groupstudentmain

Proceedingsofthe3rdInternationalConferenceonComputingandInformatics,ICOCI2011,8-9June,2011Bandung,IndonesiaPaperNo.
021226ANIMPROVEDALGORITHMINTESTCASEGENERATIONFROMUMLACTIVITYDIAGRAMUSINGACTIVITYPATHNorLailyHashim1,YasirD.
Salman21UniversitiUtaraMalaysia,Malaysia,laily@uum.
edu.
my2UniversitiUtaraMalaysia,Malaysia,s820400@uum.
edu.
myABSTRACT.
ThispaperproposedanimprovedalgorithmtoautomaticallygeneratetestcasesdirectlyfromUMLactivitydiagramusinganactivitygraph.
ThisalgorithmhasbeenimplementedasaprototypeusingUMLactivitydiagramsasinputstogeneratetestcases.
Thesegeneratedtestcasesaregeneratedautomaticallyarecomparedtotestcasesthataregeneratedmanuallyinordertoevaluatethealgorithm'susabilityandreliability.
Theresultshowsthatthetestcasesgeneratedbythedevelopedtestcasegeneratorprogramarethesameastheonemanuallyderived.
Keywords:testcasegeneration,automatedgeneration,testcaseINTRODUCTIONTestcasegenerationisoneofthemostimportantelementsforthetestingeffortsforprogramsandapplications(Linzhangetal.
,2004).
Itisespeciallycomplicatedwhenasystemcontainssimultaneouslyexecutingparticipants,sinceasystemlikethatcanshowdifferentresponsesdependingonthesimultaneousoccurrenceconditions.
AUnifiedModellingLanguage(UML)activitydiagramisasuitablemodellinglanguagefordescribinginteractionsbetweensystemobjectsgiventhatanactivitydiagramcanbeconvenientlyusedtocapturebusinessprocesses,workflowsandinteractionscenarios(Kimetal.
,2007).
ManyhavegeneratedtestcasesfromUMLactivitydiagramsbygeneratingthemmanuallytotestthesystem(Linzhangetal.
,2004;Kundu&Samanta,2009;Kimetal.
,2007).
Manygeneratetestcasesautomaticallyusingdifferentmethods(Chenetal.
,2009;Javed,Strooper&Watson,2009),howevernoneofthesestudieshasrevealedthealgorithmthattheyhaveused.
Kundu&Samanth(2009)havedevelopedanalgorithmtogeneratetestcasesusingactivitypaths.
Theiralgorithmhasneverbeenimplementedandthisalgorithmneedsanactivitygraphthathasbeengeneratedmanuallyfromtheactivitydiagram.
Theiralgorithmalsoneedstoenterthetypeofeachnodemanuallyandapplysomerulestogettheresultpaths.
ThispaperfocusesonextendingKundu&Samanth(2009)'salgorithmusedingeneratingtestcasesusingUMLactivitydiagrambyapplyingactivitypathapproach,inwhichthetestcasesaregeneratedautomaticallygenerated.
Theactivitypathisamethodtocalculateallpossiblepathsfromtheactivitydiagrams,convertedeachnumberinthepathtoitsoriginaldata,andfromtherewillgeneratethetestcases.
Proceedingsofthe3rdInternationalConferenceonComputingandInformatics,ICOCI2011,8-9June,2011Bandung,IndonesiaPaperNo.
021227BACKGROUNDThefollowingarethemainconceptsappliedinthisstudy.
UMLActivityDiagramUMLisastandardthatcontainsalargesetofmodellingconceptsthatarerelatedincomplexways.
SinceUMLbecameastandardofOMGin1997,UMLmodelshavebecomemainclassofartefactsinsoftwaredevelopmentprocesses.
UMLprovidesanumberofdiagramstodescribedifferentaspectsofsoftwareartefacts.
UMLactivitydiagramsillustratethesequentialcontrolflowsofactivities.
Theycanbeusedtorepresentcontrolflowofanoperationormodelthedynamicaspectsofagroupofobjects,whichformakindofdesignspecificationsforprograms(Chenatal.
,2009).
Inordertodirectlyreusetheactivitydiagramsmodelingofanoperationasatestmodeltogeneratetestcases,itisnecessarytofollowthetestabilityrequirement.
Anactivitydiagramshouldonlyhaveoneinitialactivitystate,pairofbranchesandmerges,pairofforksandjoins.
Theownerobjectofeachactivitystateshouldbelabeledbyswimlanes,orbelabeledinthenameofactivitystate.
Everynodeotherthantheinitialnodeandfinalnodehasatleastoneoutgoingedgeandoneincomingedge,whichmeansallnodesarereachable.
Anyforknodeonlyhastwoexitedges.
Concurrentactivitystateswillnotaccessthesameobjectandonlyexecuteasynchronously(Linzhangetal.
,2004).
