Siliconoutlook2003

AppendicesEnergySavingsAccordingtotheGreekDepartmentofEnergy,22%ofelectricityusedintheGreecepowerslighting.
Inaworldwithsoaringenergypricesbasedontheavailabilityandcontroloffossilfuels,andwithgrowingconcernaboutsustainabilityoftheenvironment,arevolutioninlightingislongoverdue.
Lightingusesmoreenergythancoolinginthebuilding'ssector.
Thisemphasizestheimportanceofbreakthroughlightingtechnologies.
AccordingtotheEuropeanDepartmentofEnergy,inthenext20years,theapplicationofLEDlightingintheEuropeanUnionwillchangethefollowings:Reduceelectricitydemandsfromlightingby62%Eliminate258millionmetrictonsofcarbonemissionsAvoidbuilding133newpowerplantsAnticipatenancialsavingsthatcouldexceed115billioneuroManyindoorapplications,especiallyresidentialandhospitalitysettingsrequirea''warm''whitelight,insteadofthecoolorbluewhitelighthistoricallyassociatedwithuorescentlightsandwithmanyLEDs.
RecentadvancesinLEDtechnologyhavemadepossiblehigh-efciency,high-brightnessLEDsthatareavailableinafullrangeofwarmandneutralwhitecolors.
Theseadvancescanallowlightingsolutionsproviderstobringnewproductstomarket,helpingmeetconsumers'demandsforsoft,warm-whitelightinindoorapplications.
ThelongservicelifeandefciencyofLEDlightingdeliverssignicantbenetsforindoorapplications,especiallythosecurrentlyusingincandescentbulbs.
Current-generationLEDsdeliverapproximatelyvetimestheefciencyofmanyincandescentbulbs,andeffectivelightxturedesigncanimprovethesegainsevenfurther.
SinceLEDsgeneratelessheatthanmostlightsources,andsincetheheatgeneratedisnotradiatedintotheworkorlivingspaceasitiswithlightbulbs,127LEDscanalsoreducetheloadonairconditioningsystemsandhencereducetheelectricityusedtocoolthearea.
IndustrialLightingIndustrialLightingrepresentsanattractiveapplicationforLEDlightingduetoseveralfactors:Largenumberofindustriallights.
Highmaintenancecostsduetoheightandlocation.
Growingcommunitypressuretoimplement;''fullcut-off''solutionstominimizeglareandlightpollution.
Desireforwhitelight.
LEDIndustrialLightingisnowavailablefromavarietyofvendorsandoffermanyadvantagesovertraditionalIndustrialLightingtechnologies.
Longlifetimesandhighlyreliableservice,greatlyreducingmaintenancecosts.
Highlyefcientlightsourcepotentiallyreducingelectricityconsumptionbyupto50%ormore.
Whitelightavailableincolortemperaturesfrom''warm''to''cool''withhighCRIprovidinghigh-qualitywhitelight.
128AppendicesQuestionnaireQUESTIONNAIREABOUTENERGYPOLICYANDPVSYSTEMININDUSTRIESGeneralelementsA.
NameofEnterprise:Address:Telephone:Fax:E-mail:LegalForm:V.
FullnameofAuthorofQuestionnaire:Attribute/Place:G.
SectorsofActivityofEnterprise:(Youcanyoumarkmorefromoneanswers.
)1.
OfferofServices2.
Sales3.
Service4.
Production5.
Education6.
OtheractivityNumberofemployees:Youreportedthepreciseactivityofyourenterprise:Appendices129Savingofenergy1.
Doyouconsiderimportantthesubjectsofsavingenergy1priority2priorityafter3priorityafterbeforeLowpriority2.
Ifyes,forwhatreasondoyouthinksoClimatechangePollutionEconomyMarketingQualityoflife3.
Doyouconsiderthatyouwillhaveeconomybenefitsapplyingenergymanagement;YESNO4.
DoyouapplyanenergymanagementprogrammeinyourindustryYESNO5.
Doesfuel'sconsumptionisthefirstpriorityforyourindustryYESNO6.
WhichmethodsdoyouapplytomakebettertheenergyefficiencyinyourindustrySavingenergyfrombuilding'smaterial(insulation,doublecrystal,etc)ReplacementlampswithhighpowerledInstallationofrooffansInstallationofsolarthermalenergysystemInstallationofphotovoltaicsystemWindenergyGeothermalenergyAutomaticenergymanagementsystemOther…130Appendices7.
WhatkindoflamphasbeenusedConventionallampEnergysavinglampLedHighPowerLed8.
WhichparametersaremostimportantforenergysavingTechnicalparametersTaxfreeparametersSubsidyEconomicalparametersOther9.
DoyouknowtheimprovementpossibilitiesofenergysavingforyourindustryYESNO10.
Haveyouenergymanager;YESNO11.
AreyouusedtoinformyouremployersaboutenergysavingYESNO12.
WhenyoubuynewequipmentdoyougivethemainimportanttoenergyconsumptionYESNO13.
DoyouspendanyamountfromannualbudgetforenergysavingYESNO14.
IsyourindustrycertifiedforEcoManagementAuditSchemeYESNOAppendices131PVSYSTEM1.
HaveyouinstallanyPVSystematyourindustry2.
Ifyes,pleasedescribetheinstallation3.
YearofPVSysteminstallation16.
WhatisyourindustryenergyconsumptiontokWh17.
Whatkindofannualbudgetdoyouspendforenergybills18.
HaveyouanyenergyconsultantYESNOYESNO4.
PowerofPVSystem5.
Costofinstallation15.
IsyourindustrycertifiedforISO-14001YESNO132Appendices8.
Amountofenergysaving9.
ConsumptionbeforetheinstallationofthePVSystem10.
ConsumptionaftertheinstallationofthePVSystem11.
Timeofpay-back12.
ProfitsforyourcompanyfromtheinstallationofthePVSystem6.
Maintenanceannualcost7.
TypeofthePVSystemAppendices133RoofTypesTheGableroofisoneofthemostpopularchoiceswhendecidingastyleofroofforyourhome.
Ithastworoofsurfacesofthesamesize,thatarepitchedatthesameanglebacktoback,makingaridgeatthetopandformingatriangularroof.
Itssimpledesignmakesitcheapandeasytobuild.
Iteffectivelyshedswater,allowsforgoodventilation,andtypicallyprovidesthemostceilingspace.
TheGableroofisnotidealforhighwindareaslikethehiproofandisthemostlikelyofrooftypestosufferdamage,usuallywiththeendwallcollapsingduetoitnotbeingproperlybraced.
134AppendicesCommonVariationsofGableRoofs:Frontgableroof:Thegableendisplacedatthefront(entrance)ofthehouse.
OftenusedforCapeCodandColonialstylehouses.
Sidegableroof:Oneofthemostcommonroongstylesbecauseofitseconomy.
Crossgabledroof:Simplytwogableroofsectionsputtogetheratarightangle.
Thetworidgesformedbythesegableroofsaretypicallyperpendiculartoeachother.
Lengths,pitches,andheightsmayormaynotdeferfromeachother.
OftenusedforTudorandCapeCodstylehouses.
Dutchgable:Ahybridtypeofgableandhiproofwhereafullorpartialgableislocatedattheendofaridgeofferingmoreinternalroofspaceand/orincreasedaestheticappeal.
TheMansardroofgetsitsnamefromarchitectFrancoisMansartwhopopularizeditinthe1600sinFrance.
Amansardroofhastwodistinctlydifferentslopesoneachside.
Thelowerportionoftheroofhasaverysteeppitchoftenwithdormersattached,whiletheupperportionhasalowslope,justenoughforwaterrunofftooccur.
Typicallyspeakingthelowslopeportionoftheroofcannotbeseenfromground.
Mansardroofsoffersomuchatticspaceitisoftenusedasanextrastoryforthehousewiththeadditionalspaceknownas''thegarret''.
Thistypeofroofisnotrecommendedforareasthathaveagreatdealofsnowfall.
