characteristicspartnersonline

425AAAPIgaymen,229–232,237–241advocacy,242deficitmodel,225genderfunctions,227,228HIV/AIDSAPIMSM,232behavioralinterventions,237CDC,230,238culturalstigma,231data,231DEBIs,238disparities,239educationprogram,230,232HIVtesting,231lackofinterventions,238language,231lowprevalence,230ModelMinorityMyth,230MSM,229prevalencerates,230preventionprograms,239psychologicalapproaches,239–241racialorethnicgroup,230riskbehaviors,232SAMHSA/CSAP,238socioculturalfactors,232stereotype,230utilization,HIVhealthservices,238LGBTissues,225mentalhealth,physicalhealthandbehaviors,225research,241sexualorientationidentity,228,229stigma,233,234,236,237Abstinence,6Academicpolicy,276–279Accesstocareandpreventiveservices,HIVMSMaffordablecareact,336CAPUS,335components,336culturalcompetence,336fund,336racialandethnicminorities,336RyanWhiteHIV/AIDSTreatmentExtensionAct,336,337Accessibilityandequity,29,35,36Adherence,11,12Adherencemeasurement,153–156AdolescenceheterosexismandHIV-relatedstigma,274psychosocialchallenges,285Adolescentdevelopment,270Adolescenttrialsnetwork(ATN),209Adultsexualabuse(ASA),93,106,110Affordablecareact(ACA),18,41,62,63,139,199,200,253,397,407,411–413AffordableHealthCareAct,41AfricanAmerican.
SeeLatinoHIVPositiveGayMenAging,404Aging,HIVpositivegaymen,357AIDSCoalitiontoUnleashPower(ACTUP),137AIDSDrugAssistanceProgram(ADAP),200,415AIDSEducation&TrainingCenters(AETCs),33Alcoholusage,64Index426AmericanAcademyofHIVMedicine(AAHIV),32Anti-gaydiscrimination,410,411Antiretroviral(ARV)drugs,195,414Antiretroviraltherapies(ART)adherencerates,153CBT-AD,174CD4lymphocytecount,152demographicfactors,178drugresistance,152electronicdrugmonitoring,177ETAU,174factors,157–173heterosexually,152HIVinfections,151HIVviralload,153implementation,175individual,interpersonalandcontextualfactors,152injectiondrugusers,153interpersonalfactors,174MI,174patienteducation,173physiologicalmeasures,177prevention,176,177structural-levelbarriers,175structural-levelfactors,178structural-levelissues,175suboptimaladherencebehaviors,177AntiretroviralTreatmentAccessStudy(ARTAS),14Appropriateuseoftechnology,29,39–42AsianAmericanPacificIslander(AAPI),2262010USCensus,226culturalvalues,227gaymen(seeAAPIgaymen)heterogeneity,226LGBT,225population,226racial/ethnicminoritygroup,226statistics,227AsianAmericansandPacificIslanders(AAPIs),225AssociationofNursesinAIDSCare(ANAC),33BBarebacking,8,371,377BarrierstoHIVcare,14Blackgaymen,200,208BlackGLBTcommunities,303,304Bodyimage,165Bragdonv.
