ingnaning9官网
naning9官网 时间:2021-01-18 阅读:()
TRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHRECORD129457ComparisonofCentralBusinessDistrictPedestrianCharacteristicsinCanadaandSriLankaJOHNF.
MORRALL,L.
L.
RATNAYAKE,ANDP.
N.
SENEVIRATNECharacteristicsofpedestriansinthecentralbusinessdistrictofColombo,SriLanka,aredescribed.
Thecharacteristicsmeasuredincludedwalkingspeed,flow,anddensityforsidewalksofvaryingwidths.
ComparisonsaremadewithresultsfromCalgary,Can-ada,andfromotherAsianstudies~ThefindingsindicatethatAsianspeedsforallgroupsaresignificantlylowerthanthoseobservedinCalgary,Canada.
Implicationsofthefindingswithrespecttothetechnologicaltransferofpedestrianplanningtech-niquesbetweenthetwocountriesarealsodiscussed.
Thediffer-encesinpedestriancharacteristicsarecausednotonlybydiffer-encesinspeed,flow,anddensityrelationships,butalsobyculturaldifferences.
Problemscommontobothcountriesarelackofpe-destriandataanddifficultiesinvolvedincollectingpedestriandata.
Suggestionsconcerninglow-costmethodsofupdatingpe-destriancountdataareprovided.
AstudywasundertakenwiththemainobjectiveofdevelopingfacilityplanninganddesignstandardsforColombo,SriLanka.
BasicpedestrianmovementcharacteristicssuchaswalkingspeedwerecomparedbetweenColomboandCalgarytode-termineandexplaindifferencesthatwouldaffectthedirecttransferofWesternplanningpracticesanddesignstandardstoAsiancities.
Calgarywaschosenforcomparisonpurposesforthreeprincipalreasons.
First,bothColomboandCalgaryhaveconcentratedcentralbusinessdistricts(CBDs).
Bothcitieshaveactiveplanstodevelopasystemofelevatedwalk-ways.
Calgary(1),forexample,has44pedestrianbridgestotalingover9kmofelevatedwalkwaysthatprovideaccesstooffice,retail,andculturalfacilitiesaswellastoindoorandoutdoorpublicspaces.
ColombohasplansforanelevatedwalkwaynetworkintheCBDandinthevicinityofcongestedarterials.
Bothcitieshavebeenassemblingadatabaseofpedestriancharacteristics.
ThesecondobjectiveofthestudywastocomparethepedestriancharacteristicsofColombowiththoseofotherAsiancities.
DATACOLLECTIONPedestrianspeedandflowcharacteristicsweremeasuredatthreedifferentlocationsinColomboduringpeakandoff-peakperiodsinJuly1988.
Walkingspeedsweredeterminedbymanuallytimingpedestriansoveratestsection.
InCalgary,walkingspeedsweremeasuredonsixdifferentfacilitiesusingtimelapsephotography,manualobservations,andthemoving-J.
F.
Morrall,UniversityofCalgary,Calgary,Alberta,CanadaT2N1N4,L.
L.
Ratnayake,UniversityofMoratuwa,Moratuwa,SriLanka.
P.
N.
Seneviratne,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,Quebec,CanadaH3G1M8.
observertechnique.
InColombo,sidewalkwidthsattheob-servationsitesvariedfrom1.
65to3.
73m,whereasinCalgarysidewalkwidthsvariedfrom3to4m.
WALKINGSPEEDSTUDIESTables1and2presenttheresultsofthespeedmeasurementstudiesinColomboandCalgary(2,3),respectively.
Thewalk-ingspeedsforbothcitiesweremeasuredfor3-msidewalks.
WalkingspeedsforSingapore(4)andBangkok,Thailand,(seepaperbyTanaboriboonandGuyanointhisRecord);arepresentedinTables3and4,respectively.
MeanwalkingspeedsforRiyadh,SaudiArabia,areasfollows(5):men,70m/min;women,53m/min;both,65m/min.
