applications76aav.com

Index423Index423AAV,seeAdeno-associatedvirusAbscess,magneticresonancespectroscopy,83Acousticneuroma,seealsoBraintumor,neuroendoscopy,347stereotacticradiosurgery,237–241Adeno-associatedvirus(AAV),genetherapyvectorforglioma,275Adenovirus,genetherapyvectorforglioma,270–272,274oncolyticvirusforcancertreatment,283,291ALIF,seeAnteriorlumbarinterbodyfusionAneurysm,endovascularcoiling,seeGuglielmide-tachablecoilendovasculartreatmentadvances,coilcoatings,166Onyxembolicagent,166localizationintreatmentmodalityselec-tion,middlecerebralartery,155posteriorcirculation,153,155microsurgery,332,333neurovascularclippingcomparisonwithendovascularcoiling,151–153,334,335parentvesselocclusioninmanagement,165,166stentangioplasty,seeStentangioplastywideneckaneurysmtreatment,balloonremodeling,161,163stent-assistedcoilembolization,163three-dimensionalGuglielmidetach-ablecoils,165Trispandevice,165Angiogenesis,cancergenetherapytargeting,276Angioplasty,seeStentangioplastyAnteriorlumbarinterbodyfusion(ALIF),laparoscopictechnique,369–371mini-opentechnique,369overview,369Arteriovenousmalformation(AVM),duralarteriovenousmalformationman-agement,338embolization,agents,N-butylcyanoacrylate,190classification,190,191neuracrylM,192,193Onyx,190–192polyvinylalcohol,190caseillustration,198catheters,193,194complicationmanagement,197,198historicalperspective,187,188,336indications,188,189outcomes,198radiosurgerypatients,188,189rationale,188,336,337risks,188,189technique,N-butylcyanoacrylateembolization,195–197catheterplacement,195generalanesthesiaversusawaketesting,194,195heparinbolus,195neurologicalexamination,195pedicleassessment,194imageguidanceintreatment,331microsurgery,335,336stereotacticradiosurgery,doseselection,231outcomes,233–237,337,338stereotacticimageacquisition,229,230424IndexAtherosclerosis,intracranial,angioplasty,seeStentangioplastyrisk,175,176sites,176strokerisk,176AVM,seeArteriovenousmalformationBMP,seeBonemorphogeneticproteinBOLDimaging,seeFunctionalmagneticresonanceimagingBonemorphogeneticprotein(BMP),utiliza-tioninspinesurgery,375Braintumor,endoscopicsurgery,seeNeuroendoscopygenetherapy,seeGenetherapyimaging,seespecifictechniquesintra-arterialchemotherapy,199,200intraoperativeimaging,seeImage-guidedsurgery;Intraoperativemagneticresonanceimagingmagneticresonanceimaging-guidedthermaltherapy,energydeliverycontrol,262,263focusedultrasoundtherapy,264,265interstitiallasertherapy,263,264prospects,265,266rationale,261,262magneticresonancespectroscopy,78,79,83minimallyinvasivesurgery,minimaldisruption,345,346prospects,350pediatricneurosurgery,323,325pedicleembolizationfortumordevascu-larization,embolicagentselection,201,202indications,200,201,203meningiomacasestudy,203–205preoperativeassessment,200,201surgerytimingafterembolization,203stereotacticradiosurgery,benigntumoroutcomes,acousticneuroma,237–241meningioma,242–246nonacousticschwannomas,241,242doseselection,231malignantbraintumoroutcomes,gliomas,248,251,252metastasis,247–250stereotacticimageacquisition,230surgicalincisionsize,347N-Butylcyanoacrylate(NBCA),arterio-venousmalformationemboliza-tion,190,195–197Carotidcavernousfistula(CCF),manage-ment,340,341Carpaltunnelsyndrome(CTS),endoscopicrelease,anatomy,387,387anesthesia,388,389complications,397,398equipment,389outcomes,386,395,397,398patientselection,398singleversusbiportaltechniques,386technique,388–394historyofstudy,385opensurgerymanagement,385Cavernousmalformations,management,338–340CCF,seeCarotidcavernousfistulaCED,seeConvectionenhanceddeliveryCentralnervoussystemdrugdelivery,blood–brainbarrier,297,298convectionenhanceddelivery,clinicalapplications,309–311principles,307–309prospects,311directinjection