Abbot(1998),17CCasemanagementinterventions,14CenterforAIDSPreventionStudies(CAPS),16CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC),4,31,93,194,196Chatrooms,369,374,381Childhoodsexualabuse(CSA),102–104,254,255copingstrategies,105,106gaymen,98–100HIV/AIDS,93implications,97,98intimatepartnerrelationships,106,107andmentalhealthdepression,103,104nonconsensualsex,102psychologicalhealthissues,102PTSD,103prevalence,96,97race/ethnicity,100revictimization,107,108riskfactors,HIV,94–96sequelae,101sexualabuse,masculinity,genderrolesandsexualidentitydevelopment,108,109sexualriskreductioninterventions,110–112victimsandsocialnorms,110Cognitivebehavioraltherapyforadherenceanddepression(CBT-AD),174Commercialsexenvironments,9Commercialsexvenues(CSVs),409Communitynorms,250Communityparticipation,28,36–38Community-basedorganizations(CBOs),14Comorbidpsychiatricdisorders,64ComprehensiveAIDSResourceEmergency(CARE),31Computertechnology-basedHIVpreventioninterventionsBlackandLatinoMSM,378,382CARE+intervention,383chatroom,381evidence-basedinterventions,381face-to-faceinterventions,381federalandstateagencies,382HIVpositiveMSM,383HIV-relatedstigma,382MSMofcolor,381PLWH,382–384RCTs,381sexualriskbehavior,383socialmediainterventions,381textmessageintervention,382Index427Computer-basedcounselingintervention,383Computer-basedsurveys,369Condomlessanalintercourse(CAI),5,6Condomlessanalsex(CAS),367Condomlesssex,371,374,375,377,379ConnectToProtect(C2P),208Contingencymanagement(CM),88Crackcocaine,76Culturalfactors,AAPIGayMenLivingwithHIV/AIDS,233–237Culturallycompetenthealthcare,139DDatacollection,healthsurveys,416,417DeclarationofAlmaAta,28Depression,53,57,65,122,133,142,376,377,380Digitalcommunicationtechnologies(DCT),202DisclosureofMSMbehavior,354–355Discrimination,94,410,411Discrimination,HIV/AIDS,233–237DiseaseInvestigationServices,15Donuthole,63EEcologicaltheoryofdevelopment,94EffectiveBehavioralInterventions(EBI),194Electronicdrugmonitoring(EDM),155EmploymentNon-DiscriminationAct(ENDA),18Environmental/structural-levelcharacteristicsHIVmedicalcare,172,173Essentialhealthbenefits(EHBs),407,413–415E-technology,41Evidence-BasedInterventions(EBIs),82FFace-to-faceinterventions,381Faith-basedHIVpreventioninterventions,318FamilyandpeerdynamicsHIVdisclosure,274–276sexualitydisclosure,274FederalPovertyLine(FPL),253Fictivekinships,60Foodinsecurity,141Foodinstability,250,261GGayMenofAfricanDescent(GMAD),208GayMen'sHealthCrisis(GMHC),208,298Gay-relatedimmunedeficiency(GRID),4GenderRoles,AsianAmericans,227,228Globalpositioningsystem(GPS),368,371HHAITIANS,4Healthcare,283,284ACA,411discrimination,410LGBTveterans,416medicaid,412olderadults,405settings,416sexualorientationandgenderidentitydata,417transgenderpeople's,414VA,416Healthcaredelivery,251–253Healthcareprovidercapacitydevelopment,28Healthcareutilization,HIVprevention,133Healthinsurance,13,14,18,19ACA,411exchanges,413–415HIVstatus,410medicaid,412medicare,412structuralbarriers,403–404HealthInsuranceExchanges(HIEs),413Healthissueshealthdisparitiesandintersectionalidentities,398,399HIV-relatedcomorbidities,399mentalhealthandsubstanceuse,400,401STIs,399,400TasP,406HealthcareReform,199,200HealthyRelationships,87Hemophiliacs,4Heterosexism,275Highlyactiveantiretroviraltherapy(HAART),8,11,152,349HIVCare,333,334engagementandretention,129,130HIVconfidentialityanddisabilitylaws,15HIVcriminalization,138,141,338,409HIVdiagnosis,28,32,42HIVdisclosure,128,136,372–374HIVMedicineAssociation(HVMA),33HIVmobilevans,15Index428HIVpositivegaymaleadolescents,274–276academicpolicyandschoolsuccess,276–279developmentalfactors,282–283familyandpeerdynamics,273HIVdisclosure,274–276sexualitydisclosure,274healthcareandHIVtreatment,283,284mentalhealthconcerns,279positivecoping,284–286psychosocialchallenges,284,285romanticrelationships,273,274sexualrisk,281sexualriskbehaviors,282sexuality-basedstigmatizationanddiscrimination,275stigmaanddiscrimination,271,272substanceuse,280–282treatmentandintervention,282HIVpositivegaymenACA,62,63concept,51emergingbiomedicalinterventions,61family,59,60health-relateddisparities,51HIVstigma,59institutionaldiscriminatorypolicies,55integratingsocialdimensions,61,62internalizedhomonegativity,57,58maintainingandsustainingfundingmechanisms,63,64mentalhealth,54,55,64,65minoritystresstheory,52,53prevention,careandtreatment,65,66psychologicaldistress,57resilience,64resiliency,55,60sexualminoritymen,51sexualminoritypopulations,55socialoppressionandmarginalization,51socialstressors,66statuslossanddiscrimination,66stigmaandmarginalization,66substanceusage,58,64,65theoryofsyndemicproduction,56,57underservedcommunities,56HIVpositivemenwhohavesexwithmen(MSM),328–335barriers,339broadening,339CDCsupports,337criminalization,338heterosexualcontact,327infections,327preventionandtreatment,328publichealthagencies,339Same-SexMarriage,338,339sexualdecision-making,328socialdeterminantsofhealthbehavioralresearch,329CSDH,328environment,328NCHHSTP,328risk,329STIs,329WHO,328statistics,327structuralbarriers,335structural-levelfactors,328testing,338HIVpositiveMSMinternet,373internetuse,370onlineseekingsexpartners,373seekingsexualpartnersonline,370–372serodiscordantCAS,373technology-basedHIVresources,380,381technology-basedsexualriskreductioninterventions,382HIVpreventionaging,202ART,79,80behavioralinterventions,81–88,194biomedicalintervention,195,209,210churchrole,317,318communitymobilization,208disclosureinterventions,207,208epidemicshift,200–202epidemiology,77,78family-basedinterventions,205–207healthinterventions,87,88healthcarereform,199,200HIV-relatedstigma,299HouseBallCommunity,298–301injectdrugs,78marriageequality,198,199medicalcare,76methamphetamine,82–87minoritystressandsyndemiccomorbidities,197,198MSMandMSMW,76networkapproach,204,205positivesubstanceusers,80PrEP,81spirituality,203,204structuralandpublichealthinterventions,196,197Index429techniques,88technology,202–203transmissions,79HIVpreventionfatigue,8HIVPreventionTrialsNetwork(HPTN),11HIVserodiscordant,11HIVstigma,122,123,137,141,142HIVstigmaanddiscrimination,250,261HIVtestingandtreatment,15HIVtransmission,374,377,378druguse,377,378mentalhealth,376,377HIVtravelban,18HIVtreatment,270,276,283,284HIV/AIDSNursingCertificationBoard(HANCB),33HIV-relateddiscrimination,410HIV-relatedstigma,16–18,271,299HouseBallCommunity,299,304HIV-relatedstigmaanddiscrimination,272,273Holisticapproach,65Homelessness,9Homophobia,19,122,123,137,141,142HouseBallcommunity,209blackGLBTcommunity,303complexkinshipstructure,296gendersystem,296,299–301HIVprevalencerates,296–299HIVpreventionandtreatment,299HIVpreventionstrategies,298HIV-relatedinterventions,302HIV-relatedstigma,299housestructureandballevents,301,302interdisciplinaryresearchteams,305,306MTFtransgender,297preventionballs,304,305preventionhouses,303,304transgendermembers,297Housing,HIVpositiveMSMchallenges,330homelessindividuals,331treatmentoutcomes,331UAI,331Humanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)antiretroviraltherapy,11,12behavioralandstructuralinterventions,12,13discrimination,4,15,17–19healthnavigationmodel,14healthreformandprevention,18,19interventions,10,11MSM,4,5policyandstructuralapproaches,15–18psychosocialissues,8,9sexualriskbehaviors,5–8socialsupport,10transmissionbehaviors,10,11UnitedStates,3,4Humanpapillomavirus(HPV),399IIncarceration,198,201Incarceration,HIVpositiveMSMfelons,333HIVpositiveinmates,333prison,332,333race/ethnicitycomposition,332rate,332rates,HIVprevalence,332risk,transmissionandadmission,333IndividualswithDisabilitiesEducationAct(IDEA),277Informalcaregivers,405Information-Motivation-Behavioral(IMB)model,282Injectiondrugusers(IDUs),76InstituteofMedicine(IOM),13Institutionalracism,19Institutionalizedracism,257Internalizedhomonegativity,57,58Internalizedhomophobia,94InternationalConferenceonPrimaryHealthCare,28Interpersonalcharacteristicscaregiverrelationship,170,171patient-providerrelationship,170Intersectoralcollaboration,28,29,38,39Intimatepartnerviolence(IPV),93,96,110,171,254LLargerlesbian,gay,bisexual,andtransgender(LGBT),197LatinoHIVPositiveGayMenculturalvaluesandworldviews,250genderrolesocialization,250,259healthinsurance,253HIVdisclosure,260HIV-relatedhealthcaredelivery,252,253inadequateaccesstohealthcareandtreatment,251poverty,252,258–260preventionandcare,251,252,257–259psychosocialsupport,256,257resiliency,250,260Index430LatinoHIVPositiveGayMen(cont.
