EOI_INDUCEDivybridge
ivybridge 时间:2021-03-28 阅读:()
MessagePassingWorkloadsinKVMDavidMatlack,dmatlack@google.
com1MessagePassingWorkloadsLoopbackTCP_RRIPIandHLTDISCLAIMER:x86andIntelVT-xHaltPollingInterruptsandquestionsarewelcome!
Overview2Usually,anythingthatfrequentlyswitchesbetweenrunningandidle.
Event-drivenworkloadsMemcacheLAMPserversRedisMultithreadedworkloadsusinglowlatencywait/signalprimitivesforcoordination.
WindowsEventObjectspthread_cond_wait/pthread_cond_signalInter-processcommunicationTCP_RR(benchmark)MessagePassingWorkloads3Intuition:Workloadswhichdon'tinvolveIOvirtualizationshouldrunatnearnativeperformance.
Reality:MessagePassingWorkloadsmaynotinvolveanyIObutwillstillperformnXworsethannative.
(loopback)Memcache:2xhigherlatency.
WindowsEventObjects:3-4xhigherlatency.
MessagePassingWorkloads4MessagePassingWorkloads2.
Receive1bytefromclient.
Send1byteback.
1.
Send1bytetoserver.
3.
Receive1bytefromserver.
Microbenchmark:LoopbackTCP_RRClientandServerping-pong1-byteofdataoveranestablishedTCPconnection.
Loopback:Nonetworkingdevices(realorvirtual)involved.
Performance:Latencyofeachtransaction.
Onetransaction:(idle)(idle)(idle)ClientServer5LoopbackTCP_RRPerformance6Host:IvyBridge3.
11KernelGuest:DebianWheezyBackports(3.
16Kernel)3xhigherlatency25usslowerMessagePassingon1CPUContextSwitchMessagePassingon>1CPUInterprocessor-InterruptsWhat'sgoingonunderthehoodVMEXITsareagoodplacetostartlooking.
KVMhasbuilt-inVMEXITcountersandtimers.
perf-kvm(1)VirtualOverheadsofTCP_RR7VirtualOverheadsofTCP_RRTotalNumberofVMEXITsVMEXITs/Transaction1VCPU2VCPU1VCPU2VCPUEXTERNAL_INTERRUPT16705123710.
020.
07MSR_WRITE259917043340.
009.
58IO_INSTRUCTION17867620.
000.
00EOI_INDUCED613250.
000.
00EXCEPTION_NMI289310.
000.
00CPUID2521120.
000.
00CR_ACCESS1712720.
000.
00HLT343543930.
001.
99EPT_VIOLATION200.
000.
00PAUSE_INSTRUCTION020140.
000.
012HLTperTransaction10MSR_WRITEperTransaction8HLTsofTCP_RR2HLTCPUinstruction.
StopexecutinginstructionsonthisCPUuntilaninterruptarrives.
VCPUwishestostopexecutinginstructions.
GuestOShasdecidedthatthereisnothingtodo.
Nothingtodo==idle.
Messagepassingworkloadsswitchbetweenrunningandidle.
.
.
910MSR_WRITE"WritetoModelSpecificRegister"instructionexecutedintheguest.
8APICTimer"InitialCount"Register(MSR838)Writtentostartaper-CPUtimer.
"Startcountingdownandfireaninterruptwhenyougettozero.
"ArtifactofNOHZguestkernel.
2APICInterruptCommandRegister(MSR830)Usedtosendinterprocessor-interrupts(IPI).
Usedtodeliver"messages"betweenclient/serverprocessesrunningonseparateCPUs.
MSR_WRITEsofTCP_RR10VMEXITsofTCP_RRVMEXITSAPICTimerRegisterAPICInterruptCommandRegister(IPI)HLTclientclientidleserveridleidle1.
Send1bytetoserver.
Waitforresponse.
2.
Receive1bytefromclient.
Send1byteback.
3.
Receive1bytefromserver.
VCPU0VCPU111HLTHLTHLTIPIIPIAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERVMEXITsofTCP_RRVMEXITSAPICTimerRegisterAPICInterruptCommandRegister(IPI)HLTclientclientidleserveridleidle1.
