12/9/2014FiveWaysthatConcentrationofWealthandPowerAffectsCorruptionRiskinLatinAmerica|FCPAméricashttp://fcpamericas.
com/english/duediligence/waysconcentrationwealthpoweraffectscorruptionrisklatinamerica/1/3Home(http://fcpamericas.
com/)AbouttheContributors(http://fcpamericas.
com/aboutthecontributors/)AbouttheBlog(http://fcpamericas.
com/abouttheblog/)FCPABasics(http://fcpamericas.
com/languages/)SearchMostReadPostsBrazil'sAntiCorruptionBillPassesHouseofRepresentatives(http://fcpamericas.
com/english/brazil/brazilsanticorruptionbillpasseshouseofrepresentatives/)CorruptionintheContextofSportingandOtherMajorPublicEvents:NotesfromtheUnitedNationsConference(http://fcpamericas.
com/english/brazil/corruptioncontextsportingmajorpubliceventsnotesunitednationsconference/)EnsuringYour"Upjohn"DoesNotSoundLike"Miranda"(http://fcpamericas.
com/english/audits/ensuringupjohnsoundmiranda/)FCPAméricasLaunchesFirstMultilingualFCPABlog(http://fcpamericas.
com/english/fcpa/fcpamericaslaunchesmultilingualfcpablog2/)FuncionáriosPúblicosBrasileirosdoPoderExecutivoFederal:NoháConvitesparaaCopadoMundo(http://fcpamericas.
com/portuguese/funcionariospublicosbrasileirosnaohaconvitesparacopamundo/)AnExtraordinaryNumberofEnforcementAuthoritiesUnderBrazil'sNewAntiBriberyLaw…andthePotentialNegativeConsequences(http://fcpamericas.
com/english/brazil/extraordinarynumberenforcementauthoritiesbrazilsantibriberylawpotentialnegativeconsequences/)ConsideringCulturalNuanceinYourLatinAmericanFCPAHotline(http://fcpamericas.
com/english/anticorruptioncompliance/consideringculturalnuanceinyourlatinamericanfcpahotline/)AnUpdate:WhattoExpectfromtheUpcomingRegulationofBrazil'sNewAntiBriberyLaw(http://fcpamericas.
com/english/anticorruptioncompliance/updateexpectupcomingregulationbrazilsantibriberylaw/)ACopadoMundoeasOlimpíadas:DestacandoRiscosdeCorruponoSetordaConstruodoBrasil(http://fcpamericas.
com/portuguese/copamundoolimpiadasdestacandoriscosdecorrupcaosetordaconstrucaobrasil/)HowLawyersCanContributetoNewAntiCorruptionLaws(http://fcpamericas.
com/english/brazil/lawyerscontributeanticorruptionlaws/)CategoriesSubscribeEnglishRSS(/category/english/feed/)EspaolRSS(/category/spanish/feed/)PortuguêsRSS(/category/portuguese/feed/)(https://www.
facebook.
com/#!
/Matteson.
Ellis.
Law.
PLLC)(https://twitter.
com/#!
/fcpamericas)FCPAméricasBlogFiveWaysthatConcentrationofWealthandPowerAffectsCorruptionRiskinLatinAmerica(http://fcpamericas.
com/english/duediligence/waysconcentrationwealthpoweraffectscorruptionrisklatinamerica/)6.
03.
2014Author:MattesonEllis(/aboutthecontributors/)English(http://fcpamericas.
com/english/duediligence/waysconcentrationwealthpoweraffectscorruptionrisklatinamerica/)|EspaolEnglishEspaolPortuguês12/9/2014FiveWaysthatConcentrationofWealthandPowerAffectsCorruptionRiskinLatinAmerica|FCPAméricashttp://fcpamericas.
com/english/duediligence/waysconcentrationwealthpoweraffectscorruptionrisklatinamerica/2/3(http://fcpamericas.
com/spanish/cincoformasenlaconcentracionderiquezapoderafectalosriesgosdecorrupcionenamericalatina/)|Português(http://fcpamericas.
com/portuguese/cincomaneirasemcomoconcentracaoderiquezapoderafetaosriscosdecorrupcaonaamericalatina/)(http://fcpamericas.
com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/06/Inequality.
jpg)ThefollowingpostisamodifiedexcerptfromTRACE'srecentlypublished2014HowToPayaBribebook,availablehere(https://www.
createspace.
com/4560192)forpurchase.
LatinAmericaisknownasoneofthemosteconomicallyunequalregionsoftheworld.
By2010,accordingtoUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramdata,theregionhad18ofthe25countriesintheworldwiththehighestrichpoorratios.
ThroughoutLatinAmerica,itiscommontofindgovernmentandbusinessdominatedbyarelativelysmallnumberofelitefamilies.
Theirmembersmoveinandoutofgovernmentandbusiness,creatingcomplexfinancialandpoliticalrelationships.
Thiselevatescorruptionrisksinseveralways.
1.
UnforeseenGovernmentInteraction:Thelikelihoodthatforeigncompanieswillwindupinteractingwithgovernmentofficialsinwaystheymightnotexpectisincreased.
Thismeansthatcompanies'expenditurescancreatebriberyrisksinwaysunforeseen.
Forexample,IworkedwithaninternationalcompanyusingalocallawfirminCentralAmericaonlytodiscoverthatoneofitspartnersconcurrentlyservedinthegovernmentinawaythatraisedbriberyconcerns.
AnotherU.
S.
companyplannedtopartnerwithaMexicanfirmonlytodiscoverthattheowner'sbrotherservedakeypositioningovernmentvisavisthesameindustry.
