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GeochemicalcontrastsbetweenearlyCretaceousore-bearingandore-barrenhigh-Mgadakitesincentral-easternChina:ImplicationsforpetrogenesisandCu–AumineralizationSheng-AoLiua,,ShuguangLia,,YongshengHea,FangHuangbaCASKeyLaboratoryofCrust-MantleMaterialsandEnvironments,SchoolofEarthandSpaceSciences,UniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina,Hefei230026,ChinabInstituteofGeochemistryandPetrology,ETHZurich,8092Zurich,SwitzerlandReceived3May2010;acceptedinrevisedform1September2010;availableonline7September2010AbstractAdakitesarecommonlyassociatedwithporphyryCu–Auoredepositsworldwide.
TwogroupsofearlyCretaceousadak-itesoccurwidelyincentral-easternChinabuttheirassociationwithmineralizationcontrastssharply:adakitesfromtheLowerYangtzeRiverBelt(LYRB)hostoneofthelargestporphyryCu–AudepositbeltsinChina,whereasthosefromtheSouthTan-LuFault(STLF),whichisadjacenttotheLYRB,areallore-barren.
Theseadakites,thus,providearareopportunitytoexplorethemainfactorthatcontrolsthegeneticlinksbetweenadakitesandCu–Aumineralization.
Herewereportnewchronological,elementalandSr–Nd–Pbisotopicdataandpresentacomprehensivegeochemicalcomparisonforthesetwogroupsofadakites.
AtagivenSiO2,theSTLFadakitesshowlowerAl2O3andhigherK2O,K2O/Na2O,MgO,Cr,NiandMg#thantheLYRBadakites.
ThesesystematicdierencesmayindicateadrybasalticsourcefortheSTLFadakitesandawater-enrichedbasalticsourcefortheLYRBadakites.
TheSTLFadakiteshavehighSr/Yand(La/Yb)N,whicharepos-itivelycorrelated,andlowSr/LaandCe/Pb,whiletheLYRBadakitesshowlower(La/Yb)NbuthigherSr/Y,Sr/LaandCe/PbthantheSTLFadakites.
Furthermore,theLYRBadakitesarecharacterizedbyhighlyradiogenicPbisotopiccompositionswith206Pb/204Pb(t)upto18.
8,whichareclearlydistinctfromtheSTLFadakiteswithlowradiogenicPb(206Pb/204Pb(t)=15.
8–16.
4).
AlthoughthehighMg#ofthetwogroupsofadakitessuggestreactionwithmantleperidotitesduringmagmaascent,thegeo-chemicalcomparisonsindicatethattheSTLFadakiteswerederivedfrompartialmeltingofthedelaminatedeclogiticlowercontinentalcrust,whiletheLYRBadakiteswerederivedfrompartialmeltingoftheseawater-alteredoceaniccrustthatwasbeingsubductedtowardstheLYRBduringtheearlyCretaceous.
Thepetrogeneticcontrastsbetweenthesetwogroupsofhigh-Mgadakites,therefore,indicatethatthelarge-scaleCu–Aumineralizationisassociatedwithoceanicslabmelting,notdelaminationorrecyclingoftheancientlowercontinentalcrust,aspreviouslyproposed.
2010ElsevierLtd.
Allrightsreserved.
1.
INTRODUCTIONTheLowerYangtzeRiverBelt(LYRB)incentral-easternChina,whichhostsmorethan200copper(gold)-bearingpolymetallicoredeposits,makesuponeofthemostimpor-tantmetallogenicbeltsinChina(PanandDong,1999;Maoetal.
,2006;Houetal.
,2007).
Fieldinvestigationsandchronologicalstudiesrevealthatthesedepositsarecloselyassociated,bothspatiallyandtemporally,withearlyCretaceousintermediatetofelsiccalc-alkalineintrusions(e.
g.
,Chenetal.
,1991,1993;Sunetal.
,2003;Wangetal.
,2006;Xieetal.
,2007).
Geochemicalstudiesfurthershowthatthehostintrusionsexhibitsomedistinctivecompositionalcharacteristicsresemblingmodernadakitesinconvergentplatemargins(Zhangetal.
,2001;Xuetal.
,2002;Wangetal.
,2003,2004a,2004b,2006,2007a;Xieetal.
,2008;Lietal.
,2009;Xieetal.
,2009),asoriginallydenedbyDefantandDrummond(1990).
Theseobservations,thus,appearto0016-7037/$-seefrontmatter2010ElsevierLtd.
Allrightsreserved.
doi:10.
1016/j.
gca.
2010.
09.
003Correspondingauthors.
Tel.
:+865513607647.
E-mailaddresses:lsa@mail.
ustc.
edu.
cn(S.
-A.
Liu),lsg@ustc.
edu.
cn(S.
Li).
www.
elsevier.
com/locate/gcaAvailableonlineatwww.
sciencedirect.
comGeochimicaetCosmochimicaActa74(2010)7160–7178conrmacausalrelationshipbetweenadakiteoradakite-likemagmatismandCu–Auoredeposits,assuggestedbyalargenumberofgeochemicalstudiesofore-bearingintrusionsinporphyrydistrictsofsubductionzonesaroundtheworld(e.
g.
,Thieblemontetal.
,1997;SajonaandMaury,1998;Oyarzunetal.
,2001;Imai,2002;Gonzalez-Partidaetal.
,2003;Raeetal.
,2004;Borisovaetal.
,2006;Chiaradiaetal.
,2009).
Petrogenesisoftheore-bearingadakiticintrusionsintheLYRB,however,hasbeenhotlydebatedinthepastdecade(Zhangetal.
,2001;Xuetal.
,2002;Wangetal.
,2003,2004,2004a,2004b,2006,2007a;Houetal.
,2007;Xieetal.
,2008;Lietal.
,2009;Lingetal.
,2009;Sunetal.
,2010).
Givensimilarbulkchemicalcompositionbuthigher87Sr/86Srandlower143Nd/144Ndrelativetoadakitesfromsubductedoce-anicslabs,theserockswereproposedtohaveoriginatedfrompartialmeltingofthedelaminatedlowercontinentalcrust(LCC)oftheYangtzeBlock,followedbyinteractionwiththemantleperidotites(Xuetal.
,2002;Wangetal.
,2003,2004a,2004b,2006,2007a).
