checkWallsattachmovie

Numbers3Dsystemsseethree-dimensionalsystemsAacceleration,109–120,2673Dsystems,332addingaccelerationtovelocity,120,449angularacceleration,115convertingtox,yacceleration,449ax/aynotation,112definition,110gravityasacceleration,113onasingleaxis,110ontwoaxes,112proportionalaccelerationseespringingspaceshipsimulation,119totalacceleration,267velocityand,109acosfunction,Mathclass,51Actionspanelcaution:writingcodein,21opening,15ActionScriptversions,14addListenermethod,Mouseclass,24adjacentsidetriangleterminology,47alphaparameterbeginGradientFillmethod,83lineStylemethod,75AND(bitwise)operator,73angles,42–47arccosine/arcsine/arctangentof,51bouncingoffanangle,217–232cosineof,49Flashrotationdirection,46measuring,43–44sineof,47tangentof,50triangleterminology,47457INDEXangularacceleration,115convertingtox,yacceleration,120,449angularvelocity,105–108convertingtox,yvelocity,120,449vectoraddition,107animationanimatingfilters,93applyingrules,16collisiondetection,190–208description,4–5dictionarydefinition,4dynamicanimation,7,8,14easing,164–172Flashprocessfor,16frame-by-frameanimation,14framesand,14integratingsound,444–447intervalbasedanimation,439–441loopingand,15–20prerenderedanimation,7scriptedanimation,16springing,172–186staticanimation,7,8timer-basedanimation,441–443tweenedanimation,4,14APIsdrawingAPI,73–86arccosine,51arcsine,51arctangent,51–53Arrayclasssplicefunction,130arrowmovieclip,53mousefollower,108arrowsmakingarrowsymbol,54rotatingmovieclipstopointtomouse,53settingrotationproperty,55as(.
as)suffix,33asinfunction,Mathclass,51atanfunction,Mathclass,51atan2function,Mathclass,52settingarrowrotationproperty,55attachBitmapmethod,95attachMoviecommand,29–32attachSoundfunction,446axnotation,112aynotation,112Bbackfaceculling,388–394isBackFacefunction,390renderTrianglefunction,390three-dimensionalsystems,376ballmovieclipattachingmovieclip,30bouncing,134–139clipevents,20eventsforanimation,27firststagesofdevelopment,15–23loopingthroughframes,15,19settingregistrationpoint,15ballobjectdevelopingbehaviorgradually,17framesstoringpositionof,16newballmovieclip,15beginBitmapFillmethod,74beginFillmethod,82–83beginGradientFillmethod,83–86creatingmatrix,84settingcolors,alphas,andratios,83settingfillcolors/alphas/ratios,84specifyingfilltype,83behaviorsclasses,33biaseddistribution,435–438bitmapcontrol,94–97methodsforreading/changingpixels,95BitmapDataobjectbitmapcontrol,94–97fillColorparameter,94transparentparameter,94bitmapDataparameterattachBitmapmethod,95bitwiseoperators,71ANDoperator,73combiningcolors,71extractingcomponentcolors,73leftshiftoperator,71ORoperator,72rightshiftoperator,73blurfiltercreatingafilter,92bordersseeboundariesbouncing,134–1393Dsystems,333–338multipleobjectbouncing,336–337singleobjectbouncing,333–335z-sorting,338bouncingoffanangle,217–232bouncingoffmultipleangles,228–232fixingthe"fallingofftheedge"problem,224–226fixingthe"undertheline"problem,226–228fundamentalanswertohow,217rotatingavelocity,217rotatingto/fromhorizontal,220–224boundaries,124–139bouncing,134–1393Dsystems,333,337regeneratingobjects,130–132out-of-boundsobject,144removingobjects,126–130out-of-boundsobject,144removingobjecttoosoon,128screenwrapping,132out-of-boundsobject,144settingboundaries,124–126boundingboxcollisiondetection,191boundingboxdescribed,225broadcastingevents,25,26Brownianmotion,428–431CcalfOffsetSlider/calfRangeSliderslidersforcontrollingwalkcycle,291chapter2base.