,clinicalapplications,301,302intraparenchymalinjection,299,300intrathecaldelivery,299technology,300,301intra-arterialchemotherapy,199,200localdeliveryadvantages,297–299polymerimplantation,clinicalapplications,305–307materials,304principles,302–305Cerebralperfusionimaging,computedtomography,408,409functionalmagneticresonanceimaging,cerebralbloodvolumemapconstruc-tion,47contrastagents,47limitations,48,49,96pulsesequences,48single-photonemissioncomputedtomog-raphy,408,409Index425CiagliaBlueRhinoPercutaneousTracheo-stomyIntroducerSet,percutane-ousdilatationaltracheostomy,413–415Codmandevice,braintissueoxygenmoni-toring,408Computedtomography(CT),Brown-Roberts-Wellssystem,114guidance,seeImage-guidedsurgeryintraoperativeimaging,116,129neuroendoscopypatientevaluation,7perfusionimagingintraumaticbraininjury,408,409stereotacticradiosurgeryplanning,230Convectionenhanceddelivery(CED),clinicalapplications,309–311principles,307–309prospects,311Craniosynostosis,pediatricneurosurgery,325,326CT,seeComputedtomographyCTS,seeCarpaltunnelsyndromeCyberKnife,seeStereotacticradiosurgeryCyclophosphamide,CYP2B1/cyclophos-phamidesystemforcancergenetherapy,281,282Diffusiontensorimaging(DTI),whitemat-ter,104,105Discectomy,microendoscopicdiscectomy,356–358microsurgicaldiscectomy,355percutaneousendoscopiclumbardiscectomy,356,357thoracoscopy,367Drugdelivery,seeCentralnervoussystemdrugdeliveryDTI,seeDiffusiontensorimagingECS,seeElectrocorticalstimulationEGFR,seeEpidermalgrowthfactorreceptorElectrocorticalstimulation(ECS),brainfunctionmapping,88,89epilepsymapping,90extraoperativeelectrodes,90technique,89Embolization,seeArteriovenousmalforma-tion;BraintumorEndoscopy,seeCarpaltunnelsyndrome;Neuroendoscopy;ThoracoscopyEndovascularcoiling,seeAneurysm;GuglielmidetachablecoilEpidermalgrowthfactorreceptor(EGFR),cancergenetherapytargeting,276Epilepsy,seeSeizure5-Fluorocytosine,cytosinedeaminase/5-fluorocytosinesystemforcancergenetherapy,280,281fMRI,seeFunctionalmagneticresonanceimagingFocusedultrasoundtherapy(FUS),mag-neticresonanceimaging-guidedthermaltherapyforbraintu-mors,264,265Functionalmagneticresonanceimaging(fMRI),activationtasks,95,99,100advantages,97applications,languagestudies,101,102memorystudies,103,104motorandsomatosensorycortexim-aging,100,101visualcorteximaging,101BOLDimaging,95,96,99challenges,97–99instrumentation,96interpretation,97intraoperativeimaging,123perfusionimaging,cerebralbloodvolumemapconstruc-tion,47contrastagents,47limitations,48,49,96pulsesequences,48prospects,105FUS,seeFocusedultrasoundtherapyGammaKnife,seeStereotacticradiosurgeryGanciclovir,herpessimplexvirusthymidinekinase/ganciclovirsystemforcancergenetherapy,277–280,285,286,288–290Gastrostomy,seePercutaneousgastrostomyGDC,seeGuglielmidetachablecoilGenetherapy,cancer,braintumorclinicaltrials,285–291426Indexenzyme/prodrugsystems,CYP2B1/cyclophosphamide,281,282cytosinedeaminase/5-fluorocytosine,280,281herpessimplexvirusthymidinekinase/ganciclovir,277–280,285,286,288–290indications,269,270oncolyticviruses,adenovirus,283,291herpessimplexvirus,283–285poliovirus,285reovirus,283targets,angiogenesisgenes,276drugresistancegenes,277epidermalgrowthfactorreceptorgene,276immuneresponsemodifyinggenes,276,277p53,275injection,302prospects,291therapeuticwindow,270,271vectorsforgliomas,adeno-associatedvirus,275adenovirus,270–272,274comparisonoftypes,272,273herpesvirus,274,275retrovirus,272Glioma,seeBraintumorGuglielmidetachablecoil(GDC),aneurysmlocalizationintreatmentmo-dalityselection,middlecerebralartery,155posteriorcirculation,153,155aneurysmoutcomes,recurrence,161remnants,159–161anticoagulation,157coilfeatures,157complications,aneurysmrupture,158,159coilherniationintoparentvessel,159thromboembolism,159hemodynamiceffects,157histopathologicresponse,155–157historicalperspective,151,333,334indications,151learningcurve,166,167limitations,334neurovascularclippingcomparisontrials,151–153,334,335technique,157,158three-dimensionalcoils,165Hematoma,magneticresonanceimaging,57–62Hemifacialspasm,radiofrequencylesioning,221Herpessimplexvirus,oncolyticvirusforcancertreatment,283–285Herpesvirus,genetherapyvectorsforglioma,274,275Hydrocephalus,endoscopy,319–321shuntimplantation,322,323thirdventriculostomy,321,322IAT,seeIntracarotidamytaltestICP,seeIntracranialpressureILT,seeInterstitiallasertherapyImage-guidedsurgery,comparisonofsystems,347,348functionalimaging,122–124historicalperspective,114,117,118information-guidedtherapy,125invasivenessminimization,114registration,computedtomographyvirtualradio-graphs,118,11computerpower,115,116fiducials,117,118intraoperativeimaging,116,117overview,114,115therapeuticintervention,124–127tracking,117visualizationoflesions,119–122Interstitiallasertherapy(ILT),magneticresonanceimaging-guidedther-maltherapyforbraintumors,263,264Intracarotidamytaltest(IAT),complications,88languagedominanceevaluation,88limitations,88memorycompetenceassessment,88Index427Intracranialpressure(ICP),monitoringinintensivecareunit,epidural,subarachnoid,andsubduraldevices,404,405externalventriculardrainage,402,404parenchymaldevices,402Intraoperativemagneticresonanceimaging,seealsoImage-guidedsurgery,advantagesovercomputedtomography,116,129functionalneuronavigation,130high-fieldimaging,clinicalexperience,140–142operatingroomsetup,138–140rationale,138,142historicalperspective,129,130,138,349instrumentation,116,129,130low-fieldimaging,clinicalexperience,catheterandelectrodeplacement,137,138epilepsysurgery,137gliomasurgery,135–137timedelays,134transsphenoidalprocedures,134,135operatingroomsetup,131–135scanners,130,131prospects,141–145,349spinesurgery,377tumorremovalverification,349Intraparenchymalinjection,drugs,299,300Intrathecaldelivery,drugs,299Jugularvenoussaturation,monitoringinintensivecareunit,408k-space,magneticresonanceimaging,21–24Kyphoplasty,bonemetastasismanagement,372,374opentechnique,374osteoporosiscompressionfractureman-agement,372percutaneouskyphoplasty,371,372,374prospects,374Larmorfrequency,magneticresonanceimaging,17Licoxdevice,braintissueoxygenmonitor-ing,406,408LINACradiosurgery,seeStereotacticradio-surgeryMagneticresonanceimaging(MRI),seealsoFunctionalmagneticreso-nanceimaging,aliasing,50,52applications,imagingoutsidebrain,63,65prospects,65,67,71seizure,63,65artifacts,49,50,52–54,57diffusiontensorimagingofwhitematter,104,105fastimaging,advances,71echoplanarimagingsequence,45,46fastgradient-echosequence,43,45fastspinechosequence,45–47flowimaging,contrastagents,41–43gradient-echoimaging,35,36phase-encodingtechnique,37,39,40phaseshifteffects,36,37timeofflight,34,36,39–41two-dimensionalversusthree-dimen-sionalimaging,40,41guidance,seeImage-guidedsurgery;Intraoperativemagneticreso-nanceimaginghematomaimaging,57–62historicalperspective,13imagefoldoverandfieldofview,52,53intraoperativeimaging,seeIntraopera-tivemagneticresonanceimagingLeksellframe,114magnetcoils,13,14magnetizationtransferimaging,49neuroendoscopypatientevaluation,7perfusionimaging,seeFunctionalmag-neticresonanceimagingprinciples,Fouriertransformation,16,21frequencyencoding,20imageacquisition,16–22k-space,21–24Larmorfrequency,17428Indexphaseencoding,20protondensity,15spinrelaxation,14T1images,15,16,18T2images,15,16pulsesequences,diffusionweighting,25,26,28,29,32FLAIRforinversionrecovery,23,24overview,17–19,22,23STIRforfatsuppression,24stereotacticradiosurgeryplanning,230thermaltherapyguidanceforbraintu-mors,energydeliverycontrol,262,263focusedultrasoundtherapy,264,265interstitiallasertherapy,263,264prospects,265,266rationale,261,262Magneticresonancespectroscopy(MRS),abscess,83advantages,75braintumor,78,79,83demyelinatingdisease,83diagnosticapplications,75epilepsy,83–85infarction,77,78metabolitesandphysiologicalsignifi-cance,76,77principles,75–77protonspectrum,77,78radiationnecrosis,83Magnetoencephalography(MEG),brainmappingapplications,93,94intraoperativeimaging,123resolution,92seizureevaluation,93technique,92,93Mediannerveentrapment,seeCarpaltunnelsyndromeMEG,seeMagnetoencephalographyMeningioma,seeBraintumorMRI,seeMagneticresonanceimagingMRS,seeMagneticresonancespectroscopyNBCA,seeN-ButylcyanoacrylateNeuracrylM,arteriovenousmalformationembolization,192,193Neuroendoscopy,anesthesia,6,7approaches,7,8braintumors,acousticneuroma,347intraventriculartumors,346pituitarytumors,346,347flexibleendoscopy,equipment,4technique,8historicalperspective,3,4hydrocephalus,319–321irrigation,7preoperativeassessmentandevalua-tion,7prospects,10rigidendoscopy,equipment,5,6technique,8,9spinalsurgery,10Neurovascularclipping,comparisonwithendovascularcoiling,151–153,334,335Onyx,arteriovenousmalformationemboliza-tion,190–192embolicagent,166p53,cancergenetherapytargeting,275PDT,seePercutaneousdilatationaltracheo-stomyPediatricneurosurgery,craniosynostosis,325,326epilepsy,327hydrocephalus,endoscopy,319–321shuntimplantation,322,323thirdventriculostomy,321,322intracranialcysts,323pain/spasticity,327prospects,327,328spineprocedures,326,327tumorbiopsyandresection,323,325vascularmalformations,326PEG,seePercutaneousgastrostomyPELD,seePercutaneousendoscopiclumbardiscectomyPercutaneousdilatationaltracheostomy(PDT),technique,413–415Percutaneousendoscopiclumbardiscectomy(PELD),technique,356–357Index429Percutaneousgastrostomy(PEG),historicalperspective,416outcomes,418pull-typetechnique,416–418traumaticbraininjurypatients,411,415,416PET,seePositronemissiontomographyPLIF,seePosteriorlumbarinterbodyfusionPoliovirus,oncolyticvirusforcancertreat-ment,285Polymerimplantation,bioresorbablepolymersinspinesurgery,375–377drugdelivery,clinicalapplications,305–307materials,304principles,302–305Polyvinylalcohol(PVA),arteriovenousmalformationembolization,190Positronemissiontomography(PET),brainmappingapplications,94,95glucosemetabolismimaging,95intraoperativeimaging,122,123limitations,94sensitivity,94Posteriorlumbarinterbodyfusion(PLIF),indications,361minimallyinvasivetechnique,361–365technique,358,360PVA,seePolyvinylalcoholRadiationnecrosis,MRS,83Radiofrequencylesioning(RFL),hemifacialspasm,221indications,209,221,222magneticresonanceimaging-guidedthermaltherapyforbraintu-mors,261,266principles,209,210trigeminalneuralgiamanagement,advantages,209anatomiclandmarks,211,212complications,motorparesis,217,219ophthalmologiccomplications,216,217rates,216,218electrodeinsertionandlocalization,212–214equipment,210,211lesioningtechnique,215,216outcomes,216,217patientpreparation,211,212recurrencerates,219stimulationprocedures,214,215vagoglossopharyngealneuralgia,219–221Registration,seeImage-guidedsurgeryReovirus,oncolyticvirusforcancertreat-ment,283Retrovirus,genetherapyvectorsforglioma,272RFL,seeRadiofrequencylesioningSDH,seeSubduralhematomaSeizure,intraoperativemagneticresonanceimag-ing,137magneticresonanceimaging,63,65magneticresonancespectroscopy,83–85electrocorticalstimulationmapping,90magnetoencephalography,93memorylateralizationinmedialtemporallobeepilepsy,103pediatricneurosurgeryforepilepsy,327Single-photonemissioncomputedtomogra-phy(SPECT),perfusionimag-ingintraumaticbraininjury,408,409Spasticity,pediatricneurosurgery,327SPECT,seeSingle-photonemissioncom-putedtomographySpine,anteriorlumbarinterbodyfusion,laparoscopictechnique,369–371mini-opentechnique,369overview,369bioresorbablepolymersinsurgery,375–377bonemorphogeneticproteinutilizationinsurgery,375discectomy,microendoscopicdiscectomy,355–358microsurgicaldiscectomy,355,356percutaneousendoscopiclumbardiscectomy,356,357thoracoscopy,365–369intraoperativemagneticresonanceimag-ing,377430Indexkyphoplasty,bonemetastasismanagement,372,374opentechnique,374osteoporosiscompressionfracturemanagement,372percutaneouskyphoplasty,371,372,374prospects,374magneticresonanceimaging,65minimallyinvasivesurgeryprospects,377,378neuroendoscopy,10pediatricneurosurgery,326,327posteriorlumbarinterbodyfusion,indications,358minimallyinvasivetechnique,360,361,363technique,358,360,361,363thoracoscopy,corpectomy/vertebrectomyandfusion,368discectomy,367indications,365,366instrumentation,366sympathectomy,366,367transforaminallumbarinterbodyfusion,365SRS,seeStereotacticradiosurgeryStentangioplasty,aneurysms,balloonremodeling,161,163,181stent-assistedcoilembolization,163stenttypesandtechniques,181,183atherosclerosis,intracranial,epidemiology,176outcomes,181patientselection,180,181rationale,176–178safety,178technique,178,179prospects,183,184Stereotacticradiosurgery(SRS),arteriovenousmalformationoutcomes,233–237,337,338benigntumoroutcomes,acousticneuroma,237–241meningioma,242–246nonacousticschwannomas,241,242cavernousmalformations,339,340CyberKnife,advantagesoverGammaKnife,126imageguidance,126dosedistribution,227doseselection,arteriovenousmalformation,231braintumors,231follow-up,232,233GammaKnifedevelopment,225,226headringapplication,227historicalperspective,225,226LINACradiosurgeryinstrumentation,226,227malignantbraintumoroutcomes,brainmetastasis,247–250gliomas,248,251,252overview,125,126,225,226particlebeamradiosurgery,225,226radiationdelivery,232stereotacticimageacquisition,arteriovenousmalformation,229,230braintumors,230treatmentplanning,230Subduralhematoma(SDH),drainage,409–411TBI,seeTraumaticbraininjuryThoracoscopy,corpectomy/vertebrectomyandfusion,368–369discectomy,367instrumentation,366spinalindications,367sympathectomy,366,367TLIF,seeTransforaminallumbarinterbodyfusionTMS,seeTranscranialmagneticstimulationTracheostomy,percutaneous,412–415Transcranialmagneticstimulation(TMS),brainmappingapplications,91,92instrumentation,90languagemapping,91,92principles,90,91prospects,105Transforaminallumbarinterbodyfusion(TLIF),technique,365Index431Traumaticbraininjury(TBI),gastrostomy,percutaneous,411,415–418monitoringinintensivecareunit,braintissueoxygen,Codmandevice,408Licoxdevice,406,408cerebralbloodflow,computedtomography,408,409single-photonemissioncomputedtomography,408,409intracranialpressure,epidural,subarachnoid,andsubdu-raldevices,404,405externalventriculardrainage,402,404parenchymaldevices,402jugularvenoussaturation,408microdialysis,408overview,401subduralhematomadrainage,409–411tracheostomy,percutaneous,412–415Trigeminalneuralgia,radiofrequencylesioning,advantages,209anatomiclandmarks,211,212complications,motorparesis,217,219ophthalmologiccomplications,216,217rates,216,218electrodeinsertionandlocalization,212–214equipment,210,211lesioningtechnique,215,216outcomes,216,217patientpreparation,211,212recurrencerates,219stimulationprocedures,214,215Trispandevice,wideneckaneurysmtreat-ment,165Vagoglossopharyngealneuralgia,radiofrequencylesioning,219–221Vascularneurosurgery,aneurysms,332,333arteriovenousmalformations,335,336carotidcavernousfistula,340,341duralarteriovenousmalformations,336prospects,341,342VeinofGalenmalformation,pediatricneu-rosurgery,326Vestibularschwannoma,seeAcousticneu-romaWadatest,seeIntracarotidamytaltest