Heavysnowbuildupcouldoccuronthelowslopeportionoftheroofplacingundostrainonthebracing.
BuildingswithMansardroofs(sometimesreferredtoasSecondEmpire)enjoyedapopularityinNorthAmericainthemidtolate1800sasapartofVictorianstylearchitecture.
Averycommonrooftypethehiproof(orhippedroof)doesnothaveatsideslikethegableroofinsteadallsidesoftheroofslopedowntomeetthewallsofthehouse.
Buildingahiproofismoreinvolvedthanagableroofbutbuildingthewallsforsuchahouseisactuallyeasierastheyareallthesameheight.
Appendices135Hiproofsareverygoodforhomesinhighwindorhurricaneareasastheyofferbetterinternalbracingandarelesslikelytobepeeledfromthehouseasagableend.
Giventheroofisatauniformheightgutterscanbeeasilyattachedaroundtheentirehouse.
Also,theroofprotectsmoreofthehousefromelementssuchassun,windandrainwhichovertimecanrequireincreasedmaintenanceforthestructure.
Hiproofsofferlessinternalroofspacemakingaccessformaintenancemoredifcultandofferinglesspotentialstoragespace.
Crosshipped(andmorecomplexhiproofs)needtohavetheirvalleyskeptfreefromdebrissothatmoistureanddirtdon'tcauseafailureofthevalleyashing.
CommonVariationsofHipRoofs:Simplehiproof:Themostcommonhiproofhasaridgeoveraportiontheroofcreatingtwopolygonsidesandtwotrianglesidesoftheroof.
Pyramidhiproof:Fourequaltriangularsidesmeetatasinglepointatthetopoftheroof.
Crosshippedroof:Similartoputtingtwohippedroofbuildingstogether.
Wherethetworoofsectionsmeetformsaseamcalledavalley.
Halfhippedroof:Astandardhiproofthathashadtwosidesshortenedtocreateeaves.
Dutchgable:Ahybridtypeofgableandhiproofwhereafullorpartialgableislocatedattheendofaridgeofferingmoreinternalroofspaceand/orincreasedaestheticappeal.
Mostsimilartoagableroof,thesaltboxstylerosefromaneedtocreatemorespaceforcrampedcolonialhouses.
EarlyAmericanslookingforanefcientwaytoaddspacetoahomesoonrealizedthataddingaonestorylean-to(orshedroof)tothebackofaoneandahalfortwostoryhousesavedmaterialsandcost.
Theearliestexamplesofsaltboxhouseswillsometimesshowevidenceoftheadditionbyhavingasecond''lean-tochimney/replace''orbychangingtheroofline(slope)ontheadditiontoallowenoughheightforauseableceiling.
Eventually,136Appendicestheadditionbecamesocommonplacethelean-towassimplyaddedintotheoriginaldesignofthehouse.
SaltboxhouseswereavariationoftheearlyColonialorCapeCodstyleandwereparticularlypopularduringthelate1600sandintotheearly1800s.
Thenamesaltboxwastakenfromthebuilding'ssimilarityinshapetowoodenliddedboxescommonlyusedtoholdsaltatthetime.
JohnQuincyAdams,thesixthPresidentoftheUnitedStateswasborninasaltboxhousethatremainsstandingtothisday.
TheGambrelroof,likethemansardroof,hastwodistinctlydifferentslopesoneachofitstwosymmetricalsides.
Thebottomslopehasasteeppitch,sometimesnearlyverticalwhilethetopslopeislower.
Butunlikethemansardroof,thegambrelroofonlyutilizesthismethodontwosidesofthestructureratherthanfour.
Thegambrelisoftenreferredtoasabarnroof;inthatitiscommonlyseenonmanyhaybarnsfortheamplespaceitprovidesforstorage.
Smallstructuraladditionscalleddormersmayalsobeseenongambrelroofsastoprovidemoreheadspaceorextralighting.
Thisallowsfortheextraspacefoundingambrelroofstobeusedmoreeffectively.
YoucanndgambrelroofsonalotofDutchColonialarchitecturefromthe1700sandintothe1800s.
Thenamederivesfromgamba,aLatinwordmeaningthelegorhoofofananimal.
Flatroofsusuallyhaveatleastaslightslopetoassistinthesheddingofwaterthustheyarealsoreferredtoas''lowsloperoofs''.
Flatroofsaretypicallyamoreeconomicalrooftobuildgiventhatitrequireslessmaterial.
Whilebeingcheapertoinitiallybuildaatroofwillrequirere-roongmoreoftenwithmanymaterialslasting10–20yearsversus25–50yearsformanypitchedroofmaterials.
Flatroofsaresusceptibletofailureifpooledwaterisleftforlongperiodsoftime.
Mostrecentatroofsarecoveredbyacontinuousmembranetohelppreventsuchwaterpooling.
Still,atroofsarenotanidealchoiceforareasthatgetalotofrainand/orsnow.
Themostcommonatroofmaterialsare:RollRoongBuilt-uproof/TarandGravelModiedBitumenRubberMembraneMetalSheetsGreenRoofsFlatroofshavetraditionallybeenverypopularindryclimatesincludingtheSouthwesternportionoftheUnitedStates.
Bonnet,oneoftheleastcommonroofs,couldbeconsideredamodiedhiproofstyle.
UsuallyfoundinFrenchVernaculararchitecturebonnetroofshavetwoslopesonallfoursidesofastructure.
Itisessentiallytheoppositeamansardroofinthatitsupperslopeissteeperthanthebottomslope.
ThebottomslopeoftenAppendices137hangsoverthehousetocoveranopensidedporchandprovideshelterfromthesunorrain.
Bonnetroofsaresometimesreferredtoas''kickedeaves''roof.
Kickedeavesareconsidereda''roofenhancement''creatingavisoreffecttothehouse.
Ashedroof(oftencalledalean-to)istypicallyasinglerooffacethatslopesdowntheentiretyofthestructureorstructureaddition.
Itisagenerallythecheapestandeasiestrooftobuild.
Thisrooftypeisassociatedwithhomeadditions,sheds,andporches.
Porchesmayhaveopensides,whereashomeadditionsandshedswillusuallybefullyenclosed.
Whenusedasanadditiontoastructure,theroofwilltypicallybeattachedtothebuildingwallonthehighsideasaleanto.
Shedsmayalsobeattachedtothehouse,ormaystandalone,andarenormallyusedasaworkshop,orforstorage.
AshedroofadditioncoupledwithaCapeCodstyledhousewasusedtocreatethesaltboxroofduringColonialAmerica.
138AppendicesGlossaryAAbsorptionCoefcientThefactorbywhichphotonsareabsorbedastheytravelaunitdistancethroughamaterial.
ActivatedShelfLifeTheperiodoftime,ataspeciedtemperature,thatachargedbatterycanbestoredbeforeitscapacityfallstoanunusablelevel.
AICAmperageinterruptscapability.
DCfusesshouldberatedwithasufcientAICtointerruptthehighestpossiblecurrent.
AlternatingCurrentElectriccurrentinwhichthedirectionofowisreversedatfrequentintervals.
AMAirmass;Theratioofthemassofatmosphereintheactualobserver-sunpathtothemassthatwouldexistiftheobserverwasatsealevel,atstandardbarometricpressure,andthesunwasdirectlyoverhead.
AM0correspondstothesolarspectruminouterspace,andthereferencespectrumforSTCwasdenedtobeAM1.
5.
AirMassApproximatelyequaltothesecantofthezenithangle—thatanglefromdirectlyoverheadtoalineintersectingthesun.
Theairmassisanindicationofthelengthofthepathsolarradiationtravelsthroughtheatmosphere.
Anairmassof1.
0meansthesunisdirectlyoverheadandtheradiationtravelsthroughoneatmosphere(thickness).
AlternatingCurrent(AC)Anelectriccurrentthatreversesdirectionperiodically.
