nonmedical250.pp.com

encyclopedia.
comHunaynIbnIshaqAl-'Ibadi,AbuZayd|Encyclopedia.
comCompleteDictionaryofScientificBiographyCOPYRIGHT2008CharlesScribner'sSons22-28minutesknownintheLatinwestasJohannitus(b.
nearHīra,Iraq,808;d.
Baghdad,Iraq,873)medicine,philosophy,theology,translationofGreekscientificworks.
Huanyn,aphysician,philosopher,andtheologian,wasthemostfamousninth-centurytranslatorofworksfromGreekantiquityintoArabicandSyrinac.
Hisnisbaal-Ibādī,isfromanArabtribe,al-Ibād,themembersofwhichbecameChristianlongbeforetheriseofIslamandcontinuedtobelongtotheSyrianNestorianchurch.
Hisfather,Ishāq,wasaphramatic(saydalāanī)atHīra.
Whilestillyoung,HunaynlearnedArabicandSyriac,perfectinghisknowledgeoftheformeratBasra.
IbnJuljulincorrectlyreportsthatinBasra,HunaynmetKhalilibnAhmed,founderofArabicgrammar;M.
Plessnerhasshown,onchronologicalgrounds,thatthiswouldhavebeenimpossible1.
HunaynwenttoBaghdadtostudymedicine-adificultundertaking,accordingtothepicturesqueandlivelyaccountgivenbyIbnAbīUsaybiainhisUyūnal-anbā.
TheteachingofmedicinewasthendominatedbyYūhannāibnMāssawayh,originallyfromjundīshāpūr.
Thephysiciansofthatcity,highlycultivatedmenwhohadlongdevotedthemselvestomedicinefeltcontemptforthepeopleofHīra,whowereconcernedprimarilywithcommerceandbanking.
Further,theywerenothappytoseethesemerchants'sonsbecominginterestedinmedicine.
Nevertheless.
IbnMāsawayhagreedtosuperviseHunayn'sstudiesandgavehimabookonthevariousmedicalschools.
Avisforknowledge,Hunaynnevertriedofraisingquestions(sāhibsu'āl):oneday,whentheybecameparticularlyurgentanddifficulttoanswer,IbnMāsawayhflewintoarageandbrusquelyrebukedhisyoungstudent:Whatmakes,thepeopleofHīrawanttostudymedicineGoawayandfindofyourfriends:hewilllendyoufiftydirhems.
Buysomelittlebasketsforadiehem,somearsenicforthreedirhems,andwiththerestbuycoinsofKūfaandofQādisiyya.
CoatthemoneyofQādisyyawitharsenicandputitinthebasketsandstandbythesideoftheroadcrying:"Hereistruemoney,goodforgivingalmsandforspending…"Sellthecoins;thatwillearnyoumuchmorethanthescienceofmedicine2.
HethenorderedHunayntoleavehishouse.
Refusingtoacceptdefeat,Hunaynresolvedtopursuehisvacationasaphysician.
HedisappearedfromBaghdadforseveralyears,duringwhichtimehemadeaprofoundstudyofGreek,eitherinAlexandriaorinthe"bilādal-Rūm",probablyinByzantium.
Hewasremarkablysuccessfulinlearningthelanguage;IbnAbīUsaybiarecountsindetailthatoneevening,whilevisitingfriends,HunaynrecitedversesfromHomer.
HealsotranslatedaworkbyGalenforJibrāīlibnBukhtīshūIbnMasawayth,whohadsenthimaway,wasforcedtorecognizehisabilities.
HewasreconciledwithHunaynandacceptedhimasadispel:thetwobecameclosecollaborators.
Followingthedecisionofal-Mamūn(d.
833)tohavetranslatedmadeoftheworksofAristotleandofotherclassicalauthors,aculturalmissionwassenttoByzantiumtoobtainmanuscripts.
Hunayn,who,accordingIbnAbīUsaybia,poseesedthebestknowledgeofGreekofanyoneofhistime,probablywasamemberofthismission.
