EOI_INDUCEDivybridge
ivybridge 时间:2021-03-28 阅读:()
MessagePassingWorkloadsinKVMDavidMatlack,dmatlack@google.
com1MessagePassingWorkloadsLoopbackTCP_RRIPIandHLTDISCLAIMER:x86andIntelVT-xHaltPollingInterruptsandquestionsarewelcome!
Overview2Usually,anythingthatfrequentlyswitchesbetweenrunningandidle.
Event-drivenworkloadsMemcacheLAMPserversRedisMultithreadedworkloadsusinglowlatencywait/signalprimitivesforcoordination.
WindowsEventObjectspthread_cond_wait/pthread_cond_signalInter-processcommunicationTCP_RR(benchmark)MessagePassingWorkloads3Intuition:Workloadswhichdon'tinvolveIOvirtualizationshouldrunatnearnativeperformance.
Reality:MessagePassingWorkloadsmaynotinvolveanyIObutwillstillperformnXworsethannative.
(loopback)Memcache:2xhigherlatency.
WindowsEventObjects:3-4xhigherlatency.
MessagePassingWorkloads4MessagePassingWorkloads2.
Receive1bytefromclient.
Send1byteback.
1.
Send1bytetoserver.
3.
Receive1bytefromserver.
Microbenchmark:LoopbackTCP_RRClientandServerping-pong1-byteofdataoveranestablishedTCPconnection.
Loopback:Nonetworkingdevices(realorvirtual)involved.
Performance:Latencyofeachtransaction.
Onetransaction:(idle)(idle)(idle)ClientServer5LoopbackTCP_RRPerformance6Host:IvyBridge3.
11KernelGuest:DebianWheezyBackports(3.
16Kernel)3xhigherlatency25usslowerMessagePassingon1CPUContextSwitchMessagePassingon>1CPUInterprocessor-InterruptsWhat'sgoingonunderthehoodVMEXITsareagoodplacetostartlooking.
KVMhasbuilt-inVMEXITcountersandtimers.
perf-kvm(1)VirtualOverheadsofTCP_RR7VirtualOverheadsofTCP_RRTotalNumberofVMEXITsVMEXITs/Transaction1VCPU2VCPU1VCPU2VCPUEXTERNAL_INTERRUPT16705123710.
020.
07MSR_WRITE259917043340.
009.
58IO_INSTRUCTION17867620.
000.
00EOI_INDUCED613250.
000.
00EXCEPTION_NMI289310.
000.
00CPUID2521120.
000.
00CR_ACCESS1712720.
000.
00HLT343543930.
001.
99EPT_VIOLATION200.
000.
00PAUSE_INSTRUCTION020140.
000.
012HLTperTransaction10MSR_WRITEperTransaction8HLTsofTCP_RR2HLTCPUinstruction.
StopexecutinginstructionsonthisCPUuntilaninterruptarrives.
VCPUwishestostopexecutinginstructions.
GuestOShasdecidedthatthereisnothingtodo.
Nothingtodo==idle.
Messagepassingworkloadsswitchbetweenrunningandidle.
.
.
910MSR_WRITE"WritetoModelSpecificRegister"instructionexecutedintheguest.
8APICTimer"InitialCount"Register(MSR838)Writtentostartaper-CPUtimer.
"Startcountingdownandfireaninterruptwhenyougettozero.
"ArtifactofNOHZguestkernel.
2APICInterruptCommandRegister(MSR830)Usedtosendinterprocessor-interrupts(IPI).
Usedtodeliver"messages"betweenclient/serverprocessesrunningonseparateCPUs.
MSR_WRITEsofTCP_RR10VMEXITsofTCP_RRVMEXITSAPICTimerRegisterAPICInterruptCommandRegister(IPI)HLTclientclientidleserveridleidle1.
Send1bytetoserver.
Waitforresponse.
2.
Receive1bytefromclient.
Send1byteback.
3.
Receive1bytefromserver.
VCPU0VCPU111HLTHLTHLTIPIIPIAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERVMEXITsofTCP_RRVMEXITSAPICTimerRegisterAPICInterruptCommandRegister(IPI)HLTclientclientidleserveridleidle1.
