Analyses103838.com

ClaireB.
Paris*1,MatthieuLeHénaff1,2,ZacharyM.
Aman3,AjitSubramaniam4,JudithHelgers1,5,Dong-PingWang6,VassilikiH.
Kourafalou1AshwanthSrinivasan1,5EvolutionoftheMacondowellblowout:simulatingtheeffectsofthecirculationandsyntheticdispersantsonthesubseaoiltransportSupportingInformation14pages,1table,5figures.
1VerticalvelocityofthehydrodynamicmoduleSelf-consistentverticalcomponentswwereestimatedofinebasedonthecontinuityequation.
Weuseddailycurrentvelocity(u,v)tocomputehorizontaldivergences(div):(S1)Fromthedivergence,theverticalvelocitycanbeestimated:(S2)Wecalculateddivatalllevels(z-coordinate)andcomputedwbyintegratingfromthebottomupusingtheboundaryconditionw=0atthebottom.
DropletSizeCalculationsForamixedwaterandhydrocarbonsystem,themeanparticlesizemaybedeterminedbyacorrelationbyBoxall1,wherethedropletsizeisdeterminedbasedonacomparisontothesmallestturbulenteddiesinow.
EquationS3isusedwhenthemeandropletsizeisgreaterthanthesmallesteddies(i.
e.
,ontheKolmogorovlengthscale),whileEquationS4isusedwhenthemeandropletsizeisontheorderoftheKolmogorovlength-scale.
DParticle=C1DFlowEv2DFlow3/5(S3)DParticle=C2DFlowEvDFlowE1Ev2DFlow1/2(S4)2whereDParticleisthemeandispersedparticlediameter,C1andC2areempiricalcoefcients1,DFlowisthediameteroftheowpath(i.
e.
,estimateddiameterofinitialblowout),ρEffistheeffectivedensityoftheoilandwatermixture,vistheowingvelocity,μEffistheeffectiveviscosityoftheoilandwatermixture,andγisthewater-oilinterfacialtension.
Thecorrelationwasvalidatedforwaterdispersingintohydrocarbonphasesofvaryingviscosities,aslowas1.
3cP.
Thistechniqueisusedtoprovideanexperimentally-validatedorder-of-magnitudeestimateofmeanhydrocarbondropletsizedispersingintowater.
Speculationonlarger(i.
e.
,millimeter-scale)dropletsizesreliesonmacroscopicestimatesofrisetimeasafunctionofdropletbuoyancy;suchacalculationapproachmayassumeconstancyofthermophysicalproperties(e.
g.
,specicvolumeofthehydrocarbonstreams)overawiderangeofhydrostaticpressure.
ThegascompositionmeasuredbyReddyetal.
2suggestspecicvolumeincreasebytwoordersofmagnitudewhengasisreleasedat1500mwaterdepth.
Thisphenomenaisfurthercomplicatedbydissolutionoflighterhydrocarbonsintothesurroundingwaterphase,whichwilldecreasebuoyancy.
Macroscopically,theinitialrisetimeofthreehours3withahypothetical1-1.
5mmparticlediameter3,4requiresparticlespecicgravitytoexceed0.
95,whichwedonotbelievetobeacorrectassumption.
SensitivityAnalysesandModelEvaluationDepthprolesofoil-productsdensitywerenotsensitivetotherangeofoildensities(FigureS1)butweredrivenbyparticlesizes(FigureS2).
Particles>200msurfaceinlessthanafewdays,mostofparticles200m).
Thelargerparticlesrisefaster.
Aconeofoilgrowsfromthewellhead,swayingwiththecurrents,andspurtspacketsofsmallblueparticlesmovingwestwardatdepth.
ThisisalsoobservedinDOdeficit(Figure3).
AfterJuly1,somesmallparticles(blue)riseintotheDeSotocanyon14andtheformationofstratifiedplumesisevident13.
70100200300400500600700800050010001500NumberofparticlesDepth(m)July15,20100100200300400500600700800050010001500NumberofparticlesDepth(m)August16,2010860820840a.
b.
FigureS1.
Sensitivityofparticledensityonverticaldistribution:a)depthprofileoftotaloilparticles(1-300μm)fordifferentoildensity(0.
82-0.
96kg.
m-3)inJuly15,2010andb)inAugust16,2010.
Thedepthdistributionofmodeledoilcorroboratetoobservations6-8.
8FigureS2.
Effectofparticlesizeonrisingtimeandresidencetimeatdepth.
Timetoreachthesurfaceasafunctionofparticlesizefromareleaseof12000particlesonJuly15,2010.
Densityofoilparticleswassetto0.
85kg.
m-3.
Particles>200μmsurfaceinlessthanafewdaysandparticles70μm,(c,d)particlediameterrangingbetween40-70μm,and(e,f)particlediameter70mc.
40-70mb.
>70md.
40-70mf.
<40mNDNDNDWDWDverticalbinsintegratedhorizontallyovertheentiremodeldomainoftheGoM-HYCOM(e.
g.
,representstheglobaloilmassinthebasinratherthanatasingleprofile)andthecolorgradientdepictstheproportionoftotalmasspresentdailyforeachcategoryofparticlesizerange.
OilflowingfromtheMacondoblowoutissimulatedbyreleasing1000particlesevery2hoursfromApril20toJuly15;themagentalinemarksJuly15,2010whenthewellheadwascapped.
TheoilparticlestransportandfatewerefurthertrackeduntilOctober5.
ThisfigureissimilartoFigure4,buttheoilparticlesaremovedintheverticalbytheirbuoyancyUTalone(i.
e.
,inertialmotion,Expt_1),i.
e.
,theverticalvelocitycomponentwofthecurrentisnottakenintoaccount.
ThedifferentslopesafterJuly15threflecttherisingspeedsofthevaryingoildropletsizes.
Particlessmallerthan40μmareessentiallyneutrallybuoyantanconstrainedtodeepwaters.
ThemajordifferencefromFigure4isthattherearenoparticlesbelowthereleasedepthoftheoilparticles(intrusiondepthof1200m),sinceparticlesareonlysubjectedtopositivebuoyancyforces(nosubductionorupwelling).
12FigureS5.
Observations-Modelcomparison:a)Observationoffluorescence(greenline)andDO(blackline)profilesfromCTDcastinMay31,2010onR/VBrooksMcCallCruiseMay5toJune1,2010,andb)simulateddensityprofileofoilonMay31,2010computedforallpossiblelocationsintheGulfofMexico.
Inbothobservednear-fielddistributionandmodeledfar-fielddistributions,theoilmaximumisbetween1100-1300mdepth,alsoinagreementwithKessleretal.
12andReddyetal.
2.
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