incidenceinsomniac
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323AAdolescence.
SeealsoOlderadultsnacrolepsy,precaution,184psycho-socioimpact,181Alzheimer'sdisease,152AmericanAcademyofSleepMedicine(AASM)excessivesleepiness,288narcolepsytreatment,284,294stimulants,249AmericanNarcolepsyAssociation,191Amphetamines,242dopaminergicneurotransmissionandEEGarousal,268–270endogenouscatecholamines,265,266LandDisomers,250mentalfunction,242methamphetamine,251methylphenidate,251,252,265moleculartargetsDATandNETproteins,267VMAT2,266olderadults,73pemoline,252,265Antidepressantsdrugcataplexypharmacologicaltreatment,254hypersomniacauses,170Antiparkinsoniandrug,170Anxiolyticdrug,169–170Armodafinilactionmode,286clinicalmanifestation,283EDS,252–253efficacy,285vs.
modafinil,303safetyandadverseeventdataclinicaltrials,286ControlledSubstancesAct,287discontinuation,treatment,288obstructivesleepapneasyndrome,287post-marketingexperience,286psychiatricexperience,287rashsign,287BBehaviorallyinducedinsufficientsleepsyndrome,169Body-massindex(BMI)narcolepsytreatment,305obesityandcomorbideatingdisorders,105–107patient,narcolepsy,312Brainstemencephalitis,150CCaninenarcolepsygeneticsautosomalrecessiveinherited,27,28majorhistocompatibilitycomplex(MHC),28neurotransmitterdifferencesandimbalancescentralnorepinephrine(NE),26cholinergicagonist,26,27mammalianbrainschematic,26phenotypefood-elicitedcataplexytest(FECT),25REMsleepdiscriminatoryindex,26veterinarian,24Cataplexy.
SeealsoNarcolepsy–cataplexy(NC)adrenergicneurotransmission,274–276discriminativetrigger,116dissociatedREMSleep,78laughter,116–117modelimplication,121–122positiveemotions,115receptorsubtypes,276REMsleepmuscleatonia,33sodiumoxybateefficacy,292techniques,312triggeringmechanisms,34Catechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT),11,305Centralsleepapnoeasyndrome(CSAS),171Cerebraltumors,147–148Cerebrospinalfluid(CSF)hypocretin-1,48Childhoodbehavioralstrategiescataplexypharmacotherapy,63–64daytimesleepinesspharmacotherapy,62disorderkeyfeatures,62differentialdiagnosisidiopathichypersomnia,61insufficientnocturnalsleep,60hypocretindeficiency,58physicalexaminationIndex324IndexChildhood(cont.
)evaluatingsleepiness,59sleeplaboratorytesting,59–60pre-school-agechildren,56prevalencelag,56variation,55psycho-socioimpactbehaviourproblem,school,181clinicalassessment,183emotionandfamily,181medicalservices,182–183precaution,nacrolepsy,184socialfunction,181REM-off,58school-agechildrenattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder(ADHD),56Conners'ratingscale,58excessivedaytimesleepiness,56hypnagogic/hypnopompichallucinations,57sleeplaboratorytestingdrug-inducedchanges,59MSLTnormalvalues,60twothresholdhypothesis,58–59Clinicalglobalimpressionofchange(CGI-C),283Clomipramine,73,74Cognition.
SeeMemoryandcognitionCombinationtherapies,303–304Comorbidmedicalillnessescognitivedysfunction,110diabetesmellitus,107–108eatingdisorderandobesitybody-massindex(BMI),105conditions,106CSF-to-serumleptinratios,106,107hypocretin,106fibromyalgia,109migrainesandotherheadaches,109–110psychiatricdisorders,108–109psychosocialissues,111QOL,narcolepsyvs.
neurologicdisorder,111ControlledSubstancesAct,287Criticalflickerfusion(CFF)test,223DDiabetesmellitus,107–108Diurnalsleepexcessivedaytimesleepiness(seeExcessivedaytimesleepiness)symptoms,79Drivingandtrafficsafetyaccidentrisk,215decision,fitness,217–218difficulties,316interpretation,217treatmenteffects,216–217untreatedpatientsperformance,215–216EEncephalopathiesbrainstemencephalitis,150limbic,149–150Rasmussen'ssyndrome,149Wernicke'sencephalopathy,149Epidemiologyageonset,49cataplexy,47co-morbidities,50diagnosiscriteria,48genderdifferences,49–50geneticandenvironmentallink,50–51hypersomnia,47initialsymptomscreening,49lifestylecharacteristics,50narcolepsywithoutcataplexy,49–50prevalenceandincidenceestimates,48–49publichealthimplications,52rapiddevelopment,51–52sleep-onsetREMsleep,48sleepparalysis,47–48standardsleephygieneadvice,51Epworthsleepinessscale(ESS)excessivedaytimesleepiness,292–293subjectivephsycologicalmeasurement,283EuropeanFederationofNeurologicalSocieties(EFNS),294Excessivedaytimesleepiness(EDS)awakeninability,248bupropion,253caffeine,253children,55,56,59dietarymanipulation,311–312dissociatedREMsleepsymptomscataplexy,78hypnagogichallucinations,78–79sleepparalysis,79drivingability,215Epworthsleepinessscale(ESS),292exercise,312hypersomnia,176hypnagogic/hypnopompichallucinations,248mazindol,253olderadults,73,74pharmacologicaltreatmentamphetamine,249antidepressants,254–256LandDisomers,250methamphetamine,251methylphenidate,251,252pemoline,252phenotypenarcolepticpatients,78sleepepisodes,77,78psychiatricdisorder,109schedulednaps,310–311severity,78sodiumoxybate(SO),292–293symptoms,narcolepsy,247–248workdisability,232,233325IndexFFibromyalgia,109Functionaloutcomesofsleepquestionnaire(FOSQ)health-relatedqualityoflife(HRQOL),190sodiumoxybate,243GGamma-aminobutyricacid(GABA)GHB,277receptors,278Gammahydroxybutyric(GHB)acid,15,51narcolepytreatment,304pharmacokinetics,292pharmacology,291–292Geneticpredisposition.