Consequently,delaminationoftheLCChasbeenoftenconsideredanimportantmechanismthatcouldtransferCuandAufromthemantletothecrustviathedelaminatedLCC-derivedadakiticmagmas(Wangetal.
,2003,2004a,2004b,2006,2007a).
Someauthors,however,proposedothermechanismstoformtheseadakites,suchasfractionalcrystallizationofbasalticmagmaspossiblycou-pledwithcrustalcontamination(Wangetal.
,2004;Xieetal.
,2008;Lietal.
,2009),andpartialmeltingofsubductedoceaniccrust,basedontectonicconsiderations(LiandLi,2007;Lingetal.
,2009;Sunetal.
,2010).
SeveralearlyCretaceousdioriticintrusionsdevelopedalongthesouthTan-Lufaultzone(STLF),adjacenttotheLYRBincentral-easternChina,alsoshowhigh-Mgadakiticgeochemicalsignatures.
Derivationbypartialmelt-ingofdelaminatedLCCoftheYangtzeBlockhasbeenpro-posed,buttheseintrusionsshownorelationshipwithoredeposits(Huangetal.
,2008;Zietal.
,2008;Heetal.
,2009).
Thecontrastinglinkstomineralizationbetweenthesetwogroupsofhigh-MgadakitescallintoquestiontheproposedgeneticlinkbetweenLCC-derivedmagmasandCu–Aumineralization.
Becausetheore-bearingandore-barrenhigh-MgadakiteswereintrudedintotheYan-gtzeblockalongadjacentbeltsataboutthesametime,acomprehensivegeochemicalcomparisoncanelucidatedif-ferencesintheirpetrogenesis,andthusprovideanexplora-tionguideforCu–Audeposits,especiallyintheLYRB.
Inthisstudy,wereportnewchronological,elemental,andSr–Nd–Pbisotopicdataforfourore-barrenhigh-MgadakiticintrusionsfromtheSTLFandtworepresentativeore-bearinghigh-MgadakiticintrusionsfromtheLYRB.
Adetailedgeochemicalcomparisonbetweenthemisthenundertaken,inordertobetterconstraintheirpetrogenesisandevaluatetheirimplicationsforCu–Aumineralization.
2.
GEOLOGICALBACKGROUNDANDSAMPLEDESCRIPTIONSEasternChinacomprisesthreemaintectonicblocks:NorthChina,YangtzeandCathaysia(insetofFig.
1).
TheYangtzeBlockisseparatedfromtheNorthChinaBlocktothenorthbytheTriassicDabie-Suluorogenicbelt,andfromtheCathaysiablocktothesouthbyaNeoprote-rozoicsuture.
TheDabie-SuluorogenisthelargestknownultrahighpressuremetamorphicbeltontheEarth.
ItwasformedbynorthwardsubductionoftheYangtzeBlockbe-neaththeNorthChinaBlockintheTriassic(e.
g.
,Lietal.
,1993,2000).
TheSuluorogenistheeasternextensionoftheDabieorogen,displaced$500kmtothenorthbytheleft-lateralmovementoftheTan-LufaultduringtheLateMesozoictime(insetofFig.
1;Zhuetal.
,2005).
Thus,thesouthTan-Lufault(STLF)constitutesatectonicsuturebetweentheYangtzeBlockandtheNorthChinaBlock.
TheLYRBislocatedinthenortheastportionoftheYangtzeBlockincentral-easternChina,referringheretothemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverextend-ing$400kmfromtheHubeiprovinceinthesouthwesttotheJiangsuprovinceinthenortheast(Fig.
1).
ThisbeltmakesuponeofthemostimportantmetallogenicbeltsinChinaandcomprisessevenmajordepositdistrictsfromsouthwesttonortheastalongtheYangtzeRiver(Fig.
1).
TheoredepositsthroughouttheLYRBmainlyconsistofskarn,porphyryandstrata-boundpolymetallic(Cu,Au,Fe,Mo,Zn,Pb,andAg)deposits(Xing,1999).
Datingoftheore-formingmineralsindicatesthattheyformedintheearlyCretaceous(143–134Ma)andtheskarn,porphyryandstrata-boundmineralizationwerecontemporaneous(Sunetal.
,2003;Maoetal.
,2006;Xieetal.
,2007).
Thehostintrusionsaremainlydioritic(adakite-like)rocksandhaveemplacementagesidenticaltotheformationagesofassociateddeposits($143–134Ma;Chenetal.
,1991;Sunetal.
,2003;Wangetal.
,2003,2004a,2006,2007a;Xieetal.
,2009;Lietal.
,2009),indicativeofspatialandtempo-ralassociationbetweenhostrocksandoredeposits.
Inthisstudy,ninesamplesfromtworepresentativeintrusions(TongguanshanandYueshan;Fig.
1)wereselectedforgeo-chemicalstudies.
Samplesaremainlyfreshquartzdiorite,withplagioclase(30–40%),quartz(20–25%),amphibole(15–25%),K-feldspar(10–15%),biotite(5–10%),andminorzirconandsphene.
TheSTLFrefersheretotheareasadjacenttothesouthsegmentoftheTan-LufaultzoneintheeasternYangtzeBlockandintheeasternmarginoftheDabieorogen,whichisadjacenttotheLYRBonthenorth(Fig.
1).
TheearlyCretaceousdioritictogranodioriticintrusionslocatedintheeasternmarginoftheDabieorogen,southernsectionoftheSTLF,havebeenidentiedashigh-Mgadakiticrocks,e.
g.
,Chituling,Guanghui,andMeichuanintrusions(Huangetal.
,2008;Heetal.
,2009;Liuetal.
2010)(Fig.
1).
InthenorthernsectionoftheSTLF,theearlyCre-taceousGuandian(Zietal.
,2008),Wawuliu,andWawuxueintrusions(Niuetal.
,2002)werealsocategorizedintohigh-Mgadakiticrocks(Fig.
1).
Inthisstudy,weselected16samplesfromfourintrusionsinthenorthernsectionoftheSTLFintheeasternYangtzeBlock,i.
e.
,Fangjiangzhu-ang,Damaocun,XiaolizhuangandQiaotouji(Fig.
1).
Theselocalitiesoccurassmallintrusionshavinganexpo-sureareaofabout8,4,2and10km2,respectively.