flafile,14checkCollisionfunctioncollisionsbetweensamemassobjects,444conservationofmomentumontwoaxes,248–256checkFloorfunctionfinalfunctionssimulatingwalking,301walkingonrealsurfaces,295checkHitfunctioncollisionswhenreachingforanobject,316checkWallsfunctionconservationofmomentumontwoaxes,247finalfunctionssimulatingwalking,301walkingonrealsurfaces,299circlescircularmovement,60–61formulas,448trigonometricformulas,66circulardistribution,433–435classfiles,23classpath,33INDEX458classesbasicclasssyntax,33behaviors,33classcodefile,33classesandOOP,32–36constructors,34description,32Flashsearchingfor,33importing,90inheritance,34properties,33subclasses,35clearmethod,74clearIntervalfunctioninterval-basedanimation,439clipevents,20–23codecentralization,22onClipEvent,21clockwise/counterclockwisedirectionsisBackFacefunction,390codecentralization,22codelayerinsertinglayersforActionScriptonly,15collisiondetection,190–2083Dsystems,355–357accuracyof,191alternativesfor,190boundingboxcollisiondetection,225collision-basedspringing,199–201distance-basedcollisiondetection,196–201formula,208,452getBoundsmethod,225hitTestmethod,190–196inaccuracyof,192pointandmovieclip,194–195shapeFlagparameter,195–196summary,196twomovieclips,191–194irregularlyshapedmovieclips,196multiple-objectcollisiondetection,202–207formula,208,452multiple-objectspringing,204–207particles,268roughlycircularorrectangularobjects,196smallmovieclips,196walkingonrealsurfaces,295collisionsbetweensamemassobjects,443–444bouncingoffanangle,217–232conservationofmomentum,237–260multipleobjects,256–258ononeaxis,239–243ontwoaxes,243–260movieclipsstickingtogetherproblem,258–260reachingforanobject,316–317walkingonrealsurfaces,294reactiontoimpactofcollisions,296Colorobjectchangingcolors,87colortransforms,87–89methodsgetRGBmethod,88setRGBmethod,87setTransformmethod,88transformingcolors,88colorparameterbeginGradientFillmethod,83lineStylemethod,75colortransforms,87–91Colorobject,87–89ColorTransformobject,89–91colors24-bitcolor,7032-bitcolor,70colorsinFlash,70–73combiningcolors,71–72combiningcomponentcolors,97,448easingappliedto,172extractingcomponentcolors,73,97,448getTriangleColorfunction,401hexadecimalcolorvalues,70–71ColorTransformobjectchangingcolors,89colortransforms,89–91conservationofmomentum,237–260ActionScriptformula,260collisionsbetweensamemassobjects,443–444formula,453kineticenergyformula,238LawofConservationofMomentum,237mathematicalformula,260ononeaxis,239–243ontwoaxes,243–260constructors,34conversionsbetweenhexanddecimal,97betweenradiansanddegrees,65coordinaterotation,212–216seealsorotation3Dsystems,350–354formula,357rotationonx-,y-,andz-axes,350–354bouncingoffanangle,217–232bouncingoffmultipleangles,228,232fixingthe"fallingofftheedge"problem,224–226fixingthe"undertheline"problem,226–228rotatingto/fromhorizontal,220–224INDEX459conservationofmomentumontwoaxesrotatingto/fromhorizontal,243–256coordinaterotationwithmatrices,417–418formula,213,232,452,454multipleobjectrotation,215–216advancedcoordinaterotationmethod,215reversecoordinaterotationformula,232,452singleobjectrotation,214–215coordinatesystemsFlash,44–47left-handcoordinatesystem,327right-handcoordinatesystem,326standardsystem,45cosfunction,Mathclass,49angularacceleration,115movingobjectinacircle,60movingobjectinanellipse,62cosineofangle,49–50basicformulas,65,447lawofcosinesformula,454