ActivitygraphAnactivitygraphisadirectedgraphwhileitsconstructisrepresentedbyeachnodeintheactivitygraph(initialnode,decisionnode,flowfinalnode,guardcondition,joinnode,forknode,etc.
),andfromthateachborderoftheactivitygraphsymbolizesthestreamintheactivitydiagram.
Furthermore,theactivitygraphasshowninFigure1summarizesassembleofanactivitydiagraminanorganizedwaywhichcanbeusedforfurtherautomation(Kundu&Samanta,2009).
Thesenodesareusedfortestcasegenerationduetotheircapabilityfordetectingmorefaultsinthesynchronizationandloopfaultsthantheotherapproaches.
Inadditiontheabilitytoidentifylocationofthefaultswillhelptoreducetestingaffordandhavingmodel-basedtestcasegenerationtoimproveanddevelopdesignquality.
Furthermore,ithasapossibilitytobuiltautomaticallyprototypefortheactivitygraph.
ThealgorithmbyKundu&Samanta(2009)hastakentheactivitygraphasaninputandtheoutputfromitwillbetheactivitypath.
Furthermore,thegeneratedpathswillneedsomeofrulestoapplyontheresultpathstogetallthepossiblepathsthatwillbeneededtogeneratethetestcases.
Figure1.
ActivityGraphforloginscreenProceedingsofthe3rdInternationalConferenceonComputingandInformatics,ICOCI2011,8-9June,2011Bandung,IndonesiaPaperNo.
021228TestCaseGenerationTestcasegenerationhasattractedmoreandmoreresearchattention(Cartaxo,Neto&Machado,2007;Chenatal.
,2009;Heumann,2001;Javed,Strooper,&Watson,2007;Kimetal.
,2007;Kundu&Samanta,2009;Linzhangatal.
,2004;Mingsong,Xiaokang,&Xuandong,2006).
LargenumberofthemfocusedonUMLactivitydiagramasabasedtogeneratethetestcase(Chen,atal,2009;Kundu&Samanta,2009;Kim,Kang,Baik,&Ko,2007;Linzhangatal.
,2004;Mingsong,Xiaokang,&Xuandong,2006),andnoneofthemrevealtheirproposedapproachesoralgorithms,orsharetheirtestingimplementationconductedduringthetesting.
Atestcasespecifiesasetoftestinputs,expectedresults,andexecutionconditionsdevelopedtoverifyobservancewithaspecificrequirementorimplementaparticularprogrampath(Lilly&G,2010).
PROPOSEDALGORITHMFORGENERATINGTESTCASESThefollowingalgorithmwillgenerateallthepossiblepathsfromtheactivitydiagram,andfromtheresultpaths,testcaseswillbegenerated.
Thisalgorithmisevaluatedintermsofitsusabilityandreliabilitybycomparingmanualtestcaseswithtestcasesautomaticallygeneratedfromtheprototypeofthisalgorithm.
ThemanualtestcasesareobtainedfromAlshammari(2010),wherefourtestcasesforstudentfunctionalitiesfromUniversitiUtaraMalaysialearningmanagementsystemcalled,LearningZoneareused.
Thefunctionsarelogin,downloadassignment,changepassword,andforumsearch.
Duetospacelimitation,onlyoneLoginfunctionisusedandpresentedinthispaper.
Algorithm1:GenerateTestCasePartA:variablesusedintheAlgorithmInput:anactivitydiagramOutput:testcaseTofindthenumberofpaths,thefollowingarethevariablesused:TDN-thenumberofnodewhichhastwodirections.
RNN-thenumberofreturnnode.
TDNI-thenumberoftwodirectionsinsideeachreturnnode.
RNNI-thenumberofreturnnodeinsideeachreturnnode.
Basicpathswiththereturnpathsnumber(BPR)=TDN+1Basicpathsnumber(BP)=BPR-RNNNumberofpathsafterreturn(PAR)=TDNI-RNNIThenumberofallpaths(AP)=BP+PAR(s)PartB:Pseudocodeofmethodssupportedinthealgorithm1.
Tofindthebasicpathswiththereturnpaths,thefollowingarethevariablesused:a.
Node-toputthenodesb.
LoopFlag-tokeeptrackoftheloopc.
N1-forthefirstnextofthenodesd.
N2-forthesecondnextofthenodese.
Nodeflag–forkeepingtrackofthevisitednodesf.
End–forknowtheendofthepathBeginLoopFlag=TDN,Node=firstnode,Nodeflag=0,End=trueWhileLoopFlagisnotemptydoWhileEndistruedoProceedingsofthe3rdInternationalConferenceonComputingandInformatics,ICOCI2011,8-9June,2011Bandung,IndonesiaPaperNo.