Therichlordsfollowedthecaliph'sexampleandsoonwerecompletingtoacquiremanuscriptsandhavethemtranslated.
Hunayn,hissonIshāq,hisnephewHubayshibnal-Hassanal-Asam,andanotherdispel.
sāibnUahyā,earnedparticulardistinctionastranslators.
Aloneorincollaboration,HunayntranslatedworksofP,latoandAristotle,adnoftheircommentators.
EvenmoreimportantwerehistranslationsofthemajorportionofthethreefoundersofGreekmedicine,whoseideaswerealsocentraltothedevelopmentofArabmedicine:Hippocrates,Galen,andDioscorides.
Hunayn'stranslationmethodswereexcellentandgenerallycorrespondtothestandardsofmodernphilogy.
severeinhisjudgementofpoortranslationsmadebyotherwriters,hehadevenmoreexactingstandardsforhisownwork.
ReferringtohistranslationsofDesectis,hewrote:ItranslateditwhenIwasayoungman…fromaverydefectiveGreekmanuscript.
Later,whenIwasfourty-sixyearsold,mypupilHubasishaskedmetocorrectitafterhavingcollectedacertainnumberofGreekmanuscripts.
thereuponIcollatedthesesoastomanuscriptwiththeSyrisctextandcorrectedthusinallmytranslationwork3.
Hunaynmadelongjourneysinordertofindmanuscripts,suchasthatofGalen'Dedemonstration:"IsoughtforitearnestlyandtravelledinsearchofitinthelandsofMesopotamia,Syria,PalestineandEgypt,untilIreachedAlexandria,butIwasnotabletofindanything,exceptabouthalfofitatDamascus4".
HunaynandhisdisciplesstrovetorendertheGreektextasclearlyaspossible.
Infact,HunaynmaybeconsideredoneofthecreatorsofthephilosophicalandscientificidiomofclassicalArabic.
InhisstudyofHunaynandhisschool,G.
BergstrasseremphasizesthesuperiorityofHunayn'sversions:"Thecorrectnessisgreater;neverthelessoneisleftwiththeimpressionthatthisisnottheresultofanxiouseffort,butofafreeandsuremasteryofthelanguage.
ThisisseenintheeasieradaptationtotheGreekoriginalandthestrikingexactnessofexpressionobtainedwithoutverbosity.
Itisallthisthatconstitutesthefamousfasāha(eloquence)ofHunain.
"5HunaynsoonbecamefamousandparticipatedinthescholarlymeetingsatwhichphysiciansandphilosophersdiscusseddifficultproblemsinthepresenceofCaliphal-Wāthiq(d.
847).
Al-Mutawak-kil(d.
861)namedhimheadphysician–therebydismissingtheBukhtīshūfamlilyfromthispost–afterhavingassuredhimselfofHunayn'sabsoluteloyalty.
HeaskedHunayntoprepareapoisontobeusedineliminatingasupposedenemy,encouraginghimwithbothpromisesofrewardsandwiththreats;Hunaynrefused.
Hisintensescientificactivityandhisfavorwiththecaliphgaverisetojealousyamonghiscolleaguesandevenamonghisfriendsandstudents.
BukhtīshūibnJibrāinparticular,soughttoturnal-Mutawakkilagainsthim,explOitingHunayn'siconoclasticviewstothisend.
HeinducedHunayntospitonaniconinthepresenceofthecaliph,whothereupondismissedHunaynfromhispost,confiscatedhislibrary,andhadhimimprisoned.
ThecatholicosTheodosiustratedHunaynwithequalseverity,excommunicatinghimanddismissinghimfromhisfunctionsasdeacon.
ButsixmonthslaterthecaliphfellillandhadtorecallHunaynfromprison.
Heagaingrantedhimfavors,andBukhtīshūwasexlied.
6Hunaynretainedhispostuntilhisdeath.
