英美蜗牛的夏天

英美诗歌选读RenaissanceisanintellectualandculturalmovementwhichbeganinItalyinthe14thcenturyandspreadtoEuropethroughthe15thand16thcenturies.
RenaissanceisaFrenchwordmeaning"rebirth"anditrefersparticularlytotherevivalofinterestinclassicalGreekandRomancivilizations,thusbringinga"rebirth"totheancientGreekandRomancultureandthinkinginEurope.
Therenaissanceor"rebirth"ofancientGreekandRomanculturestartedwiththestudyofclassicallanguages,thoughtsandsocialsystemsandwiththetranslationofclassicalworksofphilosophy,history,literature,andscience.
AmongtheEnglishtranslators,theEarlofSurreytranslatedVirgil'sAeneid;GeorgeChapmantranslatedHomer'sIliadandOdyssey;SirThomasNorthtranslatedPlutarch'sLivesofNobleGreciansandRomans(fromwhichShakespearetookthestoriesofJuliusCaesarandAnthonyandCleopatra);ArthurGoldingtranslatedOvid'sMetamorphosis.
ThestudyofGreekandLatinlanguagesalsograduallymadeavailabletheworksandthoughtsofphilosopherslikeSocrates,PlatoandAristotleandofotherwriterslikeCicero,Castiglione,Ariosto,andTasso.
RenaissancescholarsdidnotjuststudyancientGreeceandRomeashistory,theygraduallyabsorbedthoughtsandvaluesembodiedinclassicaltextsandcivilizations.
Intheirviews,whatdistinguishesancientGreeceandRomeisthevalueandimportancetheyplacedonthepresentlife,onhumanpotentialsandonhumancapabilities.
IncontrasttoChristianity'sother-worldliness,theclassicalthoughtsemphasisethevalueandimportanceoflifeinthisworldandthepossibilityoffullydevelopinganindividual'spotentialswhileheorsheisstillalive.
Theemphasis,inshort,isplacedonthislife,notonlifeafterdeath,andthecenterofvalueisplacedonhumanbeing,notonGod.
Thiswayofthinkingiscalledhumanism,asopposedtothereligiousRenaissanceand16th-CenturyPoetryChapter1英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:46AMSELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRYasceticismandself-denial.
AncientGreeceandRomewerethechampionsofMan,notofGod.
Thisclassicalwayofthinkingbroughtareleaseofcreativeenergyandinnovativespiritduringthishistoricalperiod.
TheEnglishRenaissancesawtheriseofalargenumberofwritersandhumanisticthinkers.
AmongthemwereThomasMore,theauthorofUtopia,PhilipSydney,theauthorofTheDefenseofPoetry,EdmundSpenser,theauthorofTheFaerieQueene,WalterRaleigh,thewriterandadventurer,ChristopherMarlowe,theauthorofDoctorFaustus,andWilliamShakespeare,thegreatestplaywrightandthegreatestpoetinEnglishliteraryhistory.
FollowingtheclassicalandItalianmodelsofVirgilandPetrarch,theRenaissancepoetsadheredtovariouspoeticprinciples,suchasdelightinornamentallanguage,poeticfiguresandrhetoric;interestinvariouslevelsofstylefromepicandtragedytopastoralandcomedy;theuseofallegoryintheteachingofmoraltruth;thebeliefinacorrespondencebetweenthemicrocosmandthemacrocosm;thebeliefinthesymbolicorderinGod'suniverse,representedbytheGreatChainofBeing,withangelsatthetop,humansinthemiddleandtheanimalsatthebottom.
TheRenaissancewritershadspecialviewsonpoetryandtheyemphasisedtheartofliterature.
Naturalnessisavirtue,butcarefuldesignisasignofhumaningenuityandofartisticachievement.
Therefore,thepoetryofthisperiodischaracterisedbyintricatemetricalpatternsandrhymepatterns.
Thepopularverseform"sonnet,"forexample,is14-linelyricpoemofiambicpentameter,withaspecialrhymeof"ababababcdecde".
Spenserinventeda9-lineverseofiambicpentameter,rhymed"ababbcbcc,"andtheverseformhasbeenknownasSpenserianstanza.
Renaissancepoetsemphasisedoriginality,butdidnotrefuseconventions:theyinheritedthewell-knownpatternsandmadeingeniouselaborationsonthem.
Shakespeare'sVenusandAdonisfollowsthemythologicalmodeofOvid,tellingamythologicalstorywhileteachingamorallesson;Spenser'sTheFaerieQueenefollowstheheroicmodeofepicpoets,describingknightlybattleswithmonstersandpraisingvirtuesofhonour,battlecourage,leadershipandendurance;Sydney'sArcadiafollowsthepastoralmodeofVirgil,valuingsimplecountrylifeoversophisticatedcitylifeandmilitaryaccomplishments;JohnLydgate'sMirrorforMagistratesfollowsthetragicmodeofBoccaccio,presentingthecomplaintsofpeoplewhohavefallenfromahighpositionandthewarningstopeoplelikethem;andHenryWyatt'sverselettersfollowsthesatiricmodeofHorace,JuvenalandPersius,castingsatiresonfolliesofvariouspeopleinthesociety.
英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:46AM英美诗歌选读EdmundSpenser(1552—1599)EdmundSpenserwasborninLondonandwaseducatedatMerchantTaylorSchoolandatPembrokeCollege,Cambridge(1569—1572).
HebeganwritingpoetrywhilehewasstudyingatCambridgeandcontributedsomepoemstomagazines.
Aftergraduation,hebecamesecretaryfirsttoJohnYoung,theBishopofRochester,andlatertotheEarlofLeicester,atwhosehouseholdhebecameacquaintedwithanotherpoetSirPhilipSydney.
TogethertheytriedtopromoteanewpoetryinEnglish.
HemarriedMachabysChyldeprobablyin1579andthenextyearhebecamesecretarytoLordGreyofWilton.
WithLordGreyhewenttoIreland,wherehespenttherestofhislife,exceptfortwovisitsbacktoEngland,workingasminorgovernmentofficials.
ItwasinIrelandthathewrotehisgreatepicTheFairieQueene,anallegoryaboutaknightwhogoesouttokilldragonsandmonstersinordertorescueayounglady.
Atthattime,IrelandwasEngland'scolonyandrevoltsagainstEnglishrulesometimesbrokeoutanddisruptedthelifeofresidentslikeSpenser.
Duringthelastyearsofhislife,revoltsandwarsdestroyedhiscastleatKilcolman(1598).
HewentbacktoEnglandtoreportthesituationanddiedinLondonin1599.
HewasburiedinWestminsterAbbey,besideanothergreatpoetGeoffreyChaucer,inthenowfamousPoets'Corner.
ThefollowingpoemsarefromAmoretti,agroupof89shortlovelyricsSpenserwrotetoElizabethBoyle,thewomanwhoin1594becamehissecondwife.
Thepoemsareinsonnetform,akindoflyricpoemwhichcontains14lines,rhymed"ababbcbccdcdee.
"Asaform,sonnetwaspossiblyinventedbytheItalianpoetPetrarchandwasused,withsomevariations,bymanyEnglishpoetsofSpenser'stime,includingSydneyandShakespeare.
Sonnetsareusuallylovepoems.
Thespeakerisusuallyapassionateloverwhoistryingtowintheloveofaladywhoiscoldandindifferent.
AseriesofsonnetswrittentothissameladywillformasonnetsequenceanditwasafashiontowritesonnetsequencesinSpenser'stime.
Sonnet34Lykeasashipthatthroughtheoceanwyde,1Byconductofsomestardoth2makeherway,Whenasastormehathdimdhertrustyguyde,3英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:46AMSELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRYOutofhercoursedothwanderfarastray.
SoIwhosestar,thatwontwithherbrightray,Metodirect,5withcloudesisovercast,4Doewandernowindarknessanddismay,Throughhiddenperilsroundaboutmeplast6.
YethopeIwell,thatwhenthisstormispastMyHelice,thelodestarofmylyfe7Willshineagain,andlookeonmeatlast,Withlovelylighttoclearemycloudygrief.
TillthenIwandercarefullcomfortlesse8,Insecretsorrowandsadpensivenesse9.
[Notes]1.
Lykeas:like;wyde:wide2.
doth:does3.
Whenas.
.
.
guyde:Whenastormhasdimmedhertrustyguide4.
whosestar.
.
.
withcloudesisovercast:whosestar.
.
.
isovercastwithclouds5.
thatwontwithherbrightray,/Metodirect:thatusedtodirectmewithherbrightray6.
roundaboutmeplast:placedroundaboutme7.
Helice:NorthStar,theguidingstarofsailors;thelodestarofmylyfe:thenorthstarofmylife8.
carefullandcomfortlesse:fullofworriesanddiscomfort9.
pensivenesse:pensiveness,deepthinking[Questions]1.
Whatisthefunctionof"Yet"inLine9Whatistherelationbetweenthefirsteightlinesandthelastsixlines2.
Whatspecificallydothe"storm,""clouds"and"hiddenperils"symboliseWhatmaytheyrefertointhelover'slife3.
The"Helice"orNorth-Starcomparisonisaconventionalfigureofspeech.
Doyouthinkitgivesafreshperspectivetothepoem'smeaning[Commentary]Spenser'ssonnetscanbereadinthestructureofthreequatrainsandacouplet.
Thefirsttwoquatrainsdescribeasituation,thethirdquatrain(usuallybeginningwith"But"or"Yet")changesthedirectionandthefinalcoupletprovidesaconclusion.
Thefinalcoupletcanbeunderstoodasstatement,re-statement,英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:46AM英美诗歌选读counter-statementandconclusion.