SeealsoHumanleukocyteantigen(HLA);HypocretinanimalmodelsnarcolepticDoberman,4–6rodentmodels,5catechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT)gene,11HLAnarcolepsysusceptibilitygenes,9–10typing,clinicalpractice,10–11narcolepsyenvironmentalfactors,6humanleukocyteantigen(HLA)-DR2,8–9secondarycases,13–14twinstudies,6narcolepsy–cataplexydiagnostictests,4familialaspects,7hypocretin(orexin)deficiency,88prevalencestudies,3narcolepsywithoutcataplexydiagnostictests,4prevalencestudies,3–4singlenucleotidepolymorphisms,12Guillain–Barre'ssyndrome,158–159HHeadaches,109–110Headtrauma,152–153Health-relatedqualityoflife(HRQoL),72fatigue,193functionaloutcomesofsleepquestionnaire(FOSQ),190narcolepsyOSAHS,193patientadjusment,194peoplewithnarcolepsy(PWN),192socialnetwork,195socialsupport,194supportgroupvs.
selfhelpgroups,195reliabilityandvalidity,measuringinstruments,190shortform36(SF-36),189sicknessimpactprofile(SIP),190Histamine3receptor(H3),302–303Humanleukocyteantigen(HLA),8–9,48,105.
SeealsoGeneticpredispositionHumorprocess,narcolepsy-cataplexy(NC)anatomicalfinding,117emotion-triggers,115–116functionalabnormalities,118hypocretindeficiency,115neuralcorrelationfmristudies,119hypothalamus,118neuroimagingabnormalhypothalamicactivity,119–121amygdalaactivity,119–121modelimplication,121–122weakwithlaughter,116–117Hungtingtondisease,152Hypersomnia,47.
SeealsoExcessivedaytimesleepinessantidepressantsdrug,170cerebraltumors,147–148daytimeMSLT,80differentialdiagnosisanalgesics,170behaviorallyinducedinsufficientsleepsyndrome,169brainimaging,169cardiovasculardrugs,170centralsleepapnoeasyndrome(CSAS),171clinicalapproach,167–168drug/substance,169idiopathic,172–173infectiousdisease,175Kleine–Levinsyndrome,173–174maintenanceofwakefulnesstest(MWT),168–169metabolicandendocrinediseases,175multiplesleeplatencytest,168neurologicaldiseases,174–175neurology,170obstructivesleepapnoeasyndrome,170–171PLMSandexcessivedaytimesleepiness,176polysomnographicrecording,169positivediagnosis,167post-trauma,175–176psychiatric,176psychometric/psychiatricevaluation,169psychotropicdrugs,169–170dissociatedsleepREMsleepatoniaintrusion,81,82REMsleepwithoutatonia,82,83encephalopathies,149–150excessivedaytimesleepiness(EDS),176headtrauma,152–153hypocretin/dopaminergic,83infarctions,148–149maintenanceofwakefulnesstest(MWT),168–169multiplesleeplatencytest(MSLT),168neurodegenerativedisorders,151–152nocturnalpolysomnography,83obstructivesleepapnoeasyndrome(OSAS),170–171sleepapnea/hypopneasyndrome,82sleepmicrostructure,81sleepstructurenighttimePSG,80typicalnighttimehypnogram,80,81326IndexHypnagogichallucinations,89AIMModel,93clinicalfeatures,88dissociatedREMSleep,78–79dreamsdreamlikeintrusions,88visualfieldandaction,89drowsiness,89intimacyandsexuality,206narcolepsysymptoms,248neurobiology,91–92non-pharmacologictreatment,313psychologicalaspects,239schizophrenia,89treatment,256antidepressants,95sodiumoxybate,94–95Hypnoticsdrug,169–170Hypocretin(Hcrt).
SeealsoOrexinanimalmodel,5celltransplantation,300–301characteristics,135childhood,58CNSlesions,144–145CSFhypocretin-1,12–13CSFhypocretin-1levels,135genetherapy,299hcrtr1vs.
hcrtr2,298humannarcolepsy–cataplexy,8hypothalamuscontrol,6ICVreplacement,298inheriteddisordersmyotonicdystrophy,146–147Niemann-PickTypeCdisease,146Prader-Willisyndrome,145–146intranasaldelivery,298intravenousvs.
intranasaladministration,299measurements,137–143monoaminergicandcholinergicinteractionsanticataplecticagents,14–15gammahydroxybutyric(GHB)acid,15hypersensitivity,16REMsleep,15–16stimulants,15narcolepsy–cataplexy,115narcolepsywithoutcataplexy,4receptors,300replacementtherapy,256–258therapeutictargets,16IIdiopathichypersomnia,172–173Immunotherapy,300–301InternationalClassificationofFunctioning,DisabilityandHealth(ICF),230InternationalCouncilonAlcohol,DrugsandTrafficSafety(ICADTS),218Intimacyandsexualityadulthood,207,210automaticbehavior,204datingrelationship,207hypnagogichallucinations,205–206lateradolescenceandearlyadulthood,206–207marriage/committedlongtermrelationshipcataplexy,208psychiatricdepression,208–209tirednessandpersistentsleepiness,208narcolepsy,symptomsimpact,205–206pharmacologicalcontrol,212non-sexualityaspects,207relationship,spouse,209psychosocialsupport,212sexualaspects,210–211sleepparalysis,204timingof,211workingdisability,203KKleine–Levinsyndrome,61,173–174LLimbicencephalopathy,149–150MMaintenanceofwakefulnesstest(MWT)excessivedaytimesleepiness,292–293hypersomnia,diagnosis,168–169modafinil,283schedulednaps,EDS,310–311MAOinhibitors(MAOIs),276–277Medicaltherapies,303Medico-legalaspects,disabilityassessment,233clinicalseverityscale,231–232definition,229determination,232–233impairmentvariability,231workclassification,233definitionandetiology,230limitations,230–231Memoryandcognitionalertness,223criticalflickerfusion(CFF)test,223executivefunctions,224hypocretinsystemdysfunctions,221impairment,225insomniacpatients,222multiplesleeplatencytest(MSLT),225neurotransmitterdysfunction,221–222nocturnalsleep,222patientneuropsychologicalprofile,225reactiontimes(RT),224symptoms,221Mentalhealthattention,237–238327Indexdreamsandhallucinations,239drugsamphetamines,242modafinil,242–243sodiumoxybate,243–244executivefunction,238foodcravings,239functionalimpairment,240–241methodologicalissues,237mooddisordersanxietyanddepression,238–239psychosis,239pain,239treatmentexplanation,241lifestyleaspects,242Methamphetamine,2513-4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine(MDMA),216Methylphenidate,73Migraine,109–110Modafinilvs.