AmbientTemperatureThetemperatureofthesurroundingarea.
AmorphousSemiconductorAnon-crystallinesemiconductormaterialthathasnolong-rangeorder.
139AmorphousSiliconAthin-lmPVsiliconcellhavingnocrystallinestructure.
Manufacturedbydepositinglayersofdopedsilicononasubstrate.
Ampere()Unitofelectriccurrent.
Therateofowofelectronsinaconductorequalto1C/s.
Ampere-Hour(Ah)Thequantityofelectricalenergyequaltotheowofcurrentof1for1h.
Thetermisusedtoquantifytheenergystoredinabattery.
AngleofIncidenceTheanglethatalightraystrikingasurfacemakeswithalineperpendiculartothesurface.
AnodeThepositiveelectrodeinanelectrochemicalcell(battery).
Also,theearthgroundinacathodicprotectionsystem.
Also,thepositiveterminalofadiode.
AntireectionCoatingAthincoatingofamaterial,whichreducesthelightreectionandincreaseslighttransmission,appliedtoaphotovoltaiccellsurface.
ArrayAcollectionofelectricallyconnectedphotovoltaic(PV)modules.
ArrayCurrentTheelectricalcurrentproducedbyaPVarraywhenitisexposedtosunlight.
ArrayOperatingVoltageThevoltageproducedbyaPVarraywhenexposedtosunlightandconnectedtoaload.
AvailabilityThequalityorconditionofaPVsystembeingavailabletoprovidepowertoaload.
Usuallymeasuredinhoursperyear.
Oneminusavailabilityequalsdowntime.
AzimuthHorizontalanglemeasuredclockwisefromtruenorth;180°istruesouth.
BBaseLoadTheaverageamountofelectricpowerthatautilitymustsupplyinanyperiod.
BatteryAdevicethatconvertsthechemicalenergycontainedinitsactivematerialsdirectlyintoelectricalenergybymeansofanelectrochemicaloxi-dation–reduction(redox)reaction.
BatteryCapacityThetotalnumberofampere-hoursthatcanbewithdrawnfromafullychargedbattery.
BatteryCellThesmallestunitorsectionofabatterythatcanstoreelectricalenergyandiscapableoffurnishingacurrenttoanexternalload.
Forlead-acidbatteriesthevoltageofacell(fullycharged)isabout2.
2VDC.
140GlossaryBatteryCycleLifeThenumberoftimesabatterycanbedischargedandrechargedbeforefailing.
BatterymanufacturersspecifyCycleLifeasafunctionofdischargerateandtemperature.
BatterySelf-DischargeLossofenergybyabatterythatisnotunderload.
BatteryStateofCharge(SOC)Percentageoffullchargeor100percentminusthedepthofdischarge.
SeeDepthofDischarge.
BatteryTerminologyCaptiveElectrolyteBatteryAbatteryhavinganimmobilizedelectrolyte(gelledorabsorbedinamaterial).
Deep-CycleBatteryAbatterywithlargeplatesthatcanwithstandmanydis-chargestoalowSOC.
Lead-AcidBatteryAgeneralcategorythatincludesbatterieswithplatesmadeofpurelead,lead–antimony,orlead–calciumimmersedinanacidelectrolyte.
LiquidElectrolyteBatteryAbatterycontainingaliquidsolutionofacidandwater.
Distilledwatermaybeaddedtothesebatteriestoreplenishtheelec-trolyteasnecessary.
Alsocalledaoodedbatterybecausetheplatesarecov-eredwiththeelectrolyte.
NickelCadmiumBatteryAbatterycontainingnickelandcadmiumplatesandanalkalineelectrolyte.
SealedBatteryAbatterywithacaptiveelectrolyteandaresealingventcap,alsocalledavalve-regulatedbattery.
Electrolytecannotbeadded.
Shallow-CycleBatteryAbatterywithsmallplatesthatcannotwithstandmanydischargestoalowSOC.
BIPVBuildingIntegratedPhotovoltaicAtermforthedesignandintegrationofPVintothebuildingenvelope,typicallyreplacingconventionalbuildingmaterials.
Thisintegrationmaybeinverticalfacades,replacingviewglass,spandrelglass,orotherfacadematerial;intosemitransparentskylightsystems;intoroongsystems,intoshading''eyebrows''overwindows;orotherbuildingenvelopesystems.
BlockingDiodeAdiodeusedtorestrictorblockreversecurrentfromowingbackwardthroughamodule.
Alternatively,diodeconnectedinseriestoaPVstring;itprotectsitsmodulesfromareversepowerowand,thus,againsttheriskofthermaldestructionofsolarcells.
Adiodeusedtopreventundesiredcurrentow.
InaPVarraythediodeisusedtopreventcurrentowtowardsaGlossary141failedmoduleorfromthebatterytothePVarrayduringperiodsofdarknessorlowcurrentproduction.
BypassDiodeAdiodeconnectedacrossoneormoresolarcellsinaphotovoltaicmodulesuchthatthediodewillconductifthecell(s)becomereversebiased.
Alternatively,diodeconnectedanti-parallelacrossapartofthesolarcellsofaPVmodule.
Itprotectsthesesolarcellsfromthermaldestructionincaseoftotalorpartialshadingofindividualsolarcellswhileothercellsareexposedtofulllight.
BritishThermalUnit(Btu)Thequantityofheatrequiredtoraisethetempera-tureof1poundofwater1degreeFahrenheit.
1kw/m2317BTU/ft2hour.
CCadmiumTelluride(CdTe)Apolycrystallinethin-lmphotovoltaicmaterial.
CapacityThetotalnumberofampere-hoursthatcanbewithdrawnfromafullychargedbatteryataspecieddischargerateandtemperature.
CathodeThenegativeelectrodeinanelectrochemicalcell.
Also,thenegativeterminalofadiode.
CathodicProtectionAmethodofpreventingoxidation(rusting)ofexposedmetalstructures,suchasbridgesandpipelines,byimposingbetweenthestructureandthegroundasmallelectricalvoltagethatopposestheowofelectronsandthatisgreaterthanthevoltagepresentduringoxidation.
ChargeTheprocessofaddingelectricalenergytoabattery.
ChargeControllerAdevicethatcontrolsthechargingrateand/orstateofchargeforbatteries.
ChargeControllerTerminologyActivationVoltage(s)Thevoltage(s)atwhichthecontrollerwilltakeactiontoprotectthebatteries.
AdjustableSetPointAfeatureallowingtheusertoadjustthevoltagelevelsatwhichthecontrollerwillbecomeactive.
HighVoltageDisconnectThevoltageatwhichthechargecontrollerwilldis-connectthearrayfromthebatteriestopreventovercharging.
HighVoltageDisconnectHysteresisThevoltagedifferencebetweenthehighvoltagedisconnectsetpointandthevoltageatwhichthefullPVarraycurrentwillbereapplied.
142GlossaryLowVoltageDisconnectThevoltageatwhichthechargecontrollerwilldis-connecttheloadfromthebatteriestopreventover-discharging.
LowVoltageDisconnectHysteresisThevoltagedifferencebetweenthelowvoltagedisconnectsetpointandthevoltageatwhichtheloadwillbereconnected.
LowVoltageWarningAwarningbuzzerorlightthatindicatesthelowbatteryvoltagesetpointhasbeenreached.
MaximumPowerTrackingorPeakPowerTrackingOperatingthearrayatthepeakpowerpointofthearray'sI-Vcurvewheremaximumpowerisobtained.
Multi-stageControllerUnitthatallowsdifferentchargingcurrentsasthebatterynearsfullSOC.
ReverseCurrentProtectionAnymethodofpreventingunwantedcurrentowfromthebatterytothePVarray(usuallyatnight).
SeeBlockingDiode.
SeriesControllerAcontrollerthatinterruptsthechargingcurrentbyopen-cir-cuitingthePVarray.
ThecontrolelementisinserieswiththePVarrayandbattery.
