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321AAdaptation,immigrationtoUSboundariesandnetworks,56–59ethnicties,59–62Agingandconnectednessdegrees,171–175livingarrangements,168–169lonelinessanddepression,168riskfactors,168disconnectednessandmodernization,175andsocialnetworkshealthbenefits,179–180intergenerationalmentoringandrelationships,179virtualnetworks,178–179volunteering,177–178Americanconceptions,communitycommunitypower,37–38humanecologyCornerville,35familydisorganization,36Hollingshead'sstudy,37Jonesville,36Liebow'sparticipation,35Park'sprinciples,33–34Plainvillers,34–35Redfield'sstudy,34Wirth'scontribution,34networksascommunities,39–40urbanlifestyles,39Attachmentexperiences,7Attachmentsacrosslifecyclecontinuityinadulthood,11–12convoymodel,11BBondingSeeSocialbondingBondsforming,210CCollectivecopingemotionalsimultaneityandvictimunity,127survivorreunions,129–130symbols,127–128TheTalkingCircle,128–129temporary"walls",129Colonia,75Communicationdefinition,278outcome-orientedface-to-faceinteraction,279timeandtaskdependent,278process-orientedaccountabilityandresponsibility,279non-verbal,279self-interestandindividuals,280CommunitarianismReagan/Thatcherera,41–42"we-ness",42Communitiesexcluded(seeExcludedcommunities)gated(seeGatedcommunities)privateneighborhoodsandtentativeneighboring,148–149socialexclusion,defined,144socialinclusionconcept,162democraticcitizenship,163vs.
exclusion,162Index322IndexCommunitiescrisis,socialtiescollectivecopingemotionalsimultaneityandvictimunity,127survivorreunions,129–130symbols,127–128TheTalkingCircle,128–129temporary"walls",129commonfeatures,112–113disaster(seeDisaster,communities)man-madedisasters,111naturalclimatevariability,111rebuildinghumansystems,132–133resilience,131socialcapital,131–132Communityattachmentsachievementof,18–19competentcommunity,17–18definitionPeck'sandLoewy's,13relationships,groupofpeople,12loss/lackof,18neighboringGoodSamaritanprinciple,16"KittyGenovesesyndrome",16pseudocommunities,17residence,15–16senseofcommunity,14–15senseofplace,14Community-basedmovementlooseconnections,44senseofcommunityandsocialjustice,43Competentcommunity,17–18Conceptofcommunitysocialmovementscommunitarianism,41–43community-basedmovement,43–44andsociety,29Connectedness,agingdegreesAmish,172deculturationprocess,171disengagement,171ethnicagedinAmerica,174–175Kibbutz,172–173Muslims,174Navajo,173–174livingarrangements,168–169lonelinessanddepression,168riskfactors,168Contemporaryurbansociology,40–41Cultureandbeliefs,5–6Cybercommunitiescommunitynetworkscomputer-mediatedcommunication,240linkagescharacteristics,240network-basedsociety,239socialrelationships,239cybercitizenshipcommunityandmembership,232electroniccommunication,232physicalappearance,language,232Internetdiffusioneffects,237–239networkedfamily,235–236scope,234–235teens,cellphonesandtexting,235usertypes,236–237Internetethics,246–247onlinecommunitiescharacterizations,233nationalnetwork,233socialsupportandcompanion-ship,233virtualorganizationcomputercommunication,241cooperationandtrust,241–242electronicgroup,240–241face-to-facecontact,241structuredinterviews,240virtualleadership,242–243virtualteams,243–244virtualself,onlinepersonasempathy,245face-to-facemeeting,244liberatingexperience,245physicalappearance,244real-lifeexperiences,244technology,246DDisaster,communitiescharacteristics,114cleanupworkers,119culturalandsocialsignificance,113definition,112epiloguesanthraxscares,122mentalhealtheffects,121–122negativeemotionalandphysicalsymptoms,122schoolshootings,123globalterrorism,133–134HIVandAIDS,134levelsofsociety,112nativesandnon-natives,119323Indexplacedisruptionsdegreeofidentification,114long-termeffects,116multi-facetedconnections,114physicaldestruction,115severity,116traumaticsymptoms,115pre-andpost-disasterbehavior,113preexistinginequalitiesminorityfamilies,120postdisasterrecovery,121suspicionandscrutinylevel,121theftanddelinquencyrates,121preventionprograms,136primaryrelationshipscommunityresiliency,117copingmethod,117parentandchildreactions,117stresssymptoms,117victimsandsurvivors,116resourcefulnessandcohesivenessface-to-facerelationships,125flooding,124–125mutualhelpinglevel,124publicgatheringofrefugees,125safeandprotectiveenvironment,124Tetondam,125sexualbehaviorandsubstanceabuse,135subsequentmitigationefforts,118testsocialnetworks,126–127threatseffects,138–139environmentalsurprises,136terrorism,136–138Disconnectedness,processesof,105–106Disconnectionsources,societyaffirmativeactionlaws,278distrustofinstitutionsbehavior,282description,281scandals,281timeandtask-drivensociety,281domesticmigration,285feardescription,280diseases,280levels,280security,281terroralert,280inequalities,angerdepression,282riskfactors,282–283violence,rootcauses,282institutionalboundarieschangesattitudesandexpectations,marriage,284–285divorce,284healthcarebehavior,283insurancecompanies,284rigidboundaries,283–284EEcologicallysustainablecommunitiesdescription,264–265footprintmodel,265–266placeandpurposesenseeco-cities,267–269residents,266smartgrowth,266–267transitiontowns,269–270sustainabilityethicsattitudesandbehavior,270changingcultureandvalues,272–273cityofLakeOswego,273–274description,272environmentalproblems,271–272man-nature,271EdenProgram,181–182Ethnicity,47Europeanconceptions,communityevolution,1840–1925,31"fullurbancommunity",32GemeinschaftandGesellschaft,30industrializationandurbanization,30–31"we-ness"sense,30ExcludedcommunitiesAmericanIndian,150–152angeranddepression,156anorexiaandbulimia,159–160characteristics,150–151disabilitiesandimpairmentsattitudinalandphysicalbarriers,160communicationandlearning,161definitions,161self-esteemandpride,162exclusionanddisadvantage,150gay,lesbian,bisexualandtransgender,153–154low-income,152–153"normalize"behavior,156"normalorhealthy"behavior,155obesity,158–159olderAmericans,157–158personswithHIV/AIDS,154–155socialintegration,150"Exileshock",69324IndexFFaith-basedcommunitiesandorganizationseffectiveandcostefficientempiricalevidence,205federalprograms,206interventionprograms,206lackofaccountability,206financialandhumanresources,204long-termviability,205relief/benevolenceactivities,205socialserviceprograms,204socialwelfareprograms,205Fragilefamilyagevs.
hopelessnessprediction,99connectedness/embeddedness,97deepandlong-termpoverty,99innercityneighborhoods,98parentalverbalinteractions,98–99socialisolation,97Frequentmigration,71–72"Fullurbancommunity",32GGatedcommunitiescivicresponsibilities,145ethnographicanalysis,145"fortifiedenclaves",144–145privatizedsocialcapital,145–146socioeconomicdisparities,145suburbsminimalmoralcode,147–148territorialcontrol,144typesbuildingsocialnetworks,147controlandzealouslymonitormembers,147elite,146lifestyle,146securityzone,146Gay,lesbian,bisexualandtransgendercommunities,153–154GemeinschaftandGesellschaft,30,31Greenhousegas(GHG)emissions,273–274HHealthillnesseffectsmarijuanause,217mentalhealthserviceunits,217neuroticproblems,216physicalsymptoms,216socialrelationships,216reducingmortalityhouseholdinfluence,215maritalstatus,214maternityandpediatricservices,214–215physicalexercise,214religiousparticipation,215socialconnections,215socialrelationshipsandactivities,215socialsupport,216religiouscommunities(seeReligiouscommunities)socialsupportandacculturationeffects,223–224antisocialaggressiveness,221changesandchoices,226–227culture,221–223mentalhealthservices,221socialcohesioncreation,227andspiritualityfaith,copingandemotions,198–199longevityandreligiousattendance,197–198prayerconnections,199–200HealthcaredisconnectionMedicaid,80migrantfarmworkershealthcoverageadults,79children,80Healtheffects,immigrationtoUSlifeexpectancyandmortality,66–68mental,65–66Homelessnessdemographiccharacteristics,88–90factorsfor,91–92LosAngelesTimessurvey,88Homelessveterans,101–102Homelesswomen,networksamong,95–97IImmigrationtoUSadaptationboundariesandnetworks,56–59ethnicties,59–62afterEllisIsland(1954–Present),48–50assistance,predecessors