacilitiesHome747780'5-14'refersto6-14;Totalrefersto3+Work36'15-24'refersto18-24;Totalrefersto18+UnitedStatesPlaceofeducation7256232003BureauoftheCensus'5-14'refersto6-14;Totalrefersto3+Source:ITU,Eurostatandnationalstatisticalsources;datawereextractedfromtheEurostatdownloadabledatabase(30nov07version).
USEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH7280Table31.
Internetactivitiesinthelast12months,percentageofInternetusersineachagegroupEconomyActivityTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesCommunicating48emailingormessaging;usefromhome;%ofhomeusersPurchasingororderinggoodsorservices5260anylocationEducationorlearningactivities827452educationorstudypurposes(schooloreducationalactivityforthoseaged5-14);usefromhome;%ofhomeusersAustraliaPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames512006;2007ABSplayingon-lineorInternet-basedgames;usefromhome;%ofhomeusersGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices7478Communicating9088Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices3738Educationorlearningactivities4117formalizededucationalactivitiesAustriaPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames45252006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices7682Communicating9490Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices1722Educationorlearningactivities4619formalizededucationalactivitiesBelgiumPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames59322006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices7271Communicating8892BermudaEducationorlearningactivities39242003Dept.
ofStatisticsTotalrefersto16-65Communicating597469Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices1914BrazilEducationorlearningactivities9079722005IBGE'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;last3monthsGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices4355Communicating9796Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices56Educationorlearningactivities3718formalizededucationalactivitiesBulgariaPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames70482006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusic73Astatisticalcompilation81EconomyActivityTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices7279Communicating7176Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices815Educationorlearningactivities4734formalizededucationalactivitiesCyprusPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames70512006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices235972Communicating748986Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices31316'5-14'refersto10-15Educationorlearningactivities5018formalizededucationalactivitiesCzechRepublicPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames6957282006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15;playing/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices8082Communicating9391Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices4337inthelastmonthEducationorlearningactivities4517inthelastmonth;formalizededucationalactivitiesDenmarkPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames61322006Eurostatinthelastmonth;playing/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices6972Communicating9585Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices77Educationorlearningactivities209formalizededucationalactivitiesEstoniaPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames71462006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices498587Communicating839688Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices143837'5-14'refersto10-15Educationorlearningactivities7531formalizededucationalactivitiesFinlandPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames5675432006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15;playing/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices7077Communicating8177Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices2940FrancePlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames34202006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicUSEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH7482EconomyActivityTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices478186Communicating789490Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices215255'5-14'refersto10-15Educationorlearningactivities675618'5-14'refersto10-15;formalizededucationalactivitiesGermanyPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames4853262006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15;playing/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices547179'5-14'refersto12-15Communicating6262Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices911Educationorlearningactivities294126'5-14'refersto12-15;formalizededucationalactivitiesGreecePlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames7860392006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15;playing/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices61815'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;obtaininformationforpricecheckCommunicating839485'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices225305-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;usinge-businessservicesonlineEducationorlearningactivities122317HongKong(China)Playing/downloadingvideoorcomputergames5942252006CensusandStatsDept'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+Gettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices337077Communicating779088Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices2711'5-14'refersto10-15Educationorlearningactivities163923'5-14'refersto10-15;formalizededucationalactivitiesHungaryPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames7073502006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15;playing/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices8286Communicating9693Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices3136Educationorlearningactivities1510formalizededucationalactivitiesIcelandPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames68382006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusic75Astatisticalcompilation83EconomyActivityTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices7683Communicating8888Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices3242Educationorlearningactivities3118formalizededucationalactivitiesIrelandPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames38222006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices235564Communicating477982Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices41315'5-14'refersto6-15Educationorlearningactivities183819'5-14'refersto6-15;formalizededucationalactivitiesItalyPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames6254292006Eurostat'5-14'refersto6-15;playing/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices606967Communicating387469JapanPurchasingororderinggoodsorservices545412006MIC'15-24'refersto15-29;accessfromPCsormobilephonesGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices6772Communicating9586Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices1110Educationorlearningactivities3416formalizededucationalactivitiesLatviaPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames68472006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices6470Communicating8781Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices56Educationorlearningactivities6534formalizededucationalactivitiesLithuaniaPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames79582006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices8590Communicating9893Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices3650Educationorlearningactivities4017formalizededucationalactivitiesLuxembourgPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames61372006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicUSEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH76EconomyActivityTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesMacao(China)Communicating2656522006StatsandCensusServ.
