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OE50(2011)TheCapitalBehindtheCapital:LifeinKaifengasReflectedintheDuchengjishengDorotheeSchaab-Hanke(Gossenberg)IntroductionThesourceonwhichthefocusofthisstudyliesisentitledDuchengjisheng(SplendorsofACapital,Highlighted)1,atextwhichisprimarilyrelatedtoHangzhou,thecapitaloftheSouthernSongdynasty.
Asweshallsee,however,theformerSongcapitalKaifengisalsofrequentlyreferredtointhistext,anditwillbearguedthat,duetothemanycomparisonsdrawnbetweenSouthernSongHangzhouandNorthernSongKaifeng,theformerSongcapitalappearsinthetextverymuchlikea"capitalbehindthecapital"–hencethetitleIdecidedtochooseforthispaper.
Moreover,theDuchengjishengis,aswillbearguedhere,closelyrelatedtotheDongjingmengHualu(ARecordofDreamingofHua[Xu]intheEasternCapital)2,writtenbyMengYuanlao(ca.
1090–ca.
1150),thesinglebestsourcewehavetoinformusaboutlife,tradeandcustomsinKaifengaroundtheyear1120AD,shortlybeforetheJurchensoldiersinvadedthecityandbroughtthereignofEmperorHuizong(r.
1101–1125)andtheNorthernSongdynastytoasuddenend.
ItisthuscertainlynocoincidencethatthecompilatorsoftheDongjingmengHualu(waisizhong)editionhaddecidedtoas-sembletheDongjingmengHualutogetherwithfourtextsrelatedtoSouthernSongHang-zhouinonevolume,withtheDuchengjishengasthefirstofthem.
3Assomescholarshavesuggested,theroleoftheDongjingmengHualuwithregardtothesefourtextsmightevenbeequatedwiththatofa"canon"(dianfan).
4Inthispaper,myinterestisatwofoldone:Ontheonehand,Iamsearchingforapossible"capitalbehindthecapital",moreprecisely,forthemeaningthattheformercapitalKaifeng,ascomparedwithHangzhou,hadtotheauthoroftheDuchengjisheng.
Ontheotherhand,Iamalsosearchingforapossible"textbehindthetext",tounderstandmorecloselytheau-thor'sintention.
TherearealtogetherthreequestionsthatIwillpursueinthisarticle,namely1Forotherrenderingsofthetitlesee,e.
g.
,Lessitesfameuxdelavillecapitale"(BalazsandHervouet1978,153),ARecordoftheSplendorsoftheMetrocapital"(West1985,90),"SmtlicheWunderderHauptstadt"(Mittag1990,107).
ThereisapreliminarytranslationofthetextbyKayPopken(1987),whichwillsoonbepublishedinarevisedversion.
2InmyrenderingofthetitleIfollowStephenH.
West,seee.
g.
,West1985.
Huaalludestothepara-disecalledHuaxuasitisdepictedinthephilosophicaltextLieziastherealmoverwhichHuangdi,theYellowThearch,hadruledinmythicaltimes.
3Duchengjisheng,in:DongjingmengHualuwaisizhongδ〃ε(Beijing:Zhonghua,1962),89–110.
4See,e.
g.
,YiYongwen2009,114–119;cf.
alsoHuangShuqi2010,57–76.
194DorotheeSchaab-Hankefirstly:HowistheformerSongcapitalKaifengreflectedintheDuchengjishengSecondly,howistheDuchengjishengtextrelatedtotheDongjingmengHualuAndthirdly,whatdidKaifengandtheDongjingmengHualupossiblymeantotheauthoroftheDuchengjisheng1KaifengasReflectedintheDuchengjishengAlreadyinhispreface(xu),dated1235,theauthoroftheDuchengjisheng,ofwhomweonlyknowhispseudonym–Guanpunaideweng–,pointsoutthatinhisviewHangzhouandKaifengwereinaveryspecificwayrelatedtoeachother.
Theprefacestartsoutwiththewords:θθ仞θ儎倆θθθθθθθθθWhentheAncestorofOurHolyDynastyhadestablishedthestate,hemadeBianhiscapital,andasregardsbothpeople'scustomsandrites,alltheworldlookeduponitasateacher.
AndafterEm-perorGaozonghasestablishedhistemporaryresidenceinHangzhou–thelandscapeofHang(zhou)beingsoexquisiteandthepeoplebeingsoprosperous–thatitsurpassedthe(former)capitalalreadytentimes!
Whilethemarket-areasmatchthe(former)capital,andinthemorethanahundredyearsfollowingtherestoration,oneholy(emperor)followingaftertheother,duringaphaseofpeacelastingalreadysolong,theadministrationhasbyandbymovedhere,andthecenterisowercrowdedwiththecarriages(ofthehighdignitaries).
Comparedtothetimeoftherestora-tion,(presentHangzhou)againsurpasses(thatofahundredyearsbefore)severaldozentimes!
"5Thedynamicscontainedinthispassagecanbedescribedasaprocessconsistingofthreesteps.
Step1referstoKaifeng(herecalledbyitsearliernameBian)ofwhichtheauthorssaysthatsoonaftertheestablishmentoftheNorthernSongdynasty,itwaslookeduponevery-whereasa"standard"or"prototype"asregardsbothitscustomsandrites(erfengsudianlisifangyangzhiweishi仞θ).