COMPARISONOFWALKINGSPEEDSAverageWalkingSpeedsAcomparisonofmeanwalkingspeedsforColomboandCal-gary,aswellasforSingapore,Bangkok,andRiyadh,isasfollows:CityRiyadhBangkokSingaporeColomboCalgaryMeanWalkingSpeed(mlmin)6573747584Themeanwalkingspeedof75m/minforColomboisconsid-erablylowerthanthevalueof84m/minshownforCalgary.
However,theColombowalkingspeedissimilartothevaluesof73and74m/minreportedforBangkokandforSingaporebyTanaboriboon(4;paperinthisRecord).
AlthoughthemeanwalkingspeedforCalgaryisnotintendedtorepresenttherangeofwalkingspeedsinNorthAmericancities,itdoesindicatethatwalkingspeedsinWesterncitiesarehigherthanthoseinAsiancities.
WalkingSpeedsofMenandWomenInbothColomboandCalgary,menwereobservedtowalkfasterthanwomen.
InColombo,theaveragewalkingspeedofmenwasmeasuredat81m/min,or3m/minfasterthanwomen.
InCalgary,thecorrespondingmeanwalkingspeeds58TABLE1COLOMBOWALKINGSPEEDSFOR3-mSIDEWALKSStatistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen81587Women78484Total751487Elderly72478TABLE2CALGARYWALKINGSPEEDSFOR3-mSIDEWALKSStatistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen8613123Women8111120Total8412123TABLE3SINGAPOREWALKINGSPEEDS(4)Statistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen7912123Women6911101Total7412123Elderly54869TABLE4BANGKOKWALKINGSPEEDSStatistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen76999Women70794Total73899Elderly50868SOURCE:PrecedingpaperinthisRecord.
LowValue71686666LuwValue504343LowValue44383836LowValue55515131were86and81mlminformenandwomen,respectively.
Thedifferencewasdeterminedtobesignificantatthe1percentlevel.
ComparedwithSingapore'smeanwalkingspeedof79mlminformenandBangkok'smeanof76mlmin,Colombohasthehighestaveragewalkingspeed.
Similarly,thehighestaveragewalkingspeedforwomenwasrecordedinColomboat78mlmin,comparedwithSingaporeandBangkokat69and70mlmin,respectively.
WalkingSpeedsoftheElderlyTheelderlywereobservedtowalkmoreslowlythanthegen-eralpopulation.
Thewalkingspeedsofelderlypeoplewere72,54,and50mlminforColombo,Singapore,andBangkok,TRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHRECORD1294respectively.
Comparisonsofwalkingspeedsofelderlypeopleweredifficulttomake,becauseagewasnotrecordedduringthefieldsurveys.
WalkingSpeedSummaryInthetabulationofmeanwalkingspeedsreportedaboveforfivecities,themeanwalkingspeedrangesfrom65mlmininRiyadh,SaudiArabia,to84mlmininCalgary,Canada.
MeanwalkingspeedsforthethreeAsiancitiesofBangkok,Sin-gapore,andColombowereobservedtobe73,74,and75mlmin,respectively.
ThedifferencesinwalkingspeedsbetweenCalgaryandColomboareattributedtothephysicaldiffer-encesamongpedestrians(e.
g.
,inheight),culturaldifferences(e.
g.
,indressandshoppinghabits),andattractions(suchaspavementhawkers)locatedalongsidewalks.
SimilarfindingshavebeenreportedforSingapore(4),Bangkok(seepreced-ingpaperinthisRecord),andRiyadh,SaudiArabia(5).
SPEED,RATEOFFLOW,ANDDENSITYSpeed,rateofflow,anddensitymeasurementsweremadeatallthreesurveysitesinColombo.
SpeedVersusRateofFlowFigure1showsspeedversusrateofflow.
Overtheflowrangeof2.
0to16.
0pedlm-min,speedvariedbetween70and80mlmin.
However,nodiscerniblerelationshipwasobservedovertherange.
TheindependenceofspeedandflowwasalsoobservedinCalgary(2).
AttemptstofitlinearmodelstothedatawereunsuccessfulforColombodata.
SpeedVersusDensityFigure2showsspeedversusdensityforColombo.
Off-peaktravelhasadensityrangeof0.
1to0.