"Sonnet34"comparestheladytotheNorthStar(Heliceorlodestar)andcomparesthelovertoaboat.
Atthebeginning,aboatissailingonanocean.
Thereisastormandthewateristroubled.
Therearedangerousrocksunderwater,posingagreatthreattothevoyage.
Theskyiscloudyanddarkwithoutmoonorstars.
Insuchcircumstances,theboatisinurgentneedoftheNorthStartopointouttherightdirectionandguideitthroughthestorm.
TheboatistheloverwhobadlyneedstheNorthStar(hislady)toguidehimthroughadifficultperiodinhislife.
Thethirdquatrain(beginningwith"Yet")bringsanoptimistictoneandexpressesthehopethatthis"storm"willpassandtheladywillreturntohimintheend.
"I"shallbewreathinginpainsuntil"you"comeandsaveme.
Asacomplimenttothelady,thespeakerplacesherinahigherpositionwhereshehaspowertosolvehisproblemsandsavehislife.
Asatraditionallover,heshowscustomaryhumilityandlooksuptohisbelovedwithadmirationandrespect.
[Translation]第34首如同一只船驶在茫茫的海面,凭靠某一颗星辰来为它导航,当风暴把它可靠的向导遮暗,它就会远离自己的航道飘荡;我的星辰也常常用它的亮光为我指路,现已被乌云笼罩,我在深深的黑暗和苦闷中彷徨,穿行于周围重重的险滩暗礁.
但是我希望,经过这一场风暴,我的赫利刻,我那生命的北极星,将重放光芒,最终把我来照耀,用明丽的光辉驱散我忧郁的阴云,在这以前,我忧心忡忡地徘徊,独自儿暗暗地悲伤,忧思满怀.
(胡家峦译)英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:46AMSELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRYSonnet54Ofthisworldstheatreinwhichwestay,Mylovelikethespectatorydly1sitsBeholdingmethatallthepageantsplay2,Disguysing3diverselymytroubledwits.
SometimesIjoywhengladoccasionfits,Andmaskinmyrthlyketoacomedy:4Sooneafterwhenmyjoytosorrowflits,5Iwaile6andmakemywoesatragedy.
Yetshe,beholdingmewithconstanteye,Delightsnotinmymyrthnorruesmysmart:7ButwhenIlaughshemocks,andwhenIcryShelaughsandhardensevermoreherheart.
WhatthencanmoveherIfnormirthnormone8,Sheisnowoman,butasenceless9stone.
[Notes]1.
ydly:idly2.
methatallthepageantsplay:methatplayalltheroles3.
disguysing:disguising4.
myrth:mirth,joy;lyketo:like5.
Soone:soon;whenmyjoytosorrowflits:whenmyjoychangestosorrow6.
waile:wail,utteraprolongedcryofgrieformisery7.
myrth:mirth,joy;ruesmysmart:feelsadaboutmystingingpain8.
mone:moan9.
senceless:senseless[Questions]1.
Doesthestructureof"Sonnet54"resemblethestructureof"Sonnet34"Whatisthefunctionof"Yet"inLine92.
Thepoemcompareslifetoaplay.
IsthiscomparisonappropriateforthispoemInwhatwaysdoesithelpconveythepoem'smeaning3.
Thepoemcallsthewomana"senselessstone.
"Isthepoetguiltyofwoman-hatredorprejudiceagainstwomenDoeshemeantoaccusethewoman[Commentary]Thesettingofthepoemisatheatre.
Thespeakercompareshimselftoanactorandtheladytotheaudience.
Theactoristryingtopleasetheaudience英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:47AM英美诗歌选读withvariousplays.
Sometimesheplayscomedyandsometimesheplaystragedy.
Buttheaudiencedoesnotseemtoappreciatenorrespondtotheplay.
Shesimplydoesnotcareorisnotinterestedintheplays.
Onthecontrary,shemockstheactor'seffortsandlaughsathisperformance.
Theactoristheloverwhoisdoingeverythinghecantopleasethelady.
Heisactingmanyrolestoentertainher.
Buttheladyrefusestobemovedbyhisperformance.
Thiscomparisonagainshowstherelationshipbetweentheloverandhislady:themanisatthemercyofthewomanwhohasgotpowertogivehimhappiness.
Thepoemisacomplaintaboutthelady'scoldness:ifsheisnotmovedbyhappinessorsorrow,"sheisnowoman,butasencelessstone.
"Traditionally,sonnetsareaboutpassionateloversandindifferentladies:theloverisofteninahopelessattempttopersuadehisbelovedtoshowmercytohim.
[Translation]第54首在我们逗留的这座人生的剧院,我的爱人闲坐着,像一个观众,观看我表演各种各样的场面,我掩饰内心的不安,方式不同.
有时在高兴场合,我快乐融融.
就像演喜剧,把欢乐的面具戴上:转眼间,欢乐变成了忧心忡忡,痛哭流涕,又像演悲剧一场.
但她以坚定的目光对我观望,决不因我乐而欢乐,因我悲而痛苦:我笑时,她嘲弄讥讽,我哭泣悲伤,她又大笑,那心肠是永远冷酷.
什么能打动她假如苦笑都不成,她就是一块石头,而不是女人.
(胡家峦译)Sonnet75OnedayIwrotehernameuponthestrand1,Butcamethewavesandwasheditaway:Agayne2Iwroteitwithasecondhand,英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:47AM10SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRYButcamethetyde,andmademypayneshispray.
3"Vayneman,"saydshe,"thatdoestinvaineassay,4Amortalthingsotoimmortalise,ForImyselveshalllyketothisdecay,Andeekmynamebeewypedoutlykewise.
"5"Notso,"quodI,"letbaserthingsdevise,6Todyindust,7butyoushalllivebyfame:Myverseyourvertuesrare8shalleternise,Andintheheavenswryte9yourgloriousname.
Wherewhenasdeathshallalltheworldsubdew,10Ourloveshalllive,andlaterliferenew.
"[Notes]1.
strand:beach2.
Agayne:again3.
tyde:tide;mademypayneshispray:mademypainshisprey,washedawaymyhardwork4.
Vayneman:vainman;saydshe:saidshe;assay:attempt5.
Andeekmynamebeewipedoutlykewyse:Andalsomynamebewipedoutlikewise.
6.
quodI:quothI,saidI;devise:contrive7.
Todyindust:todieindust8.
yourvertuesrare:yourrarevirtues9.
wryte:write10.
whenas:while;subdew:subdue[Questions]1.
Thetideofoceanandthetideoftimeobviouslyhavemuchsimilarity.
DoyouthinkthetideoftimewashesawayeverythingDoesanythingintheworldlast2.
HowdoesmanachieveimmortalityAccordingtoreligion,whatdoesimmortalitymeanDoweachieveimmortalityonlythroughreligion3.
WhatisspecialaboutthestructureofthepoemIsitsimilartothoseofthepreviouspoemsWhatisthefunctionofthelasttwolines[Commentary]Theloveristryingtowritethelady'snameonthesand,butthewavescomeandwashthenameaway.
Hewritesthenameagainonthesand,butthe英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:47AM11英美诗歌选读waveswashitawayasecondtime.
Theladysaysitisuselesstodoso,becausehumanlifewillcometothesameend,induetimewashedawaybythetidesoftime.
Weallshalldieanddisappearfromtheearth.
Buttheloverhasadifferentviewonthismatter.
Hebelieveshispoemwillgiveeternallifetohisladyandmakeherimmortal.
ThepoemtouchesonanimportantthemeinRenaissancelovepoems:therelationbetweentimeandimmortality.
Thepoetsoftendeplorethefactthatlifeisshortandbeautydeclines.
Toachieveimmortality,throughreligionorworldlyachievements,isconsideredtheultimategoaloflife.
Therefore,thelover'sattempttoimmortalisethelady(throughverse)isthegreatestservicewhichhemayoffertoher.
[Translation]第75首有一天,我把她名字写在沙滩,但海浪来了,把那个名字冲跑;我用手再一次把它写了一遍,但潮水来了,把我的辛苦又吞掉.
"自负的人啊,"她说,"你这是徒劳,妄想使世间凡俗的事物不朽;我本身就会像这样云散烟消,我的名字也同样会化为乌有.
""不,"我说,"让低贱的东西去筹谋死亡之路,但你将靠美名而永活:我的诗将使你罕见的美德长留,并把你光辉的名字写在天国.
死亡可以征服整个世界,我们的爱将长存,生命永不灭.
"(胡家峦译)ElizabethanLovePoets(ChristopherMarlowe&SirWalterRalegh)ChristopherMarlowe(1564—1593)wasborninCanterburyandwaseducatedatCorpusChristiCollege,Cambridge.
Hewasoneofthethree英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:47AM12SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRYCambridgestudent-playwrightsknownasthe"UniversityWits.
"AtCambridgetheytranslatedandperformedcomediesandtragediesofRomanplaywrightsPlautus(254—184B.
C.
)andSeneca(4—65A.
D.
).
Theyalsowroteplaysoftheirown,sometimesindividuallyandsometimesincollaborationwitheachother.
ThomasKyd'sSpanishTragedywastheearliestexampleofrevengeplayswhichanticipatedShakespeare'sHamlet;RobertGreene'sJamesIVcreatedsituationsinwhichawomandisguisesasaman,adeviceusedbyShakespearelateroninAsYouLikeItandTheTwelfthNight;MarlowewroteTamburlaineTheGreatinblankverse,unrhymediambicpentameter,whichbecamethestandardmediumofElizabethandrama.
Aftergraduation,MarlowecametoLondontopursuehiscareerasadramatist.