Samplesconsistmainlyofmonzoniteandquartzmonzonite,withplagioclase(25–40%),amphibole(20–30%),K-feldspar(15–25%),quartz(10–20%),biotite(5–10%),andminorHigh-MgadakitesandimplicationsforCu–Aumineralization7161zirconandsphene.
Theseintrusionsarenotspatiallyasso-ciatedwithmacigneousrocks,andallareore-barren.
3.
ANALYTICALMETHODSZircongrainswereseparatedfromthefourinvestigatedSTLFintrusionsusingmagneticandheavyliquidsepara-tionmethodsandnallybyhand-pickingunderabinocularmicroscope.
Approximately100–200grainsforeachsampleweremountedinanepoxyresindisctogetherwiththezirconstandardTEMORA(Blacketal.
,2004).
PriortoU–Th–Pbisotopeanalysis,allgrainswerephotographedundertransmitted-andreected-light,andsubsequentlyexaminedusingthecathodoluminescence(CL)imagetech-niquetorevealtheinternalstructuresofindividualzircongrains.
IsotopicanalysiswasperformedusingaCameca-IMS1280intheSIMScenteroftheInstituteofGeologyandGeophysics,ChineseAcademyofScience,followingtheprocedureoutlinedinLietal.
(2010).
Thespotsizeofanionbeamwas$30lm.
MeasuredisotopicratioswerecorrectedforcommonPbusingthemeasurednon-radio-genic204Pb.
U–PbageswerecalculatedusingtheISOPLOTprogramofLudwig(2001).
MajorelementsfortheSTLFsampleswereanalyzedbywet-chemistrymethodsattheLangfanglaboratoryofRegionalGeologicalExplorationBureauofHebeiProvince,China.
Lossesofignition(LOI)weredeterminedbygravi-metricmethods.
Analyticaluncertaintiesforthemajorityofmajorelementswerebetterthan1%.
MajorelementsfortheLYRBsampleswereanalyzedinGo¨ttingenusingaPANalyticalAXIOSadvancedsequentialX-rayspectrome-ter.
Thelong-termanalyticalprecisionwasbetterthan1–2%.
Fortraceelementdetermination,whole-rockpowder($50mg)wasdissolvedinamixtureofHF+HNO3at190°CusingParrbombsfor$72h.
Dissolvedsamplesweredilutedto50mlusing1%HNO3beforeanalyses.
Analyseswereaccomplishedusinganinductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometer(ICP-MS)attheUniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina.
DetailedanalyticalproceduresweredescribedinHouandWang(2007).
Reproducibilitywasbet-terthan5%forelementswithconcentrations>10ppmandlessthan10%forthose15spotsyieldedconcordantU–Pbages,withweightedmean206Pb/238Uagesof129.
1±1.
1Ma,128.
1±1.
2Ma,and125.
1±1.
3MafortheFangjiangzhuang,DamaochunandXiaolizhuangintrusions,respectively(Fig.
2a–c).
Analysesof11spotsofzirconsfromtheQiao-toujiintrusionyieldedlargeuncertaintieson207Pb/235Uages(Fig.
2d),whichisprobablyduetolowaccumulatedamountsofradiogenic207Pbintheseyoung(Phanerozoic;seebelow),low-Uzircons(23–65ppm;SupplementaryTableA1).
Nevertheless,allanalysesgavehomogeneous206Pb/238Uageswithaweightedmeanof131.
7±1.
8Ma(Fig.
2d),whichisconsideredasthecrystallizationtimeoftheQiaotoujiintrusion.
ZircondatingresultsandCLimagesdidnotrevealanyinheritedzirconsinanyofthefourintrusions.
Insummary,zirconU–PbdatingresultsofthefourinvestigatedSTLFintrusionsarecomparabletothoseofpreviouslyreportedhigh-MgadakiticintrusionsfromtheSTLF(Huangetal.
,2008;Zietal.
,2008;Heetal.
,2009),whichhavezirconU–Pbagesof132–125Mawithapeakat132–130Ma.
ThereappearstobeageographicFig.
2.
ZirconU–PbconcordiadiagramsandCLimagesofrepresentativezircongrainsfor(a)Fangjiangzhuang,(b)Damaochun,(c)Xiaolizhuang,and(d)Qiaotoujiintrusions.
DataarefromSupplementaryTableA1.
Theuncertaintiesofagesarereportedat1r.
High-MgadakitesandimplicationsforCu–Aumineralization7163Table1Major(wt.
%)andtraceelement(ppm)concentrationsofadakiticintrusionsfromtheSTLFandtheLYRBreportedinthisstudy.
LocationSTLFLYRBSampleDMCDMCDMCDMCXLZXLZXLZXLZFJZFJZFJZFJZQTJQTJQTJQTJYSYSYSYSYSYSTGSTGSTGSNo.
12571246124623451234572237SiO258.
962.
062.
562.
665.
966.
066.
166.
160.
461.
760.
560.
356.
263.
462.
562.
259.
857.
459.
357.
559.
057.
862.
863.
7861.
6TiO20.
810.
720.
690.
680.
520.
490.
430.
470.
650.
680.
750.
660.
620.
550.
590.
660.
620.
780.
680.
770.
690.
770.
540.
550.
57Al2O315.
615.
215.
115.
215.
115.
115.
215.
314.
614.
614.
514.
715.
614.
414.
814.
016.
216.
616.
216.
716.
216.
616.
516.
516.
4TFe2O36.
615.
665.
425.
283.
583.
463.
303.
395.
945.
595.
916.
045.
914.
645.
145.
534.
986.
135.
246.
055.
335.
912.
364.
44.
55MnO0.
110.
090.
090.
090.
060.
060.
050.
050.
100.
090.
090.
100.
100.
080.
080.
090.
090.
100.
090.
100.
090.
100.
070.
070.
06MgO3.
453.
022.
743.
071.
972.
302.
212.
334.
573.
854.
174.
836.
053.
863.
934.
283.
03.
212.
873.
392.
473.
431.
431.
471.
63CaO4.
794.
033.
933.
573.
903.
653.
433.
265.
214.
695.
134.
894.
293.
774.
274.
275.
095.
774.
885.
714.
695.
657.
674.
654.
64Na2O4.
094.
054.
054.
134.
324.
174.
444.
403.