)roleofimmigration,255sexualcontextsandnetworks,253,254socialsupport,250,260socioculturalfactors,259,260Lawscriminalizing,409Legalrights,409Legal/PolicyDeterminants,HIVprevention,136–138Lesbian,gay,andbisexual(LGB),18,259Lesbian,Gay,Bisexual,andTransgender(LGBT)communities,268LGBTsexualities,270,271LowSocioeconomicStatus,334,335MMale-to-female(MTF)transgender,297ManyMen,ManyVoices(3MV),87Marijuana,76Masculinity,250Medicaid,18,63,200,412MedicalMonitoringProject(MMP),13Medicare,18,63,200,412MedicationEventManagementSystem(MEMS),153MEMSTrackCapSystem,153Menwhohavesexwithmen(MSM),193,251abstinentsexually,75CAS,367condomlesssex,371internetuse,378–380onlinesex-seekingbehavior,369sexualrisktaking,378–380substanceuse,377technology-basedinterventions,368technology-deliveredinterventions,383Mentalhealth,40depression,376internetuse,376onlinesexseeking,377partner-seekingbehaviors,377MentalHealthforGayMen,53,54Mentalhealth,HIVcare,123,125,126,128,129,133,137,140–142Microaggressions,AAPIgaymen,233Microbicides,209MidlifeintheUnitedStates(MIDUS),53Minoritystress,193Minoritystressmodel,282Minoritystresstheory,52,53Mistrust,13Motivationalinterviewing(MI),173MPowerment,87MulticenterAIDSCohortStudy(MACS),13,153Mutualdisclosure,7NNAESMInc.
,208NationalCenterforHIV/AIDS,ViralHepatitis,STD,andTBPrevention(NCHHSTP),328NationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurveyIII,53NationalHIVBehavioralSurveillancesystem(NHBS),403NationalHIV/AIDSstrategy,62,63,269,406,411NationalRegistryofEvidence-BasedProgramsandPractices(NREPP),82Neighborhoodcomposition,HIVpositiveMSMcharacteristics,332HIVacquisition,331protectiveeffect,331protectivefactor,UAI,332risk,331sexualriskbehaviors,331OObergefellvHodges(2015),198,199OfficeofAIDSResearchAdvisoryCouncil,195OlderAmericansAct(OAA),417OlderHIVPositiveGayMen,357Onlinesexseekingchatroom,369condomlesssex,379depression,377GPS,371HIVdisclosure,374,375HIVpositiveyouth,373meta-analysis,369non-intravenousdrug,378personalresponsibility,transmission,375risks,369STIs,368PPatienthealthnavigationmodel,14PatientHealthQuestionnaire,167Patientprotection,199,253Patient-levelcharacteristics,157–159,161–169Index431demographicfactorsadherencerates,158age,157dosinginstructions,159educationalattainment,158gayandbisexualmen,158healthliteracy,159individual-andstructural-levelfactors,158interpersonalandstructuralfactors,159nonadherenceprofiling,159raceandethnicity,157SES,158HIVtreatmentbeliefsAfricanAmericans,161antiretroviraladherence,163antiretrovirals,162culturalfactorsandhistorical,162gayandbisexualmen,161health-conscious,163infectiousness,163medicationadherence,161self-efficacy,162sexualbehavior,162toxicitybeliefs,161mentalhealthavoidantcopingtechniques,164bodydissatisfaction,165,166bodyimage,165childhoodsexualabuse,164comorbidpsychiatricdisorders,163depression,163,164HAART-inducedlipodystrophy,165HIV-relatedstressors,164psychologicaldisorders,165PTSD,165self-carebehaviors,164trauma,164substanceusealcohol,167antiretroviraltherapy,167chronicdepression,169crystalmethamphetamine,168,169psychologicaldistressandmaladaptivebehaviors,166psychologicalimpairment,169recreationaldrugsandalcohol,166suboptimalARTadherence