Althoughhistwosons,Althoughhistwosons,DāūdandIshāq,bothbecamephysicians,onlyIshāqfollowedinhisfather'sfootsteps,devotinghiseffortsprimarilytothetranslationofGreekphilosophicalworks.
Hunayn'simmensescientificactivityconsistedmainlyofproducingtranslationsorrevisionsofearliertranslations(intoArabicorSyriac)butalsoincludedanumberoforiginalworks.
Oftheseveralancientlistsofthesewritings,themostextensiveisthatinIbnAbīUsaybia,Uyūnal-anbā7.
G.
Furlanianalyzedthislistandattemptedtodrawupaclassificationscheme.
8ThelistintheFihristisshorter.
9AnevenshorteroneisthatofIbnal-Qiftī10.
AcompebutuncriticallistofalltheworkswascompliedbyLutfiM.
Sadi.
11Forconvenience,Hunayn'sworkscanbedividedintothoseconcerningmedicineandthosedealingwithothersubjects.
Amongthemedicalworksaretranslationsofancienttexts,summariestreatisesandparaphrasesofthesetexts,andoriginal.
Forthisgrouptreaties.
ForthisgroupthereisarisālasentbyHunayntoAbulHasanAlīibnyahyaal-Munaj-jiminwhichheindicateswhichworksofGalenhehastranslated12.
(Forthisareaofhisactivity,consultthesectionofthisarticlebyA.
Z.
Iskandar.
)Thenonmedicalworksarevaried.
Thenatureofsomehasbeendefficulttoclassifywithcertaintyasatranslation,aparaphrase,oranoriginalwork,sinceallwehaveisthetitle.
Moreover,manyoftheseworksareknownonlyfromthelistsofArabicsources.
13HereweshallpresentonlyaselectionofHunayn'sworks.
OnhispersonallifethereisKitābilāAlīibnYahya,writteninresponsetothelatter'ssuggestionthatHunaynbecomeaMuslim.
AlīYahyāibnwassecretaryandfriendofCaliphal-Mutawakkil.
HunaynalsoaddressedhisonthetranslatedworksogGalentohim.
Risālafīmāasabahuminal-mihanwal-shadāid("LetterconcerningAffictionsandCalamites")ispartiallyquotedinibnAbīUsaybia.
14F.
Rosenthal,however,contestsitsauthenticity.
Hunayn'swritingsinphilosophycomprisetranslations(intoArabicorSyriac)andoriginalworks:translationsofPlato(thePolitics,theLaws,andtheTimaeous);translationsofAristotle(Categories,Deinterpretation,AnalyticaprioraandAnalyticaposteriora,Deanima;fragmentsoftheMetaphysics,andtheEthics,withProphyry'scommentary);KitābfimāyuqrauqablkutubAflātūn("WhattoReadBeforetheBooksofPlato")("CompendiumoftheDecaeloetmundo");Masāilmuqaddamali-KitābFurfüryusal-marūfbil-Madkhal("IntroductoryQuestionstotheBookofPorphryKnownastheIsagoge"),("CompendiumoftheCommentaryoftheAncientGreeksonAristole'sBookDecaeloetmundo");("CommentaryonAristole'sBookonPhysiognomy");15("QuestionsExtractedFromtheFourBooksofLogic");andatranslationoftheBookofDreamsofArtemidorusofEphesus16TothislistshouldbeaddedsometenphilosophicaltextsbyGalenthatHunayntranslatedintoSyriacorArabic,particularlyThatGoodPeopleMayBenefitFromTheirEnemies,ThePrimeMoverIsImmobile,andWhatPlatoSaysintheTimaeus.
17Inaddition,HunaynsupposedlytranslatedfromtheoriginalGreektheallegoricalnoveluponwhichIbnSīnāwastobasehisSalamdnwa-Absāl.
18WorksonArabicgrammarandlexicographyincludeKitāhfiahkādmal-irāhalamadhahal-yūfināniyyīn("TheRulesofDesinentialSyntaxAccordingtotheGreeks");Kitābfil-nahw("OnGrammar"):andKitābal-nuqat.