Send1bytetoserver.
Waitforresponse.
2.
Receive1bytefromclient.
Send1byteback.
3.
Receive1bytefromserver.
VCPU0VCPU112HLTHLTHLTIPIIPIAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERCriticalPath8pertransaction4onthecriticalpathNOHZ(ticklessguestkernel)"Disable"scheduler-tickuponenteringidle.
"Enable"scheduler-tickuponleavingidle.
scheduler-tick==APICTimer(couldalsobeTSCDeadlineTimer)Why2writespertransitioninto/outofidlehrtimer_cancelhrtimer_startAdds3-5ustoround-triplatency.
APICTimer"InitialCount"Register13HLT:x86Instruction.
CPUstopsexecutinginstructionsuntilaninterruptarrives.
ThispartofHLTisnotonthecriticalpath!
HowitworksinKVMPlaceVCPUthreadonawaitqueue.
YieldtheCPUtoanotherthread.
HLTkvm_vcpu_block->schedule()VMEXITHLTcontextswitchtoanotherusertask,kernelthread,oridleVCPU(guest)PCPU(KVM)14kvm_sched_outSendinganIPItowakeupaHLT-edCPU.
Onthecriticalpath!
IPI+HLTWRMSR:APICInterruptCommandRegisterkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)guesthostkvm_sched_in*VMEXITandVMRESUMEimplementedinHardware.
time15SendinganIPItowakeupaHLT-edCPU.
Onthecriticalpath!
Sameoperationonbaremetalisentirelyimplementedinhardware.
HowmuchoverheadfromvirtualizationUnlikeAPIC_TMICT,can'tjusttimeVMEXITs.
Wecancomparewiththesameoperationonphysicalhardware.
IPI+HLT16KVMversusHardwareRing0Microbenchmark(kvm-unit-tests)1.
VCPU0:HLT.
2.
~100usdelay3.
VCPU1:A=RDTSC4.
VCPU1:SendIPIto[V]CPU0.
5.
VCPU0:B=RDTSC(firstinstructionofIPIISR).
6.
Latency=B-A7.
Repeat.
RuninKVMguestandonbare-metal.
Compare!
17VMRESUMEWRMSRkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)guesthostkvm_sched_intimeKVMversusHardwareA=RDTSCB=RDTSC18Median:KVMis12xslowerPathologicalcase(witnessed):KVMis400xslowerBestcase(witnessed):KVMis11xslowerKVM:5.
7us;Hardware:0.
5usKVMversusHardwareCyclesKVMHardwareMin137001200Average15800120050%ile14900120090%ile16000130099%ile249001300Max5210001400Host:SandyBridge@2.
6GHz3.
11KernelKVMperformanceissimilaronIvyBridge(5.
6us)andHaswell(4.
9us).
19Notesaboutthisbenchmark:NoguestFPUtosave/restore.
Hostotherwiseidle(VCPUcontextswitchestoidleonHLT).
Hostpowermanagementnottheculprit.
KVMversusHardware20KVMHLTInternalsSoKVMisslowatdeliveringIPIsand/orcomingoutofHLT.
ButwhyPossibleculprits:WRMSRvmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)kvm_sched_intimereturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()kvm_vcpu_kick21VMRESUMEvmx_vcpu_runkvm_vcpu_kickKVMHLTInternalsSoKVMisslowatdeliveringIPIsand/orcomingoutofHLT.
ButwhyPossibleculprits:WRMSRIPIISRVMEXITVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)kvm_sched_intimereturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()22RDTSCRDTSCRDTSCRDTSCRDTSCKVMHLTInternalsWRMSRkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEMin(cycles):400600730032001300VCPU1VCPU0guesthostVT-xKVMSchedulerkvm_sched_in:4924001200850034001400Median(cycles):23Unsurprisingly,theschedulertakessometimetoruntheVCPUSlowevenintheuncontended,cache-hot,case.
ImagineiftheVCPUiscontendingforCPUtimewithotherthreads.
Experiment:Don'tscheduleonHLT.
JustpollfortheIPIinkvm_vcpu_block.
KVMHLTInternals24Whathappenswhenyoudon'tscheduleonHLTKVM(Alwaysschedule)5.