,166treatmentanddiseasefactors,159–161PeoplelivingwithHIV(PLWH),368PeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDS(PLWHA),309Pharmacologicmeasurement,155,156Physiologicalmeasurement,156PneumocystisCariniiPneumonia(PCP),3–4PolicyissuesACAandhealthcareaccess,411medicaidandmedicare,412medicaidexpansion,412PopularOpinionLeaderapproach,87Positivecoping,271,284–286PositiveHealthAccesstoServicesandTreatment,175Post-exposureprophylaxis(PEP),176Post-traumaticstressdisorder(PTSD),103,165Pre-exposurechemoprophylaxis(PrEP),406,407Pre-exposureprophylaxis(PrEP),40,61,123,126,135–137,141,176,248PresidentBarackObama,62PresidentObama'sNationalHIV/AIDSStrategy,89Preventionhouses,303,304PreventionwithHIVpositivegaymen,124–128activities,123ART,122,124ARTadherence,139ARTinitiationandadherence,130,131behaviorchangeinterventions,132behavioralinterventions,132,134burdensandchallenges,122community-leveloutcomes,134counselingonSTIs,132culturallycompetenthealthcare,139data,134depression,133developmentandtesting,138developmentalspectrum,122elements,126engagementandretention,129,130guidelines,124healthdisparities,122HIVserostatus,123HIV/AIDSepidemic,121holisticandconstructivesexualhealthapproaches,139implementation,140,141infectionsARTtreatment,127HIVcarecontinuum,128HPTN052trial,127PARTNERStudy,127–128prognosis,127transmissionrisk,127initiatives,123integratedefforts,123Index432PreventionwithHIVpositivegaymen(cont.
)intensivebehaviorallybasedintervention,133mentalillness,132microbicide,139MSMofcolor,139–140partner-relatedstrategies,135,136post-traumaticstress,133preventiontable,138–142publichealth,123research,122,138,141,142riskreductioncounseling,132services,124sexualhealth(seeSexualhealthandHIVprevention)sexualhealthpromotionparadigms,139skilledcounselor,134socialdeterminants,136–138socialsupportresourcesandresiliency,139STIacquisition,132structuralandlegal/policyDeterminants,136–138substanceuse,132testinganddiagnosis,128,129toolsandapproaches,138transmissionrisk,124treatment,123treatment,retention,andadherence,139Primaryhealthcare(PHC)accessibilityandequity,35,36adolescents,34,35client-centeredtreatmentplan,37,38E-technology,41evidence-basedpracticeguidelines,27healthandsocialservicesectors,38healthpolicyandclinicalpractice,28healthprogramintegration,36,37HIVoutcomesandcarequalityindicators,31,32humanrightssector,38,39inequitabledistribution,30,31lifestage-specificneeds,34mentalhealth,40multiculturalcompetencies,33olderadults,35principles,28,29sexualhealth,40socialdeterminants,29,30socialinequitiesandHIVoutcomes,30Psychologicaldistress,57QQualifiedHealthPlan(QHP),414RRacialmicroaggressions,233Racializedstigmaanddiscrimination,250,261Racism,HIVpositivegaymen,123,126,141,142Randomclinicaltrials(RCTs),17Randomizedcontroltrials(RCTs),381Recreationaldruguse,64Rectalmicrobicide,HIVprevention,139Rectalmicrobicides,209,408Religiouscommunities,315Religiousnessandspirituality,311–315churchesrole,HIVpreventionefforts,317,318definition,310faith-basedorganization,310limitations,319PLWHAdepressivesymptoms,312,313HIVdiagnosisandqualityoflife,311,312HIVdiseaseprogression,314,315treatmentadherence,313research,319well-being,310,312Resiliency.
