opinednokia

(IJACSA)InternationalJournalofAdvancedComputerScienceandApplications,Vol.
4,No.
8,2013242|Pagewww.
ijacsa.
thesai.
orgSoftwareEcosystem:Features,BenefitsandChallengesJ.
V.
Joshua,D.
O.
Alao,S.
O.
Okolie,O.
AwodeleDepartmentofComputerScience,SchoolofComputingandEngineeringSciences,BabcockUniversity,Ilishan-Remo,OgunState,Nigeria.
Abstract—SoftwareEcosystem(SECO)isanewandrapidlyevolvingphenomenoninthefieldofsoftwareengineering.
Itisanapproachthroughwhichmanyvariablescanresolvecomplexrelationshipsamongcompaniesinthesoftwareindustry.
SECOsaregainingimportancewiththeadventoftheGoogleAndroid,AppleiOS,MicrosoftandSalesforce.
comecosystems.
Itisaco-innovationapproachbydevelopers,softwareorganisations,andthirdpartiesthatsharecommoninterestinthedevelopmentofthesoftwaretechnology.
TherearelimitedresearchesthathavebeendoneonSECOshenceresearchersandpractitionersarestilleagertoelucidatethisconcept.
Asystematicstudywasundertakentopresentareviewofsoftwareecosystemstoaddressthefeatures,benefitsandchallengesofSECOs.
ThispapershowedthatopensourcedevelopmentmodelandinnovativeprocessdevelopmentwerekeyfeaturesofSECOsandthemainchallengesofSECOsweresecurity,evolutionmanagementandinfrastructuretoolsforfosteringinteraction.
FinallySECOsfosteredco-innovation,increasedattractivenessfornewplayersanddecreasedcostsKeywords—Softwareecosystem;Opensource;closedsystemI.
INTRODUCTIONThenotionofecosystemsoriginatesfromecology.
OnedefinitioninWikipediadefinesanecosystemasanaturalunitconsistingofallplants,animalsandmicro-organisms(bioticfactors)inanareafunctioningtogetherwithallofthenon-livingphysical(abioticfactors)oftheenvironment.
Althoughtheaboveisanexcellentdefinition,itislesssuitablehereandthereforewestartfromthenotionofhumanecosystems.
Ahumanecosystemconsistsofactors,theconnectionsbetweentheactors,theactivitiesbytheseactorsandthetransactionsalongtheseconnectionsconcerningphysicalornon-physicalfactors.
Softwareecosystems(SECO)refertothesetofbusinessesandtheirinterrelationshipsinacommonsoftwareproductorservicemarket[9].
ASoftwareEcosystemconsistsofthesetofsoftwaresolutionsthatenable,supportandautomatetheactivitiesandtransactionsbytheactorsintheassociatedsocialorbusinessecosystemandtheorganizationsthatprovidethesesolutions[1].
Thisisanemergentfieldinspiredinconceptsfromandbusinessandbiologicalecosystems[14].
WellknownexamplesofcommunitiesthatmaybeseenassoftwareecosystemsareApplesiPhone,Microsoft,GoogleAndroid,Symbian,RubyandEclipse.
Ecosystemconceptmayrefertoawiderangeofconfigurations.
Yet,theyallinvolvetwofundamentalconcepts:anetworkoforganisationsoractors,andacommoninterestinthedevelopmentanduseofacentralsoftwaretechnology.
Thesoftwareindustryisconstantlyevolvingandiscurrentlyundergoingrapidchanges.
Notonlyareproductsandtechnologiesevolvingquickly,manyinnovativecompaniesareexperimentingwithnewbusinessmodels,leadingoccasionallytofundamentalshiftsinentireindustrystructuresandhowfirmsandcustomersinterrelate[17].
Recently,manycompanieshaveadoptedthestrategyofusingaplatformtoattractamassfollowingofsoftwaredevelopersaswellasend-users,buildingentire"softwareecosystems"(SECOs)aroundthemselves,evenasthebusinessworldandtheresearchcommunityarestillattemptingtogetabetterunderstandingofthephenomenon.
ThispaperexploresthemaintermsunderconsiderationwhicharethemeaningofSECO,identifythemainfeaturesofSoftwareEcosystems(SECOs)andfinallyestablishthebenefitsandchallengesofSECOsII.
WHATISTHEPROBLEMInthepastfewdecades,wehavewitnesseddifferenttypesofsoftwaredevelopmentmethodologiesrangingfromwaterfall,spiral,component,chaos,rapidapplicationdevelopment,rationalunifiedprocesstoagilemodelsrespectively.
Almostallthemodelsmentionedencouragedevelopmentofsoftwareproductentirelyontheorganisationconcerned.
TheemergentofSoftwareEcosystem(SECO)developmentparadigmhasbroughtaboutco-innovationasaresultofdifferentplayers,howeverresearchcommunitiesandpractitionersarestillgraspingtounderstandthisconcept.
Hencethisworkisaimtoexposewhatisknownaboutsoftwareecosystems(SECOs).
III.
OBJECTIVESOFTHESTUDYThegoalofthestudyistocarryoutasystematicstudyofsoftwareecosystemsinordertopresentawiderviewofwhatiscurrentlyknownaboutsoftwareecosystemsThespecificobjectivesareto:(IJACSA)InternationalJournalofAdvancedComputerScienceandApplications,Vol.
4,No.
8,2013243|Pagewww.
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orga)IdentifythemainfeaturesofSoftwareEcosystems(SECOs).
b)EstablishthebenefitsandchallengesofSECOsIV.
SCOPEOFTHESTUDYItisnoteasytostudyexistingSoftwareEcosystems(SECOs)duetothefactthatmanySECOsareclosedcommunitiesanditishardtogetaccesstoinformation.
Therefore,weadoptedfreeopensoftwareecosystemsasoursubjectofstudies.
V.
SIGNIFICANTOFTHESTUDYThesignificanceofthestudyistocreateawarenessabouttheemergentfieldsofsoftwareecosystemsforresearchcommunitiesandpractitionersandtoestablishresearchdirectionforsoftwareecosystems.
VI.
REVIEWOFRELATEDRESEARCHBosch[1]proposedaSoftwareEcosystem(SECO)taxonomythatidentifiesninepotentialclassesofthecentralsoftwaretechnologyasshowninTable1below,accordingtoclassificationwithintwobroaddimensions.
Thefirstoneisthecategorydimension,whichrangesfromoperatingsystemstoapplications,andtoend-userprogramming.
Thesecondoneistheplatformdimension,rangingfromdesktoptoweb,andtomobile.
TABLEI.
SOFTWAREECOSYSTEMTAXONOMYend-userprogrammingMSExcel,Mathematical,VHDLYahoo!
Pipes,MicrosoftPopFly,Google'smashupeditornonesofarApplicationMSOfficeSalesForce,eBay,Amazon,NingnonesofaroperatingsystemMSWindows,Linux,AppleOSXGoogleAppEngine,Yahoodeveloper,Coghead,BungeeLabsNokias60,Palm,Android,iPhonecategoryplatformDesktopWebMobileInSoftwareEngineering(SE)community,studiesofSECOsweremotivatedbythesoftwareproductlines(SPLs)approachaimingatallowingexternaldeveloperstocontributetohithertoclosedplatforms[1].
[4],opinedthatapotentialbenefitofbeingamemberofasoftwareecosystemistheopportunitytoexploitopeninnovationanapproachderivedfromopensourcesoftware(OSS)processeswhereactorsopenlycollaboratetoachievelocalandglobalbenefits.
Externalactorsandtheefforttheyputintotheecosystemmayresultininnovationsbeingbeneficialnotonlytothemselves(andtheircustomers)butalsotothekeystoneorganisation,asthismaybeaveryefficientwayofextendingandimprovingthecentralsoftwaretechnologyaswellasincreasingthenumberofusers.
Accordingto[8]closerrelationshipsbetweentheorganisationsinanecosystemmayenableandimproveactiveengagementofvariousstakeholdersinthedevelopmentofthecentralsoftwaretechnology.
Whenexplainingtheconceptofsoftwareecosystemsitisalsonecessarytoaddresshowsoftwareecosystemsrelatetothedevelopmentofopensourcesoftware[6].