7usKVM(Neverschedule)1.
7usHardware(SandyBridge)0.
5usNeverschedule!
CyclesKVM(Alwaysschedule)KVM(Neverschedule)HardwareMin1380040001200Average158004400120050%ile149004300120090%ile160004500130099%ile2490069001300Max52100050000140025SimilarimprovementsonIvyBridge(5.
6us->1.
6us)Haswell(4.
9us->1.
5us).
Neverschedule!
WRMSRkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEAlwaysschedule:4001200850034001400VCPU1VCPU0guesthostVT-xKVMSchedulerNeverschedule:300130011004001200(mediancycles)26Neverschedule!
WeeliminatealmostallofthelatencyoverheadbynotschedulingonHLT.
Schedulingisoftentherightthingtodo.
LetotherthreadsrunorsavehostCPUpower.
Mostofthetimeimprovesguestperformance(lettheIOthreadsrun!
).
Canhurtperformance.
Seemicrobenchmark.
SeeTCP_RR.
27Halt-PollingStep1:PollForuptoXnanoseconds:IfataskiswaitingtorunonourCPU,gotoStep2.
Checkifaguestinterruptarrived.
Ifso,wearedone.
Repeat.
Step2:schedule()Scheduleoutuntilit'stimetocomeoutofHLT.
Pros:WorksonshortHLTs(Cons:IncreasesCPUusage(~1%foridleVCPUsifX=200,000ns)Doesnotappeartonegativelyaffectturboofactivecores.
28Halt-PollingMemcache:1.
5xlatencyimprovementWindowsEventObjects:2xlatencyimprovementReducemessagepassinglatencyby10-15us(includingnetworklatency).
29Halt-PollingMergedintothe4.
0kernel[PATCH]kvm:addhalt_poll_nsmoduleparameterThankstoPaoloBonziniUsetheKVMmoduleparameterhalt_poll_nstocontrolhowlongtopolloneachHLT.
Futureimprovements:Automaticpolltoggling(removeidleCPUoverheadbyturningpollingoff).
Automatichalt_poll_nsKVMwillset(andvary)halt_poll_nsdynamically.
Howtodothisisanopenquestion.
.
.
ideasLazyContextSwitchingEquivalentfeature,butavailableforanykernelcomponenttouse.
30ConclusionMessagePassingEvenloopbackmessagepassingrequiresvirtualization.
Beingidle(asaLinuxguest)requiresvirtualization.
Cross-CPUcommunicationrequiresvirtualization.
Halt-Pollingsaves10-15usonmessagepassinground-triplatency.
Remaininground-triplatency:4MSRwritestotheAPICtimer(3-5us)IPIsend(~2us)HLTwakeup(evenwithhalt-polling,stilladds~3us!
)31
com1MessagePassingWorkloadsLoopbackTCP_RRIPIandHLTDISCLAIMER:x86andIntelVT-xHaltPollingInterruptsandquestionsarewelcome!
Overview2Usually,anythingthatfrequentlyswitchesbetweenrunningandidle.
Event-drivenworkloadsMemcacheLAMPserversRedisMultithreadedworkloadsusinglowlatencywait/signalprimitivesforcoordination.
WindowsEventObjectspthread_cond_wait/pthread_cond_signalInter-processcommunicationTCP_RR(benchmark)MessagePassingWorkloads3Intuition:Workloadswhichdon'tinvolveIOvirtualizationshouldrunatnearnativeperformance.
Reality:MessagePassingWorkloadsmaynotinvolveanyIObutwillstillperformnXworsethannative.
(loopback)Memcache:2xhigherlatency.
WindowsEventObjects:3-4xhigherlatency.
MessagePassingWorkloads4MessagePassingWorkloads2.
Receive1bytefromclient.
Send1byteback.
1.
Send1bytetoserver.
3.
Receive1bytefromserver.
Microbenchmark:LoopbackTCP_RRClientandServerping-pong1-byteofdataoveranestablishedTCPconnection.
Loopback:Nonetworkingdevices(realorvirtual)involved.
Performance:Latencyofeachtransaction.