ShuntControllerAcontrollerthatredirectsorshuntsthechargingcurrentawayfromthebattery.
Thecontrollerrequiresalargeheatsinktodissipatethecurrentfromtheshort-circuitedPVarray.
Mostshuntcontrollersareforsmallersystemsproducing30orless.
Single-StageControllerAunitthatredirectsallchargingcurrentasthebatterynearsfullSOC.
TareLossLosscausedbythecontroller.
Oneminustareloss,expressedasapercentage,isequaltothecontrollerefciency.
TemperatureCompensationAcircuitthatadjuststhechargecontrolleractiva-tionpointsdependingonbatterytemperature.
Thisfeatureisrecommendedifthebatterytemperatureisexpectedtovarymorethan±5°Cfromambienttemperature.
Thetemperaturecoefcientforleadacidbatteriesistypically-3to-5mV/°Cpercell.
ChargeFactorAnumberrepresentingthetimeinhoursduringwhichabatterycanbechargedataconstantcurrentwithoutdamagetothebattery.
Usuallyexpressedinrelationtothetotalbatterycapacity,i.
e.
,C/5indicatesachargefactorof5h.
RelatedtoChargeRate.
ChargeRateThecurrentusedtorechargeabattery.
Normallyexpressedasapercentageoftotalbatterycapacity.
Forinstance,C/5indicatesachargingcurrentequaltoone-fthofthebattery'scapacity.
Glossary143ChemicalVapourDepositionAmethodofdepositingthinsemiconductorlms.
Withthismethod,asubstrateisexposedtooneormorevaporizedcompounds,oneormoreofwhichcontaindesirableconstituents.
Achemicalreactionisinitiated,atornearthesubstratesurface,toproducethedesiredmaterialthatwillcondenseonthesubstrate.
CISCopper-Indium-Diselelide.
CloudEnhancementTheincreaseinsolarintensitycausedbyreectedirradi-ancefromnearbyclouds.
ConcentratorAphotovoltaicmodulethatusesopticalelementstoincreasetheamountofsunlightincidentonaPVcell.
ConversionEfciencyTheratiooftheelectricalenergyproducedbyaphoto-voltaiccelltothesolarenergyimpingingonthecell.
ConverterAunitthatconvertsaDCvoltagetoanotherDCvoltage.
CrystallineSiliconAtypeofPVcellmadefromasinglecrystalorpolycrys-tallinesliceofsilicon.
Current(Amperes,Amps,)Theowofelectricchargeinaconductorbetweentwopointshavingadifferenceinpotential(voltage).
CutoffVoltageThevoltagelevels(activation)atwhichthechargecontrollerdisconnectsthearrayfromthebatteryortheloadfromthebattery.
CycleThedischargeandsubsequentchargeofabattery.
CzochralskiProcessAmethodofgrowinglargesize,highqualitysemicon-ductorcrystalbyslowlyliftingaseedcrystalfromamoltenbathofthematerialundercarefulcoolingconditions.
DDaysofStorageThenumberofconsecutivedaysthestand-alonesystemwillmeetadenedloadwithoutsolarenergyinput.
Thistermisrelatedtosystemavailability.
DCtoDCConverterElectroniccircuittoconvertDCvoltages(e.
g.
,PVmodulevoltage)intootherlevels(e.
g.
,loadvoltage).
Canbepartofamaximumpowerpointtracker(MPPT).
DeepCycleTypeofbatterythatcanbedischargedtoalargefractionofcapacitymanytimeswithoutdamagingthebattery.
DesignMonthThemonthhavingthecombinationofinsolationandloadthatrequiresthemaximumenergyfromthearray.
144GlossaryDepthofDischarge(DOD)Thepercentoftheratedbatterycapacitythathasbeenwithdrawn.
DiffuseRadiationRadiationreceivedfromthesunafterreectionandscatteringbytheatmosphereandground.
DiodeElectroniccomponentthatallowscurrentowinonedirectiononly.
DirectBeamRadiationRadiationreceivedbydirectsolarrays.
Measuredbyapyrheliometerwithasolarapertureof5.
7°totranscribethesolardisc.
DirectCurrentElectriccurrentowinginonlyonedirection.
DischargeThewithdrawalofelectricalenergyfromabattery.
DischargeFactorAnumberequivalenttothetimeinhoursduringwhichabatteryisdischargedatconstantcurrentusuallyexpressedasapercentageofthetotalbatterycapacity,i.
e.
,C/5indicatesadischargefactorof5h.
RelatedtoDischargeRate.
DischargeRateThecurrentthatiswithdrawnfromabatteryovertime.
Expressedasapercentageofbatterycapacity.
Forinstance,aC/5dischargerateindicatesacurrentequaltoone-fthoftheratedcapacityofthebattery.
DisconnectSwitchgearusedtoconnectordisconnectcomponentsinaPVsystem.
DowntimeTimewhenthePVsystemcannotprovidepowerfortheload.
Usuallyexpressedinhoursperyearorthatpercentage.
DryCellAcell(battery)withacaptiveelectrolyte.
Aprimarybatterythatcannotberecharged.
DutyCycleTheratioofactivetimetototaltime.
UsedtodescribetheoperatingregimeofappliancesorloadsinPVsystems.
DutyRatingTheamountoftimeaninverter(powerconditioningunit)canproduceatfullratedpower.
DVMdigitalVolt-meter.
EEfciencyTheratioofoutputpower(orenergy)toinputpower(orenergy).
Expressedinpercent.
EFGEdgedendeFilmGrowth,Amethodformakingsheetsofpolycrystallinesiliconinwhichmoltensiliconisdrawnupwardbycapillaryactionthroughamold.
Glossary145146GlossaryElectrolyteThemediumthatprovidestheiontransportmechanismbetweenthepositiveandnegativeelectrodesofabattery.
ElectricCurrentAowofelectrons;electricity.
ElectricalGridAnintegratedsystemofelectricitydistribution,usuallycoveringalargearea.
ElectronVoltAnenergyunitequaltotheenergyanelectronacquireswhenitpassesthroughapotentialdifferenceofonevolt;itisequalto1.
602910-19V.
EnergyDensityTheratiooftheenergyavailablefromabatterytoitsvolume(wh/m3)orweight(wh/kg).
EqualisationChargeTheprocessofmixingtheelectrolyteinbatteriesbyperiodicallyoverchargingthebatteriesforashorttime.
EVAEthylene-Vinile-AcetateFoil,itwillbeusedbymoduleproductionforcoveringthecells.
FFillFactor(FF)ForanI–Vcurve,theratioofthemaximumpowertotheproductoftheopen–circuitvoltageandtheshort–circuitcurrent.
Fillfactorisameasureofthe''squareness''oftheI–Vcurve.
FixedTildArrayAPVarraysetinataxedanglewithrespecttohorizontal.
Flat-PlateArrayAPVarraythatconsistsofnon-concentratingPVmodules.
FloatChargeAchargecurrenttoabatterythatisequaltoorslightlygreaterthantheselfdischargerate.
FrequencyThenumberofrepetitionsperunittimeofacompletewaveform,expressedinHertz(Hz).
GGassingGasby-products,primarilyhydrogen,producedwhenchargingabattery.
Also,termedout-gassing.
GalliumArsenide(GaAs)Acrystalline,high-efciencysemiconductor/photo-voltaicmaterial.
GelTypeBatteryLead-acidbatteryinwhichtheelectrolyteiscomposedofasilicagelmatrix.
GridTermusedtodescribeanelectricalutilitydistributionnetwork.
GridConnectedPVSystemAPVsysteminwhichthePVarrayactslikeacentralgeneratingplant,supplyingpowertothegrid.
HHybridSystemAPVsystemthatincludesothersourcesofelectricitygenera-tion,suchaswindordieselgenerators.
II-UCharacteristicsTheplotofthecurrentversusvoltagecharacteristicsofaphotovoltaiccell,module,orarray.