Asforstep2,aftertheemperor'sflighttotheSouth-East,evenatthetimewhenHangzhouwasstillonlyahaltingplace(zhubi倆)fortheImperialentourage,theauthorsaysthatithadalreadyexceededtheformercapitalKaifengbyfar.
Andfinally,asathirdstep,in(theauthor's)presenttime,aboutonehundredyearsaftertherestoration(zhongxing),Hangzhouinhiswordshadevencometosur-passKaifengseveraltensoftimescomparedtothebeginningoftheSouthernSongdynasty.
Inotherwords,theauthoroftheDuchengjishengclaimsthatthebenchmarkthatKaifenghadsetintheheydaysoftheNorthernSongdynastyhadnotonlybeenreplacedbutevenexceededbyHangzhouasitpresenteditselfinthe13thcentury.
TheimpressionthatmaybegainedfromtheprefaceoftheDuchengjishengthatKaifengmusthavebeenofquitesomeimportancetotheauthorofthistextisfurtherenhancedbythefactthatreferencestoKaifengevenoutnumberthosetoHangzhouinthetext.
WhileHangzhouisreferredto25times,Kaifengisreferredto26timesintheDuchengjishengtext.
65Duchengjisheng,xu(WSZ,89).
TheCapitalBehindtheCapital195InmostcasesinwhichKaifengisexplicitlyreferredtointheDuchengjishengthereferenceispartofacomparisonbetweenKaifengandHangzhou.
6Sofar,Ihavebeenabletocount13casesinwhichsuchadirectcomparisonisdrawn.
InseveralofthesepassagestheauthoroftheDuchengjishengpointoutsthatevenintheHangzhouthatheexperiencedinhislifetime,theNorthernlifestyleandculturethathadprevailedinKaifengwhenitwasstillthecapitaloftheSongempirecouldstillquitestronglybesensed.
Togiveonlysomeexamples:Insection4("Restaurants")oftheDuchengjishengweread:伕θθ伥Therestaurantsinthe(present)capitalaremostlyrunbypeoplefromtheoldcapital,suchastherestaurantsspecializinginmutton(meat)includingthesaleofliquor.
7HeretheauthorpointsoutthatmanyoftherestaurantsheencounteredinthedailylifeofHangzhouwerestillrunbypeoplewhohadoriginallycomeoverfromtheformercapitalofKaifeng.
Veryprobably,thesewerethedescendantsofthosewhohadcomeintheentourageoftheemperor,toprovidethosewhohadmovedherefromtheNorthwiththefoodtheywereaccustomedto.
Interestingly,slightlylaterinthesamesection,theauthortalksaboutrestaurantsinHang-zhouinwhichsocalled"Southernfood"(nanshi伕)isbeingoffered.
Thepassageruns:伕伕θ伥θу伕θθθ伕冐θδ咳冐喅εсδ厓пεⅨθRestaurantsinwhichSouthernstylefoodisofferedarecalledSouthernfoodor(Si)chuanfoodteahouses.
Shopsofthiskindfirstcameupinthetimeofthe(former)capital;theywereopenedforpeoplefromtheSouthwhowerenotaccustomedtoNorthernfood.
Nowadays,sincetheyareintheSouth,thenameiswrong;forthisreasontheyspecializeindishessuchaspastawithfishormeat,as,forexample[…];thisholdstrueforallofthem.
8Theverytermnanshi,heexplains,takesitsoriginfromtheformercapitalKaifeng,wheresuchrestaurantshadbeenopenedtoprovideSouthernerswhohadcometotheNorthwiththefoodtheywereaccustomedto.
Nowadays,hewrites,theserestaurantswereofferingallkindsoffood,includingwhatwasoncetheNorthernfoodtypicalforKaifeng.
Elsewhere,theauthoroftheDuchengjishengalsotalksaboutdishesofwhicheitherthenamewasstillpreservedinHangzhoutimesbutthefooditselfwaslost,orthefoodwaspre-served,butthenamewaslost.
Forbothcaseshegivesexamples,suchas"gourdsoup"(hugeng),"SoupinClayPot"(yonggeng),whichisnowadayscalled"NoodleswithLeeds"(jimian喅哫),or"WhiteMeat"(bairou):6ForacloserlookattheterminologyusedtodenotebothcapitalsintheDuchengjisheng,seeTable1attachedbelow.
ForacomparisonwiththeterminologyusedintheDongjingmengHualutodenoteKaifeng,seeTable2attachedbelow.
7Duchengjisheng4(WSZ,93).
8Duchengjisheng4(WSZ,93).
196DorotheeSchaab-Hanke伕θχθθ喅哫χθθAsforthefoodofferedinthemarkets,insomecasesthenameisstillthere,butthefooditselfhasdisappeared,anexampleforthisis"GourdSoup";then,insomecasesthenamehasdisappearedbutthefooditselfisstillthere,anexampleforthisisSoupinClayPot",whichisnowcalled"NoodleswithLeeds";andfurthermore,therearecasesinwhichdishesarewronglydenoted,forexample,ifcookedmeatiscalledwhitemeat",whilethewhite"inwhitemeat"infactdenotesmeatfromwhichtheoilwasdetractedthough(aspecialtechniqueof)grindingandpressing.