Hunayn'sgrammarwasmentionedbyEliasofNisibisinhisMajālis.
InthesixthmajlisEliasspeaksofthesuperiorityoftheSyriaclanguagetoArabic.
19ThesamechaptercontainsapassageinwhichEliasmentionsabookbyHunaynthatisnototherwiseknown,entitledKitābal-nuqatanīnuqatal-kitāb("BookofthePoints,1Mean,PointsoftheBook").
AsproofofthesuperiorityofSyriac,HunaynstatesthattheSyrians,Greeks,andIranianshadmanynamesfordrugs(al-aqāqīrwal-adwiya)andinstruments(ālāt)thattheArabsdidnothave.
20Kitābfīmasāilihial-arabiyya("BookonHisArabicQuestions")ismentionedimmediatelyafterabookentitledKitābftasmāal-adwiyaal-mufradaalāhūfal-mujam("NamesofMedicinesListedAlphabetically").
Hunaynmayhavewishedtostudy,inasecondbook,theproblemsposedbythetranslationsoftermsforcertainmedicines.
Scientificsubjectsotherthanmedicineweretreatedinthefollowingworks;Kitābkhawassal-ahidr("OnthePropertiesofStones");21Kitābal-Jildba("OnAgriculture"):Maqālafī-alwān("OnColors");Fil-daw'wahaqīqatih("OnLightandonItsNature");22Maqālafitawalludal-nārbaynat-hajarayn("OntheGenerationofFireBetweenTwoStones");Maqālafil-sababal-ladhīminajlihisāratmiyālial-bahrmāliha("TheReasonThattheWatersoftheSeaAreSalty"):Jawdmi'li-KitābAristūfilātharal-Udwiyya("CompendiumofMeteorology");23Maqālafīl-maddwal-jazr("OnEbbandFlow");Maqālaafālal-shamswal-qamar("OntheEffectsoftheSunandtheMoon");andMaqālafīqaw.
sqazah("OntheRainbow").
ReligionisthesubjectofMaqālafīkhalqal-insfānweannahuminmaslaliatihiwal-tafaddulalayluantcilamuhtfājan("OntheCreationofManandthatitIsinHisInterestandThatItIsaGraceforHimtoHaveBeenCreatedNeedy")andKitfāhfīidrfākhaqfīqatal-adyfān("HowOneGraspstheTruthofReligions").
IbnAhfīUsaybiaalsocitesKitābkavfixvatidrfākal-diyfāna("HowtoGraspReligion"),24whichmaybethesamebook.
Themanuscripttraditioncontainsthetitlefīkayfiyyatidrakhaqiqatal-diydna("HowtoUnderstandtheTruthofReligion").
Hunaynprovidesthecriteriathatmakeitpossibletodistinguisherrorfromtruthinreligiousmatters.
Thetrueisdistinguishedfromthefalsebythereasonsthatoneadoptsatthebeginning.
Sixreasonsleadpeopletoacceptfalsehood;violence,miseryandafflictionfromwhichonehopestoescape,thedesireforgloryandhonors,theinsidiouswordsofawilyman,thelistener'signorance,andkinshipbetweenthepreacherandhisaudience.
Fourreasonsleadamantoembracethetruth:miraclesthatsurpasshumanpower,discoveringproofsofthetruthofhiddenthingsintheexternalandperceptiblesignsofreligion,rationalandirrefutabledemonstrationofthetruththatoneembraces,andtherecognitionoftheauthenticityoftheoriginofareligionbythesuccessivephasesofitsdevelopment.
ThistreatisewaspreservedbyAbulFarajHibatullah,knownasIbnal-Assāl.
L.
Cheikho,whomentionsHunayn'sbook,notesthattheBibliothèqtieOrientaleoftheUniversityofSt.