ThreeimportantpointsontheI-Vcurvearetheopen-circuitvoltage,short-circuitcurrent,andpeakpoweroperatingpoint.
IncidentLightLightthatshinesontothefaceofasolarcellormodule.
IrradiationThesolarradiationincidentonanareaovertime.
Equivalenttoenergyandusuallyexpressedinkilowatt-hourspersquaremeter.
InsolationThesolarradiationincidentonanareaovertime.
Equivalenttoenergyandusuallyexpressedinkilowatt-hourspersquaremeter.
InverterPowerConditioningUnit,PCU,orPowerConditioningSystem,(PCS)InaPVsystem,aninverterconvertsDCpowerfromthePVarray/batterytoACpowercompatiblewiththeutilityandACloads.
InverterTerminologyDutyRatingThisratingistheamountoftimetheinvertercansupplyitsratedpower.
Someinverterscanoperateattheirratedpowerforonlyashorttimewithoutoverheating.
FrequencyMostloadsintheUnitedStatesrequire60Hz.
High-qualityequip-mentrequiresprecisefrequencyregulation—variationscancausepoorperfor-manceofclocksandelectronictimers.
FrequencyRegulationThisindicatesthevariabilityintheoutputfrequency.
Someloadswillswitchoffornotoperateproperlyiffrequencyvariationsexceed1percent.
HarmonicContentThenumberoffrequenciesintheoutputwaveforminaddi-tiontotheprimaryfrequency(50or60Hz).
Energyintheseharmonicfre-quenciesislostandmaycauseexcessiveheatingoftheload.
InputVoltageThisisdeterminedbythetotalpowerrequiredbytheACloadsandthevoltageofanyDCloads.
Generally,thelargertheload,thehighertheinverterinputvoltage.
Thiskeepsthecurrentatlevelswhereswitchesandothercomponentsarereadilyavailable.
ModiedSineWaveAwaveformthathasatleastthreestates(i.
e.
positive,off,andnegative).
Haslessharmoniccontentthanasquarewave.
Glossary147ModularityTheuseofmultipleinvertersconnectedinparalleltoservicedif-ferentloads.
PowerFactorThecosineoftheanglebetweenthecurrentandvoltagewave-formsproducedbytheinverter.
Forresistiveloads,thepowerfactorwillbe1.
0.
PowerConversionEfciencyTheratioofoutputpowertoinputpoweroftheinverter.
RatedPowerRatedpoweroftheinverter.
However,someunitscannotproduceratedpowercontinuously.
Seedutyrating.
RootMeanSquare(RMS)ThesquarerootoftheaveragesquareoftheinstantaneousvaluesofanACoutput.
ForasinewavetheRMSvalueis0.
707timesthepeakvalue.
Theequivalentvalueofaccurrent,I,thatwillproducethesameheatinginaconductorwithresistance,R,asaDCcurrentofvalueI.
SineWaveAwaveformcorrespondingtoasingle-frequencyperiodicoscillationthatcanbemathematicallyrepresentedasafunctionofamplitudeversusangleinwhichthevalueofthecurveatanypointisequaltothesineofthatangle.
SquareWaveAwaveformthathasonlytwostates,(i.
e.
positiveornegative).
Asquarewavecontainsalargenumberofharmonics.
SurgeCapacityThemaximumpower,usually3–5timestheratedpower,thatcanbeprovidedoverashorttime.
StandbyCurrentThisistheamountofcurrent(power)usedbytheinverterwhennoloadisactive(lostpower).
Theefciencyoftheinverterislowestwhentheloaddemandislow.
VoltageRegulationThisindicatesthevariabilityintheoutputvoltage.
Someloadswillnottoleratevoltagevariationsgreaterthanafewpercent.
VoltageProtectionManyinvertershavesensingcircuitsthatwilldisconnecttheunitfromthebatteryifinputvoltagelimitsareexceeded.
IrradianceThesolarpowerincidentonasurface.
Usuallyexpressedinkilowattspersquaremeter.
IrradiancemultipliedbytimeequalsInsolation.
I-VCurveTheplotofthecurrentversusvoltagecharacteristicsofaphotovoltaiccell,module,orarray.
ThreeimportantpointsontheI–Vcurvearetheopen–circuitvoltage,short–circuitcurrent,andpeakpoweroperatingpoint.
JJoule(J)Unitofenergyequalto1/3600KW-h.
JunctionBoxAPVgeneratorjunctionboxisanenclosureonthemodulewherePVstringsareelectricallyconnectedandwhereprotectiondevicescanbelocated,ifnecessary.
148GlossaryGlossary149KKilowatt(kW)Onethousandwatts.
Aunitofpower.
KilowattHour(kWh)Onethousandwatt-hours.
Aunitofenergy.
Powermultipliedbytimeequalsenergy.
LLoadTheamountofelectricpowerusedbyanyelectricalunitorapplianceatanygiventime.
LifeTheperiodduringwhichasystemiscapableofoperatingaboveaspeciedperformancelevel.
Life-CycleCostTheestimatedcostofowningandoperatingasystemfortheperiodofitsusefullife.
SeeEconomicssectionfordenitionofterms.
LoadCircuitThewire,switches,fuses,etc.
thatconnecttheloadtothepowersource.
LoadCurrent(A)Thecurrentrequiredbytheelectricaldevice.
LoadResistanceTheresistancepresentedbytheload.
SeeResistance.
Langley(L)Unitofsolarirradiance.
Onegramcaloriepersquarecentimeter.
1L=85.
93kWh/m2.
LowVoltageCutoff(LVC)Thevoltagelevelatwhichacontrollerwilldis-connecttheloadfromthebattery.
MMaintanaceFreeBatteryAsealedbatterytowhichwatercannotbeaddedtomaintainelectrolytelevel.
MaximumPowerPointorPeakPowerPointThatpointonanI-Vcurvethatrepresentsthelargestarearectanglethatcanbedrawnunderthecurve.
Oper-atingaPVarrayatthatvoltagewillproducemaximumpower.
ModularityTheconceptofusingidenticalcompleteunitstoproducealargesystem.
ModuleThesmallestreplaceableunitinaPVarray.
Anintegral,encapsulatedunitcontaininganumberofPVcells.
ModuleDerateFactorAfactorthatlowersthemodulecurrenttoaccountforeldoperatingconditionssuchasdirtaccumulationonthemodule.
150GlossaryMOS-FETMetal–Oxide–SiliconFieldeffecttransistor;usedassemiconductorpowerswitchinchargeregulators,invertersetc.
MovistorMetalOxideVaristor.
Usedtoprotectelectroniccircuitsfromsurgecurrentssuchasproducedbylightning.
MPPMaximumPowerPoint;thepointonthecurrent–voltage(I-V)curveofamoduleunderillumination,wheretheproductofcurrentandvoltageismaxi-mum.
Foratypicalsiliconcell,thisisatabout0.
45V.
MPPTMaximumPowerpointTracker;MeansofapowerconditioningunitthatautomaticallyoperatesthePV-generatoratitsMPPunderallconditions.
NNECAnabbreviationfortheNationalElectricalCodewhichcontainsguidelinesforalltypesofelectricalinstallations.
The1984andlatereditionsoftheNECcontainArticle690,''SolarPhotovoltaicSystems''whichshouldbefollowedwheninstallingaPVsystem.
NEMANationalElectricalManufacturersAssociation.
Thisorganizationsetsstandardsforsomenon-electronicproductslikejunctionboxes.
NOCTNominalOperatingCelltemperature;TheestimatedtemperatureofaPVmodulewhenoperatingunder800W/m2irradiance,20°Cambienttemperatureandwindspeedof1m/s.
NOCTisusedtoestimatethenominaloperatingtemperatureofamoduleinitsworkingenvironment.
NominalVoltageAreferencevoltageusedtodescribebatteries,modules,orsystems.
NominalVoltageAreferencevoltageusedtodescribebatteries,modules,orsystems(i.
e.
a12-voltor24-voltbattery,module,orsystem).