021229If(it'sthefirstnode)thenputthefirstnodeinthepath;PutthenodefirstnextinN1anditssecondnextinN2;If(N1=0)thenputendtotrue;If(NodeFlag=0andN2=0)thenputN1forthenextnodeinthepath;Elseif(NodeFlag=0andN2!
=0)thenputN1forthenextnodeinthepathandputNodeFlag=1,putNodeFlag=NodeFlag–thenumberoftwodirectionnodebeforeit;Elseif(NodeFlag=1andN2!
=0)thenputN2forthenextnodeinthepathandputNodeFlag=2;Putthenextnodeofthepathasthecurrentnode;EndPutthepathinarray;End2.
Tofoundallthepaths(AP)DuplicatethepathsthathavewithoutEndtothe(TDNI+RNNI)number;Putthereturnpathsinsideittocontinueittothenumberofpathsinsidethereturnpath;Finisheachonefromthesizebasicpaths;Thatwillgeneratethepossiblepaths.
3.
Fromthesaveinformationofeachnode,printoutthedetailsofeachpathtothelastone,whatwillgiveusthetestcase.
AutomaticgenerateforthetestcasefromtheloginactivitydiagramFirst:Usetheactivitydiagram,asshowninFigure2togeneratethetestcasefromit.
Figure2.
ActivityDiagramfor"Login"Usingthealgorithmexplainedearlier,theprototypewillgeneratethefollowingresultasshowninFigure3No.
ofTimes>N>Y>>Proceedingsofthe3rdInternationalConferenceonComputingandInformatics,ICOCI2011,8-9June,2011Bandung,IndonesiaPaperNo.
021230Figure3.
Theprogramresultforthe"login"activitydiagramThisresultcontainsallpossiblepathsthataregeneratedfromthealgorithmbasedongivenactivitydiagramasshowninFigure3.
Thedetailforeachpathtogetherwithsavednodesisusedtogeneratethetestcases.
ThetestcasesgeneratedforLoginactivitydiagramcanbeseeninTable1inthelastcolumn.
Columntwoshowsthebranchconditionsthateachpathfollows.
Table1.
Thegeneratedtestcasesfor"Login"TestcaseSequenceofBranchConditionsActivitySequence1RegID=InvalidTryagain=NoDisplay:Loginhereusingyourusernameandpassword,Display:Sorry,youhaveexceededtheallowednumberofloginattempts.
Restartyourbrowser.
2RegID=ValidDisplay:Loginhereusingyourusernameandpassword,Launchstudentmainviewpage.
3RegID=InvalidTryagain=YesRegID=InvalidTryagain=NoDisplay:Loginhereusingyourusernameandpassword,Display:Invalidlogin,pleasetryagain.
Display:Loginhereusingyourusernameandpassword,Display:Sorry,youhaveexceededtheallowednumberofloginattempts.
Restartyourbrowser.
4RegID=InvalidTryagain=YesRegID=ValidDisplay:Loginhereusingyourusernameandpassword,Display:Invalidlogin,pleasetryagain,Display:Loginhereusingyourusernameandpassword,Launchstudentmainviewpage.
TestResultFourstudentfunctionalitieshavebeenautomaticallygeneratedusingtheproposedtestcasegeneratorprototype.
ThegeneratedtestcasesarecomparedwiththetestcasesmanuallygeneratedbyAlshammari(2010).
Fromthiscomparison,itshowsthatthetestcasesgeneratedTestcasesforeachpathAllpossiblepaths:4pathsarecreatedProceedingsofthe3rdInternationalConferenceonComputingandInformatics,ICOCI2011,8-9June,2011Bandung,IndonesiaPaperNo.
021231bythedevelopedtestcasegeneratorprogramarethesameastheonemanuallyderived.
Therefore,itcanbeconcludedthattheproposedalgorithmisusableandreliable.
FUTUREWORKInthefuture,thisalgorithmcanbegeneralizedsothatitcanaccommodatevarioustestcoveragecriteriawithinthesametestderivationframework.
Thisprototypecanbeimprovedbydevelopingtheabilitytobuilddirectedgraphandparsetestcasesfromit.
TheUMLactivitydiagramsthathavebeenusedinthisresearchwereusingUML1.
0version.
Forthefuturework,theuseofUML2.
0notationisrecommended.
Additionally,theUMLactivitydiagramsweregeneratedmanuallyinthework;therefore,theuseofatoolthatisabletoautomaticallygeneratethesediagramsissuggested.
CONCLUSIONTheuseofactivegraphisagoodmethodtoensurethatthegenerationofthetestcasesautomaticallyusingtheproposedalgorithmanditsimplementation,andusingtheUMLactivitydiagramasabasetoguaranteetheabilityofautomaticimplementation.
Thereusabilityofthisresearchworkcanbeappliedtocompletefullautomaticanalysis.
ThistestwillopennewopportunitytodiscovernewtechniquesormethodsforthetestingusingUMLdiagramsandautomatictestcasesgeneration.
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