JosephinBeirutpossessestwomanuscriptsofthebookbyIbnal-Assāl:A,datingfromthefifteenthcentury,andB,whichisfromthenineteenthcenturyandiswritteninKarshuni.
ThetreatisebyHunaynthatIbnal-(Assālreproducesisatthebeginningofchapter12ofthefirstpart(A,pp.
233-238;B,pp.
93-96).
25OtherreligiousworksareMaqālafīdalālaial-qadaralal-tawhīd("HowDivinePredeterminationIsaProofoftheUnicilyofGod");Maqālafi-fājāl("OntheHourofDeath")-thetheologianAbūIshāqal-Mutamanibnal-AssālmentionsaKitaha-ājāland,accordingtoatraditionreportedbyMasūdī,26anArabictranslationoftheentireOldTestamentbasedontheversionintheSeptuagint,whichwasconsideredoneofthebestinexistence.
AmiscellaneousworkisNawādiral-falāsifaacollectionofstories,letters,andapothegmsofancientGreekphilosopherstowhichHunaynaddedhisownremarks.
Atalaterperiodotherbookswerecompiledfromextractstakenfromthiscollection.
TherearetwomanuscriptsoftheArabictext,stillunpublished,andamedievalHebrewtranslationpublishedbyA.
Loewenthal.
27In1921KarlMerklemadeathoroughstudyofthework,inwhichhediscussedthetwomanuscripts(EscorialandMunich),thetitle,andtheauthenticityofitsattributiontoHunayn,whichdatesfromtheMiddleAges.
28Healsoexaminedthetranslations:theHebrew(donein1200bytheSpanishpoetJehudabenSalomoal-Kharīzī,thetranslatorofHarīrī),theSpanish(Libradelosbiienosproxerbios),andtheGermanversionpreparedbyLoewenthal.
Inaddition,Merkleestablishedtherelationshipsbetweenthedāhal-falāsifaandtheArabicsources,unpublishedaswellaspublished.
Finally,heprovidedatranslation,withcommentary,ofcertainpassages.
ThebookisbasedonasimilarByzantineanthologyandcontainsancientelements.
29ThethirdpartdealswiththedeathofAlexander.
30MostofHunayn'stranslationsintoSyriachavebeenlost.
31NOTES1.
SeeM.
Plessner,"DerAstronomundHistorikeribnSāidal-AndauisīundseineGeschichiederWissenschaften.
"inRivistadeglistudiorientals31(1956),235-257.
esp.
244ff.
2.
A.
Miiiler.
ed.
.
I(Cairo.
1882).
185(hereinafterIAU).
3.
CitedbyM.
MeyerhofinTheHookoftheTenTreatisesxxiv.
4.
Ibid.
5.
Ibid.
,xxv.
6.
Onthehistóricalauthenticityofthiseventandthereconciliationoffactsreportedinacontradictoryfashion,seeYusufHabbi.
HunaynUrnIshāq(Baghdad,1974),36-38(inArabic).
SeealsoF.
Rosenthal,"DiearabischeAutobiographic"inStadiaarabica,1(1937),15-19,whichconteststheauthenticityoftheaccount;B.
Hemmerdinger.
"HunainibnIshāqetPiconoclasmebyzantin.
"inActesduXIIeCongrèsinternationaldesEtudesbyzantines,II(Belgrade.
1964),467-469,inwhichtheauthoracceptsLecierc'sviewthatHunaynwasinfluencedbytheiconoclasticmovementduringhispresumedstayinByzantium;andG.
Sirohmaier,"HunainibnIshāqunddieBilder,"inKite43-45(1965).
525-533.
7.
SeelAuI.
184-200.
8.
G.
Fürlani,"HunaynibnIshāq,"in.
6(1924),287-2929.
Flhrisi.
G.
Hugel.
Ed.
,I(Leipzig.
1871),294ff.
10.
Turlkhul-hukamāJ.
Lippert,ed.
,I(Leipzig.
1903),171ff.
11.
LuftiM.