943.
983.
863.
864.
553.
924.
153.
854.
665.
04.
754.
944.
754.
935.
294.
834.
74K2O3.
484.
144.
144.
173.
623.
843.
373.
483.
263.
813.
403.
513.
703.
963.
443.
702.
662.
913.
192.
883.
32.
980.
532.
682.
76P2O50.
410.
340.
320.
330.
200.
190.
180.
370.
350.
360.
390.
350.
350.
250.
280.
290.
340.
470.
380.
440.
380.
460.
250.
260.
27H2O0.
420.
330.
390.
460.
180.
270.
240.
160.
590.
520.
340.
51.
620.
440.
430.
45ndndndndndndndndndLOI0.
950.
890.
840.
920.
830.
851.
120.
811.
000.
770.
941.
132.
430.
870.
811.
03ndndndndndndndndndP98.
899.
799.
599.
799.
899.
999.
799.
899.
699.
899.
399.
999.
499.
499.
699.
597.
498.
397.
698.
597.
098.
697.
599.
297.
2K2O/Na2O0.
851.
021.
021.
010.
840.
920.
760.
790.
830.
960.
880.
910.
811.
010.
830.
960.
570.
580.
670.
580.
690.
600.
100.
550.
58Mg#51525054525757586158596267626061555152534854554042Ba1284120911481143121116701201125717581725190619121983177515631673112711671110119511961191132212221089Rb111.
0134.
0137.
0139.
080.
092.
381.
783.
471.
477.
973.
074.
688.
377.
669.
874.
960.
048.
061.
049.
063.
051.
050.
161.
073.
0Sr9497947697757437828208079117809219391040816876793148717631498170214451659113811211101Y17.
117.
718.
117.
411.
110.
410.
110.
715.
515.
915.
416.
514.
313.
815.
016.
512.
215.
314.
815.
316.
414.
814.
915.
316.
2Sc14.
412.
911.
9116.
917.
46.
847.
1714.
113.
614.
115.
414.
91111.
713.
1ndndndndndndndndndCo20.
516.
515.
715.
510.
810.
810.
110.
320.
215.
419.
921.
324.
416.
018.
519.
815.
020.
017.
018.
014.
018.
05.
08.
09.
0Cr95.
249.
450.
948.
459.
350.
766.
146.
2172154163185263151166176432531381933121519Ni49.
828.
927.
925.
732.
229.
345.
225.
967.
356.
565.
172.
012164.
67880.
1221817211222121010Zr30.
162.
8296.
0212.
0158.
0147.
0166.
0148.
0164.
0139.
0183.
0220.
0162134177163144182158131170180195189189Nb11.
514.
413.
613.
310.
18.
68.
810.
18.
98.
59.
09.
37.
99.
410.
411.
63.
75.
16.
84.
38.
14.
311.
210.
111.
6Th11.
413.
41312.
66.
086.
17.
067.
667.
297.
737.
948.
574.
853.
18.
38.
38.
98.
010.
07.
111.
38.
27.
70.
96.
0Pb24.
524.
726.
124.
216.
6181918.
421.
721.
722.
524.
820.
824.
714.
916.
61514171515184710V1281091201076773686913010713414112899106122112146132153124155596465Hf1.
11.
76.
44.
63.
53.
33.
73.
43.
73.
24.
25.
03.
73.
24.
13.
93.
54.
74.
53.
244.
25.
14.
94.
8Cs5.
65.
76.
36.
01.
21.
31.
41.
43.
13.
02.
82.
71.
41.
530.
80.
82ndndndndndndndndNdTa0.
610.
770.
740.
680.
760.
630.
640.
790.
540.
520.
570.
560.
360.
540.
640.
75ndndndndndndndndNdU3.
33.
22.
92.
71.
51.
61.
92.
11.
92.
01.
91.
81.
71.
75.
62.
42.
42.
12.
61.
932.
220.
31.
5La45.
153.
349.
951.
933.
331.
330.
234.
737.
237.
036.
538.
442.
126.
437.
934.
2334542395144303634Ce86.
7101.
094.
395.
657.
453.
852.
759.
468.
564.
866.
970.
779.
453.
670.
167.
767.
093.
085.
084.
098.
085.
063.
068.
070.
0Pr9.
711.
110.
410.
46.
05.
65.
56.
17.
67.
67.
57.
99.
06.
47.
87.
9ndndndndndndndndNdNd38.
142.
139.
238.
921.
520.
319.
821.
529.
429.
328.
830.
934.
925.
229.
531.
030.
841.
93840.
542.
839.
82830.
134.
2Sm6.
87.
16.
66.
53.
43.
23.
13.
44.
94.
94.
95.
25.
84.
44.
95.
46.
18.
67.
88.
28.
58.
36.
06.
47.
4Eu1.
91.
71.
51.
50.
950.
970.
950.
961.
41.
31.
41.
51.
61.
21.
41.
4ndndndndndndndndnd7164S.
-A.
Liuetal.
/GeochimicaetCosmochimicaActa74(2010)7160–7178agestructureamongtheseintrusions,i.
e.
,intrusionsfurtherapartfromtheTan-Lufault(e.
g.
,DamaochunandXiaolizhuang)areyoungerthanthoselocatedclosertotheTan-Lufault(Fig.
1).
Notably,ore-barrenintrusionsfromtheSTLFareslightlyyoungerthantheore-bearingintrusionsfromtheLYRB.
4.
2.
MajorandtraceelementcompositionsTheintrusionsfromtheSTLFstudiedherearedioriticwithSiO2contentsrangingfrom56.
2to66.
1wt.
%(Table1).
Theycanbeclassiedasmonzoniteandquartzmonzonite(Fig.
3)andbelongtothesub-alkalineseriesbasedontheclassicationofIrvineandBaragar(1971).
TheyhaveAl2O3contentsof14.
0–15.
6wt.
%andK2O/Na2Orangingfrom0.
81to1.
02.
Theseintrusionsarecharacterizedbyprominentenrichmentinlightrareearthelements(LREE)relativetoheavyREE(HREE)with(La/Yb)Nrangingfrom16.
6to26.
7(Fig.
4).
Theyareenrichedinlargeionlithophileelements(LILEs)anddepletedinhigheldstrengthelements(HFSEs),withpronouncednegativeanomaliesofNb,Ta,andTiandpositiveanomaliesofPb(Fig.