2pedlm2andspeedvariesfrom70to80mlmin,withoutadecreaseinspeedasdensityincreases.
Thisisbecauseoff-peaktravelismainlyforshopping.
However,duringthepeakthespeeddropsfrom80to50mlminforadensityrangeof0.
2to0.
3pedlm2,becausethesetripsaremainlyforbusiness.
RateofFlowVersusDensityTherateofflowversusdensityisshowninFigure3.
Atdensitiesfrom0.
20to0.
25pedlm2,theflowratedecreasedfrom8to3pedlm-min.
Therateofflowwasmeasuredat2pedlm-minanddensitywasabout0.
1pedlm2.
Again,off-peakandpeaktravelhavedifferentpurposes(shoppingandbusi-ness,respectively)andthevaluesshouldbeconsideredsep-arately.
-c·"'4E'E'-'1lIllIlla.
U)cIOIllI:10080604020002.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
00DDagDD:a·Df!
af!
a·--···-c;o.
a.
.
.
.
.
.
~.
.
.
.
.
04.
.
Total.
.
00.
.
.
6·.
.
·.
DDr}Flewe.
.
10"II1214Cpeds/m-min)816FIGURE1Plotofmeanspeedversustotalflow.
-c·"'4E'E'-'1lIllIlla.
U)100nnn9080.
.
7060604000.
060.
10.
160.
20.
250.
30.
36DensityCpeds/m2)FIGURE2Plotofspeedversusdensity.
60TRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHRECORD129410,.
.
.
80000.
.
0000000.
.
00000000000o0.
.
o-0000.
.
00.
.
oo.
.
.
.
OOllOO.
.
OOOOOOOOOOOH0000.
.
00000000~000000o000.
.
000000000000000000c·rfEIE'tn.
61lma.
v4HQ''''.
.
,.
2.
,.
.
08.
30.
.
.
.
.
lL2DDDDD00.
10.
150.
20.
260.
30.
35Density(peds/m2)FIGURE3Plotofflowversusdensity.
ESTIMATIONOFPEDESTRIANFLOWS,CHARACTERISTICS,ANDSAMPLINGTECHNIQUESAsnotedattheoutset,thedifficultiesassociatedwithcol-lectingpedestriandatahavelimitedtheabilitytoestablishstandardpedestrianplanningprocedures.
Thecollectionofpedestrianflowdata,whicharefundamentalforevaluatingfacilityperformance,isusuallydonemanuallyandhenceishighlylabor-intensive.
Eventhoughthismaynotposesevereproblemsindevelopingcountries,thecostsofdatacollectioninindustrializedcountriesaresubstantial.
Inordertominimizemanpowercosts,severalestimationprocedureshavebeenusedinpreviousstudies.
OneoftheseisthemethodofexpansionfactorsproposedbySeneviratneandMorrall(6).
Thisprocedureenablestheexpansionoflong-termflowdata.
However,sufficientinformationisre-quiredtoidentifytheappropriateshort-termcounttobeex-panded.
PedestrianflowdatacollectedinCalgaryandMontrealhavedemonstratedthatcountsduringperiodsasshortas5minaresufficientforestimatinghourlyvolumes.
Neverthe-less,theshort-termvariationsrenderitdifficulttoobtainarepresentative5-mincount.
Bayesianestimates,whichrec-ognizethevariationsinflow,areobtainedbycombiningsam-piecountsduringveryshorttimeperiodsusingtheexperienceandjudgmentoftheanalyst.
SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS1.
FreeflowpedestrianspeedsforallgroupsinAsiancoun-triesan:signifo:antlylowerthanthoseobservedinCalgary.
2.
Themainexplanationforthedifferenceinspeedsbe-tweenColomboandCalgarymaybephysical(e.
g.
,height)andcultural(e.
g.
,dress)differences,andattractions(suchaspavementhawkers)locatedalongsidewalks.
SimilarfindingshavebeenreportedforSingapore(4),Bangkok(seepreced-ingpaperinthisRecord),andRiyadh,SaudiArabia(5).
ThelowerwalkingspeedsforSingaporewerepartiallyattributedtophysicalandculturalcharacteristics,whereasdressandextremetemperatureswerecitedasreasonsforlowerwalkingspeedsinRiyadh.