HisTamburlainewonsuccessinthetheatresofLondonandhewroteanothersixplaysincludingTheJewofMaltaandTheTragicHistoryofDr.
Faustus.
MarlowelivedinLondonforonlysixyearsbeforehistragicearlydeath(attheageof29).
Thelegendhasitthathediedinapub,beingstabbedtodeathinaquarreloverthebill.
Someresearchersbelievethathewasthevictimofapoliticalmurder:firstbetrayedbyhisfellowplaywrightThomasKydwhoinformedthePrivyCouncilofhisallegedactsoftreasonandatheism,thenmurderedbyasecretagentofthegovernment.
Marlowewrotealongpoemaboutmythologicallovers"HeroandLeander,"buthisbest-knownandmostanthologisedpoemis"ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove.
"ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLoveComelivewithmeandbemylove,AndwewillallthepleasuresproveThatvalleys,groves,hills,andfields,Woods,orsteepymountainyields1.
Andwewillsitupontherocks,Seeingtheshepherdsfeedtheirflocks,Byshallowriverstowhosefalls2Melodiousbirdssingmadrigals3.
AndIwillmaketheebedsofrosesAndathousandfragrantposies,Acapofflowers,andakirtle4Embroideredallwithleavesofmyrtle;英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:47AM13英美诗歌选读AgownmadeofthefinestwoolWhichfromourprettylambswepull;Fairlined5slippersforthecold,Withbucklesofthepurestgold;Abeltofstrawandivybuds,Withcoralclaspsandamberstuds:Andifthesepleasuresmaytheemove,Comelivewithme,andbemylove.
Theshepherds'swains6shalldanceandsingForthydelighteachMaymorning:Ifthesedelightsthymindmaymove,Thenlivewithmeandbemylove.
[Notes]1.
yields:produces2.
falls:flow,current3.
madrigals:songsoflove4.
kirtle:gown,dress5.
lined:(clothes)attachedwithinsidecovering加衬里的6.
swains:boys,lads[Questions]1.
Whatparticularlyarethecomfortstheshepherdofferstoattractthegirlto"livewithhim"2.
Apartfrombedsofroses,capofflowers,kirtleofembroideryetc.
,whatotherdelightsareoffered3.
DoyouthinktheshepherdiseloquentenoughtopersuadethegirlDoyouthinkthisisthetypicalproposalofmarriageinElizabethantime[Commentary]Thepoemisaninvitationtolove.
Thespeakerisashepherdwhoisofferingaprofusionofcountrypleasuresinordertopersuadeayounggirltocometohimandbehislove.
Asproposalofmarriage,thepoemiseloquentandpersuasive,showingthepassionofaloverwhoiseagertosharehislifewithhisotherhalf.
Thepoembelongstothepastoraltradition,whichoriginatesinancientGreekandRomanliterature,particularlyintheIdyllsofTheocritusandthe英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:48AM14SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRYEcloguesofVirgil.
Asatradition,pastoralpoemsshowthelifeofshepherdsandshepherdesseswhoraisesheepandfallinloveinthecountryside.
Thesettingisusuallyapasture,withmountainsandriversandtreesandflowers.
Inthispoem,theshepherddepictsaruralparadisewhichhehopeswillbeattractivetohisbeloved.
Marlowe'spoemisprobablythebestandcertainlythemostfamousofthiskind.
Theshepherdisatypicalloveroftraditionallovepoems:outgoing,eloquent,persuasive,valuingpleasureandenjoymentaboveeternityandreligion.
Yethiseloquencearousessuspicionaboutthesincerityofhisofferand,asweshallsee,hisinvitationwillreceivemanyrepliesfromotherpoets,includingthefollowingbySirWalterRalegh.
[Translation]牧羊人的恋歌来吧,和我生活在一起,做我的爱人,在这里将使我们快乐无边,这里有峻峭秀丽的山峦,还有风光明媚的山谷田园.
在那边,我俩坐在山岩上,看牧羊人喂养可爱的羔羊,在浅浅的小溪旁,鸟儿随着潺潺流水把爱情歌唱.
在那边,我将用玫瑰编一顶花冠,用成千的花束做床,用爱神木的叶子织成长裙,一切都献给你,绚丽与芬芳从羔羊身上剪下最好的羊毛,为你做防寒的鞋衬和长袍;用纯金为你制作鞋扣,该是多么珍贵,多么荣耀长春藤和芳草做的腰带,珊瑚带扣点缀着琥珀水晶.
假如这些享受能打动你的心,英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:48AM15英美诗歌选读来吧,和我生活在一起,做我的爱人银碟里盛着你吃的美味儿,如同天上众神所用的一样,丰盛的佳肴将为我俩,摆在象牙制的桌面上.
牧羊少年们在每个五月的早晨,将为你纵情舞蹈,高歌人云,假如这些欢乐能打动你的心,来吧,和我生活在一起,做我的爱人.
(袁广达梁葆成译)SirWalterRalegh(1552—1618)wasborninsouthDevonandstudiedforalittlemorethanayearatOxfordUniversity.
Hehadbeenasoldier,explorer,coloniser,courtier,philosopherandpoet.
HefoughtbattlesinFranceandSpain.
Heledagold-searchexpeditiontoGuiana(nowVenezuela)in1592andledanotherexpeditiontoCadizharbourofSpainin1596.
HeissometimescreditedasthefounderofcolonyofVirginiainAmericaandasthefirstpersontointroducetobaccotoEurope.
HehadenjoyedgreatfavourfromQueenElizabethI,butafterthequeen'sdeathandtheaccessionofKingJamesI,hewaschargedwithhightreasonandwasthrownintoprison(theTowerofLondon)in1603.
Duringthe13yearsinprison,hewrotetheHistoryoftheWorld.
In1617,hewasreleasedtosearchforthegoldminewhichheclaimedtohavediscoveredinGuianaonhisearlierexpedition25yearsbefore.
Thisexpeditionwasadisastrousone:hissonwaskilledandhischieflieutenantcommittedsuicide.
Onhisreturn,thegoldminewasfoundtobeafabricationandthechargeofhightreasonwasrenewed.
Hewasexecutedon29October,1618.
HewasknownforalongpoemtoQueenElizabeth,"TheOceantoCynthia,"andforapoemattackingsocialclassesandinstitutions,"TheLie.
"Buthisbest-knownpoemisareplytoMarlowe's"PassionateShepherd.
"TheNymph'sReplytotheShepherdIfalltheworldandlovewereyoung,Andtruthineveryshepherd'stongue,TheseprettypleasuresmightmemoveTolivewiththeeandbethylove.
英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:48AM16SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRYTimedrivestheflocksfromfieldtofold1Whenriversrageandrocksgrowcold,AndPhilomel2becomethdumb;Therestcomplainsofcares3tocome.
Theflowersdofade,andwantonfieldsTowaywardwinterreckoningyields;4Ahoneytongue,aheartofgall,Isfancy'sspring,butsorrow'sfall.
Thygowns,thyshoes,thybedsofroses,Thycap,thykirtle,andthyposiesSoonbreak,soonwither,soonforgotten—Infollyripe,inreasonrotten.
Thybeltofstrawandivybuds,Thycoralclaspsandamberstuds,AlltheseinmenomeanscanmoveTocometotheeandbethylove.
Butcouldyouthlastandlovestillbreed,Hadjoysnodatenoragenoneed,5ThenthesedelightsmymindmightmoveTolivewiththeeandbethylove.
[Notes]1.
fold:sheepfold,asmallenclosuretokeepsheepsafeatnight2.
Philomel:nightingale3.
cares:troubles,worries4.
wantonfields/Towaywardwinterreckoningyields:livelyfieldssurrendertotheonslaughtofthewinterseason.
5.
Hadjoysnodatenoragenoneed:[subjunctivemood]ifjoyswereeverlastingandoldagehadnoinsufficiency.
nodate:noend;noneed:nolack,nopoverty[Questions]1.
Comparetheformofthispoemandthatofthepreviouspoem.
Whatsimilaritiesdoyoufind英美诗歌选1-6.
indd162008.
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1110:46:48AM17英美诗歌选读2.
WhatdetailsofthepreviouspoemarementionedinthispoemInwhatdifferentwayisthespeakerusingthesedetails3.
Whatarethereasonsforthespeakertorefusetheshepherd'sinvitation[Commentary]Inthispoem,ayoungwomanisansweringtheinvitationmadebytheshepherdinChristopherMarlowe'spoem.
Herbluntrefusalisbasedonsuspicionthattheshepherdislikemanysuchloversonlyusingbeautifulwordstodeceiveinnocent,inexperiencedyounggirls.
Thepleasuresheofferedarelikelytobeshort-livedandthehappinesswillsoonbecomesorrow.
Therefore,sherefusestobelievethe"shepherd'stongue.
"Itisunconventionalforthewomantotaketheinitiativeinanyloverelationshipbecausewomenareconsideredasthevulnerablepartyandtheyaremoreoftenonguardagainstthelover'sdeceptivewords.
Theywillchoosetorefusethelover'sproposal,atleastatfirst,eveniftheyhaveeveryreasontoacceptit.
Thisprolongsthecourtshipandprobablymakesitmoreinteresting.
The"passionateloverandcoldmistress"patternisoneofthemostimportantcharacteristicsof"courtlylove"intheMiddleAgesandtheRenaissanceperiod.
Noticetheverseformofthispoem.
ThereisaconsciousattemptonRalegh'sparttoimitatethefour-footiambiccoupletofMarlowe'spoem,whileatthesametimetoprovideasequeltoitsstory.
[Translation]美女答牧羊人要是世界和爱情不变老,要是牧羊人的话都可靠,这些快活事能使我动心,使我与你同住,做你的情人.