4).
ThehighSr(743–1040ppm),lowY(10.
1–18.
1ppm)andHREEcontents(e.
g.
,Yb=0.
90–1.
48ppm)andresultanthighSr/Y(42.
5–81.
2)and(La/Yb)NjointlyindicatethattheSLTFintrusionsstudiedherecanbeclas-siedasadakiticrocks(Fig.
5),asdenedbyDefantandDrummond(1990).
Inaddition,theyhaverelativelyhighMg#(50–67),MgO(1.
97–6.
05wt.
%),Cr(46–263ppm),andNi(26–121ppm)contents(Table1).
SamplesfromtheLYRBstudiedhereexhibitsmallervariationsinmajorelementcompositionthantheSTLFsamples(Table1).
Theycanbemainlygroupedasdioriteandmonzoniteandbelongtothealkalineorsub-alkalineseries(Fig.
3).
TheyhaverelativelyhighAl2O3contentsof16.
2–16.
7wt.
%andlowK2O/Na2Oof0.
10–0.
69.
AllsamplesexhibithighSr(1101–1763ppm),lowY(12.
2–16.
4ppm)andYb(0.
7–1.
8ppm)contentsandhighSr/Y(73.
3–121.
9)and(La/Yb)N(12.
8–23.
2;onesample=36.
9;Table1),whichfallintheadakiteeld(Fig.
5).
Theseintru-sionshavemoderatelyhighMg#(40–55)andMgO(1.
43–3.
43wt.
%),Cr(12–43ppm)andNi(10–22ppm)contents(Table1).
4.
3.
Sr–Nd–PbisotopiccompositionsTheSTLFintrusionsstudiedherehaveinitialSrandNdisotopecompositionswith(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.
70569to0.
70696andeNd(t)=–17.
4to–11.
4(Table2).
SamplesfromtheTongguanshanintrusionintheLYRBhave(87Sr/86Sr)ifrom0.
70720to0.
70730andeNd(t)from–10.
8to–11.
4;samplesfromtheYueshanintrusionshowslightlylower(87Sr/86Sr)i(0.
70648–0.
70670)andhighereNd(t)(–7.
1to–8.
1),comparabletopreviouslyreporteddatafortheYue-shanintrusion((87Sr/86Sr)i=0.
7064–0.
7066;eNd(t)=–6.
6to–8.
7;Wangetal.
,2004a).
InthisstudywereportnewPbisotopicdataforintrusionsfromboththeSTLFandLYRB(Table3).
SamplesfromtheSTLFarecharacterizedbylowradiogenicPbisotopeswith206Pb/204Pb(t)=16.
26–16.
38,207Pb/204Pb(t)=15.
34–15.
40,Gd5.
135.
094.
714.
592.
482.
252.
182.
273.
633.
513.
563.
913.
93.
163.
503.
81ndndndndndndndndndTb0.
630.
650.
610.
580.
330.
30.
30.
320.
480.
480.
480.
520.
490.
430.
460.
52ndndndndndndndndndDy3.
523.
473.
63.
421.
971.
931.
871.
982.
953.
042.
983.
242.
872.
682.
893.
22ndndndndndndndndndHo0.
610.
610.
620.
590.
380.
350.
340.
350.
530.
530.
520.
570.
490.
460.
520.
55ndndndndndndndndndEr1.
441.
511.
621.
420.
980.
940.
930.
971.
321.
441.
421.
541.
171.
251.
261.
49ndndndndndndndndndTm0.
220.
230.
210.
210.
150.
130.
130.
130.
190.
20.
190.
210.
170.
170.
190.
20ndndndndndndndndndYb1.
371.
481.
451.
421.
070.
910.
900.
971.
361.
351.
331.
431.
131.
141.
311.
381.
311.
501.
302.
01.
831.
401.
520.
701.
90Lu0.
210.
220.
210.
20.
150.
140.
140.
140.
190.
20.
190.
210.
150.
170.
180.
20ndndndndndndndndndEu/Eu*0.
930.
720.
700.
740.
991.
231.
231.
131.
040.
971.
071.
030.
931.
030.
990.
88ndndndndndndndndndSr/Y55.
544.
942.
544.
566.
975.
281.
275.
458.
849.
159.
856.
972.
759.
158.
448.
1121.
9115.
2101.
2111.
288.
1112.
176.
473.
368.
0(La/Yb)N23.
625.
824.
726.
222.
324.
724.
125.
719.
619.
719.
719.
326.
716.
620.
817.
818.
221.
523.
214.
020.
322.
514.
336.
912.
8Ce/Pb3.
544.
093.
613.
953.
462.
992.
773.
233.
162.
992.
972.
853.
822.
24.
74.
14.
56.
65.
05.
66.
54.
715.
89.
77.
0Mg#=100molarMg/(Mg+TotalFe);Eu/Eu*=EuN/(SmNGdN)1/2,Ndenotesthechondritenormalization(SunandMcDonough,1989).
nd=notdetermined.
High-MgadakitesandimplicationsforCu–Aumineralization7165and208Pb/204Pb(t)=36.
56–36.
90,whicharesimilartopreviouslyreporteddataoftheChitulinghigh-MgadakiticintrusionsfromtheSTLF(206Pb/204Pb(t)=15.
81–16.
29,207Pb/204Pb(t)=15.
17–15.
30and208Pb/204Pb(t)=36.
62–37.
35;Huangetal.
,2008).
PlagioclasesfromtheYueshanandTongguanshansamplesintheLYRBdisplayhigherradiogenicPbwith206Pb/204Pb=17.
74–17.
90,207Pb/204Pb=15.
48–15.
55,and208Pb/204Pb=37.
94–38.
06.
5.
DISCUSSIONThechemicalandisotopicdatafortheSTLFandLYRBintrusionsreportedinthisstudyandintheliteraturearecompiledherefordiscussion.
Generally,thesetwogroupsofintrusionshaveasimilarSiO2concentrationrange(Fig.
3)withadakiticsignaturethatextendsthroughouttheentirecompositionalrange(Fig.
5).
However,adetailedgeochemicalcomparisonbetweenthemrevealsremarkabledierences(Table4),suggestingthattheyhavedistinctpet-rogenesis,althoughtheywerealmostcontemporaneouslyintrudedintotheYangtzeBlock.