Totalrefersto3+;last3months;sending/receivinge-mailCommunicating446568'5-14'refersto12-14;Totalrefersto12+;usefromhome;%ofhomeusers;includesemail/chat,InternettelephonePurchasingororderinggoodsorservices013'5-14'refersto12-14;Totalrefersto12+;%ofallusersMauritiusEducationorlearningactivities111592006CentralStatisticsOffice'5-14'refersto12-14;Totalrefersto12+;usefromhome;%ofhomeusersGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices698990Communicating949794Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices173945'5-14'refersto12-15Educationorlearningactivities706621'5-14'refersto12-15;formalizededucationalactivitiesNetherlandsPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames9278512006Eurostat'5-14'refersto12-15;playing/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices5565Communicating8991Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices3141Educationorlearningactivities4554NewZealandPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames35172006StatisticsNZGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices9491Communicating9590Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices6058Educationorlearningactivities126formalizededucationalactivitiesNorwayPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames75452006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusic77Astatisticalcompilation85EconomyActivityTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesCommunicating234449'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices012'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;purchases,hiringorordersParaguayEducationorlearningactivities5843302005UNECLAC'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto10+;formaleducationandqualificationGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices5261Communicating8984Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices2122Educationorlearningactivities199formalizededucationalactivitiesPolandPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames59402006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices957984Communicating8983Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices813'5-14'refersto10-15Educationorlearningactivities3718formalizededucationalactivitiesPortugalPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames7268462006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15;playing/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices147252Communicating679781ages6andoverPurchasingororderinggoodsorservices157649includesmakingreservationsEducationorlearningactivities21238RepublicofKoreaPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames8680602007NIDAGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices3348Communicating8585Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices34Educationorlearningactivities2311formalizededucationalactivitiesRomaniaPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames68522006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices5865Communicating7380Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices54SerbiaPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames73512007Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicUSEOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYBYTHEWORLD'SCHILDRENANDYOUTH7886EconomyActivityTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesCommunicating788884Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices1927SingaporeEducationorlearningactivities5251302006IDA'5-14'refersto10-14;Totalrefersto15+Gettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices265468Communicating749189Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices6814'5-14'refersto10-15Educationorlearningactivities91710'5-14'refersto10-15;formalizededucationalactivitiesSlovakiaPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames7757372006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15;playing/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices568182Communicating749283Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices51516'5-14'refersto10-15Educationorlearningactivities797832'5-14'refersto10-15;formalizededucationalactivitiesSloveniaPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames7668412006Eurostat'5-14'refersto10-15;playing/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices7679Communicating8982Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices1621Educationorlearningactivities149formalizededucationalactivitiesSpainPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames74482006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices8486Communicating9587Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices4746Educationorlearningactivities146formalizededucationalactivitiesSwedenPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames75392006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicCommunicating61519byemailPurchasingororderinggoodsorservices123Educationorlearningactivities554e-learningThailandPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames4025212006NationalStat.
Officegames79AstatisticalcompilationEconomyActivityTotal5-14Total15-24TotalYearSourceNotesGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices3643Communicating8683Educationorlearningactivities2922formalizededucationalactivitiesTFYRMacedoniaPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames63512006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices7984Communicating8382Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices5058Educationorlearningactivities5127formalizededucationalactivitiesUnitedKingdomPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames66372006Eurostatplaying/downloadinggamesandmusicGettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices286669'5-14'refersto6-14;Totalrefersto3+Communicating538582'5-14'refersto6-14;Totalrefersto3+;thoseusingInternetfore-mailPurchasingororderinggoodsorservices83845'5-14'refersto6-14;Totalrefersto3+Educationorlearningactivities756425'5-14'refersto6-14;Totalrefersto3+;thoseusingInternetforschoolassignmentsUnitedStatesPlaying/downloadingvideoorcomputergames6657422003BureauoftheCensus'5-14'refersto6-14;Totalrefersto3+Source:ITU,Eurostatandnationalstatisticalsources;datawereextractedfromtheEurostatdownloadabledatabase(30nov07version).
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