3.
PedestrianplanningtechniquesforAsiancountriessuchasColomboshouldbebasedonlocalpedestriancharacter-isticsratherthanonpedestriancharacteristicsfromcitieswithdissimilarculturessuchasCalgary.
4.
DespitetheimportanceofthepedestrianmodeinlargecitieslikeColomboorCalgary,pedestriandatacollectionhasbeenlargelyignoredbecauseofthecostofdatareduction.
Morralletal.
AsamplingtechniquebasedonBayesiantheoryforobtainingthebestestimatesaswellasupdatingshort-termcountsissuggestedasoneadditionalmeansofenhancingpedestrianflowdatabanks.
5.
ThepedestrianmodeisthemostimportantmeansoftravelinSriLanka,yetithasbeenlargelyneglectedinurbantransportationstudiesconductedinColombo.
Neglectofplanningforthepedestrianmodeismanifestedintermsofthelackofsidewalksandpoormaintenanceofexistingwalk-ways.
InmanyareasofColombo,pedestrianandvehiculartrafficmustsharethesameroadspace.
Inviewoftheneglectofthepedestrianmode,futureurbantransportationstudiesshouldincludepedestrianstudiesandfacilitiesonanequalfootingwiththevehicularmodes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTThisresearchwassupportedinpartbytheNaturalSciencesandEngineeringResearchCouncilofCanadaandbytheUniversityofMoratuwa,SriLanka.
61REFERENCES1.
G.
LyonsandD.
Sinclair.
Calgary+15,TwentyYearsofDe-velopment.
PlanCanada,Vol.
27,No.
10,1988.
2.
P.
N.
SeneviratneandJ.
F.
Morrall.
LevelofServiceonPedestrianFacilities.
TransportationQuarterly,Vol.
39,No.
1,1985.
3.
P.
N.
SeneviratneandJ.
F.
Morrall.
AnalysisofFactorsAffectingtheChoiceofRouteofPedestrians.
TransportationPlanningandTechnology,Vol.
10,1985,pp.
147-159.
4.
Y.
Tanaboriboon,S.
S.
Hwa,andC.
H.
Chor.
PedestrianChar-acteristicsStudyinSingapore.
JournalofTransportationEngi-neering,Vol.
112,No.
3,1986.
5.
P.
A.
Koushki.
WalkingCharacteristicsinCentralRiyadh,SaudiArabia.
JournalofTransportationEngineering,Vol.
114,No.
6,1986.
6.
P.
N.
SeneviratneandJ.
F.
Morrall.
EstimatesofPedestrianFlowforClassifyingandEvaluatingPedestrianFacilities.
JournalofAdvancedTransportation,Vol.
24,No.
1,pp.
31-46,1990.
PublicationofthispapersponsoredbyCommitteeonPedestrians.
MORRALL,L.
L.
RATNAYAKE,ANDP.
N.
SENEVIRATNECharacteristicsofpedestriansinthecentralbusinessdistrictofColombo,SriLanka,aredescribed.
Thecharacteristicsmeasuredincludedwalkingspeed,flow,anddensityforsidewalksofvaryingwidths.
ComparisonsaremadewithresultsfromCalgary,Can-ada,andfromotherAsianstudies~ThefindingsindicatethatAsianspeedsforallgroupsaresignificantlylowerthanthoseobservedinCalgary,Canada.
Implicationsofthefindingswithrespecttothetechnologicaltransferofpedestrianplanningtech-niquesbetweenthetwocountriesarealsodiscussed.
Thediffer-encesinpedestriancharacteristicsarecausednotonlybydiffer-encesinspeed,flow,anddensityrelationships,butalsobyculturaldifferences.
Problemscommontobothcountriesarelackofpe-destriandataanddifficultiesinvolvedincollectingpedestriandata.
Suggestionsconcerninglow-costmethodsofupdatingpe-destriancountdataareprovided.
AstudywasundertakenwiththemainobjectiveofdevelopingfacilityplanninganddesignstandardsforColombo,SriLanka.