inversekinematics,318–320cosinewaveillustrationof,60createEmptyMovieClipmethod,32crossproductvectormath,403CTRL-F8shortcut,29cubesmodelingspinningcube,374–377backfaceculling,376cullingbackfaceculling,376,388–394cursorkeysidentifyingifkeypressed,111curvesdrawingcurvesthroughpoints,97,449curveTomethod,drawingAPI,77–82creatingmultiplecurves,78multiplecurveswithmidpoints,80curvingthroughcontrolpoint,78cylindersmodeling3Dcylinder,380Ddampingseefrictiondecimalconvertingbetweenhexanddecimal,97,448degrees,43–44conversionvaluetoradians,43convertingbetweenradiansanddegrees,65,447depthsortingseez-sortingdepthsmaximumdepthforremovalofmovieclips,127movieclips,127z-sorting,bouncingin3Dsystems,338distance3Dsystems,formula,357distance-basedcollisiondetection,196–201formula,208distancebetweentwopoints,63–65formula,66,448distributionofobjectsbiaseddistribution,435–438circulardistribution,433–435squaredistribution,431–433dividingbyzeroinFlash,331dotproductvectormath,404dotsbiaseddistributionof,436circulardistributionof,433randomdistributionof,432squaredistributionof,433doVelocityfunctionaddinggravityinwalking,293finalfunctionssimulatingwalking,300dragseefrictiondragfunction,308,309draggingcombiningdraggingwithmotioncode,152–156mouseMoveevent,151–152movieclips,150–156startDrag/stopDragevents,152throwingafterdragging,156–159dragging(inversekinematics)draggingmultiplesegments,309draggingonesegment,307draggingtwosegments,308introduction,306dragOut/dragOvereventsmouseevents,36drawingAPI,73–86creatinggradientfills,83creatingmatrix,84settingcolors,alphas,andratios,84settingfillcolors/alphas/ratios,83specifyingfilltype,83creatingshapes,82–83drawingcurves,77–82creatingmultiplecurves,78,82curvingthroughcontrolpoint,78INDEX460dynamicdrawingbeforeFlashMX,74holdingdynamicallydrawnitems,32methodsbeginBitmapFillmethod,74beginFillmethod,82–83beginGradientFillmethod,83–86clearmethod,74curveTomethod,77–82endFillmethod,82–83lineGradientStylemethod,74lineStylemethod,75lineTomethod,75moveTomethod,76removingdrawings,74settinglineappearance,75waveswiththedrawingAPI,59duplicateMovieClipcommand,29dynamicanimation,14staticanimationcompared,7–9Eeasing,164–1723Dsystems,347advancedeasing,172appliedtocolors,172appliedtorotation,171appliedtotransparency,171easeinoreaseout,164formulas,186,450movingtargets,170–171proportionalmotion,164simpleeasing,165–168abbreviatedform,451longform,450shortform,451usedfornon-motionitems,171whentostopeasing,168–170Xeno'sParadox,168edgesseeboundariesellipsesellipticalmovement,62formulas,448trigonometricformulas,66elsestatementsif.
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elsestatements,113emptymovieclipscreatingemptymovieclips,32functionsof,32endFillmethod,82–83enterFrameeventdescription,22onEnterFramehandler,27eventhandlers,25–26description,24externalhandlers,126onEnterFramefunction,27eventsbroadcastingevents,25categories,21clipevents,20–23description,23enterFrameevent,22FlashMXevents,23–26handlingforoverlappingmovieclips,148keyboardevents,37–38listeners,24–25loadevent,22mouseevents,36–37notifyinglistenersofevents,25onprefix,25onClipEvent,21resizeevent,Stageobject,125subscribingtoevents,25systemevents,21userevents,21exportingmovieclips,30exteriorsidepolygons,389externalActionScriptfilesinclude(#include)command,23removingmovieclips,126externalcontentloading,32externaltextfilesas(.
