capturewallop

Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSIST2132138.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTBrionJ.
Fox,StellaAguinagaBialous,WilliamM.
K.
Trochim,FrancesA.
Stillman,andCarolL.
SchmittContentsIntroduction.
215Background.
216Expert-basedConceptualMapofIndustryTactics.
217Methods.
217Participants.
217Procedures.
217Results.
219LessonsfromtheConceptMap.
220ReviewofthePublishedLiteratureonTobaccoIndustryTactics.
224Methods.
225Results.
226LobbyingandLegislativeStrategy.
226LegalandEconomicIntimidationandCreatingtheIllusionofSupport.
227UsurpingtheAgenda.
227Harassment.
227UnderminingScience.
229MediaManipulationandPublicRelations.
229CaseStudiesthatExamineTobaccoIndustryTactics.
230GeneralState-levelIndustryBehavior.
231GapsintheLiterature.
233LessonsfromtheLiteratureReview.
233ReviewofTobaccoIndustryDocuments.
236MethodsforDocumentSearchandAnalysis.
236Results.
237LobbyingandLegislativeStrategy.
238LegalandEconomicIntimidation.
240UsurpingtheAgenda.
243CreatingIllusionofSupport.
245Harassment.
247UnderminingScience.
2508.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSIST214214MediaManipulation.
251PublicRelations.
253TobaccoIndustryTactics:AnEvaluationChallenge.
254ApproachingLimitationsandChallengestoMeasurement.
255Summary.
255Conclusions.
256References.
257TablesandFiguresTable8.
1.
ClustersandStatementsinDescendingOrder,byAverageImportanceRating.
221Figure8.
1.
Point-clusterMapShowingtheMultidimensionalScalingArrangementofthe88StatementswiththeEight-clusterSolutionSuperimposed.
223Figure8.
2.
ConceptMapShowingClustersandRelativeImportanceRatings.
224Figure8.
3.
Experts'InterpretationoftheIndustryTacticsConceptMap.
225Table8.
2.
LobbyingandLegislativeStrategy.
226Table8.
3.
LegalandEconomicIntimidationandCreatingtheIllusionofSupport.
228Table8.
4.
UsurpingtheAgenda.
228Table8.
5.
Harassment.
228Table8.
6.
UnderminingScience.
230Table8.
7.
MediaManipulationandPublicRelations.
231Table8.
8.
IndustryTacticstoOpposeSpecificPublicHealthInitiatives.
232Table8.
9.
TobaccoIndustryBehavioratStateandLocalLevels.
232Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSIST2152158.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTIntroductionIntheASSISTevaluation,theStrengthofTobaccoControlindex(chapter2)wasde-velopedtorepresentthepublichealtheffort.
Theoriginalevaluationmodelalsocalledforanindextorepresenttobaccoindustry*efforts,acountervailingforcetostatetobac-cocontrolefforts.
1WhiteandBero(Monograph16,chapter8)providein-depthdocu-mentationthatthetobaccoindustrydidworktocounterASSIST,perceivedASSISTasasignificantthreat,madeandexecutedplanstocounterit,andevenevaluatedtheirownefforts.
Unfortunately,thisanalysiscouldnotbeusedasthebasisforameasureoftobaccoindustryeffortsbecauseitspurposewaslimitedtoadescriptionoftobaccoTobaccousepreventionandcontrolfacesachallengecommontoseveralpublichealthissues:theexistenceofaprofit-makingindustrythatactivelyworkstocounteritsefforts.
Consequently,oneoftheoriginalgoalsoftheevaluationoftheAmericanStopSmokingInterventionStudy(ASSIST)wastodefineanindexofprotobaccoactivityaspartofitsanalyticdatabase.
Formaleffortstowardthisgoalincludedaconcept-mappingprocessamongkeystakeholders,areviewofthepublishedliteratureontobaccoindustrytactics,andareviewoftobaccoindustrydocuments.
Theconceptmappingprocessyieldedeightcategoriesoftobaccoindustrytacticsusedtocountertobaccocontrol:lobbyingandlegislativestrategies,legalandeconomicintimidation,creatingtheillusionofsupport,usurpingtheagenda,harassment,underminingscience,mediamanipulation,andpublicrelations.
Areviewofthepublishedliteratureandofthetobaccoindustrydocumentsprovidedevidenceofthesetactics.
Significantissuesremainforidentifyingdatasourcestomeasuretheseactivitiesanddesigningsystematicmethodstocollectdata.