9Moreover,theauthoroftheDuchengjishengsaysthatinSouthernSongHangzhouthereweremanymerchantswhohadmovedtherefromtheoldcapitalofKaifeng,θθ個θ、θθAtthattimetherestillwerebroker-merchantsfromthe(former)capitalwhohadmoved(toHangzhou)andmixedwiththeothers.
Amongthemwere,forexample,Soup-GrandmaLi,ortheRicecake-FamilyZhangfromtheSouthernPleasureDistrict.
AtthetimesofImperialexcur-sionsorduringthefestivitiesaroundthesacrificesinspringandautumn,thetents(oftheven-dors)stoodtightlyoneaftertheotherallalongtheeavesandwalls(ofpeople'shouses).
10Andheevenmentionswholemerchant-familiesfromKaifengwhomanagedtogainamo-nopolyinHangzhouoncertainNorthernspecialties:уθ伻θпжθθApartfromthis,therearethenumerousnightmarketswiththeirshopsandstalls,as,forexam-ple,thoseoffering"BarbarianPancakes"stuffedwithporkintestines.
Fromthetimeoftheres-toration,thesaleofthesewassolelyreservedforthreefamiliesfromtheEasternCapitalspecial-izedonintestines.
EverynighttheystoodatthestreetcornerofTaipingward.
Onlyrecently,thereareevensomepeoplewhocopythem.
11Besides,welearnthatthefrontagedecorationofwinehousesinHangzhoucanbetracedbacktoKaifengofevenpriortoSongtimes,namelytotheWudaiperiod,whenGuoWei,thefounderoftheLaterZhoudynasty(951–960),duringastayinKaifenghadvisiteditsfamousPanTower(Panlou)winehouse:θ五儎θThethings(usedfordecoration)ofwinehousesare:redcross-tiesatthedoor,redandgreencur-tainsatwhichthingssuchassilkenlanternsintheformofgardeniasarefixed.
Accordingtoanoldtradition,thisgoesbacktoGuo(Wei),whohadpaidavisitto"PanTower"inBianjing,andthusisitisstillcustominpresent-day(Hangzhou).
129Duchengjisheng4(WSZ,94).
10Duchengjisheng1(WSZ,91).
11Duchengjisheng4(WSZ,94).
TheCapitalBehindtheCapital197Notonlyasfarastherealmofculinaryeventsisconcerned,butalsoasregardsthatofcultureandentertainment,theauthor'smessageisverymuchthesame.
12WelearnfromalotofexamplesthatintheHangzhouofhisdaygenresofentertainment,suchasComedy"(zaju),AllKeysandModes"(zhugongdiao),orevenagenrecalled"Vendor'sSong"(jiaosheng)whichwereverycurrentintheauthor'spresentdayHangzhouhadeitherbeeninventedorelabo-ratedandrefinedalreadyinNorthernSongKaifeng,andwealsolearnthattheentertainmentprecinctscalledwaziaresaidtohavetheirpredecessorinNorthernSongKaifeng(eventhoughtheauthoremphasizeshedoesnotknowexactlywhereandwhenthesecentersarosefirst):θпθThegenreAllKeysandModes"cameupwithKongSanchuanofthe(former)capital.
(Thisgenre)comprisedthetellingofstoriesofstrangeoccurrenceandghoststories,aswellastheEightSuitesandBalladTelling.
13Or,θθθThevendors'songsaroseinthe(former)capital;theyareinspiredbythesongsofallkindsofmarketvendorswhousedthemforsellingtheirgoods,andsomeofthemwereselectedandsettomusic.
14Toconcludefromtheaboveadducedexamples,theauthoroftheDuchengjishengmusthavebeenquiteconsciousofthestrongimpactthatNorthernlife,food,culturestillhadonSouthernSongHangzhouevenmorethanahundredyearsaftertheemperorhadleftKaifengduetotheinvasionoftheJurchens.
Asweshallseeinthenextsection,theDongjingmengHualuwasaquitesuitablesourceforsuchacomparison.
ButwhatdidtheauthoroftheDuchengjishengintendbypointingoutthatlifeinHangzhouwasstillsomuchimbuedbyNortherncustomsandtraditionsInmyview,hemaywellhavehadtheintentiontocriticizesubtlythatmanypeopleintheHang-zhouofhispresentdaywerenotevenawareofthisstrongNorthernelement.
And,evenmoreimportantly,itseemsthattheauthoroftheDuchengjishengwantedtoemphasizethateverythingthathadexistedintheformerSongcapitalKaifengwasstillthereintheHangzhouofhisday,thatitwassomehowdigestedandfurtherdevelopedinSouthernSongHangzhou,butalsothattheHangzhouofhisdayhadmuchmoretoofferthanonlythat.
Hangzhou,theauthortellsusinpassageswherenodirectcomparisonbetweenthecapitalsisdrawn,hadhugemarketsalmosteverywhereinthecitywhichwerebusyalmostallaroundtheclock,itofferedallkindsoffoodandallkindsofgoods,ithadahugenumberofentertainmentcenters,theatersandthebestentertainersfarandwide.
However,themostimpressiveclaimsmadebytheauthoroftheDuchengjishengregardingtheenormousdevelopmentofHangzhouascomparedwithKaifengmustberead"betweenthelines",bycomparingdescriptionsofHang-zhoufoundintheDuchengjishengwithcorrespondingpassagesintheDongjingmengHualu.