as)suffix,33FF5shortcutkey,19F6shortcutkey,20F8shortcutkey,15F9shortcutkey,15fillColorparameterBitmapDataobject,94fillsbeginFillcommand,82creating3Dfills,367endFillcommand,82gradientfills,83linearfills,83radialfills,83ratiosofthefill,83specifyingfilltype,83filters,91–94animatingfilters,93blurfilter,92INDEX461creatingafilter,92Flash,8,91filtersproperty,movieclip,92fireworksgravityin3Dsystems,339Flashanimationprocess,16colorsinFlash,70–73coordinatesystem,44–47drawingAPI,73–86drawingmethods,74elementsofFlash,28events,23–26movieclips,28–32Flash8drawingmethodenhancements,74filters,91flyingwrappingin3Dsystems,346forloopsanimatingwithforloop,18forcetotalforce,267formulastrigonometry,447,65–66forwardkinematicsautomatingmovement,286–292galloping,290introduction,282movingonesegment,283–284movingtwosegments,285–286programming,283–286walking,287–302buildingnaturalwalkcycle,287–290makingwalkcycledynamic,290–292slidersforcontrollingwalkcycle,291frame-by-frameanimation,14looping,15framesanimationand,14description,5,6frameloops,19–20timelineforaframeloop,19withinitializationframe,20framerates,18motionandframes,5onEnterFramehandler,27programmedframes,7purposeof,6tweenedanimation,14whenFlashupdatesscreens,18friction,139–143appliedfriction,142–143applyingcorrectly,140–141,145,450applyingeasily,141–142,145,450onedimensionalspringing,174Ggabocorp.
comintro,8gallopingforwardkinematics,290getBoundsmethodcollisiondetection,225targetCoordinateSpaceparameter,225getCodemethod,Keyclass,38getDepthmethod,127getLightFactorfunction3Dlighting,402,409getNextHighestDepthmethod,127getRGBmethod,Colorobject,88getTimerfunction,442getTriangleColorfunction3Dlighting,401,409gradientfillsdrawingAPIcreating,83gravitatefunction,266gravityformula,453gravity,265–2703Dsystems,338–341ActionScriptformula,278addingforspringing,176addinggravityinwalking,293formula,278,453gravitatefunction,266gravitationalconstant,265gravitationalforce,265–268gravityasacceleration,113particleattraction,265slingshoteffect,268springscompared,270Hhandlersseeeventhandlersheightproperty,Stageobjectsettingboundaries,125hexnumbersconvertingbetweenhexanddecimal,97,448signifyinguseof,70hexadecimalcolorvalues,70–71bitwiseoperators,71hittestingseecollisiondetectionhitTestmethodboundingboxcollisiondetection,225boundingboxprinciple,191INDEX462collisiondetection,190–196inaccuracyofusingfor,192pointandmovieclip,194–195shapeFlagparameter,195–196summary,196twomovieclips,191–194hypotenusetriangleterminology,47Iif.