Thegeochemicaldier-encesandtherelevantinterpretationsforthesedierences,Fig.
3.
Totalalkalis(Na2O+K2O)versusSiO2diagramforinvestigatedintrusionsfromtheLYRBandSTLF.
Thedashedlinerepresentsthedivisionbetweenalkalineandsub-alkaline(IrvineandBaragar,1971).
GD:graniticdiorite;MD:monzoniticdiorite;M:monzonite;QM:quartzmonzonite.
Dataarefromthisstudy(Table1)andtheliterature(SupplementaryTablesA2andA3;Niuetal.
,2002;Xuetal.
,2002;Wangetal.
,2001,2002,2003,2004a,2004b,2006,2007a;Huangetal.
,2008;Zietal.
,2008;Heetal.
,2009;Lietal.
,2009).
Fig.
4.
Chondritenormalizedrareearthelementpatterns(aandb)andprimitivemantlenormalizedtraceelementpatterns(candd)forinvestigatedintrusionsfromtheLYRBandSTLF.
ThenormalizingvaluesarefromSunandMcDonough(1989).
LCCisfromRudnickandGao(2003)andN-MORBisfromSunandMcDonough(1989).
DatasourcesfortheLYRBandSTLFsamplesarethesameasinFig.
3.
Fig.
5.
Sr/YversusYclassicationdiagramforinvestigatedintrusionsfromtheLYRBandSTLF(afterDefantandDrum-mond,1990).
DatasourcesarethesameasinFig.
3.
7166S.
-A.
Liuetal.
/GeochimicaetCosmochimicaActa74(2010)7160–7178petrogenesisofthesetwogroupsofadakites,andtheirimplicationsforCu–Aumineralization,arediscussedbelow.
5.
1.
Geochemicaldierencesandpetrogenesis5.
1.
1.
K2OcontentsandK2O/Na2OratiosThemajorgeochemicaldierencesbetweentheLYRBandSTLFhigh-MgadakitesaresummarizedinTable4.
TheLYRBadakitesaresodicwithNa2O=3.
2to7.
2wt.
%andK2O=0.
5to4.
1wt.
%.
TheirK2O/Na2Ora-tiosvaryfrom0.
10to0.
89withanaverageof0.
6.
ThebroadK2O/Na2Orange,coupledwithhighAl2O3contents(average16.
1wt.
%),generallyagreewithoceanicslab-de-rivedadakites(Fig.
6).
Thesecharacteristicsarealsosimilartothoseofexperimentalpartialmeltsgeneratedbymeltingoflow-KMORBatpressuresof1–2GPaandtemperaturesof61100°C(Rappetal.
,1991;WintherandNewton,1991;SenandDunn,1994;WolfandWyllie,1994;RappandWatson,1995;Prouteauetal.
,2001).
Incontrast,theSTLFadakitesaremostlypotassicwithdistinctlyhigherK2Ocon-tents(3.
3–5.
4wt.
%)andK2O/Na2O(0.
65–1.
96;average1.
0)(Fig.
6).
Thesefeaturesaresimilartothoseoflow-MgadakiticrocksfromtheDabieorogen(Fig.
6),whichTable2Whole-rockSrandNdisotopicdataofadakiticintrusionsfromtheSTLFandtheLYRBreportedinthisstudy.
SampleNo.
RbppmSrppm87Rb/86Sr87Sr/86Sr2r(87Sr/86Sr)iSmppmNdppm147Sm/144Nd143Nd/144Nd2reNd(t)STLFDMC-1103.
7942.
90.
31830.
70730120.
706716.
39435.
790.
10800.
511841114.
2DMC-2126.
1800.
20.
45610.
70770110.
706716.
43037.
900.
10260.
511801014.
8DMC-5122.
9768.
10.
46310.
70772100.
706866.
34536.
740.
10440.
511821114.
5DMC-7125.
7757.
30.
48030.
70784110.
706966.
33737.
500.
10220.
511821314.
3XLZ-177.
85784.
80.
28710.
70665130.
706123.
47220.
880.
10050.
511941312.
1XLZ-283.
86776.
00.
31280.
70665130.
706073.
18819.
370.
09950.
511951311.
8XLZ-475.
00828.
70.
26190.
7065590.
706072.
95418.
550.
09630.
511971411.
4XLZ-675.
30808.
80.
26940.
70654100.
706043.
14720.
290.
09380.
511901412.
7FJZ-166.
69957.
00.
20170.
70629100.
705924.
88128.
790.
10250.
511791515.
0FJZ-273.
97847.
70.
25250.
70615110.
705694.
63627.
860.
10060.
511761115.
6FJZ-465.
87953.
00.
20000.
70627110.
705904.
43326.
460.
10130.
511761115.
7FJZ-666.
34958.
20.
20040.
70628100.
705914.
62727.
210.
10280.
511751315.
8QTJ-282.
6910970.
21820.
70716110.
706756.
58139.
780.
10000.
511751215.
8QTJ-372.
60863.
90.
24310.
70658100.
706754.
19524.
090.
10530.
511711316.
7QTJ-462.
68861.
80.
21050.
70666140.
706274.
45326.
480.
10170.
511671317.
4QTJ-567.
42806.
90.
24180.
70668120.
706235.
20030.
200.
10410.
511691517.
0LYRBYS-167.
5613460.
14520.
70669110.
706414.
22025.
550.
09990.
51214108.
1YS-353.
5214140.
10950.
70670130.
7065313.
2682.
700.
09700.
51218107.
2TGS-250.
1710410.
03260.
70728120.
707209.
72952.
950.
11110.
512011110.
8TGS-364.
19929.
60.
19980.
70769100.
707348.
73847.
690.
11080.
511981011.
3TGS-774.
36944.
60.
22770.
70769110.
7072310.
1753.
340.
11540.
511981211.
4InitialSrandNdisotopicratiosforSTLFsamplesarecalculatedbasedonthezirconU–Pbagesobtainedinthisstudy,andforLYRBsamplesarecalculatedbasedont=136Ma(Wangetal.
,2004a).
Table3PbisotopicdataofadakitesfromtheSTLFandtheLYRBreportedinthisstudy.
SampleNo.
206Pb/204Pb2r207Pb/204Pb2r208Pb/204Pb2r206Pb/204Pb(t)207Pb/204Pb(t)208Pb/204Pb(t)STLFDMC-716.