12Duchengjisheng3(WSZ,93).
13Duchengjisheng7(WSZ,96).
14Duchengjisheng7(WSZ,96).
198DorotheeSchaab-Hanke2TheDongjingmengHualuanditsrelationtotheDuchengjishengForcloserexaminationofthesecondquestion,namelyhowthetextoftheDuchengjishengandthatoftheDongjingmengHualuarerelatedtoeachother,Ihavechosenanapproachfromtwoangles.
MyfirststepwastosearchtheDongjingmengHualuforpassagescorrespondingtothoseinstancesintheDuchengjishenginwhichtheauthorexplicitlycomparedfeaturesheperceivedinhispresentdayHangzhouwithwhatheknewaboutlifeintheformercapital.
Inasecondstepthen,theoverallstructureofthetwotextswillbecomparedwitheachother.
2.
1ComparingcorrespondingpassagesandtopicsinbothsourcesAsforcorrespondingpassages,thesearchforthemintheDongjingmengHualuisnotsoeasy,sincethereareactuallynopassagesrunningwhollyparallelinbothtexts.
Instead,thewayinwhichthelatertextisrelatedtotheearlieronemightperhapsbestbecharacterizedastheauthor'sdigestofwhathehadreadintheearliertext,combinedwithwhatheknewandperceivedwithhisowneyesandearsintheHangzhouofhisday.
Toillustratethiswayoftheauthor'sproceeding,letmegivesomeexamplesforthekindofinformationthattheauthoroftheDuchengjishengseemstohavetakenfromtheDongjingmengHualu,theexamplesbeingagaintakenfromthetworealmsmentionedabove.
MengYuanlaomentionsinhistextthatbroker-families(jingjizhijia)inKaifengdidnotusetogohomefortheirmealsbutinsteadwenttotherestaurantsonthemarkets,andhegoesonlistingvariousregionalstylesofcookingavailabletothem,suchasrestaurantsoffering"Northernfood"(beishi伕)orSouthernfood"(nanshi伕):θ伨伕θу伕χ伕θThebroker-familiesonthemarketsusedtogototherestaurantsonthemarketsfordrinkingandeating,theydidnotcookathome.
For(thoseaccustomedto)NorthernfoodtherewasRoastedFoodundGlutinousBitsfromShifeng,thatweresoldinfrontoftheFan(Wine)HousebytheFourLiFamiliesandbytheDuanFamily.
For(thoseaccustomedto)Southernfood,therewastheJinFamilyatTempleBridge,ortheZhouFamilyatNineCreekswhowereamongthefewverybest.
15InseveralpartsoftheDongjingmengHualu,MengYuanlaomentionsdisheswhicharetypicalfortheNorthernkitchenofKaifeng.
Amongthemarespecialtiessuchas"WhiteMeat"(bairou)or"BarbarianPancakes"(hubing伻).
Asforgourdsoup(hugeng),thismusthavebeensocommonadishinNorthernSongKaifengthatawholecategoryofsmallrestaurants,theso-called"Gourd-SoupShops"(hugengdian)havebeennamedafterthisdish.
15DongjingmengHualu3.
7(WSZ,20).
TheCapitalBehindtheCapital199伕θθ乣儉伻僞[…]伥θ哫[…]伕θ冐哫冐伥Asforthemajorityofrestaurants,thelargeronesamongthemwerecalled"Teahouses".
Thereonecouldget"HeadSoup","StonedrumNippleSoup","WhiteMeat","BarbarianPancakes","SoftLamb","LargeandSmallBones",[…].
Besides,therewererestaurantsspecializinginSi-chuanstyle.
Thereonecouldget"Meat-StuffedNoodles",[…].
ThentherewereSouthernStylerestaurants.
Theyhadfishballs,noodleswithmincedmeat,wrappedinpawloniabark,anddisheswithfishfriedinoil.
16Frontagedecorationinthese"GourdSoupShops"inKaifengseemstohaveverymuchre-sembledthedecorationdescribedintheDuchengjishengastypicalforSouthernSongHang-zhouandofwhichheknowsthatcanbetracedbacktoKaifengofevenbeforeSongtimes:θθрθпネθ伴θ傟Thentherewerethe"GourdSoupShops".
Thefrontsoftheirgatesweredecoratedwithsan-dalwoodandflower-likedecoratedcross-tiesformedtobuildakindofcanopy.
Fromitstop,slicesofporkandmuttonhangdown,alternatingwithoneanother,abouttwentyorthirtyslices.
Theentrancedoorandthewindowsneartheentrancewerealldecoratedwithredandgreensilkbonds;thiswascalledthe"WelcomeDoor".
17Or,totakeanexamplefallingundertherubric"LeisureandPleasure":theauthoroftheDuchengjishengmentionsseveralgenresofentertainmentthatmaybereckonedamong"MinorArts",suchasComedy(zaju),ShadowTheater(yingxi),aswellastheVendors'Songs(jiaosheng).
Asforjiaosheng,ofwhichtheauthoroftheDuchengjishengsaysthattheyoriginatedinsimplesongsofthemerchantsadvertizingtheirgoodsandthendevelopedintoamusicalgenreduringtheNorthernSongperiod,vendors'songscalledjiaoguozi(hawkingfruit)arelistedupintheDongjingmengHualuamongthepiecesofentertain-mentthataroseduringtheNorthernSongdynastyinthecapitalKaifeng.