BasicpedestrianmovementcharacteristicssuchaswalkingspeedwerecomparedbetweenColomboandCalgarytode-termineandexplaindifferencesthatwouldaffectthedirecttransferofWesternplanningpracticesanddesignstandardstoAsiancities.
Calgarywaschosenforcomparisonpurposesforthreeprincipalreasons.
First,bothColomboandCalgaryhaveconcentratedcentralbusinessdistricts(CBDs).
Bothcitieshaveactiveplanstodevelopasystemofelevatedwalk-ways.
Calgary(1),forexample,has44pedestrianbridgestotalingover9kmofelevatedwalkwaysthatprovideaccesstooffice,retail,andculturalfacilitiesaswellastoindoorandoutdoorpublicspaces.
ColombohasplansforanelevatedwalkwaynetworkintheCBDandinthevicinityofcongestedarterials.
Bothcitieshavebeenassemblingadatabaseofpedestriancharacteristics.
ThesecondobjectiveofthestudywastocomparethepedestriancharacteristicsofColombowiththoseofotherAsiancities.
DATACOLLECTIONPedestrianspeedandflowcharacteristicsweremeasuredatthreedifferentlocationsinColomboduringpeakandoff-peakperiodsinJuly1988.
Walkingspeedsweredeterminedbymanuallytimingpedestriansoveratestsection.
InCalgary,walkingspeedsweremeasuredonsixdifferentfacilitiesusingtimelapsephotography,manualobservations,andthemoving-J.
F.
Morrall,UniversityofCalgary,Calgary,Alberta,CanadaT2N1N4,L.
L.
Ratnayake,UniversityofMoratuwa,Moratuwa,SriLanka.
P.
N.
Seneviratne,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,Quebec,CanadaH3G1M8.
observertechnique.
InColombo,sidewalkwidthsattheob-servationsitesvariedfrom1.
65to3.
73m,whereasinCalgarysidewalkwidthsvariedfrom3to4m.
WALKINGSPEEDSTUDIESTables1and2presenttheresultsofthespeedmeasurementstudiesinColomboandCalgary(2,3),respectively.
Thewalk-ingspeedsforbothcitiesweremeasuredfor3-msidewalks.
WalkingspeedsforSingapore(4)andBangkok,Thailand,(seepaperbyTanaboriboonandGuyanointhisRecord);arepresentedinTables3and4,respectively.
MeanwalkingspeedsforRiyadh,SaudiArabia,areasfollows(5):men,70m/min;women,53m/min;both,65m/min.
COMPARISONOFWALKINGSPEEDSAverageWalkingSpeedsAcomparisonofmeanwalkingspeedsforColomboandCal-gary,aswellasforSingapore,Bangkok,andRiyadh,isasfollows:CityRiyadhBangkokSingaporeColomboCalgaryMeanWalkingSpeed(mlmin)6573747584Themeanwalkingspeedof75m/minforColomboisconsid-erablylowerthanthevalueof84m/minshownforCalgary.
However,theColombowalkingspeedissimilartothevaluesof73and74m/minreportedforBangkokandforSingaporebyTanaboriboon(4;paperinthisRecord).
AlthoughthemeanwalkingspeedforCalgaryisnotintendedtorepresenttherangeofwalkingspeedsinNorthAmericancities,itdoesindicatethatwalkingspeedsinWesterncitiesarehigherthanthoseinAsiancities.
WalkingSpeedsofMenandWomenInbothColomboandCalgary,menwereobservedtowalkfasterthanwomen.
InColombo,theaveragewalkingspeedofmenwasmeasuredat81m/min,or3m/minfasterthanwomen.
InCalgary,thecorrespondingmeanwalkingspeeds58TABLE1COLOMBOWALKINGSPEEDSFOR3-mSIDEWALKSStatistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen81587Women78484Total751487Elderly72478TABLE2CALGARYWALKINGSPEEDSFOR3-mSIDEWALKSStatistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen8613123Women8111120Total8412123TABLE3SINGAPOREWALKINGSPEEDS(4)Statistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen7912123Women6911101Total7412123Elderly54869TABLE4BANGKOKWALKINGSPEEDSStatistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen76999Women70794Total73899Elderly50868SOURCE:PrecedingpaperinthisRecord.