Send1bytetoserver.
Waitforresponse.
2.
Receive1bytefromclient.
Send1byteback.
3.
Receive1bytefromserver.
VCPU0VCPU112HLTHLTHLTIPIIPIAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERCriticalPath8pertransaction4onthecriticalpathNOHZ(ticklessguestkernel)"Disable"scheduler-tickuponenteringidle.
"Enable"scheduler-tickuponleavingidle.
scheduler-tick==APICTimer(couldalsobeTSCDeadlineTimer)Why2writespertransitioninto/outofidlehrtimer_cancelhrtimer_startAdds3-5ustoround-triplatency.
APICTimer"InitialCount"Register13HLT:x86Instruction.
CPUstopsexecutinginstructionsuntilaninterruptarrives.
ThispartofHLTisnotonthecriticalpath!
HowitworksinKVMPlaceVCPUthreadonawaitqueue.
YieldtheCPUtoanotherthread.
HLTkvm_vcpu_block->schedule()VMEXITHLTcontextswitchtoanotherusertask,kernelthread,oridleVCPU(guest)PCPU(KVM)14kvm_sched_outSendinganIPItowakeupaHLT-edCPU.
Onthecriticalpath!
IPI+HLTWRMSR:APICInterruptCommandRegisterkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)guesthostkvm_sched_in*VMEXITandVMRESUMEimplementedinHardware.
time15SendinganIPItowakeupaHLT-edCPU.
Onthecriticalpath!
Sameoperationonbaremetalisentirelyimplementedinhardware.
HowmuchoverheadfromvirtualizationUnlikeAPIC_TMICT,can'tjusttimeVMEXITs.
Wecancomparewiththesameoperationonphysicalhardware.
IPI+HLT16KVMversusHardwareRing0Microbenchmark(kvm-unit-tests)1.
VCPU0:HLT.
2.
~100usdelay3.
VCPU1:A=RDTSC4.
VCPU1:SendIPIto[V]CPU0.
5.
VCPU0:B=RDTSC(firstinstructionofIPIISR).
6.
Latency=B-A7.
Repeat.
RuninKVMguestandonbare-metal.
Compare!
17VMRESUMEWRMSRkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)guesthostkvm_sched_intimeKVMversusHardwareA=RDTSCB=RDTSC18Median:KVMis12xslowerPathologicalcase(witnessed):KVMis400xslowerBestcase(witnessed):KVMis11xslowerKVM:5.
7us;Hardware:0.
5usKVMversusHardwareCyclesKVMHardwareMin137001200Average15800120050%ile14900120090%ile16000130099%ile249001300Max5210001400Host:SandyBridge@2.
6GHz3.
11KernelKVMperformanceissimilaronIvyBridge(5.
6us)andHaswell(4.
9us).
19Notesaboutthisbenchmark:NoguestFPUtosave/restore.
Hostotherwiseidle(VCPUcontextswitchestoidleonHLT).
Hostpowermanagementnottheculprit.
KVMversusHardware20KVMHLTInternalsSoKVMisslowatdeliveringIPIsand/orcomingoutofHLT.
ButwhyPossibleculprits:WRMSRvmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)kvm_sched_intimereturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()kvm_vcpu_kick21VMRESUMEvmx_vcpu_runkvm_vcpu_kickKVMHLTInternalsSoKVMisslowatdeliveringIPIsand/orcomingoutofHLT.
ButwhyPossibleculprits:WRMSRIPIISRVMEXITVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)kvm_sched_intimereturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()22RDTSCRDTSCRDTSCRDTSCRDTSCKVMHLTInternalsWRMSRkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEMin(cycles):400600730032001300VCPU1VCPU0guesthostVT-xKVMSchedulerkvm_sched_in:4924001200850034001400Median(cycles):23Unsurprisingly,theschedulertakessometimetoruntheVCPUSlowevenintheuncontended,cache-hot,case.
ImagineiftheVCPUiscontendingforCPUtimewithotherthreads.
Experiment:Don'tscheduleonHLT.
JustpollfortheIPIinkvm_vcpu_block.