Furthermore,thekindofpopularcomedyinwhichactorsdressaspeasantscomingtothecapital,agenrecalledzabanorzawangexplainedinDuchengjishengasthefinalpartofapieceofComedyismen-tionedthreetimesinDongjingmengHualu:θφ[…][…]пθ[…]低уAsfortheskillsandartsofthecapital'spleasuredistrictssincetheerasofChong(ning)and(Da)guan,therewere:[…].
TheywereallspecialistsforComedy,[…].
Asfor"AllKeyandModes",therewasLiuBaiqin,theanimaltrainer,KongSanchuanandShuaXiucai.
[…].
AsforimitatingtheFruitVendors'songs,therewasWenBaniang.
Asforalltheothers,thereweresimplytoomanytomentionthemall.
1816DongjingmengHualu4.
9(WSZ,26).
17DongjingmengHualu4.
9(WSZ,26).
18DongjingmengHualu5.
2(WSZ,30).
Foradetailedanalysisofthedevelopmentoftheentertainingartsandtheaterfromthe7thtothetenthcenturies,seeSchaab-Hanke(2001).
200DorotheeSchaab-HankeOnlynow,afterhavingtakenacloserlookatpassagesintheDongjingmengHualuwhichgivesuchkindofinformationthatcorrespondstothatgainedfromtheDuchengjisheng,canwedeterminemoreclearlyhowthetwotextsarerelatedtoeachother.
Againwehavepri-marilythetwoaspectsmentionedabovethattheauthoroftheDuchengjishengseemstohaveemphasized,namelyfirst,aspectsofwhatwastypicalforcommerce,consumptionandcul-tureinNorthernSongKaifengandforwhichtheauthoroftheDuchengjishengalmostineverycasefindsanexampleofhowthesameaspectsinSouthernSongHangzhouareeitherequivalentorevenoutweighthingsandeventsastheyhadbeeninNorthernSongKaifeng,andsecond:sincemuchofthelifestyleasitwastypicalforNorthernSongKaifengis,astheauthorstrivestodemonstrate,alsorepresentedintheHangzhouofhisownpresentage,heseemstointentionallyevokethemessagethatSouthernSongHangzhouwasinmanyre-spectssomehowall-inclusive,preservingandelaborating"old"NortherntraditionsandcombiningthemwithmorerecentSouthernorSouth-Easterncustomsandtraditions.
Inotherwords,theauthoroftheDuchengjishengseemstohavemadeuseoftheDongjingmengHualuastheequivalentforthewayheproceededasregardshisinformationoftheHang-zhouofhispresentday,whichheexplicitlydescribesinhisprefaceinthefollowingwords:θθθжθууθуIwhowasblessedwithlivinginanilluminatedage,lodgedinandwanderedthroughthecapital,sawwithmyeyesandheardwithmyears,andsincedangerisnotthematterofonlyoneday,19Icouldnothelpbuthadtocollectallthisandnoteitdown.
Asforwhatisalreadycontainedinthegeographicalchartsandinthelocalmonographs,thisIhavenotmentionedagain.
20EventhoughitispossiblethatapartfromtheDongjingmengHualutherewasstillanothersourceofferingcomparableinformationonlifeandeventsinthecity,asourcewhichwouldnotbeextantanymore,thiswouldnotbeveryprobable.
Muchmoreplausible,inmymind,wouldbethattheDongjingmengHualuwithitsvividdescriptionsoflifeinthecapitalofKaifengwassimplytheidealsourcefortheauthoroftheDuchengjishengtoreferto.
Fromithedrewin-formationonlife,customsandtraditionsinNorthernSongKaifengthathecouldrefertoinhisowntext.
BasedonthiskindofinformationheproceededtoconveythepictureofaHang-zhouwhich,initsroleasthenewstandardoftheworld,combinedthefeaturesofNorthernSongKaifengwithanevenmoremulti-facetednewcapitaloftheSouthernSongdynasty.
19Heretheauthoralludestooneofthebasictenetsofahistoriographer,tomakeuseofhistoricalrecordstotracethegermsofdecayinthemidstofflourish.
Forasimilarformulation,seeShiji130.
3298,wheretherootsforregicideorpatricidearedenotedasbeingnotbroughtaboutwithinthespanbetweendawnandevening(ofoneday),butisdevelopingstepbystep:θθжжθThispassagehasaparallelintheHanfeizi,wherethesameideaisquotedfromtheConfuciusdiscipleZixiaasbeingoneoftherecordingprinciplesoftheChunqiu.
φ、θθθжゃθSeeICS34.
99.
11–12.
20Duchengjisheng,xu(WSZ,89).
TheCapitalBehindtheCapital2012.
2ComparingtheoutwardandinwardstructureofthetwotextsLetusnowtakeacloserlookattheoverallstructureoftheDuchengjishengascomparedwiththeDongjingmengHualu.
Alreadyasuperficiallookatthelengthdisclosesstrikingdiffer-encesbetweenthetwotexts.
WhiletheDongjingmengHualuisacomprehensivework,comprising10chapterswithaltogetherabout27550characters,eachchapteragainfallingintoseveralsections,whiletheDuchengjishengisarathersmallwork,comprisingonly10sectionswithaltogethernotmorethanabout6350characters;inotherwords,thelengthoftheDuchengjishengtextislessthanafourthofthatofDongjingmengHualu.