但河会泛滥,山石会变冷,连夜莺也会变得不吭声;这时,羊得从田野进羊圈,其他的鸟兽担心地悲叹.
花枯萎凋谢,葱茏的大地屈服于寒冷的任意算计;英美诗歌选1-6.
indd172008.
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1110:46:48AM18SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRY蜂蜜般的舌头,胆汁似的心是春的美梦,是秋的苦辛.
你那花束、玫瑰床和长袍,你那绣花的裙子和鞋帽,很快会干枯,破旧,被遗忘——都在痴想中生,理智中亡.
麦杆、藤芽辫成的腰带上虽有珊瑚扣、琥珀钉增光,这些都无法打动我的心,使我与你同住,做你情人.
只有叫青春常驻爱常留,叫欢乐无尽,老来没穷愁,这些高兴事才使我动心,使我与你同住,做你情人.
(黄杲忻译)[Comparison]Thefollowingpoemisanexampleofamodernpoet'simitationof"ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove"andittestifiestothevitalityofMarlowe'spoem400yearsafteritscomposition.
TwoSongs2Come,livewithmeandbemylove,AndwewillallthepleasuresproveOfpeaceandplenty,bedandboard,Thatchance1employmentmayafford.
I'llhandledainties2onthedocksAndthoushaltreadofsummerfrocks3:AteveningbythesourcanalsWe'llhopetohearsomemadrigals.
Care4onthymaidenbrowshallputAwreathofwrinkles,andthyfoot英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:48AM19英美诗歌选读Beshodwithpain:notsilkendressButtoilshalltirethyloveliness.
Hungershallmakethymodestzone5Andcheatfonddeathofallbutbone6—Ifthesedelightsthymindmaymove,Thenlivewithmeandbemylove.
[Notes]1.
chance:unpredictable,accidental,occasional2.
dainties:nicefood,delicacies3.
shaltreadofsummerfrocks:shallreadaboutsummerdresses(probablyinmagazines)4.
care:worry5.
makethymodestzone:becomeyourhumblebelt6.
cheatfonddeathofallbutbone:(Hungershall)deceivedeathovereverythingexceptbone.
[Questions]1.
Whatspecial"pleasures"isthismodernloverofferingtohisbeloved2.
WhateffecthastheauthorproducedbyhiscontrastwithMarlowe'spoem3.
IsthisalovepoemWhatisthepurposeoftheauthor[Commentary]ThefirsttwolinesremindthereaderofMarlowe's"PassionateShepherdtoHisLove"andofallthepleasuresMarlowe'sloverofferstotheyounggirl.
Butinthispoem,nopleasureisoffered.
Theloverhasonlyahardlifetooffer.
Bywayofparody,thepoemcreatesexpectationswhicharethenruthlesslyshattered.
Thereaderhopestohearthespeakerexpresshispassionatelove.
Instead,heonlyhearsacomplaintoverpoverty.
TheauthorCecilDayLewis(1904—1972)wasborninNorthernIrelandandreceivededucationatOxford.
Hewasleft-winginpoliticsandwasverymuchconcernedwithsocialproblemsofhisday.
HejoinedtheCommunistPartyforthreeyearsandlaterwasappointedPoetLaureate.
TheabovepoemwaswrittenatatimewhenBritisheconomyisplummetingandpeople'slivingstandardwasdeteriorating.
Itisaprotestagainstasocietywhichcannotlookafteritscitizensanditshowsgraveconcernfortheunderprivilegedpeoplewhoarestrugglingonthevergeofpoverty.
英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:48AM20SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRYWilliamShakespeare(1564—1616)WilliamShakespearewasborninStratford-upon-Avon,asmalltowninWarwickshire.
Heattendedthegrammarschoolofhistown,akeyschoolwhichpreparestudentsforuniversity,butaccordingtoBenJonsonhelearned"littleLatinandlessGreek,"andthereforehadnochanceofgoingtoOxfordorCambridge.
Hisfatherwasanaffluentbusinessman,aprosperousglove-makerandforatimewasaldermanofthetown.
In1582,attheageof18,ShakespearemarriedAnneHathaway,awomaneightyearsolderthanhim,andtheirdaughterSusannawasbornthenextyear.
Anotherdaughterandason(twins)wereborntothemin1585.
In1584,Shakespearelefthishometownandforthenexteightyearsnooneknowshiswhereaboutsorhisactivities;allrecordsabouthimwereblank.
SomebelievethathewasservinginthearmiesoftheEarlofLeicesterintheLowCountries;othersbelievethathewanderedthroughthecountryforsometimeandfinallycametoLondon,engaginginavarietyofmeanjobslikeholdinghorsesatthegateofthetheatre.
Whenhefinallyre-emergedin1592,hewasanactorandanincreasinglysuccessfulplaywright,whowassatirisedbyRobertGreeneasan"upstartcrow.
.
.
inhisownconceittheonlyShake-sceneinacountry.
"Shakespearewasanactor,aplaywrightandeventuallyashareholderofChamberlaine'sMen,asuccessfultroupeattachedtoLordChamberlaine,whichbecameKing'sMenafterKingJamesIcametothrone.
ThecompanybuiltandperformedinthethenmostfamoustheatreinLondon,theGlobe.
Throughouthiscareer,ShakespearewrotetwolongpoemsVenusandAdonis(1593)andTheRapeofLucrece(1594),154sonnetsand37plays.
Bythetimeheretired,hehadbecameahugesuccessandboughtNewPlace,amagnificentresidencewithabeautifulgarden,backinhishometownStratford-upon-Avon.
The154sonnetsareShakespeare'scontributiontotheElizabethanvogueofsonnetsequences.
LikethoseofSydneyandSpenser,Shakespeare'ssonnetscontainsimilarmotifsandsimilarpatternsofargument,thoughwritteninadifferentrhymeschemeof"ababcdcdefefgg.
"Thefirstgroupofsonnetsiswrittentoa"MasterW.
H.
,"celebratinghisbeautyandpersuadinghimtogetmarried;thesecondgroupiswrittentoacertain"DarkLady;"othersareaboutarivalpoet.
Theimagerycomesfromavarietyofsources:gardening,英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:49AM21英美诗歌选读navigation,farming,law,business,astrologyanddomesticaffairs.
Andthemoodsincludedelight,fear,pride,shame,disgustandmelancholy.
Theplayscanbeputintocategoriesofhistories,comedies,tragediesandromances,withthetimeofcompositionroughlyfollowingthisorder.
ThehistoryplayscoverprominenteventsinthehistoryofRomeandofthenativeBritainuptoShakespeare'stime,tellingaboutthechangeofdynasties(HenryIV)orthefallofkings(JuliusCaesar).
Comediestelllovestories,ofteninvolvingadifficultobstacleinthecourtship(TheTwelfthNight)andahappyendinginthemarriageoftheheroandtheheroine(AsYouLikeIt).
Thetragediesexploreintothedepthsofhumannature,touchinguponsuchhumanweaknessesasjealousy(Othello),excessiveambition(Macbeth),propensityforflattery(KingLear),irresolutenessandeventheworkingsoftheunconscious(Hamlet).
Theromancesareusuallymiraculousstoriessetinaremoteplace(TheTempest)andoftenresorttomagictoresolvetheconflictsoftheplays(Winter'sTale).
SomecriticssuggestthatthesequenceofcompositionshowsthedevelopmentofShakespeare'sviewoftheworld,fromanoptimisticbeliefinthefinaltriumphofgoodoverevil,toviewingdestructionastheinevitableendofconflicts,andfinallytoadespairinguseofmagictoresolvethoseconflicts.
Theplaysaremostlywritteninblankverseandsomeofpassages,suchas"AlltheWorld'saStage"and"ToBeorNottoBe,"aresowell-knownthattheyarereadasindependentpoems.
ThesonnetsalsocontainsomeofthefinestsongseverwritteninEnglish,ofwhichthefollowingaretwoprominentexamples.
Sonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sdayThouart1morelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummer'slease2hathalltooshortadate:Sometimetoohottheeyeofheaven3shinesAndoftenishisgoldcomplexion4dimmed;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimesdeclines,Bychanceornature'schangingcourseuntrimmed:5Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow'st,Norshalldeathbragthouwander'stinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrow'st,英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:49AM22SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRYSolongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.
[Notes]1.
art:are2.
lease:time,duration3.
theeyeofheaven:thesun4.
hisgoldcomplexion:thesun'sgoldface5.
Bychance.
.
.
untrimmed:cutshort,destroyedbychance(fate)[Questions]1.
Whatistheauthor'spurposeinmentioning"summer,""darlingbudsofMay"andthesun's"goldcomplexion"Whatcommoncharacteristicsdotheyhave2.
Whydoestheauthormention"death"and"change"inapoemofpraiseandcommendation3.
Judgingfromthelasttwolines,doyouthinkthispoemisaboutbeautyoraboutpoetry[Commentary]ThisisprobablythemostfamousofShakespeare'ssonnets.
Structurally,itcanbedividedintotwoparts.
Thefirsteightlinesareaboutthetransienceofnaturalbeauty:insummer,insunshine,andinflowers.
Thelastsixlinesareabouttheimmortalityof"your"beauty,i.
e.
thebeautyofthepersonthepoemisdedicatedto.
Weareallpartofnatureandweareallsubjectto"nature'schangingcourse.
"Weshallliveourlifeanddie,justasallnaturalobjectsareintime"untrimmed"bychanceorfate.
Thepoemstartsoutasapraiseof"your"beauty,butthenturnsintoaprofoundmeditationontimeandchange,andonthenatureofearthlylife.