SeeHIVpositivegaymenResiliencyfactorscommunityconnectedness,402life-courseframework,402prejudice,stigma,andminoritystress,402,403school-basedinterventions,401,402Resiliency,HIVpositivegaymen,139Romanticrelationships,273,274RyanWhiteCAREHIV/AIDSTreatmentExtensionAct,63RyanWhiteprogram,18,415SSame-SexMarriage,338,339SanFranciscoDepartmentofPublicHealth,9School-basedinterventions,401Seekingsexpartnersonline,370–372Seroadaptivestrategies,6,7Seropositioning,6SeropositiveUrbanMen'sInterventionTrial(SUMIT),6Serosorting,6,7,207,371,408Serosorting,HIVpositivegaymen,132,134SexualhealthandHIVprevention,123ART,125behavior,125biomedical,125Index433cultural,126emotionalrelationships,125HIVepidemic,125HIVtransmission,125,126holisticapproach,125initiatives,124interventions,125maximalimpact,125physicalandmentalhealth,126physicalhealth,125pleasure,desire,andintimacy,125Sexualminoritystatusstigmaanddiscrimination,271,272substanceuse,280,281Sexualminoritystigmaanddiscrimination,279Sexualnetwork,201,204,251Sexualorientationidentity,AsianAmericans,228,229Sexualrisk,281Sexualriskbehaviors,5–8Sexualstereotyping,380Sexualityandreligion,315,316Sexuality-baseddiscrimination,271Sexuality-basedstigmaanddiscrimination,250,261,271,284Sexuallytransmittedinfection(STI),5,40,95,200,201,251,367Shiftingdemographics,268,269Socialdeterminantsofhealth,28,403,404Socialdiscrimination,197Socialisolation,404–405Socialmarketingcampaigns,15Socialmediainterventions,381Socialnetworks,HIVpositivegaymen,350–354aging,357approaches,359color,357deaths,357disclosureofMSMbehavior,354–355drugnetwork,356functionsdisclosure,353,354HIV-relatedcare,352,353support,351,352heterogeneity,359interventions,357–359primarysourceofcare,349risk,349scientificframeworks,350sexualnetwork,356socialconnectionsandinteractions,349socialnorms,355,356structureactor/setofactors,350centrality,351density,351networkturnover,351personalnetworks,350totalnetworksize,350types,intensity,anddirection,351Socialoppression,65Socialsecurity,415,416Socialsupport,404–405Socialsupport,HIVpositivegaymenfunctions,351,352SocioculturalFactors,259–260Stigma,4,13,16,17,19,94antiretroviraltherapy(ART),329communities,socialnetworks,andfamilies,330Hispanic/LatinoMSM,330HIVprevention,329homosexuality,330manageablechronicdisease,329MSM'srace/ethnicit,330nationalcommunicationandeducation,330sexualorientation,330Stigma,AAPIgaymen,233,234,236,237Strategicpositioning,371,373Structuralbarriers,HIVMSM,335Structuralinequalities,250,251,257,258Structuralinterventions,HIVprevention,138,141Structural-levelfactors,HIVpositiveMSMHIVcare,333,334housing,330,331incarceration,332,333lowsocioeconomicstatus,334,335neighborhoodcomposition,331,332stigma,329,330Structural-levelHIVpreventioninterventions,9Subjectivemeasurement,154SubstanceAbuseandMentalHealthServicesAdministration(SAMHSA),82Substanceuse,280,281Suicide,53,54Supplementalsecurityincome(SSI),415Syndemicproduction,282Syndemics,9,19,123,198TTechnology-basedHIVresources,380,381Technology-basedresearch,369,370Technology-basedsex-seekingtools,368Index434Tenofovirdisoproxilfumarateandemtricitabine(TDF-FTC),176Test,linktocareandtreat(TLC+),175TheoryofReasonedAction,65Theoryofsyndemicproduction,56,57Therapeuticoptimism,8Trauma,122TreatmentActionCampaign,208TreatmentasPrevention(TasP),406Treatmentcascade,12UU.
S.
DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,251,253U.
S.
HealthResources&ServicesAdministration(HRSA),30UnitedStatesPreventiveServicesTaskForce,202Unstablehousing,9,19UrbanHealthInitiative,200UrbanMen'sHealthStudy(UMHS),53VVeteransAffairs(VA),416WWomen'sInteragencyHIVStudy(WIHS),80WorldHealthOrganization(WHO),59YYouthRiskBehaviorSurvey(YRBS),280Index