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BlackHat2007WindowsServerVirtualization&WindowsServerVirtualization&TheWindowsHypervisorTheWindowsHypervisorBrandonBakerLeadSecurityEngineerWindowsKernelTeamMicrosoftCorporationBlackHat2007Agenda-WindowsServerVirtualization(WSV)WhyahypervisorQuickBackground&ArchitectureFormoredetails,seepresentationonconferenceCDSecurityCharacteristicsDeploymentConsiderationsFutureDirectionsBlackHat2007WhyahypervisorThin,lowlevelmicrokernelEliminatesringcompressionRunsguestoperatingsystemsw/omodificationAddsdefenseindepthLeveragecurrent&futurehardwareScalabilityBlackHat2007Agenda-WindowsServerVirtualization(WSV)WhyahypervisorQuickBackground&ArchitectureFormoredetails,seepresentationonconferenceCDSecurityCharacteristicsDeploymentConsiderationsFutureDirectionsBlackHat2007WindowsServerVirtualizationBackgroundProjectcodenameViridianFullmachinevirtualizationforguestoperatingsystemsComponentofWindowsServer2008Finalversionavailablewithin180daysofWindowsServer2008RTMInstallsasaroleonServerCoreBlackHat2007WindowsServerVirtualizationBackgroundHasthreemajorcomponents:HypervisorVirtualizationStackVirtualDevicesHypervisorBasedTakesadvantageof(andrequires)processorvirtualizationextensionsSupportedonx64hardwareonly,32/64bitguestsupportBlackHat2007TheOldWayVirtualServerArchitectureWindowsServer2003orWindowsXPKernelVMMKernelVirtualServerServiceIISVirtualServerWebAppProvidedby:Providedby:WindowsWindowsISVISVVirtualServerVirtualServerServerHardwareHostRing1:GuestKernelModeWindows(NT4,2000,2003)VMAdditionsRing0:KernelModeRing3:UserModeGuestApplicationsGuestsDeviceDriversBlackHat2007RootVirtualizationServiceProviders(VSPs)WindowsKernelServerCoreDeviceDriversWindowshypervisorVirtualizationStackVMWorkerProcessesVMServiceWMIProviderGuestPartitionsRing0:KernelModeRing3:UserModeVirtualizationServiceClients(VSCs)OSKernelEnlightenmentsVMBusGuestApplicationsServerHardwareProvidedby:Providedby:WindowsWindowsISVISVViridianViridianTheNewWayWSVArchitecturePartitionBlackHat2007VirtualizationAttacksRootPartitionVirtualizationServiceProviders(VSPs)WindowsKernelServerCoreDeviceDriversVirtualizationStackVMWorkerProcessesVMServiceWMIProviderGuestPartitionsRing0:KernelModeVirtualizationServiceClients(VSCs)EnlightenmentsVMBusServerHardwareProvidedby:Providedby:WindowsWindowsISVISVViridianViridianGuestApplicationsHackersHackersOSKernelRing3:UserModeWindowshypervisorVMBusBlackHat2007HypervisorPartitioningKernelPartitionisisolationboundaryFewvirtualizationfunctions;reliesonvirtualizationstackVerythinlayerofsoftwareMicrokernelHighlyreliableNodevicedriversTwoversions,oneforIntelandoneforAMDDriversrunintherootLeveragethelargebaseofWindowsdriversWell-definedinterfaceAllowotherstocreatesupportfortheirOSesasguestsBlackHat2007RunswithintherootpartitionPortionoftraditionalhypervisorthathasbeenpushedupandouttomakeamicro-hypervisorManagesguestpartitionsHandlesinterceptsEmulatesdevicesVirtualizationStackBlackHat2007Agenda-WindowsServerVirtualization(WSV)WhyahypervisorQuickBackground&ArchitectureFormoredetails,seepresentationonconferenceCDSecurityCharacteristicsDeploymentConsiderationsFutureDirectionsBlackHat2007GuestsareuntrustedRootmustbetrustedbyhypervisor;parentmustbetrustedbychildren.