Thereisanotherissuesuggestedinthepoem.
"Your"beautyissaidtobe"eternal,"above"nature'schangingcourse.
"But"you"achievedimmortalitybybecomingthesubjectof"my"poem:"Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,/Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.
"Inotherwords,"my"poemgiveseternityto"your"beauty.
Inthissense,thissonnetisalsoaboutthepermanenceofartandpoetry.
英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:49AM23英美诗歌选读[Translation]第18首我怎么能够把你来比作夏天你不独比它可爱也比它温婉:狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践,夏天出赁的期限又未免太短:天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈,它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽:被机缘或无常的天道所摧折,没有芳艳不终于凋残或销毁.
但是你的长夏永远不会凋落,也不会损失你这皎洁的红芳,或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊,当你在不朽的诗里与时同长.
只要一天有人类,或人有眼睛,这诗将长存,并且赐给你生命.
(朱生豪译)Sonnet29Whenindisgracewithfortuneandmen'seyesIallalonebeweepmyoutcaststate1,Andtroubledeafheavenwithmybootless2cries,Andlookuponmyself,andcursemyfate,Wishingmeliketoonemorerichinhope,Featuredlikehim,3likehimwithfriendspossessed,Desiringthisman'sart,andthatman'sscope,4WithwhatImostenjoycontentedleast;Yetinthesethoughtsmyselfalmostdespising,HaplyIthinkonthee,andthenmystate,LiketothelarkatbreakofdayarisingFromsullenearthsingshymnsatheaven'sgate;ForthysweetloverememberedsuchwealthbringsThatthenIscorntochangemystatewithkings.
[Notes]1.
beweepmyoutcaststate:weepovermyfateasanoutcastperson英美诗歌选1-6.
indd232008.
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1110:46:49AM24SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRY2.
bootless:fruitless,futile3.
featuredlikehim:havingafacelikehim4.
Desiringthisman'sart,andthatman'sscope:wishingtohaveotherpeople'sskillsandrangeofknowledge.
art:skills;scope:rangeofknowledge[Questions]1.
WhatdifferentmoodsdoweseeinthefirsteightlinesandinthelastsixlinesWhatcausesthischangeofmood2.
Lookatthedetailsoftheperson's"outcaststate.
"Dotheyhaveawidersignificanceordoweseepeopleinsuch"outcaststate"inourlife3.
InLine11,a"skylark"isusedasananalogytotheperson'sstateofmind.
IsitanappropriatecomparisonWhy[Commentary]Thissonnetalsohasan"eightlines+sixlines"structure.
Thefirsteightlinesdescribethemisfortunesofthespeaker:hehasnopersonalattraction,nofriends,noskills,noknowledgeandnohope.
Hefeelsmiserableabouthis"outcaststate"andcurseshisown"fate.
"Justatthismoment,hethinksof"you"andallischanged.
Thenextsixlinesturnthepoemtoaverydifferentdirection.
Hismemoryof"you"liftshiminstantlyoutofhismiseryandhisspiritflieshappilytoheaven,likeaskylark,inheavenlybliss.
Heissohappytohave"yourlove"thatherefusestochangeplacewiththeking.
InthePetrarchantradition,sonnetsareusuallywrittentoayoungladyandtheyusemanyrhetoricaldevices(metaphorsandsimiles)topraiseherbeautyorpersuadehertoseizetimeandenjoylife.
ThoughShakespeare'ssonnetsarewrittentoayoungmalearistocrat,probablyhispatron,heretainsagreatdealoftheconventionsoflovesonnets.
Thepraiseinthispoemwillbepleasingtoayoungwomanaswellastoayoungman.
Anyonewillbeoverjoyedtohearthathehassuchgreatimportanceinanotherperson'slife.
[Translation]第29首当我受尽命运和人们的白眼,暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飘零,徒用呼吁去干扰聋聩的昊天,顾盼着身影,诅咒自己的生辰,愿我和另一个一样富于希望,英美诗歌选1-6.
indd242008.
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1110:46:49AM25英美诗歌选读面貌相似,又和他一样广交游,希求这人的渊博,那人的内行,最赏心的乐事觉得最不对头;可是,当我正要这样看轻自己,忽然想起了你,于是我的精神,便像云雀破晓从阴霾的大地振翮上升,高唱着圣歌在天门:一想起你的爱使我那么富有,和帝王换位我也不屑于屈就.
(梁宗岱译)Sonnet73ThattimeofyearthoumaystinmebeholdWhenyellowleaves,ornone,orfew,dohangUponthoseboughswhichshakeagainstthecold,Bareruinedchoirs,1wherelatethesweetbirdssang.
Inmethousee'stthetwilightofsuchdayAsaftersunsetfadethinthewest;Whichbyandbyblacknightdothtakeaway,Death'ssecondself2thatsealsupallinrest.
Inmethousee'sttheglowingofsuchfire,Thatontheashesofhisyouthdothlie,Asthedeath-bedwhereonitmustexpire,Consum'dwiththatwhichitwasnourishedby.
3Thisthouperceiv'st,whichmakesthylovemorestrong,Tolovethatwell,whichthoumustleaveerelong.
[Notes]1.
Bareruinedchoir:leaflessboughsoftreeswhichoncemakemusicinthewindlikeachoir2.
death'ssecondself:the"blacknight"ofthepreviousline3.
Consumedwiththatwhichitwasnourishedby:exhaustedbytheenergywhichoncefedthefire[Questions]1.
WhatimageisseenineachofthethreequatrainsWhatdoestheauthormeantosaybythethreeimages英美诗歌选1-6.
indd252008.
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1110:46:50AM26SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRY2.
Whydoestheauthorsaywhathemeanstosayinimages,insteadofdirectlyinstatementsWhateffecthasheachieved3.
WhydopeopleoftenappreciatemorewhattheyhavelostoraregoingtoloseWhatpsychologydoestheconclusionappealto[Commentary]Differentfromthetwoprevioussonnets,withtheir"eightlines+sixlines"structure,thispoemhasthethreeinitialquatrainsequallyandcontinuouslyatworkpreparingfortheconcludingcouplet.
Theydevelopsuccessivelytheimagesofdyingyear(autumn),dyingday(evening)anddyingfire(ashes).
Theimagesdrivehomethefactofthespeaker'scomingdeathandtheincreasedvalueoffriendshipsinceitisgoingtoendsoonwithhisdeath.
Thepoetdoesnotsaydirectlyaboutthecomingofdeath,butusesthreeconcreteimagestoshowtheapproachingextinction.
Theaudienceseesmorevividlyandmoredirectlythe"ruined"health,the"fading"oflife,theexhaustion("consumed")whichaccompanythecomingofhisdeath.
Theimagesenablethereadertofeel,ratherthanabstractlyunderstand,theconditionofthespeaker'shealthandgraspthefactinamorememorableway.
[Translation]第73首在我身上你或许会看见秋天,当黄叶,或尽脱,或只三三两两挂在瑟缩的枯枝上索索抖颤——荒废的歌坛,那里百鸟曾合唱.
在我身上你或许会看见暮霭,它在日落后向西方徐徐消退:黑夜,死的化身,渐渐把它赶开,严静的安息笼住纷纭的万类.
在我身上你或许会看见余烬,它在青春的寒灰里奄奄一息,在惨淡灵床上早晚总要断魂,给那滋养过它的烈焰所销毁.
看见了这些,你的爱就会加强,因为他转瞬要辞你溘然长往.
(梁宗岱译)英美诗歌选1-6.
indd262008.
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1110:46:50AM27英美诗歌选读UndertheGreenwoodTreeUnderthegreenwoodtreeWholovestoliewithme,Andturnhismerrynote1Untothesweetbird'sthroat,Comehither2,comehither,comehither:HereshallheseeNoenemyButwinterandroughweather.
Whodothambitionshun3Andlovestolivei'thesun4,Seekingthefoodheeats,Andpleasedwithwhathegets,Comehither,comehither,comehither:HereshallheseeNoenemyButwinterandroughweather.
[Notes]1.
note:music2.
comehither:comehere3.
shun:abandon,giveup4.
i'thesun:inthesun[Questions]1.
WhatkindofplacedoesthepoemdescribeWhyisitapreferableplace2.
WhatincontrastistheworldwhichthespeakerhasabandonedWhatiswrongwiththeworld3.
Whatisthethemeofthepoem[Commentary]ThissongistakenfromShakespeare'splayAsYouLikeIt(ActiiScene5),whichtellsthestoryofaDukeandhisdaughterwholiveintheArdenForestaftertheyhavebeendrivenoutoftheirpalaceandtheirdukedomhavebeenusurpedbytheDuke'sbrother.
Ontheappearance,thesongisasimplepraiseofcountrylifeandcountrypleasure,butactuallyitisacommentonthepoliticsandsociallifeofElizabethantime.
英美诗歌选1-6.
indd272008.
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1110:46:50AM28SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRYOntheonehand,thesongdescribesthehappinessofasimplelifeinnatureandontheotheritshowstirednesstowardstheintriguesandconspiraciesofthecourtlife.
Thusthe"greenwoodtree,"the"merrynote"ofthe"bird",andtheshineofthe"sun"allseemsweeter,becausethereis"noenemy"here.
Weseeadisillusionedspeakertryingtopersuadepeopletoabandondesireforpowerandpursueamoresimplisticexistencewithoutambitiousrivalryorpowerstruggle.
[Translation]绿树高张翠幕绿树高张翠幕,谁来偕我偃卧,翻将欢乐心声,学唱枝头鸟鸣:盍来此盍来此盍来此目之所接,精神契一,唯忧雨雪之将至.