Thedifferencesasregardstheinnerstructureofthetwotextsareevenmorestriking:TheDongjingmengHualucanbecharacterizedasconsistingmainlyoftwoparts:Thefirstpart,comprisingchaps.
1to5,istopographicallyarranged.
Moreprecisely,itisasurveyonwhatcouldbeseeninthevariousstreetsandwardsofNorthernSongKaifengaroundtheyear1120fromthepointofviewofsomeonewhoproceeded,eitherbyfootorinacarriage,throughthestreetsofKaifeng.
Thesecondpartassembles,inchronologicalorder,allthemajorImperial,religiousandpopularfestivitieswhichtookplaceinKaifenginthecourseoftheyear.
Quiteincontrast,the14sectionsoftheDuchengjishengarearrangedinarathersystem-aticway.
Eachofthesesectionshasatitlewhichiscloselyrelatedtothemaintopicofthesection.
ThesetopicsconcentrateondifferentaspectsofHangzhou,suchasitsmarkets,res-taurants,pleasureprecincts,temples,etc.
21ThecharacterofthesectionsthattheauthoroftheDuchengjishengchosefortheoverallar-rangementofhisbookbecomesevenmoredistinctifoneassignstoeachofthemaheadingwhichhighlightsthefacilitiesofferedbya"modern"citytoeachofthesetopics,suchas"BuyingandSelling","EatingandDrinking","PleasureandLeisure",or"Services".
OnegainstheimpressionthatthereasonbehindarrangingthetopicsofhistextinthiswaywasthatithelpedhimtodemonstratetohisreaderthedegreetowhichtheHangzhouofhisownpresentmetthecrite-riaofwhatmadeacitya"worthy"capital,acapitalinthesuccessionofNorthernSongKaifeng.
SuchanarrangementisindeedmuchincontrastwiththeproceedingoftheauthorintheDongjingmengHualutextwhichStephenWesthasdescribedasanassociativesequenceofthingsperceivedbytheauthorandwhichhecompareswiththewayacamerawouldbantheimpressionsofasubjectivemoment.
Inhisownwords,[…],thetextpansinlikeacamera,focusingonsmalleranddetail–specificityincreasesinpro-portiontofamiliarity.
22Slightlyfurtherinthetextheaddsthat,[…]itisnotaviewer,butamemorythatmovesalongthestreetsofKaifeng;creatingfromitssegmentedspacesarobustbutpartialnarrativeoflifethere.
2321ForaclosercomparisonoftheoutwardstructureoftheDongjingmengHualuandtheDuchengjisheng,seeTable3attachedbelow.
22[…]θжθрθθ儊SeeWest2002,208.
23рθруグθθSeeWest(2002),209.
202DorotheeSchaab-HankeToconcludefromtheabovesaidwemaythussaythattheauthoroftheDuchengjishengmadeuseoftheDongjingmengHualuinaveryspecialway.
RatherthandenotingtheDuchengjishengasawork"whichwaswritteninconsciousimitation"oftheDongjingmengHualu.
",ashasbeensuggestedbyStephenWestinanearlierstudy,24Iwouldprefertosaythatbyfiltratingelementsfromtheearlierworkwhicharepresentedthereinanassociativeratherthaninasystematicorderandbyarrangingthemasthemainsectionsofhisowntext,theauthoroftheDuchengjishengcompileda"digest"ofthematerialhehadfoundintheearliertext.
3AcloserlookattheattitudethattheauthoroftheDuchengjishengdis-playstowardstheDongjingmengHualuSummingup,theanalysisoftheDuchengjishengtexthasfurthercorroboratedtheimpres-siongainedalreadyfromitspreface,namelythatitsauthorwasconvincedthattheHang-zhouofhispresentagewasnotonlyaworthymatchforKaifengatthetimewhenitwastheflourishingcapitaloftheNorthernSongempirebutthatithad,aboutahundredyearsaftertherestorationoftheSongintheSouth-EasthadKaifengalreadyoutweighedbyfar.
ButwhatisthemessageproperthattheauthoroftheDuchengjishengwantedtoconveytohisreader,didhesimplyintendtowriteapropagandatextinfavorofHangzhou,asithasbeeninterpretedbysomescholars,25orwastherealsoamoralmessagethatshouldbecon-veyedtoanattentivereaderLetusturnonceagaintotheprefaceoftheDuchengjisheng,wheretheauthorexplicitlysays:ъθθθθχжθθ仞θ倘θAndasforwhathasbeensaidinthepostfaceoftheRecordofFamousGardensofLuoyang,wherewefindthewordsthattheflourishandperishofthegardensaresignsoftheriseandde-clineofLuoyang:Isthisnotevenmorethecaseasregardstherestorationofthetemporarycapi-talwhich,astheflourishoftheSouth-EasthasbecomethestandardoftheworldofourdayThewaythatcarriagesandbookshavebeenunitedinone,thepopulationisflourishing,thecus-tomsarebeingcontinued,andthemarketplacesareovercrowdedwithpeople,howcanthisstill(only)becomparedwiththefamousgardensofformerLuoyang26Here,andonlyhere,theauthorexplicitlyreferstoabook.