LowValue71686666LuwValue504343LowValue44383836LowValue55515131were86and81mlminformenandwomen,respectively.
Thedifferencewasdeterminedtobesignificantatthe1percentlevel.
ComparedwithSingapore'smeanwalkingspeedof79mlminformenandBangkok'smeanof76mlmin,Colombohasthehighestaveragewalkingspeed.
Similarly,thehighestaveragewalkingspeedforwomenwasrecordedinColomboat78mlmin,comparedwithSingaporeandBangkokat69and70mlmin,respectively.
WalkingSpeedsoftheElderlyTheelderlywereobservedtowalkmoreslowlythanthegen-eralpopulation.
Thewalkingspeedsofelderlypeoplewere72,54,and50mlminforColombo,Singapore,andBangkok,TRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHRECORD1294respectively.
Comparisonsofwalkingspeedsofelderlypeopleweredifficulttomake,becauseagewasnotrecordedduringthefieldsurveys.
WalkingSpeedSummaryInthetabulationofmeanwalkingspeedsreportedaboveforfivecities,themeanwalkingspeedrangesfrom65mlmininRiyadh,SaudiArabia,to84mlmininCalgary,Canada.
MeanwalkingspeedsforthethreeAsiancitiesofBangkok,Sin-gapore,andColombowereobservedtobe73,74,and75mlmin,respectively.
ThedifferencesinwalkingspeedsbetweenCalgaryandColomboareattributedtothephysicaldiffer-encesamongpedestrians(e.
g.
,inheight),culturaldifferences(e.
g.
,indressandshoppinghabits),andattractions(suchaspavementhawkers)locatedalongsidewalks.
SimilarfindingshavebeenreportedforSingapore(4),Bangkok(seepreced-ingpaperinthisRecord),andRiyadh,SaudiArabia(5).
SPEED,RATEOFFLOW,ANDDENSITYSpeed,rateofflow,anddensitymeasurementsweremadeatallthreesurveysitesinColombo.
SpeedVersusRateofFlowFigure1showsspeedversusrateofflow.
Overtheflowrangeof2.
0to16.
0pedlm-min,speedvariedbetween70and80mlmin.
However,nodiscerniblerelationshipwasobservedovertherange.
TheindependenceofspeedandflowwasalsoobservedinCalgary(2).
AttemptstofitlinearmodelstothedatawereunsuccessfulforColombodata.
SpeedVersusDensityFigure2showsspeedversusdensityforColombo.
Off-peaktravelhasadensityrangeof0.
1to0.
2pedlm2andspeedvariesfrom70to80mlmin,withoutadecreaseinspeedasdensityincreases.
Thisisbecauseoff-peaktravelismainlyforshopping.
However,duringthepeakthespeeddropsfrom80to50mlminforadensityrangeof0.
2to0.
3pedlm2,becausethesetripsaremainlyforbusiness.
RateofFlowVersusDensityTherateofflowversusdensityisshowninFigure3.
Atdensitiesfrom0.
20to0.
25pedlm2,theflowratedecreasedfrom8to3pedlm-min.
Therateofflowwasmeasuredat2pedlm-minanddensitywasabout0.
1pedlm2.
Again,off-peakandpeaktravelhavedifferentpurposes(shoppingandbusi-ness,respectively)andthevaluesshouldbeconsideredsep-arately.
-c·"'4E'E'-'1lIllIlla.
U)cIOIllI:10080604020002.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
00DDagDD:a·Df!
af!
a·--···-c;o.
a.
.
.
.
.
.
~.
.
.
.
.
04.
.
Total.
.
00.
.
.
6·.
.
·.
DDr}Flewe.
.
10"II1214Cpeds/m-min)816FIGURE1Plotofmeanspeedversustotalflow.
-c·"'4E'E'-'1lIllIlla.
U)100nnn9080.
.
7060604000.
060.
10.
160.
20.
250.
30.
36DensityCpeds/m2)FIGURE2Plotofspeedversusdensity.
60TRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHRECORD129410,.