Codewillruninallavailableprocessormodes,rings,andsegmentsHypercallinterfacewillbewelldocumentedandwidelyavailabletoattackers.
AllhypercallscanbeattemptedbyguestsCandetectyouarerunningonahypervisorWe'llevengiveyoutheversionTheinternaldesignofthehypervisorwillbewellunderstoodSecurityAssumptionsBlackHat2007SecurityGoalsStrongisolationbetweenpartitionsProtectconfidentialityandintegrityofguestdataSeparationUniquehypervisorresourcepoolsperguestSeparateworkerprocessesperguestGuest-to-parentcommunicationsoveruniquechannelsNon-interferenceGuestscannotaffectthecontentsofotherguests,parent,hypervisorGuestcomputationsprotectedfromotherguestsGuest-to-guestcommunicationsnotallowedthroughVMinterfacesBlackHat2007SecurityNon-GoalsThingswedon'tdoinWindowsServerVirtualization*Mitigatehardwarebleed-through(inferenceattacks)MitigatecovertchannelsGuaranteeavailabilityProtectguestsfromtherootProtectthehypervisorfromtherootUtilizetrustedhardwareTPM,DeviceAssignment,DMAprotection,SecureLaunch*atleast,notyetBlackHat2007WSVSecurityHardening(1/2)HypervisorhasseparateaddressspaceGuestaddresses!
=HypervisoraddressesNo3rdpartycodeintheHypervisorLimitednumberofchannelsfromgueststohypervisorNo"IOCTL"-likethingsGuesttoguestcommunicationthroughhypervisorisprohibitedNosharedmemorymappedbetweenguestsGuestsnevertouchrealhardwarei/oBlackHat2007WSVSecurityHardening(2/2)HypervisorbuiltwithStackguardcookies(/GS)HardwareNoeXecute(NX)CodepagesmarkedreadonlyMemoryguardpagesLimitedexceptionhandlingHypervisorbinaryissignedHypervisorandRootgoingthroughSDLThreatmodelingStaticAnalysisFuzztestingPenetrationtestingBlackHat2007HypervisorSecurityModelMemoryPhysicalAddresstoPartitionmapmaintainedbyHvParent/ChildownershipmodelonmemoryCansupersedeaccessrightsinguestpagetables(R,W,X)CPUHardwareguaranteescache®isterisolation,TLBflushing,instructioninterceptionI/OHypervisorenforcesParentpolicyforallguestaccesstoI/OportsWSVv1policyisguestshavenoaccesstorealhardwareHypervisorInterfacePartitionprivilegemodelGuestsaccesstohypercalls,instructions,MSRswithsecurityimpactenforcedbasedonParentpolicyWSVv1policyisguestshavenoaccesstoprivilegedinstructionsBlackHat2007WSVSecurityModelUsesAuthorizationManager(AzMan)FinegrainedauthorizationandaccesscontrolDepartmentandrolebasedSegregatewhocanmanagegroupsofVMsDefinespecificfunctionsforindividualsorrolesStart,stop,create,addhardware,changedriveimageVMadministratorsdon'thavetobeServer2008administratorsGuestresourcesarecontrolledbyperVMconfigurationfilesSharedresourcesareprotectedRead-only(CDISOfile)Copyonwrite(differencingdisks)BlackHat2007TimeVirtualizationThreetypesoftimeCalendartimeAffectedbyDaylightSavingschangesSourceisparent-createdvirtualRTCdeviceMachinetimeUnaffectedbyDaylightSavingschanges5secondsinthefuture,etc.