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elsestatements,113imagesimagesasprogrammedframes,7importingclasses,90include(#include)commandexternalActionScriptfiles,23inertia,124inheritance,34instancesseeobjectsintervalbasedanimation,439–441inversekinematics,306–322ActionScriptandlawofcosines,320–322draggingmultiplesegments,309draggingonesegment,307draggingtwosegments,308introduction,282lawofcosines,318–320mathematicalapproach,317–322reachingforanobject,314–316collisionswhen,316–317reachingforthemouse,310–314reachingwithmultiplesegments,310–317reachingwithonesegment,306–307isBackFacefunction3Dlighting,408backfaceculling,394clockwise/counterclockwisedirections,390z-sorting(depthsorting),399isDownmethod,Keyclass,39identifyingcursorkeys,111usinginonEnterFramehandler,118KKeyclassgetCodemethod,38isDownmethod,39,111,118keycodes,38–39keyboardevents,37–38keyDownevent,38keyUpevent,38kinematics,282–302,306–322description,282forwardkinematicsintroduction,282programming,283–286inversekinematics,306–322introduction,282kineticenergyformula,238LLawofConservationofMomentum,237lawofcosinesActionScriptand,320–322formula,322,454inversekinematics,318–320layersinsertinglayers,15leftshift(bitwise)operator,71left-handcoordinatesystem3Dsystems,327letters3Dspinningletter,367modeling3Dletter,378librariesexportingmovieclips,30storingmovieclips,29liftforce,114lighting3Dlighting,400–410getLightFactorfunction,402limitsseeboundarieslinearverticalmotion,58lineGradientStylemethod,74lines3Dlineswithinvisiblepoints,362creating3Dlines,360settinglineappearance,75lineStylemethod,75lineTomethod,75listeners,24–25associatingwithemptymovieclips,32eventhandlers,25notifyingofevents,25loadevent,22loopsanimatingwithforloop,18animationandlooping,15–20frameloops,19–20runningloops,17scriptedanimation,16INDEX463Mmass,236momentumandmass,237nodeswithmass,276–278Mathclassacosfunction,51asinfunction,51atanfunction,51atan2function,52cosfunction,49sinfunction,47tanfunction,50matrices,414–425codingwithmatrices,418–421matrixMultiplyfunction,420rotateXfunction,419rotateYfunction,420coordinaterotationwithmatrices,417–418matrixaddition,415matrixmultiplication,416–421matrixoperations,414–421rotationwithmatrices,422scalingwithmatrices,416–417skewingwithmatrices,423translationmatrices,415Matrixclass,421–425matrixparameterbeginGradientFillmethod,84matrixMultiplyfunction,420methodsbasicclasssyntax,33momentum,237collisionsbetweensamemassobjects,443–444conservationofmomentum,237–260formula,453ononeaxis,239–243ontwoaxes,243–260motionacceleration,109–120Brownian(random)motion,428–431combiningdraggingwithmotioncode,152–156easingandspringing,164framesandmotion,5illusionofmotion,5linearverticalmotion,58proportionalmotion,164pulsingmotion,58velocity,102–109mousebasicformulasforrotatingto,447easingtowardsmovingtargets,171mousefollower,108rotate_to_mouse.
fla,53rotatingmovieclipstopointto,53–55MouseclassaddListenermethod,24mouseclicksActionScripteventsfor,148basicsof,148mouseevents,36–37basicsof,148dragOutevent,36dragOverevent,36mouseDownevent,37mouseMoveevent,37mouseUpevent,37mouseWheelevent,37movieclipsrespondingto,148pressevent,37pressingandreleasingmovieclips,148releaseevent,37releaseOutsideevent,37rolloutevent,37rolloverevent,37mouseposition,38mouseDownevent,37mouseMoveevent,37draggingmovieclips,151–152mouseUpevent,37mouseWheelevent,37moveBallfunction,315moveTomethod,76movieclips,28–32arrowmovieclip,53mousefollower,108attachBitmapmethod,95attaching,29–32bouncing,134–139collisiondetection,190–208hitTestmethod,190–196containingasaunit,32creating,29–32depths,127developingobjectbehaviorgradually,17dragging,150–156combiningwithmotioncode,152–156mouseMoveevent,151–152startDrag/stopDragevents,152duplicating,29easing,164–172emptymovieclips,32eventsformouseclicks,148eventsforoverlapping,148exporting,30filtersproperty,92getDepthmethod,127getNextHighestDepthmethod,127integratingsoundwithanimation,444–447INDEX464keyboardevents,37–38listeningformouseevents,149mouseevents,36–37movieclipinstances/symbols,29onPresseventhandler,148pressingandreleasing,148puttingcodeontimelineof,117regeneratingobjects,130–132removeMovieClipfunction,126,127removing,maximumdepthfor,127removingobjects,126–130removingobjecttoosoon,128respondingtomouseevents,148rotatingtopointtomouse,53–55screenwrapping,132–133settingboundaries,125skewingwithmatrices,424,425springing,172–186stickingtogethercollisionproblem,258–260stopactionontimelineof,118swapDepthsmethod,127throwingafterdragging,156–159transformproperty,421MovieClipclassextendingassubclasses,35multipleobjectcollisiondetection,202–207formula,208Muybridge,Eadweard,6Nnodesnodeswithconnections,274–276nodeswithmass,276–278springynodegarden,272–274normaloftriangles,402notifyinglistenersofevents,25,26Oobject-orientedprogrammingseeOOPobjectsbiaseddistributionof,435–438circulardistributionof,433–435convertingobjecttomovieclip,15naminginstances,15regeneratingout-of-boundsobject,449removingout-of-boundsobject,449screenwrappingout-of-boundsobject,450space/stageforobjectsseeboundariessquaredistributionof,431–433offsetspringformula,451onprefixevents,25mouseevents,36onClipEvent,21onEnterFramehandler,27,363Dlighting,407backfaceculling,393checkingforleftorrightkeys,119codingwithmatrices,419isDownproperty,Keyclass,118mousefollower,108z-sorting(depthsorting),398onMouseDownhandler,76,148onMouseMovehandler,76onMouseUphandler,77,148onPresseventhandler,148,154onReleasehandler,148,149,154onReleaseOutsidehandler,148,149,152,154onResizehandler,125onXyzeventseventsformouseclicks,148listeningfor,149OOP(object-orientedprogramming)classesandOOP,32–36constructors,34creatingclassforparticles,264inheritance,34oppositesidetriangleterminology,47OR(bitwise)operator,72orbitingparticles/planets,269out-of-boundsobjectregeneratingout-of-boundsobject,449removingout-of-boundsobject,449screenwrappingout-of-boundsobject,450ovalsseeellipsesoverriding,35Pparticles,264–265collisiondetection,268creatingclassfor,264nodeswithconnections,274–276nodeswithmass,276–278orbiting,269particleattraction,265randomlysprinklingaroundscreen,264slingshoteffect,268springynodegarden,272–274INDEX465perspective3Dsystems,328–332formula,328–329,357,454usinginActionScript,329–332vanishingpoint,330pixelsmethodsforreading/changing,95pixelSnappingparameterattachBitmapmethod,95planetsorbiting,269pointscoordinaterotation,212–216creating3Dpoints,360distancebetweentwopoints,63–65,66drawingcurvesthroughpoints,97,449rotationformulas,66translationmatrices,415polygonsbackfaceculling,388creating3Dfillsusingtriangles,368definingcolors,373description,368exteriorside,389isBackFacefunction,390z-sorting(depthsorting),394positionaddingvelocityto,120,449mouseposition,38prerenderedanimation,7presseventmouseevents,37privatekeyword,33programmedframes,7propertiesbasicclasssyntax,33classes,33overriding,35proportionalaccelerationseespringingproportionalvelocityseeeasingpublickeyword,33pulsingmotion,58pyramidsmodeling3Dpyramid,377PythagoreanTheorem,62–63distancebetweentwopoints,63–65QQuickTimemovieprerenderedanimation,7Rradians,43–44convertingto/fromdegrees,65,447randomdistributionofobjects,431–438biaseddistribution,435–438circulardistribution,433–435squaredistribution,431–433randommotion,428–431ratioparameterbeginGradientFillmethod,83rayoflight.
comintro,9reachfunction,312,313reaching(inversekinematics)introduction,306reachingforanobject,314–316collisionswhen,316–317reachingforthemouse,310–314reachingwithmultiplesegments,310–317reachingwithonesegment,306–307release/releaseOutsideeventsmouseevents,37removeMovieClipfunctiondynamicallygeneratedmovieclips,127removingobjects,126renderingbackfaceculling,388–394z-sorting(depthsorting),394–400renderTrianglefunction,3903Dlighting,408backfaceculling,393z-sorting(depthsorting),399resistanceseefrictionresizeevent,StageobjectonResizehandler,125settingboundaries,125reversecoordinaterotationformula,232,452rightshift(bitwise)operator,73right-handcoordinatesystem3Dsystems,326rollout/rollovereventsmouseevents,37rotatefunctionconservationofmomentumontwoaxes,256rotateX/rotateYfunctionscodingwithmatrices,419,420rotate_to_mouse.