.
.
80000.
.
0000000.
.
00000000000o0.
.
o-0000.
.
00.
.
oo.
.
.
.
OOllOO.
.
OOOOOOOOOOOH0000.
.
00000000~000000o000.
.
000000000000000000c·rfEIE'tn.
61lma.
v4HQ''''.
.
,.
2.
,.
.
08.
30.
.
.
.
.
lL2DDDDD00.
10.
150.
20.
260.
30.
35Density(peds/m2)FIGURE3Plotofflowversusdensity.
ESTIMATIONOFPEDESTRIANFLOWS,CHARACTERISTICS,ANDSAMPLINGTECHNIQUESAsnotedattheoutset,thedifficultiesassociatedwithcol-lectingpedestriandatahavelimitedtheabilitytoestablishstandardpedestrianplanningprocedures.
Thecollectionofpedestrianflowdata,whicharefundamentalforevaluatingfacilityperformance,isusuallydonemanuallyandhenceishighlylabor-intensive.
Eventhoughthismaynotposesevereproblemsindevelopingcountries,thecostsofdatacollectioninindustrializedcountriesaresubstantial.
Inordertominimizemanpowercosts,severalestimationprocedureshavebeenusedinpreviousstudies.
OneoftheseisthemethodofexpansionfactorsproposedbySeneviratneandMorrall(6).
Thisprocedureenablestheexpansionoflong-termflowdata.
However,sufficientinformationisre-quiredtoidentifytheappropriateshort-termcounttobeex-panded.
PedestrianflowdatacollectedinCalgaryandMontrealhavedemonstratedthatcountsduringperiodsasshortas5minaresufficientforestimatinghourlyvolumes.
Neverthe-less,theshort-termvariationsrenderitdifficulttoobtainarepresentative5-mincount.
Bayesianestimates,whichrec-ognizethevariationsinflow,areobtainedbycombiningsam-piecountsduringveryshorttimeperiodsusingtheexperienceandjudgmentoftheanalyst.
SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS1.
FreeflowpedestrianspeedsforallgroupsinAsiancoun-triesan:signifo:antlylowerthanthoseobservedinCalgary.
2.
Themainexplanationforthedifferenceinspeedsbe-tweenColomboandCalgarymaybephysical(e.
g.
,height)andcultural(e.
g.
,dress)differences,andattractions(suchaspavementhawkers)locatedalongsidewalks.
SimilarfindingshavebeenreportedforSingapore(4),Bangkok(seepreced-ingpaperinthisRecord),andRiyadh,SaudiArabia(5).
ThelowerwalkingspeedsforSingaporewerepartiallyattributedtophysicalandculturalcharacteristics,whereasdressandextremetemperatureswerecitedasreasonsforlowerwalkingspeedsinRiyadh.
3.
PedestrianplanningtechniquesforAsiancountriessuchasColomboshouldbebasedonlocalpedestriancharacter-isticsratherthanonpedestriancharacteristicsfromcitieswithdissimilarculturessuchasCalgary.
4.
DespitetheimportanceofthepedestrianmodeinlargecitieslikeColomboorCalgary,pedestriandatacollectionhasbeenlargelyignoredbecauseofthecostofdatareduction.
Morralletal.
AsamplingtechniquebasedonBayesiantheoryforobtainingthebestestimatesaswellasupdatingshort-termcountsissuggestedasoneadditionalmeansofenhancingpedestrianflowdatabanks.
5.
ThepedestrianmodeisthemostimportantmeansoftravelinSriLanka,yetithasbeenlargelyneglectedinurbantransportationstudiesconductedinColombo.
Neglectofplanningforthepedestrianmodeismanifestedintermsofthelackofsidewalksandpoormaintenanceofexistingwalk-ways.
InmanyareasofColombo,pedestrianandvehiculartrafficmustsharethesameroadspace.
Inviewoftheneglectofthepedestrianmode,futureurbantransportationstudiesshouldincludepedestrianstudiesandfacilitiesonanequalfootingwiththevehicularmodes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTThisresearchwassupportedinpartbytheNaturalSciencesandEngineeringResearchCouncilofCanadaandbytheUniversityofMoratuwa,SriLanka.