SourcesPer-VPvirtualizedAPICtimer(periodicorsingle-shot)Fourper-VPSynICtimers(periodicorsingle-shot)Per-partitionconstant-ratemonotonically-increasingreferencecounterSchedulingtimeHowlonghasthisprocessorbeenscheduledBlackHat2007TimeVirtualizationDesignChoiceHowtohandleRDTSCWhenaVirtualProcessor(VP)isintercepted,asingleinstructioncanappeartotakealongtime–namely,thetimeittakestoenterthehypervisor,performactions,andreturntoaguestTSCisrecordedandcanbemodifiedinguestcontrolstructure(VMCS/VMCB)"Allowittoadvancenaturally"JustleaveitaloneBut…AVPcanberescheduledonadifferentLP,whoseTSCcouldbesmallerCan'tallowTSCstojumpbackwardsintime"Modifyittoappearunchanged"OnentryintotheHv,recordguestTSC.
Onreturntoguest,reloadoriginalTSCvalueminussomeamountBut…Neverknowhowlongthereturninstructionwilltake(caches!
)StillobservableatacertaingranularitySomesoftwaredependsonknowingcyclecountsbetweeninstructionblocks(video/audiocodecs)So,weallowittoadvancenaturally,withaguaranteethatitwillneverappeartogobackwardsonagivenVPBlackHat2007Agenda-WindowsServerVirtualization(WSV)WhyahypervisorQuickBackground&ArchitectureFormoredetails,seepresentationonconferenceCDSecurityCharacteristicsDeploymentConsiderationsFutureDirectionsBlackHat2007DeploymentConsiderations(1/2)PatchingthehypervisorWindowsUpdateManaginglotsofvirtualmachinesSystemCenter–VirtualMachineManagerMinimizerisktotheRootPartitionUtilizeServerCoreDon'trunarbitraryapps,nowebsurfingRunyourappsandservicesinguestsConnecttoback-endmanagementnetworkOnlyexposegueststointernettrafficEnableNXandvirtualizationinBIOSBlackHat2007DeploymentConsiderations(2/2)Twovirtualmachinescan'thavethesamedegreeofisolationastwophysicalmachines:InferenceAttacksCovertChannelsNotrecommendedtohosttwoVMsofvastlydifferingtrustlevelsonthesamesysteme.
g.
afront-endwebserverandacertificateserverBlackHat2007Agenda-WindowsServerVirtualization(WSV)WhyahypervisorQuickBackground&ArchitectureFormoredetails,seepresentationonconferenceCDSecurityCharacteristicsDeploymentConsiderationsFutureDirectionsBlackHat2007FutureSecurityBenefitsManytypesofvirtualization(app,OS,machine)eachwithincreasinglevelsofisolation(andoverhead)PowerfultoolforvirusisolationandanalysisImprovedforensiccapabilityforcompromisedoperatingsystemsInvestmentsinOShardeningthroughhypervisorfeaturesPotentialforgreaterintra-OSisolation(e.
g.
Ring0separationofdrivers)VMscanbeleveragedforhostingsecurityappliancesBlackHat2007SecurityChallengesVMtoVMnetworkmonitoringManagingVMOSpatchlevelsLeakageofinformationbetweenpartitionsduetosharedhardwareLargerattacksurfacethanair-gappedmachinesHighavailability–SLAattacksThreatofmalicious,unauthorizedhypervisors(hypervisor-moderootkits)BlackHat2007FutureSecurityWorkSecureLaunchIntelTXTtm(senter)andAMDSVMtm(skinit)Givesmachineownerabilitytocontrolwhatcodecanusering-1PolicyenforcementinhardwaretoblocklaunchofunauthorizedhypervisorsAllowshypervisortoprotectitselfagainsttamperingDMARemappingIntelVT-dandAMDIOMMUGivesguestsgatedaccesstorealhardwareAllowshypervisortoprotectselfagainstDMAattackBlackHat20072007MicrosoftCorporation.
Allrightsreserved.
Thispresentationisforinformationalpurposesonly.
Microsoftmakesnowarranties,expressorimplied,inthissummary.
ConclusionHypervisorskickass.