Onetransaction:(idle)(idle)(idle)ClientServer5LoopbackTCP_RRPerformance6Host:IvyBridge3.
11KernelGuest:DebianWheezyBackports(3.
16Kernel)3xhigherlatency25usslowerMessagePassingon1CPUContextSwitchMessagePassingon>1CPUInterprocessor-InterruptsWhat'sgoingonunderthehoodVMEXITsareagoodplacetostartlooking.
KVMhasbuilt-inVMEXITcountersandtimers.
perf-kvm(1)VirtualOverheadsofTCP_RR7VirtualOverheadsofTCP_RRTotalNumberofVMEXITsVMEXITs/Transaction1VCPU2VCPU1VCPU2VCPUEXTERNAL_INTERRUPT16705123710.
020.
07MSR_WRITE259917043340.
009.
58IO_INSTRUCTION17867620.
000.
00EOI_INDUCED613250.
000.
00EXCEPTION_NMI289310.
000.
00CPUID2521120.
000.
00CR_ACCESS1712720.
000.
00HLT343543930.
001.
99EPT_VIOLATION200.
000.
00PAUSE_INSTRUCTION020140.
000.
012HLTperTransaction10MSR_WRITEperTransaction8HLTsofTCP_RR2HLTCPUinstruction.
StopexecutinginstructionsonthisCPUuntilaninterruptarrives.
VCPUwishestostopexecutinginstructions.
GuestOShasdecidedthatthereisnothingtodo.
Nothingtodo==idle.
Messagepassingworkloadsswitchbetweenrunningandidle.
.
.
910MSR_WRITE"WritetoModelSpecificRegister"instructionexecutedintheguest.
8APICTimer"InitialCount"Register(MSR838)Writtentostartaper-CPUtimer.
"Startcountingdownandfireaninterruptwhenyougettozero.
"ArtifactofNOHZguestkernel.
2APICInterruptCommandRegister(MSR830)Usedtosendinterprocessor-interrupts(IPI).
Usedtodeliver"messages"betweenclient/serverprocessesrunningonseparateCPUs.
MSR_WRITEsofTCP_RR10VMEXITsofTCP_RRVMEXITSAPICTimerRegisterAPICInterruptCommandRegister(IPI)HLTclientclientidleserveridleidle1.
Send1bytetoserver.
Waitforresponse.
2.
Receive1bytefromclient.
Send1byteback.
3.
Receive1bytefromserver.
VCPU0VCPU111HLTHLTHLTIPIIPIAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERVMEXITsofTCP_RRVMEXITSAPICTimerRegisterAPICInterruptCommandRegister(IPI)HLTclientclientidleserveridleidle1.
Send1bytetoserver.
Waitforresponse.
2.
Receive1bytefromclient.
Send1byteback.
3.
Receive1bytefromserver.
VCPU0VCPU112HLTHLTHLTIPIIPIAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERCriticalPath8pertransaction4onthecriticalpathNOHZ(ticklessguestkernel)"Disable"scheduler-tickuponenteringidle.
"Enable"scheduler-tickuponleavingidle.
scheduler-tick==APICTimer(couldalsobeTSCDeadlineTimer)Why2writespertransitioninto/outofidlehrtimer_cancelhrtimer_startAdds3-5ustoround-triplatency.
APICTimer"InitialCount"Register13HLT:x86Instruction.
CPUstopsexecutinginstructionsuntilaninterruptarrives.
ThispartofHLTisnotonthecriticalpath!
HowitworksinKVMPlaceVCPUthreadonawaitqueue.
YieldtheCPUtoanotherthread.
HLTkvm_vcpu_block->schedule()VMEXITHLTcontextswitchtoanotherusertask,kernelthread,oridleVCPU(guest)PCPU(KVM)14kvm_sched_outSendinganIPItowakeupaHLT-edCPU.
Onthecriticalpath!
IPI+HLTWRMSR:APICInterruptCommandRegisterkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)guesthostkvm_sched_in*VMEXITandVMRESUMEimplementedinHardware.
time15SendinganIPItowakeupaHLT-edCPU.
Onthecriticalpath!
Sameoperationonbaremetalisentirelyimplementedinhardware.