fladownloading,53rotation,53seealsocoordinaterotationarrowmovieclip,53easingappliedto,171formulas,66INDEX466rotatingavelocity,217rotatingmovieclipstopointtomouse,53–55velocityand,108vrnotation,108rotationproperty,movieclipsmeasurementof,44rulesapplyinganimationrules,16complexitytrade-off,7imagesasprogrammedframes,7Sscalingwithmatrices,416–417Schoneveld,Stuart,217scopethiskeyword,22screensscreenwrapping,132forout-of-boundsobject,144whenFlashupdatesscreens,18scriptedanimation,16segmentsprogrammingforwardkinematics,283automatingmovement,286–292makingsegmentswalk,292–301movingonesegment,283–284movingtwosegments,285–286setIntervalfunctionintervalbasedanimation,439,441setRGBmethod,Colorobject,87setTransformmethod,Colorobject,88shadows3Dlighting,400creatingsoftshadows,83dropshadowfilter,93shapeFlagparameter,hitTestmethodcollisiondetection,195–196shapesmaking3Dshapes,363shipcontrolsspaceshipsimulation,118sinfunction,Mathclass,47angularacceleration,115movingobjectinacircle,60movingobjectinanellipse,62waves,57sineofangle,47–49formula,65,447sinewave,55,59skewingwithmatrices,423sliderscontrollingwalkcycle,291slingshoteffect,268smoothingparameterattachBitmapmethod,95solidsmodeling3Dsolids,374–382moving3Dsolids,382–385sortingz-sorting(depthsorting),394–400sortOnmethod,395soundattachSoundfunction,446integratingsoundwithanimation,444–447space/stageforobjectsseeboundariesspaceshipsimulation,116–120acceleration,119frictionapplied,142–143shipcontrols,118thrust,119speedSliderslidersforcontrollingwalkcycle,291splicefunction,Arrayclassremovingobjects,130springfunctionnodeswithconnections,274nodeswithmass,277springynodegarden,273springing,172–1863Dsystems,348–349addinggravity,176attachingmultipleobjectswithsprings,183–186chainingsprings,177–179collision-basedspringing,199–201determiningthetarget,173offsettingtargetforspringlength,182–183formulas,186,187makingspringvisible,176movingtargets,175multipleobjectcollisions,204–207multipletargets,180–182offsetspringformula,187abbreviatedform,451onedimensional,173–175proportionalmotion,164simplespringformulas,451abbreviatedform,451longform,451shortform,451twodimensional,175springs,270–278gravitycompared,270nodeswithconnectors,274–276nodeswithmass,276–278springynodegarden,272–274squaredistribution,431–433INDEX467squares3Dspinningsquare,366making3Dshapes,363Stageobjectsettingboundaries,125startDrag/stopDrageventsdraggingmovieclips,152staticanimation,8dynamicanimationcompared,7–9subclassesinheritance,34MovieClipclass,35subscribingtoevents,25superclassesinheritance,34swapDepthsmethodmovieclips,127z-sorting,bouncingin3Dsystems,338systemevents,21Ttanfunction,Mathclass,50tangentofangle,50–51basicformulas,65,447Tarbell,Jared,270targetCoordinateSpaceparametergetBoundsmethod,225thighBaseSlider/thighRangeSliderslidersforcontrollingwalkcycle,291thiskeyword,22three-dimensionalsystems3Ddistanceformula,4543Dlighting,400–410getLightFactorfunction,402getTriangleColorfunction,4013Dspinningletter,3673Dspinningsquare,366acceleration,332bouncing,333–338collisiondetection,355–357coordinaterotation,350–354formula,357creating3Dfills,367creating3Dpointsandlines,360distanceformula,357easing,347gravity,338–341left-handcoordinatesystem,327making3Dshapes,363modeling3Dcylinder,380modeling3Dletter,378modeling