ItistheLuoyangmingyuanji(RecordofFamousGardensofLuoyang),writtenbyLiGefei(–1106)shortlybeforetheendoftheNorthernSongdynasty,andwhathequotesisapassagefromtheauthor'spostfaceinwhichhebringsthealtogether19gardenshedescribesinhistextintorelationwiththeinnerdynamicsofrise(xing)andfall(fei)inhistory.
AndtheseinnerdynamicsareagaincombinedwiththehintatthenewstatusthatHangzhouhadat-24West1985,100.
25Asithas,togivejustoneexample,beenarguedbyLuXiaoyao2005,56ff.
26Duchengjisheng(WSZ,89).
TheCapitalBehindtheCapital203tainedbynowasthe"standardfortheworldinthepresentage"(weijinrisifangzhibiaozhun),andheendswiththesomewhatpuzzlingrhetoricalquestionifthispresentageHangzhoucouldbecomparedwiththese"FamousGardensoftheLuoyangofFormerTimes"([…]).
TogainafullerpictureofwhatLiGefeiinhispostfaceintendedtosay,letustakeacloserlookatthecontextfromwhichtheauthoroftheDuchengjishenghadtakenhisquote.
HereisLiGefei'sessayinfull::сθθθ内сθ"θс""θ佞θ低θθθθюχ儏θθθθ低"θъсθθθθжθсθⅨθθсжθLuoyangissituatedinthemiddleoftheworld.
ItisflankedbytheYaoandtheMianPasses,servesastheentrytotheQinandtheLongMountains,andfunctionsasthebulwarkbetweentheZhaoandtheWeiregions.
Hatiswhyitisaplacethatallsideshavetocontest.
Ifthereisnodisturbanceintheworld,theneverythingisfine;ifthereisadisturbance,thenLuoyangisthefirsttosufferfrommilitaryconflict.
ThatiswhyIonceobservedthattheriseanddeclineofLuoyangaresignsoforderanddisorderoftheworld.
DuringtheZhenguanandKaiyuanreignsintheTang,themansionsandhousesbuiltbydukesandnobleroyalin-lawsintheEasternCapitalaresaidtohavenumberedoverathousand.
Yetwhenthecitysufferedfromdisturbance,followedbythesavageryoftheFivedynasties,itspondsandpools,bamboosandtreesweretrampledbytroopsandchariots,decayingintoruins;itstallpavilionsandgrandkioskswereburnedinsmokeandfire,dissipatingintoashesandsoot.
TheyallperishedwiththeTangandnoneofthemsurvived.
ThatiswhyIonceobservedthattheflourishandperishofthegardensaresignsoftheriseanddeclineofLuoyang.
Furthermore,signsoforderanddisorderoftheworldcanbeseenintheriseanddeclineofLuoyang,andsignsoftheriseanddeclineofLuoyangcanbegaugedintheflourishanddecayofitsgardens.
Sohowcanmywritingofthe"RecordoftheCelebratedGardens"bepointless!
Alas!
Dukes,ministers,andgrandmasters,whileoccupyinghighpositionsatcourt,wouldin-dulgeintheirselfishpleasuresandforgetaboutwhethertheworldisinorderorchaos.
Whentheywanttowithdrawtothosegardenstoenjoythemselves,wouldtheybeabletodoitThatwaswhathappenedwhentheTangstartedtogodownhill.
27LiGefeiwrotehistextaround1098,whenthegardenshedescribedwerestillfullyblossom-ingbeforetheauthor'seyes,aboutthirtyyearsbeforetheinvasionoftheJurchens.
Thehis-toricallessonhestillhadinmindwasthedestructionofthegardensattheendoftheTangdynasty,andhecouldnotknowthatlessthanthirtyyearslaterLuoyangwouldagainbede-stroyed,togetherwithKaifeng,whentheJurchensmadeanendtotheNorthernSong.
Butasascholartrainedinthedoctrineofhistoricalcyclesandconsciousofhistoricalprecedents27SeeLuoyangmingyuanji,18–20("lun").
ThetranslationofthispassageistakenfromYangXiaoshan2004,250f.
204DorotheeSchaab-Hankehemusthaveperceivedthesignalsofdeclineinthemidstoftheflourishingandaccordinglywantedtoalerthisreadertobecomeawareoftheimpendingdanger.
WiththeLuoyangmingyuanjiandthecontextofthepassageinmindthattheauthoroftheDuchengjishengreferstohere,letusthinkoncemoreabouttheDongjingmengHualuandthecircumstancesofitscompilation.
TheworkwhichwasfinalizedmorethantwentyyearsaftertheJurchenshaddestroyedKaifengis,asiswidelyknown,themeticulousdescrip-tionoftheurbanjoysinacityofwhichtherewas,atthetimewhenitwascompiled,merelyapileofshardsleftbehind.
Seeninthislight,theDuchengjishengtext,farfrombeingasimplepropagandatext,seemstohaveusedboththeLuoyangmingyuanjiandtheDongjingmengHualutoconveytohisreaderaseriouswarning,thewarningthatpreciselyduetothefactthattheHangzhouofhisdaywassoflourishingandexactlybecauseithadalreadycometooutweighKaifengasacommercialandculturalcenterbyfar,thedangerofanimpendingdeathwasthere,verymuchasithadbeenpresagedbyLiGefeianddescribedasadreamofthepastbyMengYuanlao.