armodafinil,303actionmode,286adrenergicneurotransmission,275–276clinicalassessment,271clinicalmanifestation,283compounds,273–274EDStreatment,252–253effectsanddopaminergicsystem,272GHB,277–2785HT2receptor,271MAOinhibitors(MAOIs),276–277mentalhealth,242–243narcolepsytreatment,242–243CNSstimulants,285objectivephysiologicalmeasurement,283subjectivephysiologicalmeasurement,284olderadults,73receptorsubtypes,276safetyandadverseeventdataclinicaltrials,286ControlledSubstancesAct,287discontinuation,treatment,288obstructivesleepapneasyndrome,287post-marketingexperience,286psychiatricexperience,287rashsign,287tricyclicanti-cataplectics,274Multiplesclerosis,154–156Multiplesleeplatencytest(MSLT)hypersomnia,diagnosis,168idiopathichypersomnia,172insomnia,222modafinil,283objectivesleepinessmeasurement,225sleeplatency,147sleeptendency,216Muscariniccholinergicreceptors,42MyotonicDystrophy,146–147NN-acetylaspartate(NAA),117Narcolepsy–cataplexy(NC).
SeealsoGeneticpredispositionabnormalhypothalamicandamygdalaactivityhypothalamicactivity,121neutralpicturesequences,120nucleusaccumbens(NAcc),120tumorresponse,121anatomicalfinding,117CNSlesions,144–145emotion-triggers,115–116functionalabnormalities,118inheriteddisordersmyotonicdystrophy,146–147Niemann-PicktypeCdisease,146Prader-Willisyndrome,145–146modelimplication,121–122neuralcorrelation,118–119weakwithlaughter,116–117NeurodegenerativedisordersHungtingtonandAlzheimer'sdisease,152Parkinson'sdisease,151progressivesupranuclearpalsy,151–152Neuroimagingstudiesfunctionalstudiesdaytimesleepattacks,39sleepdeprivation,39,40totalsleepdeprivation(TSD),40muscariniccholinergicreceptors,42narcolepsyhypocretinsystem,40pharmacotherapy,41–42SPECTstudies,40–41Neuroleptics,170NeuroscientifictheoryAIMtheory,133bizarredreamdefinition,132Niemann-PickTypeCdisease,146Nightmares,313luciddreaming,126patientdream,126Nighttimesleep,312–313Nocturnalsleepclinicalfeatures,79–80daytimeMSLT,80laboratorycharacteristics,80polysomnographicalfindingsdissociatedsleep,81–83obstructivesleepapnea/hypopneasyndrome(OSAHS),82periodiclegmovementsinsleep(PLMS),81sleepmicrostructure,81sleepstructure,80–81Non-pharmacologicaltreatmentcataplexy,313characteristics,250cognitivecomplaints,313–314disruptednighttimesleep,312–313drivingdifficulties,316educationdifficulties,315–316excessivedaytimesomnolence328IndexNon-pharmacologicaltreatment(cont.
)dietarymanipulation,311–312exercise,312schedulednaps,310–311homechoresdifficulties,316hypnagogichallucinations,313interpersonaldifficulties,315nightmares,313psychiatricco-morbiditiesandmanagement,314–315psychosocialsupportlimitation,315sleepparalysis,313workdifficulties,315–316NorwegianAssociationforSleepDisorder(NASD),193OObesityandeatingdisorderbody-massindex(BMI),105conditions,106CSF-to-serumleptinratios,106,107hypocretin,106Obstructivesleepapnea/hypopneasyndrome(OSAHS),82,193Obstructivesleepapneasyndrome(OSAS)hypersomnia,170–171vs.
nacrolepsy,183Olderadultsdelayeddiagnosismeansleeplatency,MSLTfunction,70,71multiplesleeplatencytest(MSLT),70implications,72–73obstructivesleepapneasyndrome(OSAS),74onsetafterage35obstructivesleepapnea(OSA),70sporadiccasereports,69secondary/symptomaticnarcolepsyiatrogenicnarcolepsy,71,72modafinil,73Parkinsondisease(PD),71symptomsafterrestartingvenlafaxine,72therapeuticchallenges,72–73Orexin,115.