Sadi,"ABiohibliographicalStudyofHunaynibnIshāqal-lbadi…,"inBulletinoftheInstituteoftheHistoryofMedicine.
2(1934),409-446,whichdrawsontheArabsourcesandonthelistmadebyLucienLeclerc,Histoirctielamédecinearabe145-152.
12.
Comparetheed.
andGermantrans,ofthisrisalabyG.
Bergsirsser,"HunainibnIshāqüberdiesyrischenundarabischenGalenübersetzungen.
"whichisAhhandlungenfürdieKtindedesMorgenlandes,17,no.
2(1925);his"NeueMaterialenzuHunainibnIshāqGalen-biblio-graphie.
"ibid.
,19,no.
2(1932),alsocontainsbiographicaldetailsandinformationonhisworkingmethods.
13.
Fordetailsconcerningtheseworks,seeM.
Steinschneider,"Diearabischenbersetzungenausdemgriechischen,"inZeitschriftderDeutschenmorgenlndischenGesellschaft,50(1896),alsoreprinted(Graz,1960).
390(index);G.
Bergstrsser.
HunainibnIshak:undseineSchule(Leiden,1913):F.
Peters.
AristotelesArahus(Leiden,1968);andAbdurrahmānBadawi,Latransmissiondelaphilosophicurecqueauniondearabe.
tudesdePhilosophicMédiévale.
no.
56(Paris.
1968).
14.
SeeIAU,I.
191-197.
15.
Onthisbook,seeM.
Grignaschi,"La'physiognomonie'tradutteparHunaynibnIshāq.
"inArahua.
21.
fuse.
3(1974).
287-291.
16.
T.
Fahdted.
(Damascus.
1964).
17.
SeeR.
Walzer,"Djāiānūs.
"inEncyclopediaofIslam,newed.
,II(Leiden,1965).
402-403.
18.
SeeA.
F.
Mehren,inMuséon,4(1885).
38ft.
,andC.
A.
Nallino,"Filosofia'orientale'od'illummativa'd'Avicenna"inRivistadtglistudioriental,10(1923-1925),465.
19.
SeeL.
Cheikho,Trotstraitésanciens(Beirut,1923),n.
59.
20.
SeeL.
Cheikho,al-Mashnq,II(Beirut,1899),373.
21.
SeeJ.
Ruska,UntersuchunenuberdasSteinhuchdesAristoteles(Heidelberg,1911).
22.
ThisletterwaseditedbyP.
Cheikho.
inal-Mashriq,II.
1105-1115.
23.
Thisworkhasbeeneditedwithatrans,andnotesbyHansDaiber,asEinKompendiumderAristotelischenMeteoro-hileinderFassumdesHunainibnIshāq(Oxford,1975).
24.
SeeIAU,199.
25.
SeeL.
Cheikho,"UntraitéinéditdeHonein,"inOrienta-lischeStudienTheodorSoldekezumsitbzigsteinGeburt-stay(2.
Mrz:1906)xewidmet,CarlBezold,ed.
(Gicssen.
1906),withArabictextandFrenchtrans.
ThetextwasreproducedinCheikho.
Seizetraités,2nded.
(Beirut,1911),121-123;andVingttraitésthéologiques,2nded.
(Beirut.
1920),143-146.
ForotherMSSofthetext,seeG.
Graf,Geschichiederchristliclharabischent.
iteratur,11,123-124.
OnHunayn'sreligiousattitude,seetworecentstudies;R,Hāddād,"Hunaynb.
Ishāq.
apologistechrétien.
"inArabka.
21(1974),292-302;andP.
Nwyia,"ActualitéduconceptdereligionchezHunaynIbnIshāq"ibid.
,313-317.
26.
Onthispoint,seeKitābal-tanbīh,MichaelJandeGoeje,ed.
(Leiden,1894),112.
27.
AbrahamLoewenthal,Sefermūsrēhapīlōsōfim(Frankfürt,1896),alsoinGermantrans.