NormalOperatingCellTemperature(NOCT)TheestimatedtemperatureofaPVmodulewhenoperatingunder800w/m2irradiance,20°Cambienttem-peratureandwindspeedof1m/s.
NOCTisusedtoestimatethenominaloperatingtemperatureofamoduleinitsworkingenvironment.
N-TypeSiliconSiliconmaterialthathasbeendopedwithamaterialthathasmoreelectronsinitsatomicstructurethandoessilicon.
OOhm(X)Theunitofelectricalresistanceinwhichanelectromotiveforceofonevoltmaintainsacurrentofoneampere.
OneAxisTrackingAsystemcapableofrotatingaboutoneaxis.
OpenCircuitVoltageThemaximumvoltageproducedbyanilluminatedpho-tovoltaiccell,module,orarraywithnoloadconnected.
ThisvaluewillincreaseasthetemperatureofthePVmaterialdecreases.
OperatingPointThecurrentandvoltagethatamoduleorarrayproduceswhenconnectedtoaload.
Theoperatingpointisdependentontheloadorthebat-teriesconnectedtotheoutputterminalsofthearray.
OrientationPlacementwithrespecttothecardinaldirections,N,S,E,W;azi-muthisthemeasureoforientationfromnorth.
OutgasSeeGassing.
OverchargeForcingcurrentintoafullychargedbattery.
Thebatterywillbedamagedifoverchargedforalongperiod.
PPanelAdesignationforanumberofPVmodulesassembledinasinglemechanicalframe.
ParallelConnectionTermusedtodescribetheinterconnectingofPVmodulesorbatteriesinwhichliketerminalsareconnectedtogether.
Increasesthecurrentatthesamevoltage.
PeakLoadThemaximumloaddemandonasystem.
PeakPowerCurrentAmperesproducedbyamoduleorarrayoperatingatthevoltageoftheI-Vcurvethatwillproducemaximumpowerfromthemodule.
SeeI-VCurve.
PeakSunHoursTheequivalentnumberofhoursperdaywhensolarirradianceaverages1,000w/m2.
Forexample,sixpeaksunhoursmeansthattheenergyreceivedduringtotaldaylighthoursequalstheenergythatwouldhavebeenreceivedhadtheirradianceforsixhoursbeen1,000w/m2.
PeakWattTheamountofpoweraphotovoltaicmodulewillproduceatstandardtestconditions(normally1,000w/m2and25°celltemperature).
PhotonAparticleoflightthatactsasanindividualunitofenergy.
Itsenergydependsonwavelength.
PhotovoltaicCellThetreatedsemiconductormaterialthatconvertssolarirra-diancetoelectricity.
PhotovoltaicSystemAninstallationofPVmodulesandothercomponentsdesignedtoproducepowerfromsunlightandmeetthepowerdemandforadesignatedload.
PlatesAmetalplate,usuallyleadorleadcompound,immersedintheelectrolyteinabattery.
Glossary151PocketPlateAplateforabatteryinwhichactivematerialsareheldinaper-foratedmetalpocket.
PolycrystallineSiliconAmaterialusedtomakePVcellswhichconsistofmanycrystalsascontrastedwithsinglecrystalsilicon.
Power(Watts)Abasicunitofelectricityequal(inDCcircuits)totheproductofcurrentandvoltage.
PowerConditioningSystem(PCS)SeeInverter.
PowerDensityTheratiooftheratedpoweravailablefromabatterytoitsvolume(wattsperliter)orweight(wattsperkilogram).
PowerFactorThecosineofthephaseanglebetweenthevoltageandthecurrentwaveformsinanACcircuit.
Usedasadesignatorforinverterperformance.
Apowerfactorof1indicatescurrentandvoltageareinphaseandpowerisequaltotheproductofvolt-amperes.
(noreactivepower).
PrimaryBatteryAbatterywhoseinitialcapacitycannotberestoredbycharging.
PulseWidthModulated(PWM)PWMinvertersarethemostexpensive,butproduceahighqualityofoutputsignalatminimumcurrentharmonics.
Theoutputvoltageisveryclosetosinusoidal.
PyranometerAninstrumentusedformeasuringglobalsolarirradiance.
PyrheliometerAninstrumentusedformeasuringdirectbeamsolarirradiance.
Usesanapertureof5.
7°totranscribethesolardisc.
RRatedModuleCurrentThecurrentoutputofaPVmodulemeasuredatstandardtestconditionsof1,000w/m2and25°Ccelltemperature.
ReactivePowerThesineofthephaseanglebetweenthecurrentandvoltagewaveformsinanACsystem.
RemoteSiteAsitenotservicedbyanelectricalutilitygrid.
Resistance(R)Thepropertyofaconductorwhichopposestheowofanelectriccurrentresultinginthegenerationofheatintheconductingmaterial.
Themeasureoftheresistanceofagivenconductoristheelectromotiveforceneededforaunitcurrentow.
Theunitofresistanceisohms.
RatedBatteryCapacityThetermusedbybatterymanufacturerstoindicatethemaximumamountofenergythatcanbewithdrawnfromabatteryunderspecieddischargerateandtemperature.
SeeBatteryCapacity.
RatedModuleCurrent(A)ThecurrentoutputofaPVmodulemeasuredatstandardtestconditionsof1,000w/m2and25°Ccelltemperature.
152GlossarySSacricialAnodeApieceofmetalburiednearastructurethatistobeprotectedfromcorrosion.
Themetalofthesacricialanodeisintendedtocorrodeandreducethecorrosionoftheprotectedstructure.
SeasonalDepthofDischargeAnadjustmentfactorusedinsomesystemsizingprocedureswhich''allows''thebatterytobegraduallydischargedovera30–90dayperiodofpoorsolarinsolation.
ThisfactorresultsinaslightlysmallerPVarray.
SecondaryBatteryAbatterythatcanberecharged.
Self-DischargeThelossofusefulcapacityofabatteryduetointernalchemicalaction.
SelfDistanceTherateatwhichabattery,withoutaload,willloseitscharge.
SemiconductorAmaterialthathasalimitedcapacityforconductingelectricity.
ThesiliconusedtomakePVcellsisasemiconductor.
SeriesConnectionConnectingthepositiveofonemoduletothenegativeofthenextmodule.
ThisconnectionofPVmodulesorbatteriesincreasesthevoltagewhilethecurrentremainsthesame.
SeriesRegulatorTypeofbatterychargeregulatorwherethechargingcurrentiscontrolledbyaswitchconnectedinserieswiththePVmoduleorarray.
ShallowCycleBatteryAtypeofbatterythatshouldnotbedischargedmorethan25percent.
ShelfLifeTheperiodoftimethatadevicecanbestoredandstillretainaspeciedperformance.
ShortCircuitCurrent(Isc)ThecurrentproducedbyanilluminatedPVcell,module,orarraywhenitsoutputterminalsareshorted.
Silicon(Si)Achemicalelement,atomicnumber14,semimetallicinnature,darkgray,anexcellentsemiconductormaterial.
Acommonconstituentofsandandquartz(astheoxide).
Crystallizesinface-centeredcubiclatticelikeadiamond.
Themostcommonsemiconductormaterialusedinmakingphotovoltaicdevices.
Single-CrystalSiliconMaterialwithasinglecrystallineformation.
ManyPVcellsaremadefromsinglecrystalsilicon.
SolarCellSeePhotovoltaicCell.
SolarConstantThestrengthofsunlight;1353W/m2inspaceandabout1000W/m2atsealevelattheequatoratsolarnoon.
SolarInsolationSeeInsolation.
Glossary153SolarIrradianceSeeIrradiance.
SolarNoonThemidpointoftimebetweensunupandsunset.
Thepointwhenthesunreachesitshighestpointinitsdailytraversalofthesky.
SolarResourceTheamountofsolarinsolationasitereceives,usuallymeasuredinkWh/m2/daywhichisequivalenttothenumberofpeaksunhours.
SeeInsolationandPeakSunHours.
SpecicGravityTheratiooftheweightofthesolutiontotheweightofanequalvolumeofwaterataspeciedtemperature.
Usedasanindicatorofbatterystateofcharge.
Stand-AlonePVSystemAphotovoltaicsystemthatoperatesindependentoftheutilitygrid.
StandardTestConditionsConditionsunderwhichamoduleistypicallytestedinalaboratory:Irradianceintensityof1000W/m2,AM1.
5solarreferencespectrum,acell(module)temperatureof25°C,plusorminus2°C.
StarvedElectrolyteCellAbatterycontaininglittleornofreeuidelectrolyte.
StateofCharge(SOC)Theinstantaneouscapacityofabatteryexpressedatapercentageofratedcapacity.
StraticationAconditionthatoccurswhentheacidconcentrationvariesfromtoptobottominthebatteryelectrolyte.
Periodic,controlledchargingatvoltagesthatproducegassingwillmixtheelectrolyte.
SeeEqualization.
StringAnumberofmodulesorpanelsinterconnectedelectricallyinseriestoproducetheoperatingvoltagerequiredbytheload.
SubsystemAnyoneofseveralcomponentsinaPVsystem(i.
e.
,array,controller,batteries,inverter,load).
SulfatingThenormalresultofbatterydischargewhenlead–sulfateformsonthesurfaceandintheporesoftheactiveplatematerial.
Sulfationbecomesaproblemwhenlargecrystalsofleadsulfateformontheactivematerialasaresultofinadequatechargingandbatteryneglectormisuse.
Thelargesulfatecrystalsaredifculttodecomposeunderchargeandreturnsulfatesbacktotheelectrolyte.
Thiseffectivelyreducesbatterycapacityandlife.
Largesulfatecrystalsmaybedetectablebyahardroughsurfaceontheactiveplatematerialoralowspecicgravityafteranequalizationcharge.
Thisiscalledexcessivesulfationor''hard''sulfation.
SunPathDiagramGraphicalrepresentationoftheSun'sheightandazimuth.
SurgeCapacityTheabilityofaninverterorgeneratortodeliverhighcurrentsmomentarilyrequiredwhenstartingmotors.
SystemAvailabilityThepercentageoftime(usuallyexpressedinhoursperyear)whenaPVsystemwillbeabletofullymeettheloaddemand.
154GlossaryGlossary155SystemOperatingVoltageThearrayoutputvoltageunderload.
Thesystemoper-atingvoltageisdependentontheloadorbatteriesconnectedtotheoutputterminals.
SystemStorageSeeBatteryCapacity.
TTemperatureCompensationAnallowancemadeinchargecontrollerssetpointsforbatterytemperatures.
Featurerecommendedwhenbatterytemperaturesareexpectedtoexceed±5°Cfromambient.
TemperatureFactorsItiscommonforthreeelementsinPVsystemsizingtohavedistincttemperaturecorrections.
Afactorusedtodecreasebatterycapacityatcoldtemperatures.
AfactorusedtodecreasePVmodulevoltageathightemperatures.
Afactorusedtodecreasethecurrentcarryingcapabilityofwireathightemperatures.
ThinFilmPVModuleAPVmoduleconstructedwithsequentiallayersofthinlmsemiconductormaterials.
SeeAmorphousSilicon.
TiltAngleTheangleofinclinationofasolarcollectormeasuredfromthehorizontal.
TotalACLoadDemandThesumoftheACloads.
Thisvalueisimportantwhenselectinganinverter.
TrackingArrayAPVarraythatfollowsthepathofthesun.
Thiscanmeanone-axis,easttowestdailytracking,ortwo-axistrackingwherethearrayfollowsthesuninazimuthandelevation.
TransformerConvertsthegenerator'slow-voltageelectricitytohighervoltagelevelsfortransmissiontotheloadcenter,suchasacityorfactory.
TrayCable(TC)maybeusedforinterconnectingbalance-of-systems(BOS).
TrickleChargeAsmallchargecurrentintendedtomaintainabatteryinafullychargedcondition.
TW/THHNmaybeusedforinterconnectingBOSbutmustbeinstalledinconduit—eitherburiedoraboveground.
Itisresistanttomoisture.
TwoAxisTrackingAsystemcapableofrotatingindependentlyabouttwoaxes(e.
g.
,verticalandhorizontal).
UUndergroundFeeder(UF)maybeusedforarraywiringifsunlightresistantcoatingisspecied;canbeusedforinterconnectingBOScomponentsbutnotrecommendedforusewithinbatteryenclosures.
UndergroundServiceEntrance(USE)maybeusedwithinbatteryenclosuresandforinterconnectingBOS.
UninterruptiblePowerSupply(UPS)Thedesignationofapowersupplypro-vidingcontinuousuninterruptibleservice.
TheUPSwillcontainbatteries.
UtilityInteractiveInverterAninverterthatcanfunctiononlywhentiedtotheutilitygrid,andusestheprevailingline-voltagefrequencyontheutilitylineasacontrolparametertoensurethatthePVsystem'soutputisfullysynchronizedwiththeutilitypower.
VVaristorAvoltage-dependentvariableresistor.
Normallyusedtoprotectsen-sitiveequipmentfrompowerspikesorlightningstrikesbyshuntingtheenergytoground.
VentedCellAbatterydesignedwithaventmechanismtoexpelgasesgeneratedduringcharging.
VoltTheunitofelectromotiveforcethatwillforceacurrentofoneamperethrougharesistanceofoneohm.
VoltageatMaximumPowerThevoltageatwhichmaximumpowerisavailablefromamodule.
WWaferAthinsheetofsemiconductormaterialmadebymechanicallysawingitfromasingle-crystalormulticrystalingotorcasting.
WaterPumpingTerminologyCentrifugalPumpSeerotatingpump.
DisplacementorVolumetricPumpAtypeofwaterpumpthatutilizesapiston,cylinderandstopvalvestomovepacketsofwater.
DynamicHeadTheverticaldistancefromthecenterofthepumptothepointoffreedischargeofthewater.
Pipefrictionisincluded.
SeeFrictionHead.
FrictionHeadTheenergythatmustbeovercomebythepumptooffsetthefrictionlossesofthewatermovingthroughapipe.
RotatingPumpAwaterpumpusingarotatingelementorscrewtomovewater.
Thefastertherotation,thegreatertheow.
156GlossaryStaticHeadTheverticaldistancefromthewaterleveltothepointoffreedischargeofthewater.
Itismeasuredwhenthepumpisnotoperating.
StorageThistermhasdualmeaningforwaterpumpingsystems.
Storagecanbeachievedbypumpingwatertoastoragetank,orstoringenergyinabatterysubsystem.
SuctionHeadTheverticaldistancefromthesurfaceofthewatersourcetothecenterofthepump(whenthepumpislocatedabovethewaterlevel).
WetShelfLifeTheperiodoftimethatachargedbattery,whenlledwithelectrolyte,canremainunusedbeforedroppingbelowaspeciedlevelofperformance.
WireTypesSeeArticle300ofNationalElectricCodeformoreinformation.
WattTheunitofelectricalpower.
Thepowerdevelopedwhenacurrentofoneampereowsthroughapotentialdifferenceof1V.
WattHour(Wh)Aunitofenergyequalto1Wofpowerconnectedfor1h.
WaveformThecharacteristicshapeofanACcurrentorvoltageoutput.
ZZenithAngleTheanglebetweendirectlyoverheadandthelineintersectingthesun.
(90°-zenith)istheelevationangleofthesunabovethehorizon.
Glossary157BibliographyBosE(1994)WorldPopulationProjections1994–95.
TheJohnHopkinsUniversityPress,BaltimoreLindleyD(1998)AnoverviewofRenewableEnergyinChina.
RenewEnergyWorld4(3):65–69EURECAgency(2002)Thefutureofrenewableenergy:prospectsanddirections.