SeealsoHypocretinhighly-penetrantorexin-genemutations,33paralyzedwakefulness,34REMsleepmuscleatonia,33,34PParaneoplasticsyndrome,159Patientdreamdefinition,125nightmares,126recallfrequency,125REMawakeningprocess,126Pemoline,252Peoplewithnarcolepsy(PWN),192Periodiclegmovementsinsleep(PLMS),81Periodiclimbmovementdisorder(PLMD),12Pharmacology,wake-promotingcompoundsamphetaminesdopaminergicneurotransmissionandEEGarousal,268–270endogenouscatecholamines,265,266methylphenidate,265moleculartargets,266–268pemoline,265modafiniladrenergicneurotransmission,275–276clinicalassessment,271compounds,273–274effectsanddopaminergicsystem,272GHB,277–2785HT2receptor,271MAOinhibitors(MAOIs),276–277receptorsubtypes,276tricyclicanti-cataplectics,274wakefulnessneurobiologycholinergicneurons,264DAandmonoamineneurons,265multipleneurotransmitterandbrainactivity,264Physostigminecholinergicmechanisms,27Post-traumatichypersomnia,175–176Prader-Willisyndrome,145–146Protonmagneticresonancespectroscopy(1HMRS),117Protriptyline,73,74Psychiatricdisorders,108–109,176Psychoanalysisapproaches,129–130bizarredreams,129dreamanalysis,130sleepingconcept,130narcolepsyneuroscientifictheory,132–133REMSmodel,130–131Psychosocialimpactadolescenceprecaution,nacrolepsy,184problems,181childhoodbehaviourproblem,school,181clinicalassessment,183emotionandfamily,181medicalservices,182–183precaution,nacrolepsy,184socialfunction,181comorbidmedicalillnesses,111disadvantage,182vs.
othersleepdisorder,183–184qualityoflife(QOL)computerizedneurocognitivefunctiontest,192functionaloutcomesofsleepquestionnaire(FOSQ),190impactandeconomiccosts,191menandwomen,adjustmentproblem,192psychopathologyanddepression,191–192reliabilityandvalidity,measuringinstruments,190shortform36(SF-36),189sicknessimpactprofile(SIP),190standardisedpsychosocialassessment,181–182supportgroupattendeesandnon-attendees,197benefits,195–196counseling,197–198employment,198329Indexmanagementimplication,197meeting,patientinability,196–197researchimplications,198transportation,198Psychotropicdrugs,hypersomnias,169–170QQualityoflife(QOL)healthstatus,187–189HRQOLfunctionaloutcomesofsleepquestionnaire(FOSQ),190narcolepsy,192–195reliabilityandvalidity,measuringinstruments,190shortform36(SF-36),189sicknessimpactprofile(SIP),190narcolepsycomputerizedneurocognitivefunctiontest,192impactandeconomiccosts,191menandwomen,adjustmentproblem,192psychopathologyanddepression,191–192vs.
neurologicdisorder,111sodiumoxybateefficacy,293RRapideyemovement(REM),23,24,39,41cataplexy,121comorbidities,106dissociatedREMphenomenaconsciousnessstates,92physiologicalvariations,93hypnagogichallucinations,204MOI,276patientdream,125–126psychoanalysis,131–132serotonergicprojections,275tricyclicantidepressants,258Rasmussen'ssyndrome,149Reactiontimes(RT),224REMsleepbehaviordisorder(RBD),71atoniaindex,101clonazepam,99,100diagnosticcriteriachinEMGactivity,101sleepstages,100electrolyticlesions,99narcolepticpatientsmelatonin,102occurrence,101,102prevalence,101vs.
idiopathicRBD,101–102neurologicaldiseases,99–101Rodentnarcolepsy.
SeealsoVigilancestatecharacterization,rodentnarcolepsyintracerebroventricular(icv)injectionorexin-A,28prepro-orexinmRNA,28,29vigilancestatecharacterizationorexin/ataxin-3transgenicmiceandrats,31–32orexin-/-mouse,29–30orexinreceptornullmice,32SSexuality.
SeeIntimacyandsexualitySicknessimpactprofile(SIP),190Sleepparalysis,313AIMmodelmotoroutput,93schematicrepresentation,94antidepressantmedicationsserotoninreuptakeinhibitors(SSRIs),95clinicalfeatures,90culturallydeterminedinterpretationsisolatedsleepparalysis,90nightmares,91dissociatedREMSleep,79narcolepsysymptoms,248neurobiology,92treatment,256antidepressants,95sodiumoxybate,94–95Sleep-relatedbreathingdisorders(SRBD),12Sodiumoxybate(SO),73,94,243–244adverseevents,293–294amphetamines,291contraindications,294efficacycataplexy,292excessivedaytimesleepiness,292–293sleep,293gammahydroxybutyrate(GHB)pharmacokinetics,292pharmacology,291–292mentalhealth,243–244narcolepsy–cataplexy,253–254qualityoflife,293treatmentrecommendations,294Stemcelltransplantation,300Symptomaticnarcolepsy.
SeealsoHypersomnia;Hypocretinanatomicalsubstrate,143–144CSFhypocretin-1level,135definition,136,143demyelinatingdiseasesacutedisseminatedencephalomyelitis,157–158anti-AQP4antibody,156–157Guillain-Barre'ssyndrome,158–159multiplesclerosis,154–156neuromyelitisoptica,156–157paraneoplasticsyndrome,159hypocretinmeasurements,137–143hypocretinstatusCNSlesions,144–145inheriteddisorders,145–147idiopathicnarcolepsy,135Synucleinopathies,100TThyrotrophinreleasinghormone(TRH),301–302Totalsleepdeprivation(TSD),40330IndexUUnitedKingdomAssociationofNarcolepsy(UKAN),193VVenlafaxine,95Vigilancestatecharacterization,rodentnarcolepsyorexin/ataxin-3transgenicmiceandratsconcurrentvideoandEEG/EMGmonitoring,31,32darkphaseinfraredvideomonitoring,31orexingenepromoter,31spectralanalysis,32orexinreceptoremotionalarousalandamelioration,29,30NREMonset,30nullmice,32severephenotype,32WWernicke'sencephalopathy,149WorldHealthOrganization(WHO),187,229WorldSleepconference,217,218
SeealsoOlderadultsnacrolepsy,precaution,184psycho-socioimpact,181Alzheimer'sdisease,152AmericanAcademyofSleepMedicine(AASM)excessivesleepiness,288narcolepsytreatment,284,294stimulants,249AmericanNarcolepsyAssociation,191Amphetamines,242dopaminergicneurotransmissionandEEGarousal,268–270endogenouscatecholamines,265,266LandDisomers,250mentalfunction,242methamphetamine,251methylphenidate,251,252,265moleculartargetsDATandNETproteins,267VMAT2,266olderadults,73pemoline,252,265Antidepressantsdrugcataplexypharmacologicaltreatment,254hypersomniacauses,170Antiparkinsoniandrug,170Anxiolyticdrug,169–170Armodafinilactionmode,286clinicalmanifestation,283EDS,252–253efficacy,285vs.