485215.
364236.
941316.
34815.
35836.
734XLZ-616.
389315.
404336.
725616.
25815.
39836.
564FJZ-216.
494315.
352337.
043616.
38415.
34636.
900FJZ-616.
454115.
348137.
008216.
36615.
34336.
869LYRBYS-117.
850315.
532238.
051617.
85015.
53238.
051YS-517.
898115.
503138.
034317.
89815.
50338.
034TGS-217.
828415.
545438.
058817.
82815.
54538.
058TGS-717.
742415.
479337.
940717.
74215.
47937.
940InitialPbisotopicratiosoftheSTLFsamplesarecalculatedusingtheU,Th,andPbcontentsdeterminedbyICP-MSinthisstudyandthezirconU–Pbagesobtainedinthisstudy(TableA1).
TheLYRBsamplesweredeterminedforplagioclasecommonPb.
High-MgadakitesandimplicationsforCu–Aumineralization7167werederivedfrompartialmeltingofeclogiticLCCrocksoftheover-thickenedmountainroot(Wangetal.
,2007b;Heetal.
,2010).
ThedierencesinK2OcontentsandK2O/Na2ObetweentheLYRBandSTLFadakitescanbeexplainedbythepres-enceorabsenceofamphiboleinsources.
Becauseamphi-boleisthemainK-bearingmineral,havingmuchhigherK2Othangarnetandclinopyroxeneinresidualphasesdur-inghigh-pressuremeltingofmetabasalticrocks(e.
g.
,SenandDunn,1994;RappandWatson,1995),thepresenceofamphiboleintheresiduecanbuertheKconcentrationinthemeltandthus,producelow-Ksilicicmelts.
Forin-stance,oceanicadakiteswithNa-enrichmentandK-deple-tion(lowK2O/Na2O)areinterpretedtobeproductsofpartialmeltingoftheMORBcompositions(e.
g.
,amphibo-lites)withgarnet+clinopyroxene+amphiboleintheresid-ual(DefantandDrummond,1990;Rappetal.
,1991;SenandDunn,1994;RappandWatson,1995;Martinetal.
,2005).
Inaddition,someNa-richadakiticrockswerealsosuggestedtoresultfrompartialmeltingofnewlyunderplat-edbasalticmaterialwithresiduesofgarnet,clinopyroxene,andamphibole(PetfordandAtherton,1996).
Incontrast,givenaneclogiteresidualassemblagewithoutamphibole,partialmeltingofdrymacLCCrocks(e.
g.
,eclogites)wouldbeexpectedtogeneratehighKmelts(HuangandHe,2010).
Accordingly,thedierencesinK2OandK2O/Na2ObetweentheLYRBandSTLFadakitesmayreectthekeyroleofwaterduringmelting,asonlywater-bearingmeltinghasamphiboleasaresidualphase.
TheSTLFadak-itescouldoriginatefromadryeclogiticLCC,whereastheLYRBadakiteslikelyoriginatedfrompartialmeltingofhy-drousoceaniccrustwithresidualamphiboleduringmelting.
5.
1.
2.
MgO,Cr,Ni,andMg#BoththeLYRBandSTLFadakitesshowrelativelyhigherMg#andMgOcontentsthanthepristineexperi-mentalmelts(Rappetal.
,1999)(Figs.
7and8).
Forexample,almostalltheLYRBadakitesplotintheeldofslab-derivedadakitesthatareinferredtohaveinteractedwiththemantlewedgeduringascent(e.
g.
,DefantandKepezhinskas,2001)(Fig.
8).
However,atagivenSiO2theSTLFadakitesdisplayhigherMg#,MgO,Cr,andNicontentsthantheLYRBadakitesandoceanicslab-derivedadakites(Figs.
7and8).
Inparticular,theirMg#(upto67),Cr(upto263ppm)andNi(upto121ppm)areequaltoorevenhigherthanthoseoflateMesozoicbasalticigneousrocksintheadjacentLYRBarea(e.
g.
,Mg#SSO(sulde-sulfuroxidebuer),itmustcontainacom-ponentofmeltedoceaniccrust,i.
e.
,adakiticmeltsorsuper-criticaluids.
ThegeneticlinksbetweenadakitesandtheirassociatedporphyryCu–AudepositsintheLYRBremainasubjectofconsiderabledebate.
Thisismainlyduetothelargedis-crepancybetweenpetrogeneticinterpretationsofthehostadakites.
Recently,severalstudies(Wangetal.
,2003,2004a,2004b,2007a)performedsystematicgeochemicalcomparisonsbetweentheore-barrenlow-Mgadakiticgranitoidsincentral-easternChina(e.
g.
,intheDabieoro-gen;Fig.
1)andtheLYRBadakitestoexplainthegenesisofCu–AudepositsintheLYRB.
Theseauthorsconcludedthatthelow-MggranitoidsderiveddirectlyfromLCCmelt-inghadnotpassedthroughthefertilemantle,sothattheyarenotabletogenerateCu–Aumineralization.
Incontrast,theLYRBadakites,whichmighthaveascendedthroughthefertilemantleviaLCCdelaminationasproposedbytheseauthors,couldhavetransferredCuandAufromthemantletothecrust.
SuchanexplanationismainlybasedonahypothesisthattheLCC-derivedmagmasmayalsocarrytheoxidizingpotential,e.
g.
,havingelevatedFe2O3content(Wangetal.
,2006,2007a).
Thisconclusion,how-ever,ischallengedbytheobservationoftheore-barrenhigh-MgadakitesfromtheSTLF.
Asdiscussedinthisstudy,theSTLFhigh-MgadakitesmostlikelyoriginatedfrompartialmeltingoftheYangtzeFig.
12.
InitialPbisotopiccompositionsofadakitesfromtheLYRBandtheSTLF.
Dataarefromthisstudy(Table3)andliterature(SupplementaryTableA5;Chenetal.
,1993;Xuetal.
,2002;Wangetal.
,2006;Huangetal.
,2008;Zhaoetal.
,2010).
EarlyCretaceousmacigneousrocksintheLYRB(Yanetal.
,2008)arealsoshownforcomparison.
TheNorthernHemisphereReferenceline(NHRL)isafterZindlerandHart(1986).