AquantifiableindexofprotobaccoactivitywasnotcompletedfortheASSISTevaluation,butprogresswasmadetowarddevelopingsuchanindex.
WhiletheASSISTconcept-mappingexerciseyieldedpotentialcategoriesandweightingdataforfuturemetricseffortsandcorrelatedwellwiththecoreareasidentifiedabove,thedevelopmentofdynamicquantitativemeasuresofprotobaccoeffortsremainsagoalforfuturetobaccocontrolassessmentefforts.
*Thetermtobaccoindustryinthischapterreferstoagroupofprivatecorporationsinthebusinessofsellingtobaccoproductsandtotheiraffiliates,whoshareanincentivetopromotetheoveralluseoftobacco.
Itisnotnecessarilyintendedtoimplythatthesecompaniesareworkinginconcert,orthatanyparticularcompanyengagesintheuseofanyparticulartactic,orthatthetacticsrepresentillegalbehavior.
2168.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTindustryresponsestoASSISTanditwasperformedaftertheASSISTevaluationhadbeencompleted.
ThegoaloftheanalysesdescribedinthischapterwastocreatethetobaccoindustrycounterforcemeasuredescribedintheASSISTevaluationconcep-tualmodel,1acounterforcethat"hadadampeningeffectontheprogram"(seeMonograph16,chapter8,page371).
Theapproachtocreatingthismeasurewasa"topdown"one.
Thatis,acon-ceptmappingstudywasusedtocreatecategoriesoftobaccoindustryeffortsapriori.
Subsequently,thesecategorieswereinvestigatedtoassesswhethertheycouldencompasstheextantliteratureandthetobaccoindustrydocumentsavailableduringthetimeinwhichthesearchwasconducted(1999–2000)and,additionally,whetherthesesourcescouldbecomeasourceofdataforthemeasureofprotobaccoforcesmetricdescribedbyStillmanandcolleagues.
1ChallengestocreatingandmeasuringthisindexwerenotsurmountedduringtheperiodoftheASSISTevaluation,andtheevaluationwasnotabletoaccountforthetobaccoindustry'scountervailingefforts.
Howev-er,theworkdescribedherewillserveasafoundationforthosewhocontinuetoworkondevelopingavalidandreliablemeasureoftobaccoindustrytactics.
BackgroundAtthetimeoftheASSISTevaluation,itwasunknownwhetherthepubliclyavailabletobaccoindustrydocumentsprovidedacomprehensiveandrepresenta-tivesampleofalltheactionstheindustrytooktocountertobaccocontrolefforts.
Therefore,othersourcesofinformationwerelookedfortouseasaconceptualframeworkoftobaccoindustrytactics.
Areviewoftheliteratureyieldedtworeviewsofthetobaccoindustry'snationalandinternationaltactics.
Bothreviewsorganizeindividualtobaccoindustryef-fortsagainsttobaccocontrolintolargercategoriesoftactics.
SwedaandDaynard2analyzedhowthesize,concentration,andwealthofthetobaccoindustryallowedittousenumerousstrategiestointerferewithpublichealth.
ThestrategiesSwedaandDaynardidentifywereinfluencinglegislativebodiesthroughpoliticalcon-tributions,threateninglawsuitsagainstwhistle-blowingmedia,usingfrontgroups,reframingthepublicdebatefromthehealthissuetoeconomicandpersonalfreedomsissues,andattemptingtocon-fusethescientificrecord.
SaloojeeandDagli3describevariousmethodsusedbythetobaccoindustrytocountertobaccocontroleffortsanddiscussthesetacticswithinthecontextoftheongoingglobalizationoftobaccouse.
SaloojeeandDagliidentifyninefocalpointsoftheindustry'sefforts:engineer-ingconsent,mobilizingcorporatere-sources,manufacturingdoubt,protectingcorporaterights,gatheringintelligence,controllingtheagenda,peddlinginflu-ence,promotingvoluntarycodesandpre-emptivelegislation,andopeningmarketsthroughtradesanctionsandcorruption.
Thesetworeviewswereusefulforunderstandingthescopeofthetobaccoindustrytacticsandvalidatingtheun-derlyingprinciplethatprotobaccoforcesexisttodisruptpublichealthprogram-ming.
Neitherreview,however,wasconductedwithaneyetowardcreatingacomprehensiveandmeasurablemetric217Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTofindustryactivity.
Inaddition,onthebasisofthetobaccoindustrydocumentsavailableatthattime,itwasimpossibletodeterminehowwellthosetobaccoindustryeffortsrepresentedallthatwasoccurring.