modafinil,303safetyandadverseeventdataclinicaltrials,286ControlledSubstancesAct,287discontinuation,treatment,288obstructivesleepapneasyndrome,287post-marketingexperience,286psychiatricexperience,287rashsign,287BBehaviorallyinducedinsufficientsleepsyndrome,169Body-massindex(BMI)narcolepsytreatment,305obesityandcomorbideatingdisorders,105–107patient,narcolepsy,312Brainstemencephalitis,150CCaninenarcolepsygeneticsautosomalrecessiveinherited,27,28majorhistocompatibilitycomplex(MHC),28neurotransmitterdifferencesandimbalancescentralnorepinephrine(NE),26cholinergicagonist,26,27mammalianbrainschematic,26phenotypefood-elicitedcataplexytest(FECT),25REMsleepdiscriminatoryindex,26veterinarian,24Cataplexy.
SeealsoNarcolepsy–cataplexy(NC)adrenergicneurotransmission,274–276discriminativetrigger,116dissociatedREMSleep,78laughter,116–117modelimplication,121–122positiveemotions,115receptorsubtypes,276REMsleepmuscleatonia,33sodiumoxybateefficacy,292techniques,312triggeringmechanisms,34Catechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT),11,305Centralsleepapnoeasyndrome(CSAS),171Cerebraltumors,147–148Cerebrospinalfluid(CSF)hypocretin-1,48Childhoodbehavioralstrategiescataplexypharmacotherapy,63–64daytimesleepinesspharmacotherapy,62disorderkeyfeatures,62differentialdiagnosisidiopathichypersomnia,61insufficientnocturnalsleep,60hypocretindeficiency,58physicalexaminationIndex324IndexChildhood(cont.
)evaluatingsleepiness,59sleeplaboratorytesting,59–60pre-school-agechildren,56prevalencelag,56variation,55psycho-socioimpactbehaviourproblem,school,181clinicalassessment,183emotionandfamily,181medicalservices,182–183precaution,nacrolepsy,184socialfunction,181REM-off,58school-agechildrenattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder(ADHD),56Conners'ratingscale,58excessivedaytimesleepiness,56hypnagogic/hypnopompichallucinations,57sleeplaboratorytestingdrug-inducedchanges,59MSLTnormalvalues,60twothresholdhypothesis,58–59Clinicalglobalimpressionofchange(CGI-C),283Clomipramine,73,74Cognition.
SeeMemoryandcognitionCombinationtherapies,303–304Comorbidmedicalillnessescognitivedysfunction,110diabetesmellitus,107–108eatingdisorderandobesitybody-massindex(BMI),105conditions,106CSF-to-serumleptinratios,106,107hypocretin,106fibromyalgia,109migrainesandotherheadaches,109–110psychiatricdisorders,108–109psychosocialissues,111QOL,narcolepsyvs.
neurologicdisorder,111ControlledSubstancesAct,287Criticalflickerfusion(CFF)test,223DDiabetesmellitus,107–108Diurnalsleepexcessivedaytimesleepiness(seeExcessivedaytimesleepiness)symptoms,79Drivingandtrafficsafetyaccidentrisk,215decision,fitness,217–218difficulties,316interpretation,217treatmenteffects,216–217untreatedpatientsperformance,215–216EEncephalopathiesbrainstemencephalitis,150limbic,149–150Rasmussen'ssyndrome,149Wernicke'sencephalopathy,149Epidemiologyageonset,49cataplexy,47co-morbidities,50diagnosiscriteria,48genderdifferences,49–50geneticandenvironmentallink,50–51hypersomnia,47initialsymptomscreening,49lifestylecharacteristics,50narcolepsywithoutcataplexy,49–50prevalenceandincidenceestimates,48–49publichealthimplications,52rapiddevelopment,51–52sleep-onsetREMsleep,48sleepparalysis,47–48standardsleephygieneadvice,51Epworthsleepinessscale(ESS)excessivedaytimesleepiness,292–293subjectivephsycologicalmeasurement,283EuropeanFederationofNeurologicalSocieties(EFNS),294Excessivedaytimesleepiness(EDS)awakeninability,248bupropion,253caffeine,253children,55,56,59dietarymanipulation,311–312dissociatedREMsleepsymptomscataplexy,78hypnagogichallucinations,78–79sleepparalysis,79drivingability,215Epworthsleepinessscale(ESS),292exercise,312hypersomnia,176hypnagogic/hypnopompichallucinations,248mazindol,253olderadults,73,74pharmacologicaltreatmentamphetamine,249antidepressants,254–256LandDisomers,250methamphetamine,251methylphenidate,251,252pemoline,252phenotypenarcolepticpatients,78sleepepisodes,77,78psychiatricdisorder,109schedulednaps,310–311severity,78sodiumoxybate(SO),292–293symptoms,narcolepsy,247–248workdisability,232,233325IndexFFibromyalgia,109Functionaloutcomesofsleepquestionnaire(FOSQ)health-relatedqualityoflife(HRQOL),190sodiumoxybate,243GGamma-aminobutyricacid(GABA)GHB,277receptors,278Gammahydroxybutyric(GHB)acid,15,51narcolepytreatment,304pharmacokinetics,292pharmacology,291–292Geneticpredisposition.