3Dpyramid,377modeling3Dsolids,374–382modelingspinningcube,374–377backfaceculling,376moving3Dsolids,382–385perspective,328–332formula,357plottingpoints,366right-handcoordinatesystem,326springing,348–349velocity,332visualmodelingfrontends,370wrapping,341–346zaxis,326throwingafterdragging,156–159thrustspaceshipsimulation,119timelinesaddingframetotimeline,19clipevents,20codeontimeline,27creatingnewinstanceofclass,33listenerforStageevents,125moviecode,23puttingcodeontimelineofmovieclip,117scope,22stopactionon,118symbolindicatingcodeon,22timelineforaframeloop,19timer-basedanimation,441–443timingframerates,18prerenderedanimation,7totalforce,267tracefunctionhex/decimalconversions,71transformproperty,movieclipscodingwithmatrices,421transformationsMatrixclass,421rotationwithmatrices,422skewingwithmatrices,423translationmatrices,415transparencyalphaparameter,75easingappliedto,171transparentparameterBitmapDataobject,94triangleterminology,47trianglesclockwise/counterclockwisedirections,389creating3Dfills,368definingcolors,373exteriorside,389getTriangleColorfunction,401INDEX468isBackFacefunction,390normaloftriangles,402PythagoreanTheorem,62renderTrianglefunction,390z-sorting(depthsorting),394trigonometryarccosine/arcsine/arctangent,51basicformulas,65convertingradiansanddegrees,65cosineofangle,49explained,42formulas,447PythagoreanTheorem,62–63sineofangle,47tangentofangle,50trigfunctions,47–53triSortfunction3Dlighting,408z-sorting(depthsorting),396,399tweenedanimation,4,14UupdateAfterEventfunctioninterval-basedanimation,441userevents,21userinteraction,36–39keyboardevents,37–38mouseevents,36–37Vvanishingpointperspective,330varkeyword,24vectormath,402crossproduct,403dotproduct,404vectors,102equivalentvectors,103momentum,237negativevelocity,103vectoraddition,107velocity,102–1093Dsystems,332accelerationand,109addingaccelerationtovelocity,120,449addingvelocitytoposition,120,449angularvelocity,105–108convertingtox,yvelocity,449vectoraddition,107ax/aynotation,112frictionaffecting,139–143momentumandmass,237negativevelocity,104onasingleaxis,104ontwoaxes,105proportionalvelocityseeeasingrotatingavelocity,217rotationand,108translationmatrices,415vectorsandvelocity,102vrnotation,108vx/vynotation,104versionsActionScriptversions,14visualmodelingfrontends3Dsystems,370vrnotation,108vx/vynotation,104Wwalkfunctionbuildingnaturalwalkcycle,289finalfunctionssimulatingwalking,300walkingforwardkinematics,287–302addinggravity,293buildingnaturalwalkcycle,287–290collisionswalkingonrealsurfaces,294makingwalkcycledynamic,290–292reactiontoimpactofcollisions,296resizingsegmentscreatingspace,292screenwrapping,298slidersforcontrollingwalkcycle,291wallsseeboundarieswaves,55–60formulas,447linearverticalmotion,58pulsingmotion,58sinfunction,Mathclass,57sinewave,55trigonometricformulas,66waveswiththedrawingAPI,59waveswithtwoangles,59widthparameterlineStylemethod,75widthproperty,Stageobjectsettingboundaries,125wrapping3Dsystems,341–346screenwrapping,132–133forout-of-boundsobject,144walking,298INDEX469Xx-axisrotationonx-axis,350,353Xeno'sParadox,168xmousepropertymouseposition,38Yy-axisrotationony-axis,351–353ymousepropertymouseposition,38Zz-axis3Dsystems,326rotationonz-axis,350z-sorting,394–400bouncing3Dsystems,338zerodividingbyzeroinFlash,331INDEX470