KVMHLTInternals24Whathappenswhenyoudon'tscheduleonHLTKVM(Alwaysschedule)5.
7usKVM(Neverschedule)1.
7usHardware(SandyBridge)0.
5usNeverschedule!
CyclesKVM(Alwaysschedule)KVM(Neverschedule)HardwareMin1380040001200Average158004400120050%ile149004300120090%ile160004500130099%ile2490069001300Max52100050000140025SimilarimprovementsonIvyBridge(5.
6us->1.
6us)Haswell(4.
9us->1.
5us).
Neverschedule!
WRMSRkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEAlwaysschedule:4001200850034001400VCPU1VCPU0guesthostVT-xKVMSchedulerNeverschedule:300130011004001200(mediancycles)26Neverschedule!
WeeliminatealmostallofthelatencyoverheadbynotschedulingonHLT.
Schedulingisoftentherightthingtodo.
LetotherthreadsrunorsavehostCPUpower.
Mostofthetimeimprovesguestperformance(lettheIOthreadsrun!
).
Canhurtperformance.
Seemicrobenchmark.
SeeTCP_RR.
27Halt-PollingStep1:PollForuptoXnanoseconds:IfataskiswaitingtorunonourCPU,gotoStep2.
Checkifaguestinterruptarrived.
Ifso,wearedone.
Repeat.
Step2:schedule()Scheduleoutuntilit'stimetocomeoutofHLT.
Pros:WorksonshortHLTs(Cons:IncreasesCPUusage(~1%foridleVCPUsifX=200,000ns)Doesnotappeartonegativelyaffectturboofactivecores.
28Halt-PollingMemcache:1.
5xlatencyimprovementWindowsEventObjects:2xlatencyimprovementReducemessagepassinglatencyby10-15us(includingnetworklatency).
29Halt-PollingMergedintothe4.
0kernel[PATCH]kvm:addhalt_poll_nsmoduleparameterThankstoPaoloBonziniUsetheKVMmoduleparameterhalt_poll_nstocontrolhowlongtopolloneachHLT.
Futureimprovements:Automaticpolltoggling(removeidleCPUoverheadbyturningpollingoff).
Automatichalt_poll_nsKVMwillset(andvary)halt_poll_nsdynamically.
Howtodothisisanopenquestion.
.
.
ideasLazyContextSwitchingEquivalentfeature,butavailableforanykernelcomponenttouse.
30ConclusionMessagePassingEvenloopbackmessagepassingrequiresvirtualization.
Beingidle(asaLinuxguest)requiresvirtualization.
Cross-CPUcommunicationrequiresvirtualization.
Halt-Pollingsaves10-15usonmessagepassinground-triplatency.
Remaininground-triplatency:4MSRwritestotheAPICtimer(3-5us)IPIsend(~2us)HLTwakeup(evenwithhalt-polling,stilladds~3us!
)31
com1MessagePassingWorkloadsLoopbackTCP_RRIPIandHLTDISCLAIMER:x86andIntelVT-xHaltPollingInterruptsandquestionsarewelcome!
Overview2Usually,anythingthatfrequentlyswitchesbetweenrunningandidle.
Event-drivenworkloadsMemcacheLAMPserversRedisMultithreadedworkloadsusinglowlatencywait/signalprimitivesforcoordination.
WindowsEventObjectspthread_cond_wait/pthread_cond_signalInter-processcommunicationTCP_RR(benchmark)MessagePassingWorkloads3Intuition:Workloadswhichdon'tinvolveIOvirtualizationshouldrunatnearnativeperformance.
Reality:MessagePassingWorkloadsmaynotinvolveanyIObutwillstillperformnXworsethannative.
(loopback)Memcache:2xhigherlatency.
WindowsEventObjects:3-4xhigherlatency.
MessagePassingWorkloads4MessagePassingWorkloads2.
Receive1bytefromclient.
Send1byteback.
1.
Send1bytetoserver.
3.
Receive1bytefromserver.
Microbenchmark:LoopbackTCP_RRClientandServerping-pong1-byteofdataoveranestablishedTCPconnection.
Loopback:Nonetworkingdevices(realorvirtual)involved.