孰能敝屣尊荣,来沐丽日光风,觅食自求果腹,一饱欣然意足:盍来此盍来此盍来此目之所接,精神契一,唯忧雨雪之将至.
(朱生豪译)AlltheWorld'saStageAlltheworld'sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers:Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances;Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,Hisactsbeingsevenages.
Atfirst,theinfant,Mewlingandpuking1inthenurse'sarms.
英美诗歌选1-6.
indd282008.
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1110:46:50AM29英美诗歌选读Then,thewhiningschool-boy,withhissatchel2Andshiningmorningface,creepinglikesnailUnwillinglytoschool.
Andthen,thelover,Sighinglikefurnace,3withawoefulballadMadetohismistress'eyebrow.
Thenasoldier,Fullofstrangeoathsandbeardedlikethepard4,Jealousinhonour,suddenandquickinquarrel,Seekingthebubblereputation5Eveninthecannon'smouth.
Andthenthejustice,Infairroundbellywithgoodcaponlined6,Witheyessevereandbeardofformalcut,Fullofwisesaws7andmoderninstances;Andsoheplayshispart.
ThesixthageshiftsIntotheleanandslipper'dpantaloon8,Withspectaclesonnose,andpouchonside;Hisyouthfulhosewellsaved,aworldtoowideForhisshrunkshank9;andhisbigmanlyvoice,Turningagaintowardchildishtreble,pipesAndwhistlesinhissound.
Lastsceneofall,Thatendsthisstrangeeventfulhistory,Issecondchildishness,andmereoblivion,Sansteeth,sanseyes,sanstaste,sanseverything.
10[Notes]1.
mewlingandpuking:cryingandvomiting2.
satchel:schoolbag3.
sighinglikefurnace:sighingheavilylikebellowsofafurnace4.
beardedlikethepard:havingbeardslikealeopard5.
bubblereputation:reputationishereseenasabubbleoraninsubstantialdream.
6.
withgoodcaponlined:filledwithgoodchickenmeat7.
wisesaws:wiseproverbs8.
slipper'dpantaloon:comfortabletrousers9.
shrunkshank:shrunkorthinleg10.
sansteeth.
.
.
sanseverything:withoutteeth.
.
.
withouteverything[Questions]1.
Shakespearedescribesseventypicalrolesapersonplaysinhislife.
Whatare英美诗歌选1-6.
indd292008.
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1110:46:50AM30SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRYtheyArethesevenrolesdifferentnowfromthoseofShakespeare'stime2.
Whatdoestheattitudeofseeinglifeasadramasuggestaboutthespeaker'sviewoflife[Commentary]ThepassageistakenfromAsYouLikeIt(Actii,Scene7).
TheexiledDukenoticesthatheandhisfriendsarenottheonlyunhappypeopleinthisworldbecauseheseesmanyotherpeopleinsuffering.
Hearingthis,Jacques,oneofhisfollowers,madetheaboveremarkaboutlife.
Itscomparisonoflifetoplayisakeenandinsightfulobservation:aplayisareflectionoflife,itis"tohold,as'twere,themirroruptonature"(HamletActiiiScene2).
Asaplaywright,Shakespearesurelyfeltstronglythecloserelationshipbetweenlifeandplay.
Yet,toseelifeasplaysuggestsaplayfulattitudetolifeandperhapsanabandonmentoflife'smeaningfulpursuits.
ThisattitudeisbalmytopeopleinadversecircumstancesliketheDukeandprobablycanhelpthemcarryonwiththeirlife.
ThisviewoflifewascommoninShakespeare'stimeandhadastrongreligiousovertone,becauseChristianitywouldhavepeoplebelievethatthislifeisonlyapreparationforheaven.
Thereforelifeisjustlikeaperformance,notreal,notimportant.
Successorfailuredoesnotmatter;nordoeswealthorpoverty.
Whatpeoplecandoistopatientlysufferandwait.
[Translation]这世界本是一座舞台这世界本是一座舞台,一切的男男女女只不过是些演戏的人:他们各自有出场,又各自有退场的时候;一个人,他的一生要演许多角色,他的戏共有七幕.
先是婴儿时期,在保姆的怀里哇哇哭啼,吃饱了吐奶.
然后是纠缠磨人的小学生,背着书包,像早晨一样的红红的面孔,蜗牛似的慢慢地蹭到学堂里去.
然后是个恋爱之人,叹起气来像风箱,做一首伤心的情诗献给他情人的眉宇.
然后是个军人,满嘴是奇怪的誓言,胡子翘得像头豹子,英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:50AM31英美诗歌选读很珍惜荣誉,动不动就吵嘴打架,甚至都会钻到大炮筒子里头去追求人世的虚名.
然后就到了做法官的时候,肚子鼓得圆圆的,里边都是肥鸡肉,两只眼睛好不尊严,胡子剪得整整齐齐,开起口来不是至理名言便是当代谚语;他就这样上演这一幕.
第六个时期就穿上了一条又瘦又长的裤子,穿一双拖鞋,鼻梁上架一副眼镜,身上垂着肉口袋,他年轻时候的袜子,保存下来,现在穿在他的瘦腿上简直是大而无当;他雄壮的男人嗓音,现在又变得同孩子的一样,又尖又颤,说起话来,一呼一吸,像在吹哨.
然后到了最后一场,这一场将结束他那奇特多事的一生,这一场是第二个童年,然后完全消失,没有牙,没有眼睛,没有胃口,什么都没有.
(曹未风译)ToBe,orNottoBeTobe,ornottobe:thatisthequestion:Whether'tisnoblerinthemind,tosufferTheslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune,1Ortotakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles,AndbyopposingendthemTodie:tosleep;Nomore;and,byasleeptosayweendTheheart-acheandthethousandnaturalshocksThatfleshisheirto,2'tisaconsummationDevoutlytobewish'd.
Todie:tosleep;Tosleep:perchancetodream:ay,there'stherub3;Forinthatsleepofdeathwhatdreamsmaycome,Whenwehaveshuffledoffthismortalcoil,4Mustgiveuspause.
There'stherespect,Thatmakescalamityofsolonglife;5Forwhowouldbearthewhipsandscornsoftime6,Theoppressor'swrong,theproudman'scontumely7,Thepangsofdespis'dlove,thelaw'sdelay,Theinsolenceofoffice,8andthespurns英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:50AM32SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRYThatpatientmeritoftheunworthytakes,9WhenhehimselfmighthisquietusmakeWithabarebodkin10Whowouldthesefardelsbear,Togruntandsweatunderawearylife,Butthatthedreadofsomethingafterdeath:Theundiscover'dcountry,11fromwhosebournNotravellerreturns,puzzlesthewill,Andmakesusratherbearthoseillswehave,ThanflytoothersthatweknownotofThusconscience12doesmakecowardsofusall;AndthusthenativehueofresolutionIssickliedo'erwiththepalecastofthought,13AndenterprisesofgreatpitchandmomentWiththisregardtheircurrentsturnawry,14Andlosethenameofaction.
[Notes]1.
Theslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune:thedangerousattacks(blowsandstrikes)whichpeoplemightgetinthisworldlylife2.
thethousandnaturalshocks/Thatthefleshisheirto:themanynaturalblowsthatourbodyinherits(havetobearorsuffer)3.
ay,there'stherub:yes,thatisthedifficultyorobstacle4.
whenwehaveshuffledoffthismortalcoil:whenwehaveabandonedourphysicalbodyatthemomentofdeath.
mortalcoil:bodywhichwilldieoneday5.
There'stherespect/Thatmakescalamityofsolonglife:Thatisthethoughtthatgivessuchlonglifetothedisaster.
6.
bearthewhipsandscornsoftime:endurethetorturesandmockeriesofthisworld7.
theproudman'scontumely:theproudman'sinsultingandscornfullanguageorbehaviour8.
theinsolenceofoffice:theofficials'impudentanddisrespectfulbehaviour9.
thespurns/Thatpatientmeritoftheunworthytakes:thekicksthatameritoriouspersonpatientlyreceivesfromtheunworthysuperior.
spurns:kicks;merit:apersonofmerit10.
hisquietusmake/Withabarebodkin:withabareknifeachievehisownpeace(killhimself).
quietus:peace,death;bodkin:knife,dagger11.
theundiscover'dcountry:thecountryofthedead英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:51AM33英美诗歌选读12.
conscience:awareness,consciousness,referringtothereflectionsjustmade13.
thenativehueofresolution/Issickliedo'erwiththepalecastofthought:determinationsoftenswiththinking;itscolourbecomespalewiththoughts.
hue:colour;cast:shade14.
enterprisesofgreatpitchandmoment/Withthisregardtheircurrentsturnawry:mattersofgreatimportanceturntheircoursetothewrongdirection.
greatpitchandmoment:greatheightandurgency[Questions]1.
WhathasHamletmentionedabouttheillsofhisage2.
IshegoingtosufferpatientlyOrishegoingtoopposeandfightthoseillsofhisage3.
WhydoesdeathseemsonicetoHamletatthistimeWhydoesn'thekillhimself,ashesays,"withabarebodkin"4.
Besidesofferingacritiqueofhissociety,whatdoesthismeditationonlifeanddeathshowaboutHamlet'scharacter[Commentary]TakenfromHamlet,ActiiiScene1,thisisprobablythemostfamoussoliloquyofShakespeare'splays.
Itisoftenquotedandreadasindependentpoem.
Inthissoliloquy,Hamletisdebatinginhismindoverthequestionoflifeanddeath.
Heseesmanyproblemsinhissocietyandisinsuchdespairthathewantstoendhisownlifeinordertoescapethoseproblems.