Thereareclearsimilaritiesbetweenthesetwoconcepts,butalsoseveraldifferences,whichjustifythedefinitionofsoftwareecosystemsasauniqueconcept.
Themaindifferencebetweenthesetworelatestotheunderlyingbusinessmodel.
[3],explaintheopen-sourcebusinessmodelasfollows:"Thebasicpremiseofanopen-sourceapproachisthatby"givingaway"partoftheCompany'sintellectualproperty,youreceivethebenefitsofaccesstoamuchlargerMarket.
Theseusersthenbecomethesourceofadditionsandenhancementstotheproducttoincreaseitsvalue,andbecomethetargetforarangeofrevenue-generatingproductsandservicesassociatedwiththeproduct.
"Whereasinaclosedsoftwareecosystemtheintellectualproperty(thecode)isnotsharedinanyway.
However,differentresearchdirectionsindicatedbyliteratureandindustrialcasesre-enforcealotofimportantperspectivestobeexplored,suchasarchitecture,socialnetworks,modelling,business,mobileplatformsandorganizational-basedmanagement[9].
Besides,SECOsinvolveamultidisciplinaryperspective,includingSociology,Communication,Economy,BusinessandLaw.
Thesestudiesarealsomotivatedbythesoftwarevendors'routinesincetheynolongerfunctionasindependentunitsthatcandeliverseparateproducts,buthavebecomedependentonothersoftwarevendorsforvitalsoftwarecomponentsandinfrastructuressuchasoperatingsystems,libraries,componentstores,andplatforms[2].
VII.
ARCHITECTUREOFMAJORSOFTWAREECOSYSTEMS(SECOS)1)SymbianSoftwareEcosystemInthisecosystemasshowninfigure1,thedifferentcategoriesoflicensesandpartnerrelationshipsincludedareasshown:Fig.
1.
SymbianEcosystem[16](IJACSA)InternationalJournalofAdvancedComputerScienceandApplications,Vol.
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ijacsa.
thesai.
orgSymbiandescribeditsnetworkofcustomersandcomplementorsasan"ecosystem",IntheSymbianecosystem,thedifferentcategoriesoflicensesandpartnerrelationshipsincludedare:Systemintegratorsor"licensees"(handsetmanufacturers)thatintegratedexternallysourcedsoftwareandinternallydevelopedhardwaretocreatenewdevices(i.
e.
handsets)forsaletoendusers.
CPUvendorsworkedtoensureSymbianOScompatibilitywiththeirlatestprocessors.
UserInterfacecompanies.
Othersoftwaredeveloperssometimesreferredtoasindependentsoftwarevendors(ISVs)includingdevelopersofuserapplicationsandalsomiddlewarecomponentssuchasdatabases.
NetworkOperators,whichinmostcountrieswerethedominantdistributionchannelforphones,andalsodecidedwhatsoftwarecomponentswerepreloadedonphones.
Enterprisesoftwaredevelopers,forcaseswhereacompanydevelopedSymbiancompatiblesoftwareforitsemployeesthatuseSymbianphones.
Inmanycases,membersofSymbian'secosystemwerealsomembersofcompetingmobilephoneecosystems,suchasthosesurroundingthePalmOS,WindowsMobile,andlaterLinuxbasedplatformssuchastheLiMoFoundationandGoogle'sOpenHandsetAlliance(Android).
2)MicrosoftSoftwareEcosystem(SECO)Microsoftecosystemconsistsofthefollowingcomponents:Devicemanufacturers,IndependentSoftwareVendors(ISVs),ValueAddedResellers(VARs),OfficeEquipmentDealersandSystemsIntegrators(SI)asshownin(Figure2),andcanallbenefitfromworkingtogether.
Butrarelydotheecosystempiecesremainstatic.
Newsoftwareapplicationsareconsistentlybeingrolledout.
AndtheVARs,dealersandSIsthatsellandsupportthesesystemschangewiththem.
Fig.
2.
MicrosoftSoftwareEcosystem[7]Microsoftsitatthecentreofecosystem.
Ecosystemsareanessentialingredientindeliveringcustomer-focusedsolutions.
Andtheyhelpdrivestandards.