Wherealocalcompany'sbusinessstopsandthegovernmentstartsmightnotalwaysbeclearlydemarcated.
2.
Monopolies:Whenpowerisinthehandsofafew,itiscommonforonesinglecompanytodominateanentireindustryinasmallcountry.
Inlargercountries,onecompanymightdominatearegionalsegmentofanationalmarket.
Questionsmightberaisedabouthowthecompanygotinthepositionofdominanceinthefirstplace.
Risksalsoarisewhenaforeigninvestorisforcedtorelyonthemonopolyforitsbusiness.
Tomanagesuchrisks,companiesareexpectedtoconductanticorruptionduediligenceontheirpartners.
Obtainingcompliancecertifications,auditrights,andthelikeisdifficultwhenthepartneristheonlyoptioninthemarket.
Foreigncompanieswilloftenlacktheleveragetodemandcomplianceassurances.
3.
PettyCorruption:Divisionsinwealthhavetheeffectoffacilitatingpettycorruption.
Whenlowlevelgovernmentofficialsarenotpaidenough,theysometimesareforcedtoseekrentbyothermeans.
Briberequestsmightbebakedintotheeconomicorder.
StatisticshighlightthecommonnatureofpettycorruptioninLatinAmerica.
The2012AmericasBarometerStudy,conductedbytheLatinAmericanPublicOpinionProject,polledover40,000peoplein26countriesthroughouttheregion.
Eachcountryinvolvedaminimumof1,500pollinginterviews.
Manyofthequestionsweredesignedtomeasurecorruptionvictimizationbylowlevelofficials,likepoliceofficers,municipalpermittingofficials,andhospitalsandclinics.
Thesearethetypesofeverydaybriberequeststhataffecttheaveragecitizen.
Overall,astartling57%ofrespondentsthroughouttheentireregionsaytheyhadexperiencedoneinstanceoflowlevelcorruptionintheprioryear.
Fortythreepercent(43%)wererepeatvictims.
4.
FamilyOwnedBusinesses:Concentrationofwealthandpoweroftenflowsfrom,andworkstosupport,familyownershipofcompanies,whichiscommoninLatinAmerica.
OnestudyfromtheUniversityofSoPauloconcludedthathalfofBrazil's200largestcompaniesareownedbyfamilies.
Thiscanbeexplainedinpartbystructuralfactors,liketherelativeweaknessoflocallawsdesignedtoprotectminorityshareholderrights,whichmakesitdifficultforfamilycompaniestoattractoutsideinvestors.
Thismeansthatforeignersinvestingintheregionwilloftenfindthemselvespartneringwithcompaniesthatlackcommonaccountingstandards,corporategovernancetransparency,orbasicinternalcontrols.
Itcanbecommonforafamilytopushbackonduediligence,evenifithasnothingtohide.
Therelativeprominenceoffamilyownedcompaniescanhavedirecteffectsoncorruptionrisk.
Forone,foreigncompaniesmakinginvestmentsintheregionwilloftenfindthemselvespartneringwithcompaniesthatlackcommonaccountingstandards,corporategovernancetransparency,orbasicinternalcontrols.
Thiscancomplicatetheabilityofoutsiderstoperformthetypeofanticorruptionduediligencenecessarytomanagecorruptionrisksinmergersandacquisitions.
Moreover,afamilymightfeeloffendedattheprospectofhavingtobevettedforcorruptionissues,evenifithasnothingtohide.
Itmightbereluctanttoopenupitsbooksandoperationstooutsidelawyersandaccountants.
Asaresult,thosenegotiatingthedealmightneedtofactorintimetoexplainwhyanticorruptionduediligenceisnecessaryasanevolvingbusinessrequirementofinternationalwork.
5.
Collusion:Theriskoftherelatedoffenseofcollusionwithinaparticularsectororindustryisincreased.
Thereisagoodchancethattheleadersofprimarymarketparticipantswillbeconnectedtoeachotherinsomeway.
Thiscanfacilitatearrangementssuchaspricefixingandmanipulationofpublicprocurementsaccomplishedthroughclusteredbidquotes,coordinatedunitcostschedules,androtatingcontractawards.
vpsdime怎么样?vpsdime是2013年注册的国外VPS主机商,实际上他还有一系列的其他域名站点如Winity.io, Backupsy,Cloudive, Virtora等等,母公司“Nodisto IT”相对来说还是很靠谱了的商家。VPSDime主要提供各种高配低价VPS套餐,其中Linux VPS和存储VPS基于OpenVZ架构,高级VPS基于KVM。VPSDime在上个季度的Low...
TMThosting发布了今年黑色星期五的促销活动,即日起到12月6日,VPS主机最低55折起,独立服务器9折起,开设在西雅图机房。这是一家成立于2018年的国外主机商,主要提供VPS和独立服务器租用业务,数据中心包括美国西雅图和达拉斯,其中VPS基于KVM架构,都有提供免费的DDoS保护,支持选择Windows或者Linux操作系统。Budget HDD系列架构CPU内存硬盘流量系统价格单核51...
DiyVM是一家比较低调的国人主机商,成立于2009年,提供VPS主机和独立服务器租用等产品,其中VPS基于XEN(HVM)架构,数据中心包括香港沙田、美国洛杉矶和日本大阪等,CN2或者直连线路,支持异地备份与自定义镜像,可提供内网IP。本月商家最高提供5折优惠码,优惠后香港沙田CN2线路VPS最低2GB内存套餐每月仅50元起。香港(CN2)VPSCPU:2cores内存:2GB硬盘:50GB/R...