HowmuchoverheadfromvirtualizationUnlikeAPIC_TMICT,can'tjusttimeVMEXITs.
Wecancomparewiththesameoperationonphysicalhardware.
IPI+HLT16KVMversusHardwareRing0Microbenchmark(kvm-unit-tests)1.
VCPU0:HLT.
2.
~100usdelay3.
VCPU1:A=RDTSC4.
VCPU1:SendIPIto[V]CPU0.
5.
VCPU0:B=RDTSC(firstinstructionofIPIISR).
6.
Latency=B-A7.
Repeat.
RuninKVMguestandonbare-metal.
Compare!
17VMRESUMEWRMSRkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)guesthostkvm_sched_intimeKVMversusHardwareA=RDTSCB=RDTSC18Median:KVMis12xslowerPathologicalcase(witnessed):KVMis400xslowerBestcase(witnessed):KVMis11xslowerKVM:5.
7us;Hardware:0.
5usKVMversusHardwareCyclesKVMHardwareMin137001200Average15800120050%ile14900120090%ile16000130099%ile249001300Max5210001400Host:SandyBridge@2.
6GHz3.
11KernelKVMperformanceissimilaronIvyBridge(5.
6us)andHaswell(4.
9us).
19Notesaboutthisbenchmark:NoguestFPUtosave/restore.
Hostotherwiseidle(VCPUcontextswitchestoidleonHLT).
Hostpowermanagementnottheculprit.
KVMversusHardware20KVMHLTInternalsSoKVMisslowatdeliveringIPIsand/orcomingoutofHLT.
ButwhyPossibleculprits:WRMSRvmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)kvm_sched_intimereturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()kvm_vcpu_kick21VMRESUMEvmx_vcpu_runkvm_vcpu_kickKVMHLTInternalsSoKVMisslowatdeliveringIPIsand/orcomingoutofHLT.
ButwhyPossibleculprits:WRMSRIPIISRVMEXITVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)kvm_sched_intimereturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()22RDTSCRDTSCRDTSCRDTSCRDTSCKVMHLTInternalsWRMSRkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEMin(cycles):400600730032001300VCPU1VCPU0guesthostVT-xKVMSchedulerkvm_sched_in:4924001200850034001400Median(cycles):23Unsurprisingly,theschedulertakessometimetoruntheVCPUSlowevenintheuncontended,cache-hot,case.
ImagineiftheVCPUiscontendingforCPUtimewithotherthreads.
Experiment:Don'tscheduleonHLT.
JustpollfortheIPIinkvm_vcpu_block.
KVMHLTInternals24Whathappenswhenyoudon'tscheduleonHLTKVM(Alwaysschedule)5.
7usKVM(Neverschedule)1.
7usHardware(SandyBridge)0.
5usNeverschedule!
CyclesKVM(Alwaysschedule)KVM(Neverschedule)HardwareMin1380040001200Average158004400120050%ile149004300120090%ile160004500130099%ile2490069001300Max52100050000140025SimilarimprovementsonIvyBridge(5.
6us->1.
6us)Haswell(4.
9us->1.
5us).
Neverschedule!
WRMSRkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEAlwaysschedule:4001200850034001400VCPU1VCPU0guesthostVT-xKVMSchedulerNeverschedule:300130011004001200(mediancycles)26Neverschedule!
WeeliminatealmostallofthelatencyoverheadbynotschedulingonHLT.
Schedulingisoftentherightthingtodo.
LetotherthreadsrunorsavehostCPUpower.
Mostofthetimeimprovesguestperformance(lettheIOthreadsrun!
).
Canhurtperformance.
Seemicrobenchmark.
SeeTCP_RR.
27Halt-PollingStep1:PollForuptoXnanoseconds:IfataskiswaitingtorunonourCPU,gotoStep2.
Checkifaguestinterruptarrived.
Ifso,wearedone.
Repeat.
Step2:schedule()Scheduleoutuntilit'stimetocomeoutofHLT.
Pros:WorksonshortHLTs(
28Halt-PollingMemcache:1.
5xlatencyimprovementWindowsEventObjects:2xlatencyimprovementReducemessagepassinglatencyby10-15us(includingnetworklatency).