However,deathturnsouttobenotsuchanicealternative.
Theuncertainprospectsafterdeathmakehimhesitate.
ThesoliloquyfullyexploresthedilemmaHamletfaces:ontheonehanddeathisacomfortingescapefromlife'sproblems;ontheotherhanditholdsuncertainandunknownprospectsforhim.
Thereforeheloseshisdeterminationandhisactionisparalyzed.
However,thesoliloquyhaswidersignificancethanjustfortheherooftheplay.
Itcanbeseenasageneralmeditationofhumanlife'spredicament.
Peopleareallsufferingindifferentwaysinlife.
Inotherwords,weareallinHamlet'ssituation,havingtoanswerthequestionofhowtofacethesocietyweliveinorhowtofaceourfate.
英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:51AM34SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRY[Translation]活下去还是不活活下去还是不活:这是问题.
要做到高贵,究竟该忍气吞声来容受狂暴的命运矢石交攻呢,还是该挺身反抗无边的苦恼,扫它个干净死,就是睡眠——就这样;而如果睡眠就等于了结了心痛以及千百种身体要担受的皮痛肉痛,那该是天大的好事,正求之不得啊!
死,就是睡眠;睡眠也许要做梦,这就麻烦了!
我们一旦摆脱了尘世的牵缠,在死的睡眠里还会做些什么梦,一想到就不能不踌躇.
这一点顾虑正好使灾难变成了长期的折磨.
谁甘心忍受人世的鞭挞和嘲弄.
忍受压迫者虐待、傲慢者凌辱,忍受失恋的痛苦、法庭的拖延、衙门的横暴、做埋头苦干的大才受作威作福的小人一脚踢出去,如果他只消自己来使一下尖刀就可以得到解脱啊谁甘心挑担子,拖着疲累的生命,呻吟,流汗,要不是怕一死就去了没有人回来的那个从未发现的国土,怕那边还不知会怎样,因此意志动摇了,因此就宁愿忍受目前的灾殃,而不愿投奔另一些未知的苦难这样子,顾虑使我们都成了懦夫,也就这样子,决断决行的本色蒙上了惨白的一层思虑的病容;本可以轰轰烈烈的大作大为,由于这一点想不通,就出了别扭,失去了行动的名份.
(卞之琳译)英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:51AM35英美诗歌选读ThomasCampion(1567—1620)ThomasCampionwasapoetandacomposer.
Thetwosidesofhimcollaboratedtomakehimaveryfinelyricpoet.
HeattendedCambridgeUniversityandGray'sInn(alawschool).
Inhismiddleage,hestudiedmedicineatUniversityofCaenandreceivedanMDin1605.
HisfirstpoemswerewritteninLatinandwerepublishedinabookentitledPoematain1595.
In1602,hewrote,ObservationsintheArtofEnglishPoesy,apamphletwhichtriestodefendthequantitativeverseofLatinpoetryandcriticiseaccentualandrhymedverseofEnglishpoetry,probablyalsoanattempttodefendwhathedidinhisownpractice.
Between1601and1617,hepublishedfourBookesofAyres,poemscomposedbyhimselforcollectedandtranslatedfromotherauthorsandsettomusicbyhimselfandhiscollaborator.
FollowThyFairSunFollowthyfairsun,unhappyshadow;Thoughthoubeblackasnight,Andshemadealloflight,Yetfollowthyfairsun,unhappyshadow.
Followherwhoselightthylightdepriveth;Thoughherethouliv'stdisgraced,Andsheinheavenisplaced,Yetfollowherwhoselighttheworldreviveth!
Followthosepurebeamswhosebeautyburneth,Thatsohavescorchedthee,Asthoustillblackmustbe,Tillherkindbeamsthyblacktobrightnessturneth.
Followherwhileyethergloryshineth;Therecomesalucklessnight,Thatwilldimallherlight;Andthistheblackunhappyshadedivineth.
1Followstillsincesothyfatesordained;英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:51AM36SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRYThesunmusthavehisshade,Tillbothatoncedofade;Thesunstillproved,2theshadowstilldisdained.
[Notes]1.
thistheblackunhappyshadedivineth:theblackunhappyshadepredictsthis.
2.
Thesunstillproved:thesunstillapproved.
[Questions]1.
Isthepoemanunreservedpraiseofthe"fairsun"Findoutthewordsorphraseswhichdonotseemtobepraisingher.
2.
Lightandshadowareaninseparablepairwhichwillbothdisappearin"alucklessnight.
"Whatisthesymbolicmeaningof"thelucklessnight"[Commentary]Thispoemisacomplicatedcomparisonoftheladytothesunandthelovertoashadowwhichfollowshereverywhere.
ItisapopularfigureinCampion'stimeaswerememberShakespeare'sRomeoalsocomparesJuliettoafairsun.
BenJonsonreversesthefigureandsees"ThatWomenAreButMen'sShadow.
"Campion'scomparisonisanaptdescriptionoftraditionalcourtlylove:theladyisfairlikethesunbecausesheistheobjectofthelover'sadmiration.
Theloverisliketheshadowbecausehisexistenceandhappinessdependsonthesunshine'sfavour.
Whenthesunsets,italsodisappears.
Otherdetailsalsoshowthespecialrelationshipofcourtlylovers.
"Herethouliv'stdisgraced,/Andsheinheavenisplaced"suggestsahumbleloverandaproudmistress;"Thatsohavescorchedthee,/Asthoustillblackmustbe"recallsthelover'susualcomplaintaboutthemistress'scruelty.
[Translation]追逐你的太阳追逐你的太阳吧,悲伤的影子,虽然你像夜一样黑,而她充满了阳光,但追逐你的太阳吧,悲伤的影子.
追逐她吧,她的光明使你失色;英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:51AM37英美诗歌选读虽然你身屈地下,而她却高居天上,但追逐她吧,她的光使大地复苏.
追逐纯洁的光芒吧,她的美在燃烧,她如此地把你灼伤,你必须保持你的黑,直到她的光芒把你的黑暗照亮.
追逐她吧,她放发出灿烂光辉,不幸的黑夜将会来临,将她的光辉熄灭,这,不幸的黑影子已经预见.
追逐吧,既然你的命运注定,太阳注定有它的影子,直到两者同时消失;太阳才会答应,影子才会高傲.
(张剑译)[Comparison]ItisinterestingtocompareCampion's"FollowThyFairSun"withthepoemofBenJonsonwhopresentsamistressnotsoproudornoble:Followashadow,itstillfliesyou;Seemtoflyit,itwillpursue;Socourtamistress,shedeniesyou;Letheralone,shewillcourtyou.
Say,arenotwomentruly,thenStyledbuttheshadowsofusmenAtmornandevenshadesarelongest;Atnoontheyareshortestornone:Somenatweakest,theyarestrongest;Butgrantusperfect,they'renotknown.
Say,arenotwomentruly,thenStyledbuttheshadowsofusmen英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:51AM38SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRY[Commentary]Jonsonpresentsanimageofwomenastheshadowsofmen.
Thosewhopursuewomenareactuallypursuingtheirownshadows.
Iftheyturnandwalkaway,thentheshadowswillpursuethem.
Inotherwords,womenareproudbecausemenpursuethemtoomuch.
Ifmenkeeptheirowndignity,thenwomenwilladmirethemmore.
Thecavalierpoets,ofwhomJonsonisachiefrepresentative,arecourtlylovepoets,whowroteaboutthepassion,frustration,andtriumphoftheirloveexperienceatthecourt.
ThomasNashe(1567—160l)ThomasNashewasoneoftheUniversityWits,agroupofCambridgegraduatesofthe16thcenturywhocametoLondonandmadealivingbywritingandacting.
LikeotherUniversityWits(ChristopherMarlowewholived29years,GeorgePeele30,RobertGreene32),hediedyoung,attheageof33.
Helivedatypicallifeofawriterofhistime:writingforthestage,livingfromhandtomouth,dedicatinghispoemstohispatrons,gettinginvolvedincontroversies,creatingenemiesintheprocess.
Nashe'sgeniusismainlydisplayedinhissatiresandinthepamphletswrittentoattackandcounter-attackhisenemies.
Apartfromahandfulofbeautifullyricslike"Spring,SweetSpring"and"Adieu,Farewell,Earth'sBliss",heisrememberedforPiercethePennilessHisSupplicationtotheDevil(1592),anattackonvarioussocialabuses;Christ'sTearsOverJerusalem(1593),acomparisonofthesinsofJewsatthetimeofJerusalem'sdestructionandthemoralsandmannersofLondoninNashe'stime;TheUnfortunateTraveller,ortheLifeofJackWilton(1594),apicaresquenarrativesetduringthereignofHenryVIIIofEngland;AnatomyofAbsurdity(1598),anattackonwomen;andSummer'sLastWillandTestament(1600),afestivecomedy.
Adieu,Farewell,Earth'sBlissAdieu,farewell,earth'sbliss;Thisworlduncertainis;Fond1arelife'slustfuljoys;Deathprovesthemallbuttoys2;Nonefromhisdartscanfly;Iamsick,Imustdie.
英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:52AM39英美诗歌选读Lord,havemercyonus!
Richmen,trustnotinwealth,Goldcannotbuyyouhealth;Physic3himselfmustfade.
Allthingstoendaremade,Theplague4fullswiftgoesby;Iamsick,Imustdie.
Lord,havemercyonus!
BeautyisbutaflowerWhichwrinkleswilldevour;Brightnessfallsfromtheair;.
Queenshavediedyoungandfair;DusthathclosedHelen's5eye.
Iamsick,Imustdie.
Lord,havemercyonus!