ClosingremarksIntheend,whatmayhaveeasilybeeninterpretedatfirstsightasnotmorethanasimplepropagandatextdraftedbytheauthoroftheDuchengjishengasaneulogyonHangzhouatcloserreadingturnsouttobeasubtlebutquiteclearwarning:thewarningthatHangzhouinitspresentstageresemblesnotonlyKaifengshortlybeforeithadbeeninvadedbytheJurchens,butalsothattherewasahistoricparallelconcerningthegardensofLuoyangwhichhadalsosufferedsuddendeclinepreciselywhentheyhadreachedtheclimaxoftheirbeauty.
Remarkably,itwasnottheDongjingmengHualuwhichtheauthoroftheDuchengjishengexplicitlymentionedinhispreface,butinsteadtheLuoyangmingyuanji,inthepost-faceofwhichLiGefeiformulatedawarning–awarningforwhichhe,bytheway,lateronearnedthereputationofbeingaprophet,sinceheseemedtosomeashavingpresagedtheendoftheNorthernSong.
VerymuchinthesamewaytheDongjingmengHualu,weknow,waswritteninretrospective,byamanwho,afterthedownfalloftheNorthernSong,dreamtoflifeasithadbeeninKaifengduringthehey-dayofthereignofEmperorHuizong.
Wehavethusnotmerelyone"capitalbehindacapital",butwehaveinfactaseriesofthreecapi-talsemergingonebehindtheother.
Andwhatismore,wedonotonlyhaveone"textbehindthetext",namelytheDongjingmengHualu,lurkingbehindtheDuchengjisheng,butwehave,includingtheLuoyangmingyuanji,threetextsthattheauthoroftheDuchengjisheng–apparentlyveryconsciously–broughtintorelationwitheachother.
Itispreciselythealter-natingoftextpassagesreferredtoandofcontextsbeinglefttotheknowledgeofanattentive–andeducated–readerwhichmakestheauthor'sunderlyingmessagesointrinsic:Byout-wardlyboastingwithHangzhouasthecapitalwhich,attheauthor'slifetimes,outweighednotonlyLuoyangwithitsbeautifulgardensbutalsoKaifengwhichduringitsheydayswaslookeduponbyeverybodyastheprototypeofacapital,butatcloserlookemittingtotheTheCapitalBehindtheCapital205attentivereaderthemessageoftheimpendingdangerofdeclineandloss,theauthoroftheDuchengjishengbecomesrecognizableasbeingoneamongthosewriterswhosubtlycon-cealedintheirwritingamoralisticundertone.
Table1:TerminologyusedtodenoteKaifengandHangzhouintheDuchengjisheng(a)TermsusedintheDuchengjishengtodenoteHangzhouTermsusedNumberofoccurrences"Ducheng"8"Xingdu"6"Duxia"с4"Duren"3Hang2Jingguo1Lin'an1altogether25(b)TermsusedintheDuchengjishengtodenoteKaifengtermsusedNumberofoccurrences"Jingshi"(incl.
compoundsandphrasessuchas"jiuJingshiren",she"Jingshi",zijingshiqi,zaijingshishi,ascontrastedto"jin")15"Kaifengfu"8"Bian"2"Dongjing"1altogether26Table2:TerminologyusedtodenoteKaifengintheDongjingmengHualuTermsusedNumberofoccurrences"Jingshi"9"Kaifengfu"8"Ducheng"(incl.
"Duchengren")4(1)altogether4206DorotheeSchaab-HankeTable3:FeaturesofLifeintheCapitalasRecordedintheDuchengjishengandintheDongjingmengHualuSect.
SectionofDuchengjishengFeaturesofCapitalLifeSectionswithcorrespondingtopicsinDongjingmengHualu01TheMarketPlaces(shijing)BuyingandSelling2.
4,2.
5,2.
6,3.
1,3.
2,3.
3,3.
4,3.
11,3.
12,4.
5,8.
402TheGuilds(zhuhang)BuyingandSelling4.
8,4.
9–4.
12,etc.
03TheWineHouses(jiusi)EatingandDrinking2.
7,2.
8,4.
8,04TheRestaurants(shidian伕)EatingandDrinking2.
7,2.
8,4.
9,etc.
05TheTeahouses(chafang)EatingandDrinking2.
3,2.
6,2.
8,3.
706CateringServices(sisiliuju)VariousServices4.
707AlltheTalentsofthePleasurePrecincts(washichongji)LeisureandPleasure5.
2,7.
3,7.
5,7.
6,7.
8,8.
3,9.
3,10.
1208SocietiesandClubs(shehui)CulturalActivities7.
2,7.
3,7.
709ParksandGardens(yuanyuan)LeisureandPleasure6.
8,7.
8,7.
910Boats(zhouchuan)LeisureandPleasure7.
2,7.
8,7.
911ShopsandStalls(puxi)BuyingandSelling4.
8,4.
9–4.
12,etc.
12TheWarehouses(fangyuan)StorageFacilities1.
5,1.
6(cang,ku),9.
413Gadabouts(xianren)VariousServices2.
8(xianhan),etc.
14TheThreeDoctrinesOut-Of-Town(sanjiaowaidiп)ReligiousServices6.
7,8.
1,8.
9,etc.
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