BetaavailablewithServer2008RTMWewantyourfeedbackhttp://blogs.
technet.
com/virtualization/brandon.
baker@microsoft.
com
Codewillruninallavailableprocessormodes,rings,andsegmentsHypercallinterfacewillbewelldocumentedandwidelyavailabletoattackers.
AllhypercallscanbeattemptedbyguestsCandetectyouarerunningonahypervisorWe'llevengiveyoutheversionTheinternaldesignofthehypervisorwillbewellunderstoodSecurityAssumptionsBlackHat2007SecurityGoalsStrongisolationbetweenpartitionsProtectconfidentialityandintegrityofguestdataSeparationUniquehypervisorresourcepoolsperguestSeparateworkerprocessesperguestGuest-to-parentcommunicationsoveruniquechannelsNon-interferenceGuestscannotaffectthecontentsofotherguests,parent,hypervisorGuestcomputationsprotectedfromotherguestsGuest-to-guestcommunicationsnotallowedthroughVMinterfacesBlackHat2007SecurityNon-GoalsThingswedon'tdoinWindowsServerVirtualization*Mitigatehardwarebleed-through(inferenceattacks)MitigatecovertchannelsGuaranteeavailabilityProtectguestsfromtherootProtectthehypervisorfromtherootUtilizetrustedhardwareTPM,DeviceAssignment,DMAprotection,SecureLaunch*atleast,notyetBlackHat2007WSVSecurityHardening(1/2)HypervisorhasseparateaddressspaceGuestaddresses!
=HypervisoraddressesNo3rdpartycodeintheHypervisorLimitednumberofchannelsfromgueststohypervisorNo"IOCTL"-likethingsGuesttoguestcommunicationthroughhypervisorisprohibitedNosharedmemorymappedbetweenguestsGuestsnevertouchrealhardwarei/oBlackHat2007WSVSecurityHardening(2/2)HypervisorbuiltwithStackguardcookies(/GS)HardwareNoeXecute(NX)CodepagesmarkedreadonlyMemoryguardpagesLimitedexceptionhandlingHypervisorbinaryissignedHypervisorandRootgoingthroughSDLThreatmodelingStaticAnalysisFuzztestingPenetrationtestingBlackHat2007HypervisorSecurityModelMemoryPhysicalAddresstoPartitionmapmaintainedbyHvParent/ChildownershipmodelonmemoryCansupersedeaccessrightsinguestpagetables(R,W,X)CPUHardwareguaranteescache®isterisolation,TLBflushing,instructioninterceptionI/OHypervisorenforcesParentpolicyforallguestaccesstoI/OportsWSVv1policyisguestshavenoaccesstorealhardwareHypervisorInterfacePartitionprivilegemodelGuestsaccesstohypercalls,instructions,MSRswithsecurityimpactenforcedbasedonParentpolicyWSVv1policyisguestshavenoaccesstoprivilegedinstructionsBlackHat2007WSVSecurityModelUsesAuthorizationManager(AzMan)FinegrainedauthorizationandaccesscontrolDepartmentandrolebasedSegregatewhocanmanagegroupsofVMsDefinespecificfunctionsforindividualsorrolesStart,stop,create,addhardware,changedriveimageVMadministratorsdon'thavetobeServer2008administratorsGuestresourcesarecontrolledbyperVMconfigurationfilesSharedresourcesareprotectedRead-only(CDISOfile)Copyonwrite(differencingdisks)BlackHat2007TimeVirtualizationThreetypesoftimeCalendartimeAffectedbyDaylightSavingschangesSourceisparent-createdvirtualRTCdeviceMachinetimeUnaffectedbyDaylightSavingschanges5secondsinthefuture,etc.