And,theypresentrevenueopportunitiesforallthepartnersinvolved.
It'snowonderthatMicrosoftspendssomuchmoneyonbuildingtheirecosystemTheMicrosoftecosystemofapplications,partners,andhighlyskilledITresourcesprovidescustomerswiththebestchoice.
3)iPhoneSoftwareEcosystemTheiPhoneecosystemwhichisoneoftheApple'sthreesub-ecosystemsconsistsofthefollowingcomponentsDevelopersandDesignersDistributionDevicesUsersInternetServicesandAdvertisersiPhonecomponentsareshowninfigure3below.
Fig.
3.
iPhonecomponentsDevelopersdesignsandimplementcomplexinterfacessmoothlyandefficientlyonlimitedhardware.
C++andObjective-Caretheprimarylanguagesused.
Applehashistoricallyputverylittleeffortintosupportingdevelopersanddesigners,buthassteppedupeffortsfortheiPhoneplatform.
DesignersarecrucialtothesuccessofiPhoneapplications.
Developerssimplyutilisevarioustechnologiesavailabletogivedesignerswhattheywantandneedtobuildexcellentinterfaces.
4)RubySoftwareEcosystemRubyisadynamic,opensourceprogramminglanguagewithafocusonsimplicityandproductivity.
Ithasanelegantsyntaxthatisnaturaltoreadandeasytowrite.
ItwascreatedbyYukihiruMatsumotain1995inJapan.
TheRubySoftwareEcosystemconsistsmainlyoftwoelementsi.
e.
GemsandDeveloperswithpossiblerelationships(IJACSA)InternationalJournalofAdvancedComputerScienceandApplications,Vol.
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Ifadeveloperhasarelationshipwithagem,heisadeveloperofthatspecificgem.
Fig.
4.
RubySoftwareEcosystem[11]TheentireRubyecosystemconsistsofalldevelopers,gemsandtheirrelationshipsasshowninfigure4.
SomecorporatehightechnologyinitiativeswithRubyare:SunMicrosystems,Microsoft,Apple,IBMandSAP.
5)GoogleAndroidEcosystemAndroidisacomprehensiveopensourceplatformdesignedformobiledevices.
ItischampionedbyGoogleandownedbyOpenHandsetAlliance.
TheopenHandsetAllianceprominentmembersinclude:T-Mobile,Motorola,Samsung,SonnyEricsson,Toshiba,Vodafone,Google,Intel,andTexasinstrument.
Thislisthasgrownmultifoldwithover80innumber[5].
Androidisrevolutionizingthemobilespace.
Itisatrulyopenplatformthatseparatesthehardwarefromthesoftwarethatrunsonit.
Thisallowsforamuchlargernumberofdevicestorunthesameapplicationsandcreatesamuchricherecosystemfordevelopersandconsumers.
OnewayinwhichAndroidisquitedifferentfromotherplatformsisthedistributionofitsapplications.
Onmostotherplatforms,suchasiPhone,asinglevendorholdsamonopolyoverthedistributionofapplications.
OnAndroid,therearemanydifferentstores,ormarkets.
Eachmarkethasitsownsetofpolicieswithrespecttowhatisallowed,howtherevenueissplit,andsoon.
Assuch,Androidismuchmoreofafreemarketspaceinwhichvendorscompeteforbusiness.
Thefigure5belowsummarisedandroidsoftwarestack.
Fig.
5.
AndroidSoftwareStack[13]6)EclipseEcosystemEclipseisanopensourceintegrateddevelopmentenvironment(IDE)forJava.
ItwasoriginallyaimedtoprovideaunitedplatformfordifferentIDEproductsfromIBM.
TheEclipseproject,whichbeganattheendof1998,hasanambitionto"eclipse"theleaderoftheIDEmarket.
Withinfewyears,EclipsehasevolvedfromJavaIDE(version1.
0)toauniversaltoolingplatform(version2.
0),andfinallyevolvestoanapplicationframeworkforbuildingrichclientapplication(version3.
0).
CommercialsoftwaredevelopmenttoolssuchasIBMRationaltool,webspherestudio,andBorlandJBuilderhavebeendevelopedbasedonEclipse.