Therefore,theexperientialknowledgeoftobaccocontrolprofes-sionalswasusedtoguidedevelopmentofanindexvariableforindustrytactics.
Expert-basedConceptualMapofIndustryTacticsThefirstmethodusedtoidentifyto-baccocontrolcountereffortswasconceptmapping.
ThismappingprojectinvolvedaWeb-basedcollaborationthatengagedtobaccocontrolexpertsfromacrossthecountry;theyprovidedinputonthevarioustobaccoindustrytactics.
Participantinputwasanalyzedwithasequenceofmultivariatestatisti-calanalyses,andtheresultingoutput,includingavarietyofconceptualmaps,wasinterpretedbyagroupofexperts.
Thissectiondescribesthemethodsusedtodeveloptheconceptualframeworkandpresentsthebasicresults.
MethodsConceptmappingwasusedtodeveloptheconceptualmodeloftobaccoindus-trytactics.
Conceptmappingisapar-ticipatorymixed-methodsapproachthatintegratesgroupprocessactivitieswithseveralmultivariatestatisticalanalysestoyieldbothastatisticalandavisualrepresentationofaconceptualdomain.
ConceptmappingwasfirstdescribedbyTrochimandLinton.
4Trochim5presentsawiderangeofexampleprojects.
ParticipantsParticipantsintheconceptmappingprocesswerethosewhofulfilledthefollowingcriteria:hadencounterswithtobaccoindustryresistancetotobaccocontrolprogramming;hadanunder-standingoftobaccoindustrychallengestotobaccocontrol;orhadpublishedresearchontobaccoindustrydocumentsorbehavior.
Apanelof34tobaccocon-trolexpertswasselectedtoparticipate.
Tobaccoindustryrepresentativeswerenotincludedbecausetheirparticipationcouldbedeemedcontrarytotheinter-estsofthetobaccocompanies,makingitdifficulttoconfirmthereliabilityoftheirresponses.
ProceduresTheprocedureforconceptmappingisdescribedindetailbyTrochim.
6Theconcept-mappingprocesstookplacefromJuly2000throughSeptember2000.
Alldatawerecollectedfromthepartici-pantsovertheWorldWideWeb.
Therewerefourdistinctphasesintheprocess:brainstorming,sortingandrating,dataanalysesandgenerationofthemaps,andexpertpanelinterpretationofthemaps.
Brainstorming.
Eachofthe34expertsloggedontoaprivateWebpageatleastonceduringa4-weekperiodandre-spondedtothefollowingprompt:"Onespecificactivity/tacticthetobaccoin-dustryusestoopposetobaccocontrolis.
.
.
"Eachparticipantcouldmakeasmanyresponsestatementstothepromptaswarranted.
Thestatementswerecompiledinalistasentered,sequential-ly.
Theprocessgeneratedatotalof226statementsfromthe34participants.
2188.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTSortingandRating.
Inpreparationforthesortingandratingtask,similarstate-mentswereconsolidatedintoasinglerepresentativestatement.
Theobjectivewastohaveafinalsetofmutuallyexclu-sivestatements,withonlyonemainideaineach,andwithnolossofcontentfromtheoriginallist.
The226statementswereeditedintoafinalsetof88statements.
ParticipantswereaskedtologontoanotherWebpageforthesortingandrat-ingtasks.
Twenty-twoofthe34expertsparticipatedinthisphase.
Eachparticipantconductedanunstructuredpilesortingofthestatementsbygroupingthebrain-stormedstatementsintopilesinawaythatmadesensetohimorher.
7–9Threerestric-tionswereappliedtothissortingtask:1.
Nostatementcouldbeitsownpile(eachpilehadtocontainatleasttwostatements).
2.
Therecouldnotbeapileconsistingofallthestatements.
3.
Therecouldbenopilecalled"mis-cellaneous"containingunrelatedstatements.
Eachparticipantwasaskedtoprovideabrieflabelthatsummarizedthecon-tentsofeachpile.
Eachparticipantwasaskedtoratethe88statementsaccordingtothefollowinginstructions:Rateeachstatementona1-to-5scaleforitsrelativeimportanceinunderminingtobaccocontrolefforts.
Usea1ifthestatementisrelativelyunimportant(comparedtotherestofthestatements)inunderminingtobaccocontrolefforts;usea5ifitisextremelyimportant.
Althougheverystatementprobablyhassomeimportance(oritwouldn'thavebeenbrainstormed),trytospreadoutyourratingsanduseeachofthe5ratingvaluesatleastseveraltimes.