(Berlin,1896).
28.
K.
Merkie,DieSittenspriichederPhilosopher,"Kitāhādādal-fātdsifa"vonHoneinibnIshāqinderberar-beitungdesMuhammedibnAlial-Ansdri(Leipzig,1921).
29.
SeeG.
Strohmaier,"ZueinemvveiberfeindlichenDiogenes-spruchausHerculaneum,"inHermes95(1967),253-255.
30.
Onthisbook,seeHartwigDerenbourg.
"Leatraducteursarabesd'auieursgrecsetTauteurmusulmandesAphorismesdesphilosophes,"inMélangesHenriWell(Paris,1898).
117-124;M.
Plessner.
"AnalectatoHunainibnIshāq'ApopthegmsofthePhilosophers'andlisHebrewTranslation,"inTarbīz,24(1954-1955),60-72.
withsummaryinEnglish,viff.
;J.
Kraemer.
'ArabischeHomerverse.
"inZeitschriftderDeutschenmorgenlndischenGesellschaft,106(1956),292-302;andA.
Spitaler.
"DiearabischeFassungdesTrost-briefsAlexandersanseineMutter,"inStudiuricntalisticiinonorediGiorgioLevidellaVida,11(Rome.
1956).
497ff.
31.
SeeA.
Baumstark,GeschichtedersyrischenLiteratur(Bonn,1922),227-230.
OnthepossibilityofattributingcertainofthefragmentstoHunayn,seeG.
Furlani.
"Brueh-stuckeeinersyrischenParaphraseder'Klemente'desEukleides,"inZeitschriftfürSemistik,3(1924),28:andJ.
Schleifer,"ZumsyrischenMedizinbuch.
II.
Derthera-peutischeTeil,"inRivistadeglistudiorientali.
18(1940),341-372.
TwomorerecentstudiesareA.
Vbus.
"DiscoveryofNewSyriacManuscriptsonHunain,"inEphrem-HunaynFestival(Baghdad.
1974),525-528;andW.
F.
Macomber,"TheLiteraryActivityofHunaynb.
IshāqinSyriac,"ibid.
.
554-570.
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"inByzantion3(1926).
35-51:andG.
Sarton,IntroductiontotheHistoryofScience,I(Baltimore,1927;repr.
1950),611-613.
AlongbiographyofHunaynandananalysisofhisworkingmethodsareintheintro.
toM.
Meyerhof.
TheBookoftheTenIrealisesontheEyeAscribedtoHunainibnIs—haq(Cairo,1928).
SeealsoC.
Brockelmann,GeschichtederarabisehenLiteratur,I(Leiden.
1943)-224-227,andsupp.
I(Leiden.
1937).
366-369;F.
Rosenthal'sreviewofR.
Walzer.
ed.
,GalenonMedicalExperience,inIsis,36(1945-1946).
253AT.
;andTheTechniqueandApproachofMuslimScholarship(Rome.
1947).
passim;andG.
Graf.
Geschichtederchrisilich—arabisehenLiteratur,II(VaticanCity,1947),122-129,whichanalyzesparticularlythephilosophicalandtheologicalworks.
ThemostrecentworksareG.
Strohmaier,"Hunainb.
IshakalāIbādī"inEncyclopediaofIslam,newed.
III.
578-581;Arabica.
21,fasc.
3(1974),229-330.
aspecialissuethatcontainstenarticlespreparedforthecolloquiumonHunaynheldatParisduringthe29thInternationalCongrèssofOrientalistsinJuly1973:YūsufHabbī,Hunaynb.
Ishāq(Baghdad,1974).
inArabic;andEphrem—HunaynFestival(Baghdad.
1974);ActesoftheCongrèss,whichincludessixteenarticlesonHunayn:fourareinEnglish(thosebyA.
Vhus.
G.
Strohmaier.
W.
F.
Macomber.
andD.
M,Dunlop).
andtherestinArabic.
G.
C.
Anawati