,68ethnicneighborhoodandnetworks,63–64"exileshock",69federalresettlementpolicy,69findingthefamiliar"aplace",54Caribbeanimmigrants,55–56325Indexethnicresidentialconcentrationsandeconomies,54individualmigrants,53neighborhoodconcept,55suburbanization,55healtheffectslifeexpectancyandmortality,66–68mental,65–66"mainstreamethnicity",52"meltingpot",51,52"multi-culturalism",51"partial"Americanization,511820–1924period,48Somalianrefugees,52"unmeltableethnics",53Interfaithconnections,religioninterracialattitudesandbeliefs,195–196positivecommunitytrends,195religiouscollaborationandtolerance,195Internetcommunication,231computer-mediatedcommunication(CMC),231diffusioneffects,237–239networkedfamily,235–236scope,234–235teens,cellphonesandtexting,235usertypes,236–237ethicscomputerethics,246developingconstructivemodels,247freedomofspeech,246gamblingsites,246–247LLaFamilia,76–77Lifeexpectancyandmortality,66–68Long-termcare(LTC),168M"Mainstreamethnicity",52"Meltingpot",51,52Mentaleffects,65–66Migrantcamps,75–76Mobilecommunitiescolonia,75culturerole,healthservicesutilization,81–82differentmigrants,culturesandconnections,77frequentmigration,71–72healthcaredisconnection,79–80healthoffarmworkers,78LaFamilia,76–77maleagriculturalworkers,72migrantcamps,75–76migratorystreams,72newconnections,80–81permanent,seasonalandmigrantfarmworker,71positiveconnections,77–78regionalmigrationpatternsEasternStream,73MidwesternStream,73WesternStream,73–74sojourner,74Mother–infantinteractions,2–3"Multi-culturalism",51Multiplecommunities,25–26NNegativeattachments,8–10Networkedconnections,24–25Non-kinnetworks,malehomelesscharacteristics,94–95English-speakingLatinosvs.
Spanish-speakingLatinos,93–94homelesspopulationinUS,93institutionallyadaptedstraddlers,94outsiders,94peerrelationships,94singleroomoccupants(SROs),95vs.
womenhomeless,93P"Partial"Americanization,51Placeandpurposesense,sustainabilityeco-cities,267–269residents,266smartgrowth,266–267transitiontowns,269–270Povertyandhomelessness(seePovertyandhomelessness)rates,US(1959–2008),86reasonsfor,86U.
S.
DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2009povertyguidelines,87TheWorldAlmanac(2003)defined,87326IndexPovertyandhomelessnessasindicators,NationalHealthchildpoverty,91factorsforhomelessness,91–92TheFordhamInstituteforInnovationinSocialPolicystudy,90–91homeownership,91IndexofSocialHealth,91"unsocializedretreatists",92processesofdisconnectedness,105–106ruralhomelessness,104–105shelters,102–104socialconnectionsandnetworksdaily,domesticandcommunitylife,92fragilefamily,97–99homelessveterans,101–102homelesswomen,95–97non-kinnetworks,malehomeless,93–95youthpovertyandhomelessness,99–101Privateneighborhoodsconsumption,149overlappingnetworks,149protectionandprivacy,148sociallife,148socialstructureandculture,149RRegionalmigrationpatternsEasternStream,73MidwesternStream,73WesternStream,73–74Religionascommunitychangingconnections,185–188anddiseaseprevention,203–204faith-basedcommunitiesandorganizations,204–206non-christianimmigrants,growthandcivicengagementcivicskills,194interfaithconnections,195–196socializationforcitizenship,194religion,spiritualityandhealthfaith,copingandemotions,198–199longevityandreligiousattendance,197–198prayerconnections,199–200religiousgroups,spiritualcapitalandforgiveness,200–201religious/spiritualconnections,196–197transitioncongregation,190–191currentpatternsofchange,188–190moralvaluesandsocialization,191–192religiousindividualism,choiceandreactivechurch,193–194ReligiouscommunitiesandhealthagingandAlzheimer'sdisease,204faithandpositiveoutlook,205homogeneouslifestyle,203ideadensitylevels,204–205powerofcommunity,205socialorganization,203socialsupport,202stress-freelives,205Ruralhomelessness,104–105SSeniorNet,178–179Senseofcommunity,14–15Senseofplace,14Sheltersmaritalrelationships,103publicattitudes,102Socialbondingacrosslifecycle,10–12withanimals,3–4attachmentexperiences,7communityattachmentsachievementof,18–19competentcommunity,17–18definition,12–14loss/lackof,18neighboring,15–17senseofcommunity,14–15senseofplace,14cultureandbeliefs,5–6deficiencies,1–2environmentandmodeling,6–7friendshippatterns,26groupliving,1mother–infantinteractions,2–3multiplecommunities,25–26needtobelong,2negativeattachments,failure,8–10networkedconnections,24–25withpeersandfriends,4RightsRevolution,27shiftingvaluesandchangingconnectionsinformationageandbirthcontrol,21institutionalchanges,19–20"longcivicgeneration",21"moralnets",22righttodisconnect,23–24trust,communityandsocialcapital,22–23327IndexSocialconnectionsandnetworksdaily,domesticandcommunitylife,92fragilefamily,97–99homelessveterans,101–102homelesswomen,95–97non-kinnetworks,malehomeless,93–95youthpovertyandhomelessness,99–101Socialmovementscommunitarianism,41–43community-basedmovement,43–44Socialnetworksagingandconnectednessdegreesof,170–174indifferentcultures,170–171livingarrangements,168–169lonelinessanddepression,168riskfactors,168aging,disconnectednessandmodernization,1752000census,167connectednessandaging,168–169description,210livablecommunities,seniorsagingandchronicdisease,180EdenProgram,181–182engagement,180–181physicalandmentalindependence,180livingarrangementsandconnectednessdemographicfactors,170disabilityandinstitutionalization,170residentialprivacy,169–170types,169longevityandhealthylifestylelifeexpectancy,175–176longest-livedpeoples,176andsocialsupport,illnessheartdiseaseandsocialisolation,217–218rehabilitationprograms,217stressnegativeeffects,218Socialsupportbehavioralsciences,211bondsforming,210caregiversAlzheimer'sdisease,218physicalandmentalhealth,218communityhealthacculturationeffects,223–224antisocialaggressiveness,221changesandchoices,226–227culture,221–223mentalhealthservices,221socialcohesioncreation,227socialinstitutions,220definition,209effects,211expectationsandperceptions,211familycrisis,210features,209self-helpandsupportgroupschronicdiseases,219comorbidpsychiatricdisorders,218–219middleclasslifestyles,219shapedbyculturebuildingandmaintainingnetworks,212–213expectationsandperceptions,212andsocialnetworksrelationshiptypes,213sizesandcomposition,213stress,211Sojournermigrantfarmwork,74pushandpullfactors,74Solitarycommunitiescharacteristics,288disconnectionsourcesdistrustofinstitutions,281–282domesticmigration,285fear,280–281inequalities,anger,282–283institutionalboundarieschanges,283–285future,287local,stateandregionallevels,288nationalnetwork,288outcome-orientedcommunication,278–279process-orientedcommunication,279–280reconnectionslifechangeandillness,285–286lifestyles,286personalhabits,286inrelationships,285socialnetworks,286relationshipsbetweenpeople,288–289socialsustainability,288Sustainabilityethicsattitudesandbehavior,270changingcultureandvaluesacceptanceandsocialdiffusion,273behaviors,272community-basedsocialmarketing,272residents,273cityofLakeOswegoenergyandtransportation,273–274GHGemissions,273–274description,272environmentalproblems,271–272man-nature,271328IndexU"Unmeltableethnics",53VVirtualconnections,workenvironmentscommunitiesofwork,260culturesoforganizationsface-to-faceinteraction,255virtuality,255workstyles,255employeechoice,259knowledgegeneration,250mobileofficesandtouchdownspaces,249occupationalidentityandattributesstatus,249organizationsascommunitiesenvironment,humorandenthusiasm,259infrastructureelements,256–258supportrelationships,258transformation,256physicalplaceandcollaboration,259workplacecommunities,254–256workstylesandworkplacesalternativeworkplaces,253buildingtrust,252collaboration,251–252description,250VirtualnetworksFacebook,178SeniorNet,178–179Volunteeringcivicresponsibilities,177youthmentoringprogram,178W"We-ness"sense,30,42Workplacecommunitiesalternativeworkenvironment,254decision-making,255employer-employeerelationships,255interpersonalbonds,254rolesandresponsibilities,255–256socialnetworks,254telecommuterprogram,254YYouthpovertyandhomelessnessannualprevalencerate,100sexualanddrugabusebehaviors,100–101streetyouth,101