SourcesPer-VPvirtualizedAPICtimer(periodicorsingle-shot)Fourper-VPSynICtimers(periodicorsingle-shot)Per-partitionconstant-ratemonotonically-increasingreferencecounterSchedulingtimeHowlonghasthisprocessorbeenscheduledBlackHat2007TimeVirtualizationDesignChoiceHowtohandleRDTSCWhenaVirtualProcessor(VP)isintercepted,asingleinstructioncanappeartotakealongtime–namely,thetimeittakestoenterthehypervisor,performactions,andreturntoaguestTSCisrecordedandcanbemodifiedinguestcontrolstructure(VMCS/VMCB)"Allowittoadvancenaturally"JustleaveitaloneBut…AVPcanberescheduledonadifferentLP,whoseTSCcouldbesmallerCan'tallowTSCstojumpbackwardsintime"Modifyittoappearunchanged"OnentryintotheHv,recordguestTSC.
Onreturntoguest,reloadoriginalTSCvalueminussomeamountBut…Neverknowhowlongthereturninstructionwilltake(caches!
)StillobservableatacertaingranularitySomesoftwaredependsonknowingcyclecountsbetweeninstructionblocks(video/audiocodecs)So,weallowittoadvancenaturally,withaguaranteethatitwillneverappeartogobackwardsonagivenVPBlackHat2007Agenda-WindowsServerVirtualization(WSV)WhyahypervisorQuickBackground&ArchitectureFormoredetails,seepresentationonconferenceCDSecurityCharacteristicsDeploymentConsiderationsFutureDirectionsBlackHat2007DeploymentConsiderations(1/2)PatchingthehypervisorWindowsUpdateManaginglotsofvirtualmachinesSystemCenter–VirtualMachineManagerMinimizerisktotheRootPartitionUtilizeServerCoreDon'trunarbitraryapps,nowebsurfingRunyourappsandservicesinguestsConnecttoback-endmanagementnetworkOnlyexposegueststointernettrafficEnableNXandvirtualizationinBIOSBlackHat2007DeploymentConsiderations(2/2)Twovirtualmachinescan'thavethesamedegreeofisolationastwophysicalmachines:InferenceAttacksCovertChannelsNotrecommendedtohosttwoVMsofvastlydifferingtrustlevelsonthesamesysteme.
g.
afront-endwebserverandacertificateserverBlackHat2007Agenda-WindowsServerVirtualization(WSV)WhyahypervisorQuickBackground&ArchitectureFormoredetails,seepresentationonconferenceCDSecurityCharacteristicsDeploymentConsiderationsFutureDirectionsBlackHat2007FutureSecurityBenefitsManytypesofvirtualization(app,OS,machine)eachwithincreasinglevelsofisolation(andoverhead)PowerfultoolforvirusisolationandanalysisImprovedforensiccapabilityforcompromisedoperatingsystemsInvestmentsinOShardeningthroughhypervisorfeaturesPotentialforgreaterintra-OSisolation(e.
g.
Ring0separationofdrivers)VMscanbeleveragedforhostingsecurityappliancesBlackHat2007SecurityChallengesVMtoVMnetworkmonitoringManagingVMOSpatchlevelsLeakageofinformationbetweenpartitionsduetosharedhardwareLargerattacksurfacethanair-gappedmachinesHighavailability–SLAattacksThreatofmalicious,unauthorizedhypervisors(hypervisor-moderootkits)BlackHat2007FutureSecurityWorkSecureLaunchIntelTXTtm(senter)andAMDSVMtm(skinit)Givesmachineownerabilitytocontrolwhatcodecanusering-1PolicyenforcementinhardwaretoblocklaunchofunauthorizedhypervisorsAllowshypervisortoprotectitselfagainsttamperingDMARemappingIntelVT-dandAMDIOMMUGivesguestsgatedaccesstorealhardwareAllowshypervisortoprotectselfagainstDMAattackBlackHat20072007MicrosoftCorporation.
Allrightsreserved.
Thispresentationisforinformationalpurposesonly.
Microsoftmakesnowarranties,expressorimplied,inthissummary.
ConclusionHypervisorskickass.
BetaavailablewithServer2008RTMWewantyourfeedbackhttp://blogs.
technet.
com/virtualization/brandon.
baker@microsoft.
com
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