29Halt-PollingMergedintothe4.
0kernel[PATCH]kvm:addhalt_poll_nsmoduleparameterThankstoPaoloBonziniUsetheKVMmoduleparameterhalt_poll_nstocontrolhowlongtopolloneachHLT.
Futureimprovements:Automaticpolltoggling(removeidleCPUoverheadbyturningpollingoff).
Automatichalt_poll_nsKVMwillset(andvary)halt_poll_nsdynamically.
Howtodothisisanopenquestion.
.
.
ideasLazyContextSwitchingEquivalentfeature,butavailableforanykernelcomponenttouse.
30ConclusionMessagePassingEvenloopbackmessagepassingrequiresvirtualization.
Beingidle(asaLinuxguest)requiresvirtualization.
Cross-CPUcommunicationrequiresvirtualization.
Halt-Pollingsaves10-15usonmessagepassinground-triplatency.
Remaininground-triplatency:4MSRwritestotheAPICtimer(3-5us)IPIsend(~2us)HLTwakeup(evenwithhalt-polling,stilladds~3us!
)31
- EOI_INDUCEDivybridge相关文档
- slightivybridge
- Revivybridge
- 1.0ivybridge
- 采购ivybridge
- Extreme3ivybridge
- subgroupivybridge
DiyVM：50元/月起-双核,2G内存,50G硬盘,香港/日本/洛杉矶机房
DiyVM是一家比较低调的国人主机商，成立于2009年，提供VPS主机和独立服务器租用等产品，其中VPS基于XEN(HVM)架构，数据中心包括香港沙田、美国洛杉矶和日本大阪等，CN2或者直连线路，支持异地备份与自定义镜像，可提供内网IP。本月商家最高提供5折优惠码，优惠后香港沙田CN2线路VPS最低2GB内存套餐每月仅50元起。香港(CN2)VPSCPU：2cores内存：2GB硬盘：50GB/R...
丽萨主机：美国CN2 GIA精品网/KVM/9折,美国原生IP,最低27元/月
丽萨主机怎么样?丽萨主机，团队于2017年成立。成立之初主要做的是 CDN 和域名等相关业务。最近开辟新领域，新增了独立服务器出租、VPS 等业务，为了保证业务质量从一开始就选择了中美之间的 CN2 GIA 国际精品网络，三网回程 CN2 GIA，电信去程 CN2 GIA + BGP 直连智能路由，联通移动去程直连，原生IP。适合对网络要求较高的用户，同时价格也比较亲民。点击进入：丽萨主机官方网站...
Hosteons：洛杉矶/纽约/达拉斯免费升级10Gbps端口,KVM年付21美元起
今年1月的时候Hosteons开始提供1Gbps端口KVM架构VPS，目前商家在LET发布消息，到本月30日之前，用户下单洛杉矶/纽约/达拉斯三个地区机房KVM主机可以从1Gbps免费升级到10Gbps端口，最低年付仅21美元起。Hosteons是一家成立于2018年的国外VPS主机商，主要提供VPS、Hybrid Dedicated Servers及独立服务器租用等，提供IPv4+IPv6，支持...
ivybridge为你推荐
-
安徽汽车网安徽汽车票查询百度关键词工具如何利用百度关键词推荐工具选取关键词www.vtigu.com如图，已知四边形ABCD是平行四边形，下列条件：①AC=BD,②AB=AD，③∠1=∠2④AB⊥BC中，能说明平行四边形bbs2.99nets.com这个"风情东南亚"网站有78kg.cn做网址又用bbs.风情东南亚.cn那么多此一举啊!33tutu.comDnf绝望100鬼泣怎么过javlibrary.comsony home network library官方下载地址javlibrary.com大家有没有在线图书馆WWW。QUESTIA。COM的免费帐号www.dm8.cc有谁知道海贼王最新漫画网址是多少？？梦遗姐昨晚和姐姐和她朋友一起吃晚饭，我们都喝了酒，我迷糊着回到家的，早上我回想起我好像发生关系射过，会不会是我姐姐，如果是这样我怎么办www.xvideos.com请问www.****.com.hk 和www.****.com.cn一样吗？