61REFERENCES1.
G.
LyonsandD.
Sinclair.
Calgary+15,TwentyYearsofDe-velopment.
PlanCanada,Vol.
27,No.
10,1988.
2.
P.
N.
SeneviratneandJ.
F.
Morrall.
LevelofServiceonPedestrianFacilities.
TransportationQuarterly,Vol.
39,No.
1,1985.
3.
P.
N.
SeneviratneandJ.
F.
Morrall.
AnalysisofFactorsAffectingtheChoiceofRouteofPedestrians.
TransportationPlanningandTechnology,Vol.
10,1985,pp.
147-159.
4.
Y.
Tanaboriboon,S.
S.
Hwa,andC.
H.
Chor.
PedestrianChar-acteristicsStudyinSingapore.
JournalofTransportationEngi-neering,Vol.
112,No.
3,1986.
5.
P.
A.
Koushki.
WalkingCharacteristicsinCentralRiyadh,SaudiArabia.
JournalofTransportationEngineering,Vol.
114,No.
6,1986.
6.
P.
N.
SeneviratneandJ.
F.
Morrall.
EstimatesofPedestrianFlowforClassifyingandEvaluatingPedestrianFacilities.
JournalofAdvancedTransportation,Vol.
24,No.
1,pp.
31-46,1990.
PublicationofthispapersponsoredbyCommitteeonPedestrians.
- ingnaning9官网相关文档
- fullynaning9官网
- MEMS测试分析平台
- https://elearning.shisu.edu.cn/
- eingreiftnaning9官网
- annealingnaning9官网
- conceptnaning9官网
NameCheap黑色星期五和网络礼拜一
如果我们较早关注NameCheap商家的朋友应该记得前几年商家黑色星期五和网络星期一的时候大促采用的闪购活动，每一个小时轮番变化一次促销活动而且限量的。那时候会导致拥挤官网打不开迟缓的问题。从去年开始，包括今年，NameCheap商家比较直接的告诉你黑色星期五和网络星期一为期6天的活动。没有给你限量的活动，只有限时六天，这个是到11月29日。如果我们有需要新注册、转入域名的可以参加，优惠力度还是比...
tmhhost(100元/季)自带windows系统,香港(三网)cn2 gia、日本cn2、韩国cn2、美国(三网)cn2 gia、美国cn2gia200G高防
tmhhost可谓是相当熟悉国内网络情况（资质方面：ISP\ICP\工商齐备），专业售卖海外高端优质线路的云服务器和独立服务器，包括了：香港的三网cn2 gia、日本 cn2、日本软银云服务器、韩国CN2、美国三网cn2 gia 云服务器、美国 cn2 gia +200G高防的。另外还有国内云服务器：镇江BGP 大连BGP数据盘和系统盘分开，自带windows系统，支持支付宝付款和微信，简直就是专...
阿里云金秋上云季,云服务器秒杀2C2G5M年付60元起
阿里云(aliyun)在这个月又推出了一个金秋上云季活动，到9月30日前，每天两场秒杀活动，包括轻量应用服务器、云服务器、云数据库、短信包、存储包、CDN流量包等等产品，其中Aliyun轻量云服务器最低60元/年起，还可以99元续费3次！活动针对新用户和没有购买过他们的产品的老用户均可参与，每人限购1件。关于阿里云不用多说了，国内首屈一指的云服务器商家，无论建站还是学习都是相当靠谱的。活动地址：h...
naning9官网为你推荐
-
国际域名注册怎样注册全球通用（国际）中文域名？独立ip空间如何设置独立IP加到现有空间电信主机租用主机代管有什么特点？网站空间域名关于网站的域名和空间?香港虚拟空间香港空间,香港虚拟主机,香港虚拟空间推荐一家，公司要做一个网站，需要1G的，不限流量的，其它的空间不要100m网站空间做网站100M的空间够用吗？北京虚拟主机北京服务好的虚拟主机代理商介绍几个？域名邮箱哪个免费域名邮箱最好域名网怎么样申请网站域名？备案域名哪些域名可以在国内备案？