CrombellPress,LondonMessengerR,VentreJ(2003)Costconsiderations.
In:Photovoltaicsystemsengineering,2ndedn.
CRCPress,NewYork,pp141–143MessengerRetal(2003)Costconsiderations.
In:Photovoltaicsystemsengineering,2ndedn.
CRCPress,NewYork,pp144–145BücherK,EmeryK,GreenMA,IgariS,KingDL(2001)Solarcellefciencytables,Version17,ProgPhotovoltaics99(1):49–56MessengerRetal(2003)Costconsiderations.
In:Photovoltaicsystemsengineering,2ndedn.
CRCPress,NewYork,pp145–146LewisJ(2002)Oilanaturalresource,UKOilandGasLicensing[Online],Instituteofpetroleum.
Available:http://www.
petroleum.
co.
uk/education/natural/5.
htm.
Accessed25July2003AlbertaEconomicDevelopmentCanada(2003)TheAlbertaeconomy:structureofAlbertaneconomy,percentagedistributionofGDP(1985and2001)[Online].
GovernmentofAlberta,Canada.
Available:www.
alberta-canada.
com/economy/fgecono.
cfm.
Accessed25July2003GovernmentofAlbertaMunicipalAffairs(2002)Ofcialpopulationlists[Online],MunicipalServicesBranch,GovernmentofAlberta.
Available:www3.
gov.
ab.
ca/ma/ms/ofcial_pop_lists.
cfm.
Accessed25July2003EnvironmentCanada(2002)AlbertaTemperatureStatsfor2000[Online],Available:http://www1.
agric.
gov.
ab.
ca/$department/deptdocs.
nsf/all/cl3862#province.
Accessed29July2003EnvironmentCanada:theGreenLane,CanadianClimateNormals2002,[Online].
GovernmentofCanada.
Available:http://www.
climate.
weatherofce.
ec.
gc.
ca/climate_normals/index_e.
html.
Accessed31July2003FungA(2001)Econometricmodelsforresidentialenergyend-uses[Online].
CREEDAC(CanadianResidentialEnergyEnd-useDataandAnalysisCentre)DalhousieUniversity.
Available:http://www.
dal.
ca/*creedac/index_high.
html.
Accessed3Aug2003OldsJ,ZapataE(1999)Spaceportoperationsassessmentforspacesolarpowerearthtoorbittransportationrequirements.
InternAstronFed(IAF-99)12(3):244–245ByrneJ(1989)StimulatingStateenergycompetitiveness,energyinhousingandcommunitydevelopment.
ReportoftheHUD/DOESeventhNationalConferenceonCommunityEnergySystems23(3):24–25ByrneJ,HegedusS,WangY(1994)Photovoltaicsasademand-sidemanagementtechnology:ananalysisofpeak-shavinganddirectloadcontroloptions.
ProgPhotovoltaics2:235–48159AgbemabieseL,AitkenD,BoutonD,ByrneJ,KlieschJ,LetendreS(1998)ProceedingsoftheAmericanSolarEnergySociety,Solar98Conference,Albuquerque,NM(June15–17),4,pp131–136CampbellR,HoweB,(eds)(1996)InInvestigationofPhotovoltaicPoweredPumpsinDirectSolarDomesticHotWaterSystems.
The1996AmericanSolarEnergySocietyAnnualConference:Asheville,NorthCarolina13(1),pp231–233,AschenbrennerP,RealMG,ShugarDS(1992)Comparisonofselectedeconomicfactorsforlargeground-mountedPhotovoltaicSystemswithroof-mountedPhotovoltaicSystemsinSwitzer-landandtheUSA.
Proceedingsofthe11thE.
C.
PhotovoltaicSolarEnergyConference.
12(2)pp111–114.
InternationalEnergyAgency(1995)PhotovoltaicsinFinland,PVPowerNewsletter[Online].
IEAPhotovoltaicPowerSystemsProgramme.
3(5).
Available:http://www.
oja-services.
nl/iea-pvps/pvpower/home.
htm.
Accessed4Aug2003GueldenMR,HumphrisCP,RocheDM,SchinckelAET,StoreyJWV(1997)Speedoflight,the1996Worldsolarchallenge.
PhotovoltaicsSpecialResearchCentre,UNSW,SydneyWoodOImplementingKyoto:Ottawa0sPlan,CBCBackgrounder[Online].
CBCNewsArchives.
Available:http://www.
cbc.
ca/news/features/kyoto_govtplan.
html.
Accessed24Oct2002.
AasW,DutchakS,FedyuninN,ManoSM,MantsevaE,ShatalovV,StrukovB,VaryginaM,VulykhN(2002)Persistentorganicpollutantsintheenvironment.
EMEPStatusReport3/2003,MSC-E&CCCPublishing,GenevaUnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergy(2002)EnergypicturepreparedbyNorthAmericanEnergyWorkingGroup[Online].
Available:http://www.
eia.
doe.
gov/emeu/northamerica/engdemd.
htm.
Accessed1Aug2003MarcusL(2002)IncoalconsumptioninAlberta,Edmonton.
In:EnergyStatisticsHandbook,SeriesE312387&E12387,DepartmentofEnergyPublishingCo.
GovernmentofAlberta(2002)ExternalRelationsAlbertaDepartmentofEnergy(Ed)Keypublications.
Edmonton,DepartmentofEnergyPublishingCo.
LeeT,OppenheimD,WilliamsonT(1995)AustralianSolarRadiationdatahandbook,ERDC249DonesR,FrischknechtR(1998)Lifecycleassessmentofphotovoltaicsystems:resultsofSwissstudiesonenergychains.
ProgPhotovoltaicsResApp6:117–125KatoK,MurataA,SakutaK(1998)EnergypaybacktimeandlifecycleCO2emissionofresidentialPVpowersystemwithsiliconPVmodule.
ProgPhotovoltaicsResApp6:105–115FranklP,MasiniA,GamberaleM,ToccaceliD(1998)SimpliedlifecycleanalysisofPVsystemsinbuildings:presentsituationandfuturetrends.
ProgPhotovoltaicsResApp6:137–146KeoleianGA,LewisG(1997)Applicationoflifecycleenergyanalysistophotovoltaicmoduledesign.
ProgPhotovoltaicsResApp5:287–300TheAustralianGasAssociationAssessmentofgreenhousegasemissionsfromNaturalGas.
AGAresearchpaperNo.
12,May2000AustralianCoalAssociation,EnvironmentalCredentialsofCoal—SummaryforPolicymakers,BHPResearchStudy,May2000HughSaddler,Privatecommunication,September2000WattM,JohnsonA,EllisM,OuthredH(1998)Life-cycleairemissionsfromPVpowersystems.
ProgPhotovoltaicsResApp6:127–136DepartmentofElectrical,ElectronicandControlEngineering,E.
T.
SUNED,''VIICursodeexpertoprofesionalenEnergíaFotovoltaica'',UNED,IsofotónyProgensa,2008PatelMR(2005)Windandsolarpowersystems:Design,analysis,andoperation.
2ndedition,CRCPress.
Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia,http://en.
wikipedia.
orgSMAProductGuide2008/2009160BibliographySMAmeasurementaccuracy:energyvaluesandefciencyforPVInverters[Technicalinformation]IEETransactionsonIndustryapplications,Vol.
41,No.
5,September/October2005Solarenergyforum,http://www.
solarweb.
netPhotovoltaicsinGreece.
EuPDResearch.
Bonn,December2008Guíadelaenergíasolar,DirecciónGeneraldeIndustria,EnergíayMinasdelaComunidaddeMadrid,2006NonnuclearenergyresearchinEurope—Acomparativestudy.
EuropeanCommision,Vol1,EUR21614/1IEAWorldEnergyInvestmentOutlook2003,ISBN92-64-01906-5EuropeanPhotovoltaicIndustryAssociation(EPIA),http://www.
epia.
orgPVStatusReport2008,ISBN978-92-79-07446-2Bibliography161