EclipseiscurrentlymanagedbytheEclipsefoundationwithover100membersincludingHP,IBM,Nokia,INTELandBorland.
Thebiggestchallengeforthefoundationistocopewithitsrapidgrowthfromitscommunity.
EclipseecosystemArchitectureThefunctionalbuildingblocksoftheEclipseIDEareillustratedinFigure6below.
Theentireplatformisopensourceandroyalty-freeforotheropensourceorcommercialproductsthataddnewbuildingblocks.
Fig.
6.
EclipseecosystemArchitecture[12]A.
ComponentsoftheEclipseecosystemArchitecture1.
C/C++DevelopmentTools(CDT)(IJACSA)InternationalJournalofAdvancedComputerScienceandApplications,Vol.
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orgTheC/C++DevelopmentTools(CDT)projectiscreatingafullyfunctionalCandC++IDEfortheEclipseplatform.
2.
Plug-inDevelopmentEnvironmentThePlug-inDevelopmentEnvironment(PDE)suppliestoolsthatautomatethecreation,manipulation,debugging,anddeployingofplug-ins.
3.
JavaDevelopmentToolsJavaDevelopmentTools(JDT)aretheonlyprogramminglanguageplug-insincludedwiththeEclipseSDK.
However,otherlanguagetoolsareavailableorunderdevelopmentbyEclipsesubprojectsandplug-incontributors4.
EclipseRuntimePlatformThecoreruntimeplatformprovidesthemostbasiclevelofservicessuchasLoadingplug-insandmanagingaregistryofavailableplug-ins,managingresources,updateandhelpfacility.
5.
IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironmentTheEclipseIDEprovidesacommonuserexperienceacrossmulti-languageandmulti-roledevelopmentactivities.
6.
WebToolsPlatformThemissionoftheWebToolsPlatform(WTP)projectistoprovideageneric,extensible,andstandards-basedtoolplatformthatbuildsontheEclipseplatformandothercoreEclipsetechnologies.
7.
RichClientPlatformTheEclipseRichClientPlatform(RCP)isasetofplug-insneededtobuildarichclientapplication.
Theeclipseconsortiumiscurrentlyhostingeighttoplevelprojectsandoverthirtysub-levelopensourceprojects.
TherearealsocountlessnumberofcommercialandopensourceEclipserelatedproducts,plug-ins,anddistributionsavailablefromtheinternet.
Thisvirtualecosystemtakescareofsoftwaredevelopment,applicationlifecycle,datamanagement,andbusinessoperationsVIII.
OPENSOURCESOFTWARE(OSS)ANDCLOSEDECOSYSTEMS-SIMILARITIESANDDIFFERENCESTABLEII.
THESIMILARITIESANDDIFFERENCESBETWEENOPENSOURCESOFTWAREANDCLOSEDSYSTEMSSimilaritiesAsharedinterestinthedevelopment,evolution,anduseofasoftwareproductIndependentactorscollaborateandcontributetodevelopmentOpeninnovationNewbusinessmodelsascomparedtotraditionallicensedsoftwareDifferencesOSSClosedecosystemsOpensourcecode.
Closedsourcecode.
Ownershipisshared.
Ownershipandcontrollieswiththekeystoneorganisation.
Freeuse(withoptionsforpayingforspecializationsandrelatedservices)Payforuse.
Extensibilitythroughopensourcecode.
ExtensibilitythroughcontrolledinterfacesIX.
FEATURESOFSOFTWAREECOSYSTEMSThemainfeaturesofSECOsareasfollows.
1)TheyInheritscharacteristicsofnaturalecosystemslikemutualism,commensalism,symbiosisandsoon2)SECOshavearchitecturalconceptslikeinterfacestability,evolutionmanagement,securityandreliability3)Itisantoopensourcedevelopmentmodel4)Theycanbeusedtonegotiaterequirementsforaligningneedswithsolutions,components,andportfolios5)SECOshavecapabilityforprocessinnovation.
X.