SeealsoHumanleukocyteantigen(HLA);HypocretinanimalmodelsnarcolepticDoberman,4–6rodentmodels,5catechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT)gene,11HLAnarcolepsysusceptibilitygenes,9–10typing,clinicalpractice,10–11narcolepsyenvironmentalfactors,6humanleukocyteantigen(HLA)-DR2,8–9secondarycases,13–14twinstudies,6narcolepsy–cataplexydiagnostictests,4familialaspects,7hypocretin(orexin)deficiency,88prevalencestudies,3narcolepsywithoutcataplexydiagnostictests,4prevalencestudies,3–4singlenucleotidepolymorphisms,12Guillain–Barre'ssyndrome,158–159HHeadaches,109–110Headtrauma,152–153Health-relatedqualityoflife(HRQoL),72fatigue,193functionaloutcomesofsleepquestionnaire(FOSQ),190narcolepsyOSAHS,193patientadjusment,194peoplewithnarcolepsy(PWN),192socialnetwork,195socialsupport,194supportgroupvs.
selfhelpgroups,195reliabilityandvalidity,measuringinstruments,190shortform36(SF-36),189sicknessimpactprofile(SIP),190Histamine3receptor(H3),302–303Humanleukocyteantigen(HLA),8–9,48,105.
SeealsoGeneticpredispositionHumorprocess,narcolepsy-cataplexy(NC)anatomicalfinding,117emotion-triggers,115–116functionalabnormalities,118hypocretindeficiency,115neuralcorrelationfmristudies,119hypothalamus,118neuroimagingabnormalhypothalamicactivity,119–121amygdalaactivity,119–121modelimplication,121–122weakwithlaughter,116–117Hungtingtondisease,152Hypersomnia,47.
SeealsoExcessivedaytimesleepinessantidepressantsdrug,170cerebraltumors,147–148daytimeMSLT,80differentialdiagnosisanalgesics,170behaviorallyinducedinsufficientsleepsyndrome,169brainimaging,169cardiovasculardrugs,170centralsleepapnoeasyndrome(CSAS),171clinicalapproach,167–168drug/substance,169idiopathic,172–173infectiousdisease,175Kleine–Levinsyndrome,173–174maintenanceofwakefulnesstest(MWT),168–169metabolicandendocrinediseases,175multiplesleeplatencytest,168neurologicaldiseases,174–175neurology,170obstructivesleepapnoeasyndrome,170–171PLMSandexcessivedaytimesleepiness,176polysomnographicrecording,169positivediagnosis,167post-trauma,175–176psychiatric,176psychometric/psychiatricevaluation,169psychotropicdrugs,169–170dissociatedsleepREMsleepatoniaintrusion,81,82REMsleepwithoutatonia,82,83encephalopathies,149–150excessivedaytimesleepiness(EDS),176headtrauma,152–153hypocretin/dopaminergic,83infarctions,148–149maintenanceofwakefulnesstest(MWT),168–169multiplesleeplatencytest(MSLT),168neurodegenerativedisorders,151–152nocturnalpolysomnography,83obstructivesleepapnoeasyndrome(OSAS),170–171sleepapnea/hypopneasyndrome,82sleepmicrostructure,81sleepstructurenighttimePSG,80typicalnighttimehypnogram,80,81326IndexHypnagogichallucinations,89AIMModel,93clinicalfeatures,88dissociatedREMSleep,78–79dreamsdreamlikeintrusions,88visualfieldandaction,89drowsiness,89intimacyandsexuality,206narcolepsysymptoms,248neurobiology,91–92non-pharmacologictreatment,313psychologicalaspects,239schizophrenia,89treatment,256antidepressants,95sodiumoxybate,94–95Hypnoticsdrug,169–170Hypocretin(Hcrt).
SeealsoOrexinanimalmodel,5celltransplantation,300–301characteristics,135childhood,58CNSlesions,144–145CSFhypocretin-1,12–13CSFhypocretin-1levels,135genetherapy,299hcrtr1vs.
hcrtr2,298humannarcolepsy–cataplexy,8hypothalamuscontrol,6ICVreplacement,298inheriteddisordersmyotonicdystrophy,146–147Niemann-PickTypeCdisease,146Prader-Willisyndrome,145–146intranasaldelivery,298intravenousvs.
intranasaladministration,299measurements,137–143monoaminergicandcholinergicinteractionsanticataplecticagents,14–15gammahydroxybutyric(GHB)acid,15hypersensitivity,16REMsleep,15–16stimulants,15narcolepsy–cataplexy,115narcolepsywithoutcataplexy,4receptors,300replacementtherapy,256–258therapeutictargets,16IIdiopathichypersomnia,172–173Immunotherapy,300–301InternationalClassificationofFunctioning,DisabilityandHealth(ICF),230InternationalCouncilonAlcohol,DrugsandTrafficSafety(ICADTS),218Intimacyandsexualityadulthood,207,210automaticbehavior,204datingrelationship,207hypnagogichallucinations,205–206lateradolescenceandearlyadulthood,206–207marriage/committedlongtermrelationshipcataplexy,208psychiatricdepression,208–209tirednessandpersistentsleepiness,208narcolepsy,symptomsimpact,205–206pharmacologicalcontrol,212non-sexualityaspects,207relationship,spouse,209psychosocialsupport,212sexualaspects,210–211sleepparalysis,204timingof,211workingdisability,203KKleine–Levinsyndrome,61,173–174LLimbicencephalopathy,149–150MMaintenanceofwakefulnesstest(MWT)excessivedaytimesleepiness,292–293hypersomnia,diagnosis,168–169modafinil,283schedulednaps,EDS,310–311MAOinhibitors(MAOIs),276–277Medicaltherapies,303Medico-legalaspects,disabilityassessment,233clinicalseverityscale,231–232definition,229determination,232–233impairmentvariability,231workclassification,233definitionandetiology,230limitations,230–231Memoryandcognitionalertness,223criticalflickerfusion(CFF)test,223executivefunctions,224hypocretinsystemdysfunctions,221impairment,225insomniacpatients,222multiplesleeplatencytest(MSLT),225neurotransmitterdysfunction,221–222nocturnalsleep,222patientneuropsychologicalprofile,225reactiontimes(RT),224symptoms,221Mentalhealthattention,237–238327Indexdreamsandhallucinations,239drugsamphetamines,242modafinil,242–243sodiumoxybate,243–244executivefunction,238foodcravings,239functionalimpairment,240–241methodologicalissues,237mooddisordersanxietyanddepression,238–239psychosis,239pain,239treatmentexplanation,241lifestyleaspects,242Methamphetamine,2513-4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine(MDMA),216Methylphenidate,73Migraine,109–110Modafinilvs.