DatasourcesforMORBandmarinesedimentsarethesameasinFig.
11.
High-MgadakitesandimplicationsforCu–Aumineralization7173LCCviadelamination,butnoneofthemshowanyrelation-shipwithCu–Auoredeposits(Huangetal.
,2008;Zietal.
,2008;Heetal.
,2009;thisstudy).
ThissuggeststhatalthoughtheLCC-derivedmagmasmayhaveinteractedwiththemantle,theydidnotgiverisetoCu–Auminerali-zation.
ItisnotsurprisingbecausethethickenedmacLCCshouldberelativelydryduetoitsgenerallithologyofgran-ulite-oreclogite-faciesrocks,whichgenerallycontainlittleH2O(e.
g.
,Xiaetal.
,2006;Yangetal.
,2008),particularlyinthecasefavoringdelamination.
Thisisconsistentwithdis-tinctlyhighK2O/Na2OandMgO(Cr,Ni)intheSTLFhigh-Mgadakitessuggestingdryeclogitesources.
Wethere-foreconcludethatadakiticmeltsderivedfrompartialmelt-ingofthedelaminatedorrecycledLCCarenotfavorableforCu–Aumineralization.
Insharpcontrast,theLYRBadakitescouldbegeneti-callyassociatedwithpartialmeltingofsubductedalteredoceaniccrust.
Thus,thepartialmeltspotentiallyhavehighoxygenfugacity(fo2)(Jugoetal.
,1999;Mungall,2002;KelleyandCottrell,2009).
Studiesoftraceelementalcom-positionsofzirconsfromtheLYRBadakitesshowhighpo-sitiveCeanomalies(Xieetal.
,2009),alsosuggestingmagmaformationatanoxidizedenvironment.
Conse-quently,thehighfo2wouldfacilitatedestabilizationofmantlesuldestoreleasetheirCu–Authataremainlyhostedinsuldes,andcontributetosubsequentenrichmentofCu–Auinthemagmas.
Thelarge-scaleCu–AuoredepositsintheLYRBcouldthusbeduetooceanicslabsubductionandmelting.
Thenewunderstandingofthege-neticlinksbetweenadakitesandrelevantCu–AudepositsintheLYRBincentral-easternChinaisalsoconsistentwithmanystudiesofore-bearingadakitesinmodernsubductionzonesaroundtheworld(Thieblemontetal.
,1997;SajonaandMaury,1998;Oyarzunetal.
,2001;Imai,2002;Gonz-alez-Partidaetal.
,2003;Raeetal.
,2004).
ThisprovidesanimportantexplorationguideforCu–Audeposits,especiallyintheLYRB.
6.
CONCLUSIONSAcomprehensivegeochemicalcomparisonbetweenearlyCretaceousore-bearinghigh-MgadakitesfromtheLYRBandore-barrenhigh-MgadakitesfromtheadjacentSTLFincentral-easternChinarevealsdierentpetrogene-sis,whichprovidesimportantinsightsintothegeneticrela-tionshipsbetweenadakitesandCu–Aumineralization.
(1)TheSTLFadakiteshavetheancientLCC-likeSr–Nd–Pbisotopicsignatureandexhibitagoodposi-tivecorrelationbetweenhighSr/Yand(La/Yb)N.
ThehighK2O,Mg#,MgO,CrandNiandlowCe/PbandSr/LaratiosindicatethattheirinitialmagmaswerederivedfrompartialmeltingofdelaminatedeclogiticLCCunderdrycondition,followedbyinter-actionwiththemantle.
(2)TheLYRBadakiteshaveanEM2-likeSr–Nd–Pbisotopicsignatureandrelativelylow(La/Yb)NbutvariablehighSr/Y,Sr/LaandCe/Pbratios,distinctfrommagmasfromeitherthethickenedordelami-natedLCCbutsimilartooceanicadakitesfromslabmelting.
Inaddition,theirlowerK2O/Na2O,Mg#andMgO,Cr,andNicontentsatgivenSiO2com-paredtotheSTLFadakitesarealsosimilartooce-anicadakites.
TheLYRBadakiteswerederivedfrompartialmeltingofhydrousalteredoceaniccrustwithsediments,notsupportingaderivationbypar-tialmeltingofthedelaminatedLCCproposedinpre-viousstudies.
(3)TheearlyCretaceoushigh-Mgadakitesincentral-easternChinamayberelatedtosubductionofthePacicplate.
MeltingofthesubductedoceaniccrustproducedadakiticmagmatismintheLYRB.
North-westernsubductionoftheIzanagiplateinearlyCre-taceousinducedthedevelopmentofTan-Lufaultandtriggeredthefounderingofthelowercrustalfragmentsnearthefaultzone.
ThedelaminatedLCCwaslaterpartiallymeltedtogeneratetheSTLFhigh-Mgadakites.
(4)TheCu–AumineralizationintheLYRBwaslikelyrelatedtooceanicsubductionandslabmelting.
WhiletheancientLCC-derivedmagma,regardlessofhav-inginteractedwiththemantleornot,doesnotfavorCu–Aumineralization.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWearegratefultoXiaoyongYang,YilinXiao,ShichaoAnfortheirhelpwitheldinvestigations.
WethankZhenhuiHou,A.
Reitz,G.
Hartmann,ChaofengLi,JinrongLi,ShizhenLi,XianhuaLi,QiuliLiandYuLiuforassistancewithelementanalysis,Sr,NdandPbisotopemeasurementandzirconU-Pbdating,andJingaoLiufordiscussion.
Wethankthreeanony-mousreviewersforconstructivecommentsandRichWalkerforecienteditingthathavehelpedimprovethemanuscript.
WespeciallythanktheanonymousreviewerforpolishingEng-lish.
S.
-A.
LiuthanksFang-ZhenTengforhelpfuldiscussiononanearlydraftofthispaper.
ThisworkwassupportedbyAcademyofScienceofChina(No.
KZCX1-YW-15-3),theStateKeyBasicResearchDevelopmentProgram(No.
2009CB825002)andNationalNatureScienceFoundationofChina(No.
90814008and40773013).
APPENDIXA.
SUPPLEMENTARYDATASupplementarydataassociatedwiththisarticlecanbefound,intheonlineversion,atdoi:10.
1016/j.
gca.
2010.
09.
003.
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