Performance:Latencyofeachtransaction.
Onetransaction:(idle)(idle)(idle)ClientServer5LoopbackTCP_RRPerformance6Host:IvyBridge3.
11KernelGuest:DebianWheezyBackports(3.
16Kernel)3xhigherlatency25usslowerMessagePassingon1CPUContextSwitchMessagePassingon>1CPUInterprocessor-InterruptsWhat'sgoingonunderthehoodVMEXITsareagoodplacetostartlooking.
KVMhasbuilt-inVMEXITcountersandtimers.
perf-kvm(1)VirtualOverheadsofTCP_RR7VirtualOverheadsofTCP_RRTotalNumberofVMEXITsVMEXITs/Transaction1VCPU2VCPU1VCPU2VCPUEXTERNAL_INTERRUPT16705123710.
020.
07MSR_WRITE259917043340.
009.
58IO_INSTRUCTION17867620.
000.
00EOI_INDUCED613250.
000.
00EXCEPTION_NMI289310.
000.
00CPUID2521120.
000.
00CR_ACCESS1712720.
000.
00HLT343543930.
001.
99EPT_VIOLATION200.
000.
00PAUSE_INSTRUCTION020140.
000.
012HLTperTransaction10MSR_WRITEperTransaction8HLTsofTCP_RR2HLTCPUinstruction.
StopexecutinginstructionsonthisCPUuntilaninterruptarrives.
VCPUwishestostopexecutinginstructions.
GuestOShasdecidedthatthereisnothingtodo.
Nothingtodo==idle.
Messagepassingworkloadsswitchbetweenrunningandidle.
.
.
910MSR_WRITE"WritetoModelSpecificRegister"instructionexecutedintheguest.
8APICTimer"InitialCount"Register(MSR838)Writtentostartaper-CPUtimer.
"Startcountingdownandfireaninterruptwhenyougettozero.
"ArtifactofNOHZguestkernel.
2APICInterruptCommandRegister(MSR830)Usedtosendinterprocessor-interrupts(IPI).
Usedtodeliver"messages"betweenclient/serverprocessesrunningonseparateCPUs.
MSR_WRITEsofTCP_RR10VMEXITsofTCP_RRVMEXITSAPICTimerRegisterAPICInterruptCommandRegister(IPI)HLTclientclientidleserveridleidle1.
Send1bytetoserver.
Waitforresponse.
2.
Receive1bytefromclient.
Send1byteback.
3.
Receive1bytefromserver.
VCPU0VCPU111HLTHLTHLTIPIIPIAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERVMEXITsofTCP_RRVMEXITSAPICTimerRegisterAPICInterruptCommandRegister(IPI)HLTclientclientidleserveridleidle1.
Send1bytetoserver.
Waitforresponse.
2.
Receive1bytefromclient.
Send1byteback.
3.
Receive1bytefromserver.
VCPU0VCPU112HLTHLTHLTIPIIPIAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERAPICTIMERCriticalPath8pertransaction4onthecriticalpathNOHZ(ticklessguestkernel)"Disable"scheduler-tickuponenteringidle.
"Enable"scheduler-tickuponleavingidle.
scheduler-tick==APICTimer(couldalsobeTSCDeadlineTimer)Why2writespertransitioninto/outofidlehrtimer_cancelhrtimer_startAdds3-5ustoround-triplatency.
APICTimer"InitialCount"Register13HLT:x86Instruction.
CPUstopsexecutinginstructionsuntilaninterruptarrives.
ThispartofHLTisnotonthecriticalpath!
HowitworksinKVMPlaceVCPUthreadonawaitqueue.
YieldtheCPUtoanotherthread.
HLTkvm_vcpu_block->schedule()VMEXITHLTcontextswitchtoanotherusertask,kernelthread,oridleVCPU(guest)PCPU(KVM)14kvm_sched_outSendinganIPItowakeupaHLT-edCPU.
Onthecriticalpath!
IPI+HLTWRMSR:APICInterruptCommandRegisterkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)guesthostkvm_sched_in*VMEXITandVMRESUMEimplementedinHardware.
time15SendinganIPItowakeupaHLT-edCPU.