armodafinil,303actionmode,286adrenergicneurotransmission,275–276clinicalassessment,271clinicalmanifestation,283compounds,273–274EDStreatment,252–253effectsanddopaminergicsystem,272GHB,277–2785HT2receptor,271MAOinhibitors(MAOIs),276–277mentalhealth,242–243narcolepsytreatment,242–243CNSstimulants,285objectivephysiologicalmeasurement,283subjectivephysiologicalmeasurement,284olderadults,73receptorsubtypes,276safetyandadverseeventdataclinicaltrials,286ControlledSubstancesAct,287discontinuation,treatment,288obstructivesleepapneasyndrome,287post-marketingexperience,286psychiatricexperience,287rashsign,287tricyclicanti-cataplectics,274Multiplesclerosis,154–156Multiplesleeplatencytest(MSLT)hypersomnia,diagnosis,168idiopathichypersomnia,172insomnia,222modafinil,283objectivesleepinessmeasurement,225sleeplatency,147sleeptendency,216Muscariniccholinergicreceptors,42MyotonicDystrophy,146–147NN-acetylaspartate(NAA),117Narcolepsy–cataplexy(NC).
SeealsoGeneticpredispositionabnormalhypothalamicandamygdalaactivityhypothalamicactivity,121neutralpicturesequences,120nucleusaccumbens(NAcc),120tumorresponse,121anatomicalfinding,117CNSlesions,144–145emotion-triggers,115–116functionalabnormalities,118inheriteddisordersmyotonicdystrophy,146–147Niemann-PicktypeCdisease,146Prader-Willisyndrome,145–146modelimplication,121–122neuralcorrelation,118–119weakwithlaughter,116–117NeurodegenerativedisordersHungtingtonandAlzheimer'sdisease,152Parkinson'sdisease,151progressivesupranuclearpalsy,151–152Neuroimagingstudiesfunctionalstudiesdaytimesleepattacks,39sleepdeprivation,39,40totalsleepdeprivation(TSD),40muscariniccholinergicreceptors,42narcolepsyhypocretinsystem,40pharmacotherapy,41–42SPECTstudies,40–41Neuroleptics,170NeuroscientifictheoryAIMtheory,133bizarredreamdefinition,132Niemann-PickTypeCdisease,146Nightmares,313luciddreaming,126patientdream,126Nighttimesleep,312–313Nocturnalsleepclinicalfeatures,79–80daytimeMSLT,80laboratorycharacteristics,80polysomnographicalfindingsdissociatedsleep,81–83obstructivesleepapnea/hypopneasyndrome(OSAHS),82periodiclegmovementsinsleep(PLMS),81sleepmicrostructure,81sleepstructure,80–81Non-pharmacologicaltreatmentcataplexy,313characteristics,250cognitivecomplaints,313–314disruptednighttimesleep,312–313drivingdifficulties,316educationdifficulties,315–316excessivedaytimesomnolence328IndexNon-pharmacologicaltreatment(cont.
)dietarymanipulation,311–312exercise,312schedulednaps,310–311homechoresdifficulties,316hypnagogichallucinations,313interpersonaldifficulties,315nightmares,313psychiatricco-morbiditiesandmanagement,314–315psychosocialsupportlimitation,315sleepparalysis,313workdifficulties,315–316NorwegianAssociationforSleepDisorder(NASD),193OObesityandeatingdisorderbody-massindex(BMI),105conditions,106CSF-to-serumleptinratios,106,107hypocretin,106Obstructivesleepapnea/hypopneasyndrome(OSAHS),82,193Obstructivesleepapneasyndrome(OSAS)hypersomnia,170–171vs.
nacrolepsy,183Olderadultsdelayeddiagnosismeansleeplatency,MSLTfunction,70,71multiplesleeplatencytest(MSLT),70implications,72–73obstructivesleepapneasyndrome(OSAS),74onsetafterage35obstructivesleepapnea(OSA),70sporadiccasereports,69secondary/symptomaticnarcolepsyiatrogenicnarcolepsy,71,72modafinil,73Parkinsondisease(PD),71symptomsafterrestartingvenlafaxine,72therapeuticchallenges,72–73Orexin,115.