BENEFITSOFSOFTWAREECOSYSTEMS1)Fostersthesuccessofsoftwareco-evolutionandinnovationinsidetheorganizationinvolvedandincreasesattractivenessfornewplayers2)Decreasescostsinvolvedinsoftwaredevelopmentanddistribution3)Helpanalyseandunderstandsoftwarearchitecture4)Supportscooperationandknowledgesharingamongmultipleandindependentsoftwarevendors5)Enablesbetteranalysisofrequirementsandcommunicationamongstakeholders6)Helptoovercomethechallengesduringdesignandmaintenanceofdistributedapplications7)Provideshelptothetasksofbusinessidentification,productarchitecturedesignandriskidentification8)ProvidesinformationfortheproductlinemanagerregardingsoftwaredependenciesXI.
CHALLENGESOFSOFTWAREECOSYSTEMS1)Establishingrelationshipsbetweenecosystemactorsandproposinganadequaterepresentationofpeopleandtheirknowledgeintheecosystemmodelling.
2)Severalkeyarchitecturalchallengessuchas:platforminterfacestability,evolution,management,security,reliability.
3)Heterogeneityofsoftwarelicensesandsystemsevolutioninanecosystemandhoworganizationsmustmanagetheseissuesinordertodecreaserisksofdependence.
4)Companieshavedifficultyatestablishingasetofresourcesinordertodifferentiatefromcompetitors.
(IJACSA)InternationalJournalofAdvancedComputerScienceandApplications,Vol.
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6)Insufficientinfrastructuresandtoolsforfosteringsocialinteraction,decision-makinganddevelopmentacrossorganizationsinvolvedinbothopensourceandproprietaryecosystems.
XII.
CONTRIBUTIONSThispapercontributestothefieldofsoftwareecosystemsbyproviding1)AnecessaryfoundationforunderstandinghowSoftwareEcosystemsarecomposedandfurtheraidsunderstandingofthisnewandexpandingareaofsoftwaredevelopment.
2)AnumberofopenresearchquestionsandchallengeswhichshouldenablescholarsinterestedinSECOstoswiftlygainanoverviewofthisresearchareaXIII.
FUTUREDIRECTIONSFORSOFTWAREECOSYSTEMSAswithmostnovelapproaches,thispaperonSECOhasopeneduppossibilitiesfornewandexcitingfuturedirections.
Thisfollowingareashouldbeinvestigatedasfutureresearchdirections/challengesforSECOs.
1)InOpensourceecosystems.
a)Howcanqualitybemeasuredperdeveloperb)Howcanrelationshipsbeformedbetweendevelopersc)Howcanconflictsberesolvedinopensourceecosystemsd)Howcanapplicationprograminterfaces(APIs)tothird-partycomponentsbeused.
2)Governance.
a)Whatarethebeststrategiesforsurvivalinanecosystemb)HowcanorganisationsinvolvedachieveandmaintainahealthypositioninaSECO3)Analysisa)Howcananecosystembeanalysed.
b)Isitpossibletocreatemodels,visualizations,andlargedatasetsforanalysis4)OpennessEverysoftwareplatformatthecentreofanecosystemhastohavesomedegreeofopenness.
ThemainresearchquestionhereisHowcanopennessinsoftwareaffectsandinfluencesthesuccessofabusiness,wherethereappearstobearealtrade-offbetweentheheightofentrybarriersandnumberofthirdpartieswillingtoparticipateintheecosystem.
5)Qualitya)Howcanecosystemsdeliverthehighestqualityexperiencetocustomersintheecosystemb)WhataremeasuresthatparticipantscantaketoincreasequalityXIV.
CONCLUSIONThispaperprovidesareviewofSECOsandconfirmedthatitisanemergentfieldthathasbeenmainlyinspiredbystudiesfrombusinessandnaturalecosystems.
WehighlightedthatSECOsfieldneedsmoreindustrialstudiestoincreaseitsbodyofevidence.
Also,giventhecurrentstateofresearchandpracticeinSECOs,weenvisagedtheneedtoconductintegrativestudiesamongresearchcommunitiesandindustry.
FinallythepaperproposesanumberofopenresearchquestionsandchallengestoenablescholarsinterestedinSECOstoswiftlygainanoverviewoftheresearchareaandtohelpthemintheirownresearchendeavours.
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