Onthecriticalpath!
Sameoperationonbaremetalisentirelyimplementedinhardware.
HowmuchoverheadfromvirtualizationUnlikeAPIC_TMICT,can'tjusttimeVMEXITs.
Wecancomparewiththesameoperationonphysicalhardware.
IPI+HLT16KVMversusHardwareRing0Microbenchmark(kvm-unit-tests)1.
VCPU0:HLT.
2.
~100usdelay3.
VCPU1:A=RDTSC4.
VCPU1:SendIPIto[V]CPU0.
5.
VCPU0:B=RDTSC(firstinstructionofIPIISR).
6.
Latency=B-A7.
Repeat.
RuninKVMguestandonbare-metal.
Compare!
17VMRESUMEWRMSRkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)guesthostkvm_sched_intimeKVMversusHardwareA=RDTSCB=RDTSC18Median:KVMis12xslowerPathologicalcase(witnessed):KVMis400xslowerBestcase(witnessed):KVMis11xslowerKVM:5.
7us;Hardware:0.
5usKVMversusHardwareCyclesKVMHardwareMin137001200Average15800120050%ile14900120090%ile16000130099%ile249001300Max5210001400Host:SandyBridge@2.
6GHz3.
11KernelKVMperformanceissimilaronIvyBridge(5.
6us)andHaswell(4.
9us).
19Notesaboutthisbenchmark:NoguestFPUtosave/restore.
Hostotherwiseidle(VCPUcontextswitchestoidleonHLT).
Hostpowermanagementnottheculprit.
KVMversusHardware20KVMHLTInternalsSoKVMisslowatdeliveringIPIsand/orcomingoutofHLT.
ButwhyPossibleculprits:WRMSRvmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)kvm_sched_intimereturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()kvm_vcpu_kick21VMRESUMEvmx_vcpu_runkvm_vcpu_kickKVMHLTInternalsSoKVMisslowatdeliveringIPIsand/orcomingoutofHLT.
ButwhyPossibleculprits:WRMSRIPIISRVMEXITVCPU1VCPU0(HLT-ed)kvm_sched_intimereturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()22RDTSCRDTSCRDTSCRDTSCRDTSCKVMHLTInternalsWRMSRkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEMin(cycles):400600730032001300VCPU1VCPU0guesthostVT-xKVMSchedulerkvm_sched_in:4924001200850034001400Median(cycles):23Unsurprisingly,theschedulertakessometimetoruntheVCPUSlowevenintheuncontended,cache-hot,case.
ImagineiftheVCPUiscontendingforCPUtimewithotherthreads.
Experiment:Don'tscheduleonHLT.
JustpollfortheIPIinkvm_vcpu_block.
KVMHLTInternals24Whathappenswhenyoudon'tscheduleonHLTKVM(Alwaysschedule)5.
7usKVM(Neverschedule)1.
7usHardware(SandyBridge)0.
5usNeverschedule!
CyclesKVM(Alwaysschedule)KVM(Neverschedule)HardwareMin1380040001200Average158004400120050%ile149004300120090%ile160004500130099%ile2490069001300Max52100050000140025SimilarimprovementsonIvyBridge(5.
6us->1.
6us)Haswell(4.
9us->1.
5us).
Neverschedule!
WRMSRkvm_vcpu_kickreturnfromschedule()inkvm_vcpu_block()vmx_vcpu_runIPIISRVMEXITVMRESUMEAlwaysschedule:4001200850034001400VCPU1VCPU0guesthostVT-xKVMSchedulerNeverschedule:300130011004001200(mediancycles)26Neverschedule!
WeeliminatealmostallofthelatencyoverheadbynotschedulingonHLT.
Schedulingisoftentherightthingtodo.
LetotherthreadsrunorsavehostCPUpower.
Mostofthetimeimprovesguestperformance(lettheIOthreadsrun!
).
Canhurtperformance.
Seemicrobenchmark.
SeeTCP_RR.
27Halt-PollingStep1:PollForuptoXnanoseconds:IfataskiswaitingtorunonourCPU,gotoStep2.
Checkifaguestinterruptarrived.
Ifso,wearedone.