SeealsoHypocretinhighly-penetrantorexin-genemutations,33paralyzedwakefulness,34REMsleepmuscleatonia,33,34PParaneoplasticsyndrome,159Patientdreamdefinition,125nightmares,126recallfrequency,125REMawakeningprocess,126Pemoline,252Peoplewithnarcolepsy(PWN),192Periodiclegmovementsinsleep(PLMS),81Periodiclimbmovementdisorder(PLMD),12Pharmacology,wake-promotingcompoundsamphetaminesdopaminergicneurotransmissionandEEGarousal,268–270endogenouscatecholamines,265,266methylphenidate,265moleculartargets,266–268pemoline,265modafiniladrenergicneurotransmission,275–276clinicalassessment,271compounds,273–274effectsanddopaminergicsystem,272GHB,277–2785HT2receptor,271MAOinhibitors(MAOIs),276–277receptorsubtypes,276tricyclicanti-cataplectics,274wakefulnessneurobiologycholinergicneurons,264DAandmonoamineneurons,265multipleneurotransmitterandbrainactivity,264Physostigminecholinergicmechanisms,27Post-traumatichypersomnia,175–176Prader-Willisyndrome,145–146Protonmagneticresonancespectroscopy(1HMRS),117Protriptyline,73,74Psychiatricdisorders,108–109,176Psychoanalysisapproaches,129–130bizarredreams,129dreamanalysis,130sleepingconcept,130narcolepsyneuroscientifictheory,132–133REMSmodel,130–131Psychosocialimpactadolescenceprecaution,nacrolepsy,184problems,181childhoodbehaviourproblem,school,181clinicalassessment,183emotionandfamily,181medicalservices,182–183precaution,nacrolepsy,184socialfunction,181comorbidmedicalillnesses,111disadvantage,182vs.
othersleepdisorder,183–184qualityoflife(QOL)computerizedneurocognitivefunctiontest,192functionaloutcomesofsleepquestionnaire(FOSQ),190impactandeconomiccosts,191menandwomen,adjustmentproblem,192psychopathologyanddepression,191–192reliabilityandvalidity,measuringinstruments,190shortform36(SF-36),189sicknessimpactprofile(SIP),190standardisedpsychosocialassessment,181–182supportgroupattendeesandnon-attendees,197benefits,195–196counseling,197–198employment,198329Indexmanagementimplication,197meeting,patientinability,196–197researchimplications,198transportation,198Psychotropicdrugs,hypersomnias,169–170QQualityoflife(QOL)healthstatus,187–189HRQOLfunctionaloutcomesofsleepquestionnaire(FOSQ),190narcolepsy,192–195reliabilityandvalidity,measuringinstruments,190shortform36(SF-36),189sicknessimpactprofile(SIP),190narcolepsycomputerizedneurocognitivefunctiontest,192impactandeconomiccosts,191menandwomen,adjustmentproblem,192psychopathologyanddepression,191–192vs.
neurologicdisorder,111sodiumoxybateefficacy,293RRapideyemovement(REM),23,24,39,41cataplexy,121comorbidities,106dissociatedREMphenomenaconsciousnessstates,92physiologicalvariations,93hypnagogichallucinations,204MOI,276patientdream,125–126psychoanalysis,131–132serotonergicprojections,275tricyclicantidepressants,258Rasmussen'ssyndrome,149Reactiontimes(RT),224REMsleepbehaviordisorder(RBD),71atoniaindex,101clonazepam,99,100diagnosticcriteriachinEMGactivity,101sleepstages,100electrolyticlesions,99narcolepticpatientsmelatonin,102occurrence,101,102prevalence,101vs.
idiopathicRBD,101–102neurologicaldiseases,99–101Rodentnarcolepsy.
SeealsoVigilancestatecharacterization,rodentnarcolepsyintracerebroventricular(icv)injectionorexin-A,28prepro-orexinmRNA,28,29vigilancestatecharacterizationorexin/ataxin-3transgenicmiceandrats,31–32orexin-/-mouse,29–30orexinreceptornullmice,32SSexuality.
SeeIntimacyandsexualitySicknessimpactprofile(SIP),190Sleepparalysis,313AIMmodelmotoroutput,93schematicrepresentation,94antidepressantmedicationsserotoninreuptakeinhibitors(SSRIs),95clinicalfeatures,90culturallydeterminedinterpretationsisolatedsleepparalysis,90nightmares,91dissociatedREMSleep,79narcolepsysymptoms,248neurobiology,92treatment,256antidepressants,95sodiumoxybate,94–95Sleep-relatedbreathingdisorders(SRBD),12Sodiumoxybate(SO),73,94,243–244adverseevents,293–294amphetamines,291contraindications,294efficacycataplexy,292excessivedaytimesleepiness,292–293sleep,293gammahydroxybutyrate(GHB)pharmacokinetics,292pharmacology,291–292mentalhealth,243–244narcolepsy–cataplexy,253–254qualityoflife,293treatmentrecommendations,294Stemcelltransplantation,300Symptomaticnarcolepsy.
SeealsoHypersomnia;Hypocretinanatomicalsubstrate,143–144CSFhypocretin-1level,135definition,136,143demyelinatingdiseasesacutedisseminatedencephalomyelitis,157–158anti-AQP4antibody,156–157Guillain-Barre'ssyndrome,158–159multiplesclerosis,154–156neuromyelitisoptica,156–157paraneoplasticsyndrome,159hypocretinmeasurements,137–143hypocretinstatusCNSlesions,144–145inheriteddisorders,145–147idiopathicnarcolepsy,135Synucleinopathies,100TThyrotrophinreleasinghormone(TRH),301–302Totalsleepdeprivation(TSD),40330IndexUUnitedKingdomAssociationofNarcolepsy(UKAN),193VVenlafaxine,95Vigilancestatecharacterization,rodentnarcolepsyorexin/ataxin-3transgenicmiceandratsconcurrentvideoandEEG/EMGmonitoring,31,32darkphaseinfraredvideomonitoring,31orexingenepromoter,31spectralanalysis,32orexinreceptoremotionalarousalandamelioration,29,30NREMonset,30nullmice,32severephenotype,32WWernicke'sencephalopathy,149WorldHealthOrganization(WHO),187,229WorldSleepconference,217,218
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