Strengthstoopsuntothegrave,WormsfeedonHector6brave;Swordsmaynotfightwithfate,Earthstillholdsopehergate.
"Come,cornel"thebellsdocry.
Iamsick,Imustdie.
Lord,havemercyonus.
WitwithhiswantonnessTastethdeath'sbitterness;Hell'sexecutionerHathnoearsfortohearWhatvainartcanreply.
Iamsick,Imustdie.
Lord,havemercyonus.
Haste,therefore,eachdegree7,Towelcomedestiny;Heavenisourheritage,Earthbutaplayer'sstage;英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:52AM40SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRYMountweuntothesky.
Iamsick,Imustdie.
Lord,havemercyonus.
[Notes]1.
Fond:foolish2.
toys:trifles3.
Physic:medicine4.
plague:diseaseepidemicin1592—1593inEurope5.
Helen:HelenofTroy6.
Hector:greatwarriorintheTrojanWar,sonofPriamtheKingofTroy7.
eachdegree:eachcreature,eachisondifferentdegreeofthecosmicorder.
[Questions]1.
Whatisthepoem'sviewofwealth,beauty,strengthandwitWhatcircumstanceprecipitatedthepoem'sviewoftheworldas"uncertain"2.
ComparethispoemwithShakespeare's"AlltheWorld'saStage.
"Canyoufindanysimilaritybetweentheirviewsoflife[Commentary]Thepoemisoriginallyentitled"ALitanyinTimeofPlague.
"Thespeakerisseriouslyill,perhapstogetherwithagreatmanyotherpeople,andiswaitingtodie.
Facedwiththecomingofhisdeath,herealisesthateverythinghasbecomevanity.
Joy,wealth,beauty,strength,witandallthatpeoplepursueinthisworldareturningtodustandbecomingmeaninglessonceapersondies.
Thepoemusesanumberofconventionalfigures:joysandtoys,beautyandflower,wormanddecay,graveandtheearth'sgate,deathandHell'sexecutioner,etc.
whichareexpectedtoarousecertainfixedresponsesinthereader'smind.
Forexample,beautyissaidtobedevouredbywrinkles;daylightistogiveintodarkness.
Theybothwillremindthereaderthatlifeisshort,nothingwillstayanddeathwillconquerall.
ItexpressesaviewoflifesimilartowhatShakespeareexpressesin"AlltheWorld'saStage.
"[Translation]别了,别了,世间的欢乐别了,别了,世间的欢乐,这个世界变幻无常,英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:52AM41英美诗歌选读欲望的快乐异常愚蠢,死亡将证明它们的浅薄,无人逃脱死亡的箭头,我病了,要死了,上帝啊,可怜我们吧!
富人们,不要相信财富,金钱买不到健康;药物本身也会消失.
人间一切注定要消亡,瘟疫很快也会过去;我病了,要死了,上帝啊,可怜我们吧!
美貌不过是花朵,皱纹将把她吞没;光明从空中消逝;女王美丽而相继夭折;尘土掩埋了海伦的美目.
我病了,要死了,上帝啊,可怜我们吧!
力量在坟墓上弯腰,蛆虫把赫克托啃食,利剑无法与命运抗争,大地敞开了它的大门.
"来吧,来!
"丧钟在呼唤.
我病了,要死了,上帝啊,可怜我们吧!
机智以它的肆意妄为,尝试了死亡的苦涩,地狱的屠夫没长耳朵,也不会去倾听,巧舌无用的辩解.
我病了,要死了,上帝啊,可怜我们吧!
英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:52AM42SELECTEDREADINGSINBRITISH&AMERICANPOETRY因此,赶快吧,世间万物,迎接命运的到来;天国是我们的归宿,世间仅是人生的舞台,让我们奔向天上吧.
我病了,要死了,上帝啊,可怜我们吧!
(张剑译)ElementsofPoetryTypesofPoetry(1)1.
EpicTheoldesttypeofpoetryisprobablyepic.
TheancientGreekepics,IliadandOdyssey,datefromtheeighthcenturyB.
C.
TheRomanepic,TheAeneid,datesfromthefirstcenturyB.
C.
Epicsareoftenoralpoetryinorigin,sungbyminstrelsorwanderingpoetsattheking'scourtoronimportantoccasionsasaformofentertainment.
Theywereusuallypassedfromgenerationtogenerationbeforetheywerewrittendown.
TheEnglishepicBeowulfprobablyhadexistedbeforetheAnglo-SaxonscametotheBritishIsles.
ItisabouttheirancestorsandthelegendstakingplaceontheEuropeancontinent.
YetitwaswrittendownintheeighthcenturyA.
D.
,longaftertheAnglo-SaxonssettleddowninBritain.
Epicsareusuallyaboutearlyhistoryortheoriginofanation.
TheAeneidisaboutaTrojanprinceAeneastravellingacrosstheMediterranean,aftertheTrojanwar,toItalytoestablishthestateofRomewhichlaterexpandedintoRomanEmpire.
Becauseepicsrelatestoriesaboutearlyhistoryoratimewhenstrongmenarecrucialforhistoricaldevelopment,epicsareusuallyaboutheroesandwars.
Thequalitiesmostappreciatedarebravery,courageandstrength.
Soanepicusuallyreflectsthesocietyandcultureofanationinitsearlyperiod.
2.
RomanceAromanceiseitherapoemoraproseaboutadventuresofknights.
In英美诗歌选1-6.
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1110:46:52AM43英美诗歌选读medievalFrance,"romance"wasusedtomeanpopularcourtlystoriesinverseonthreetraditionalsubjects:Arthurianlegends;legendsofCharlemagneandhisknights;storiesofclassicalheroes,especiallyofAlexandertheGreat.
TheEnglishromanceisusuallytranslatedfromFrenchandaboutKingArthurandhisKnightsoftheRoundTable.
OneofthemostfamousromancesisSirGawainandtheGreenKnight(ca.
1375—1400).
ItisaboutSirGawain,oneofAuthur'sRound-Tableknights,andhisadventuresonthejourneytofulfilhispromisetotheGreenKnight.
Aromanceofteninvolvesloverelationship,knightlytournament,supernaturalelementormagicandoftenteachesamorallesson.
Itembodiesavaluesystempeculiartotheknightlyculture.
Forexample,honourisconsideredmoreimportantthanlifeandbraveryishighlyregarded:theGreenKnightchallengesKingArthur'sknightsonChristmasEvetogivehimablowandinreturnreceiveablowfromhimayearlater.
SirGawain,havingcutofftheGreenKnight'shead,hastofindthelatterintheGreenCastleandreceiveablowinreturn.
Hecannotretreatorbreakhispromise.
HeneedstoresisttemptationsfromtheGreenKnight'swifeandthetemptationofprotectinghimselfwithamagicgirdle.
Hecannotdisplayanyweaknesses.
Aromancewillusuallyteachsuchlessonswhiletellingaknight'sadventurestory.
3.
BalladBalladsareusuallysingle,spiritedpoemswritteninfour-linestanzas,inwhichsomepopularstoriesarevividlytold.
Thoughtheymaydateearlier,theywereespeciallypopularinthe15thcenturyandtellstoriesaboutthefamousoutlawRobinHoodandaboutthewarsfrequentlytakingplacebetweentheEnglishandScottishborder.
Balladsareaboutpopularorsensationalevents,usuallyhandeddownorallyamongthepopulaceforgenerationsbeforetheyarecollectedandpublished.
Therewasanotablerevivalofinterestinballadsinthe18thandthe19thcenturieswhenfamouscollectionsofballads,ReliquesofAncientEnglishPoetry(1765)byT.
PercyandEnglishandScottishPopularBallads(1882—98)byF.
J.
Child,werepublished.
Earlyballadsareaboutsemi-historical,pagansupernaturalortragiclovestories.
"SirPatrickSpens"isaboutapoliticalconspiracy;"BarbaraAllan"isaboutthetragicdeathoflovers;and"TheWifeofUsher'sWell"isaboutamotherwholostthreesonsatsea.
Butpoetsinlateragesusethisformtowritediversesubjects.
Despitethedevelopmentsandvariations,balladsofalltimesnarratestoriesandincludesuchelementsasrefrain(repeatingastanzaorthelastsentenceofastanza),stockdescriptivephrases,andsimple,tersedialogue.
英美诗歌选1-6.
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PastoralPastoralisaformofescapeliteratureconcernedwithcountrypleasures.
IthasitsorigininancientGreekliterature,particularlyintheIdyllsofTheocritus.
Itusuallypresentsasimple,idealisedcountryenvironmentinhabitedbyshepherdsandshepherdesseswhoareengagedintendingsheep,fallinginlove,andhavingfriendlypoetrycontests.
InthetimeofancientRome,Virgil'sEcloguesaddedanimportantfeaturetothismodebyincorporatingsatiriccommentsoncontemporarysocietyandissues.
InEnglishRenaissanceperiodandthe17thcentury,pastoralbecameanimportantliteraryconventionandgaveexpressiontosuchimportantauthorsasSpenser(Shepherd'sCalendar)andMilton(Lycidas).
Animportantfeatureofapastoralisthehighvalueitplacesonleisureandhumblecontentmentasagainstthesophistication,ambitionandcorruptionofcityorcourtlife.
Thepursuitoffameandfortuneistoberelinquishedforfreeleisureinsunshineoronmountains.
Shakespeare's"Blow,Blow,ThouWinterWind"singsofthesimplecountrylifeandcontrastsitwiththeingratitudeandcorruptionatthecourt.
WordsworthinhisPreludeclaimstohavefoundanearthlyparadiseintheLakeDistrictafterafewwearyyearsofcitylife.
英美诗歌选1-6.
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