Repeat.
Step2:schedule()Scheduleoutuntilit'stimetocomeoutofHLT.
Pros:WorksonshortHLTs(
28Halt-PollingMemcache:1.
5xlatencyimprovementWindowsEventObjects:2xlatencyimprovementReducemessagepassinglatencyby10-15us(includingnetworklatency).
29Halt-PollingMergedintothe4.
0kernel[PATCH]kvm:addhalt_poll_nsmoduleparameterThankstoPaoloBonziniUsetheKVMmoduleparameterhalt_poll_nstocontrolhowlongtopolloneachHLT.
Futureimprovements:Automaticpolltoggling(removeidleCPUoverheadbyturningpollingoff).
Automatichalt_poll_nsKVMwillset(andvary)halt_poll_nsdynamically.
Howtodothisisanopenquestion.
.
.
ideasLazyContextSwitchingEquivalentfeature,butavailableforanykernelcomponenttouse.
30ConclusionMessagePassingEvenloopbackmessagepassingrequiresvirtualization.
Beingidle(asaLinuxguest)requiresvirtualization.
Cross-CPUcommunicationrequiresvirtualization.
Halt-Pollingsaves10-15usonmessagepassinground-triplatency.
Remaininground-triplatency:4MSRwritestotheAPICtimer(3-5us)IPIsend(~2us)HLTwakeup(evenwithhalt-polling,stilladds~3us!
)31
- EOI_INDUCEDivybridge相关文档
- slightivybridge
- Revivybridge
- 1.0ivybridge
- 采购ivybridge
- Extreme3ivybridge
- subgroupivybridge
JUSTG（5.99美元/月）最新5折优惠，KVM虚拟虚拟512Mkvm路线
Justg是一家俄罗斯VPS云服务器提供商，主要提供南非地区的VPS服务器产品，CN2高质量线路网络，100Mbps带宽，自带一个IPv4和8个IPv6，线路质量还不错，主要是用户较少，带宽使用率不高，比较空闲，不拥挤，比较适合面向非洲、欧美的用户业务需求，也适合追求速度快又需要冷门的朋友。justg的俄罗斯VPS云服务器位于莫斯科机房，到美国和中国速度都非常不错，到欧洲的平均延迟时间为40毫秒，...
CloudCone：$14/年KVM-512MB/10GB/3TB/洛杉矶机房
CloudCone发布了2021年的闪售活动，提供了几款年付VPS套餐，基于KVM架构，采用Intel® Xeon® Silver 4214 or Xeon® E5s CPU及SSD硬盘组RAID10，最低每年14.02美元起，支持PayPal或者支付宝付款。这是一家成立于2017年的国外VPS主机商，提供VPS和独立服务器租用，数据中心为美国洛杉矶MC机房。下面列出几款年付套餐配置信息。CPU：...
CYUN(29元/月)美国、香港、台湾、日本、韩国CN2,续费原价
关于CYUN商家在之前有介绍过一次，CYUN是香港蓝米数据有限公司旗下的云计算服务品牌，和蓝米云、蓝米主机等同属该公司。商家主要是为个人开发者用户、中小型、大型企业用户提供一站式核心网络云端部署服务，促使用户云端部署化简为零，轻松快捷运用云计算。目前，CYUN主要运营美国、香港、台湾、日本、韩国CN2线路产品，包括云服务器、站群服务器和独立服务器等。这次看到CYUN夏季优惠活动发布了，依然是熟悉的...
ivybridge为你推荐
-
冯媛甑尸城女主角叫什么名字同ip域名不同的几个ip怎样和同一个域名对应上同一ip网站同一个IP不同的30个网站，是不是在一个服务器上呢？百度关键词分析百度竞价关键词分析需要从哪些数据入手？www.xvideos.com请问www.****.com.hk 和www.****.com.cn一样吗？官人放题求日本放题系列电影，要全集越多越好，求给力bihaiyinsha谁知道长葛洗浴中心如何消费?达林赞雅请问达林赞雅还有没有一首比peerless还好听的歌？522av.comwww可a67亲com赏美艳新影恋战千年关于苏打绿的《迟到千年》