DataAnalysesandGenerationoftheMaps.
Theanalysis*beganwithconstruc-tionofabinarysquaresymmetricmatrixofsimilaritiesforeachsort.
Foranytwostatements,a1wasassignedtothecor-respondingcelliftheparticipantplacedtheminthesamepile;otherwise,a0wasentered.
8Atotalsimilaritymatrixwasobtainedbysummingacrossthesepa-ratesortmatrices.
Thus,anycellinthistotalmatrixcouldhaveintegervaluesbetween0and22(thenumberofpeoplewhosortedthestatements),wherethevalueindicatesthenumberofpeoplewhoplacedthepairinthesamepile.
Inaddition,inthisanalysisthefinalmatrixwasfilteredbychanginganymatrixval-uesof1toa0.
Ineffect,thismeansthat,forthetwostatementstobeconsideredatallsimilar,atleasttwoparticipantshadtohaveplacedthetwostatementsto-gether.
Thisfilteringhelpsminimizetheeffectsofanysortingerrorsorspurious-nessinsortingonthefinalresults.
Thetotalsimilaritymatrixwasana-lyzedwithnonmetricmultidimensionalscaling(MDS)analysis10withatwo-dimensionalsolution.
Thesolutionwaslimitedtotwodimensionsprimarilyforeaseofuseconsiderations11andbe-causeitwasusedasthebasisforclusteranalysis.
Thex,yMDSconfigurationwastheinputfortheagglomerativehierarchicalclusteranalysisusingWard'salgorithm*AllanalysesweremadewithTheConceptSystemsoftware,version1.
75(www.
conceptsystems.
com).
219Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTasthebasisfordefiningacluster.
12Us-ingtheMDSconfigurationasinputtotheclusteranalysisineffectforcestheclusteranalysistopartitiontheMDSconfigurationintonon-overlappingclus-tersintwo-dimensionalspace.
Thereisnosimplemathematicalcriterionbywhichafinalnumberofclusterscanbeselected.
Theprocedurefollowedherewastoexamineaninitialclustersolutionthatwasthemaximumthatwasfelttobedesirableforinterpretationinthiscon-text.
Thensuccessivelylowerclusterso-lutionswereexamined,withajudgmentmadeateachlevelregardingwhetherthemergerseemedsubstantivelyreason-able.
Thesuitabilityofdifferentclustersolutionswasexaminedandresultedinacceptanceoftheeight-clustersolutionasthepatternthatbothpreservedthemostdetailandyieldedsubstantivelyin-terpretableclustersofstatements.
TheMDSconfigurationofthestate-mentpointswasgraphedintwodimen-sions.
Thispointmapshowsthelocationofallthebrainstormedstatements;thestatementsclosertooneanotheraregenerallyexpectedtobemoresimilarinmeaning.
Aclustermapwasalsogenerated.
Itshowstheoriginalstate-mentpointsenclosedbypolygon-shapedboundariesfortheeightclusters.
The1-to-5importanceratingvariablewasaveragedacrosspersonsforeachstatementandacrossstatementsforeachcluster.
Twographsweredevelopedtodisplaytheratinginformation.
Thefirstdepictedisapointratingmap,whichshowstheoriginalpointmapwiththeaverageratingperitemdisplayedasverticalcolumnsinthethirddimension.
Thesecondisaclusterratingmap,whichshowstheclusteraverageratinginthethirddimension.
ExpertPanelInterpretationoftheMaps.
Thirteenoftheoriginalpanelofpartici-pantswereconvenedforaface-to-facemeetingtoreviewandinterpretthere-sultsofthemappingprocess.
Theinter-pretationsessionfollowedastructuredprocessdescribedindetailbyTrochim.
6Theparticipantsexaminedthemapstodeterminewhethertheymadeintuitiveandrationalsenseandtodiscusswhatthemapsmightimplyabouttobaccoindustrytacticstodisruptpublichealthprograms.
Theydiscussedeachclusteruntilaconsensuswasreachedonanacceptableclusterlabel.
Theparticipantsthenexaminedthelabeledclustermaptodetermineifanyclusterscouldbegroupedintoregions.
Theseweredis-cussed,andpartitionsweredrawnonthemaptoindicatethedifferentregions.
Justasinlabelingtheclusters,thegroupthenarrivedataconsensuslabelforeachoftheidentifiedregions.
Thisstep-by-stepinterpretationcul-minatedinadiscussionoftheoverallmeaningofthevariousmapsandrepre-sentations.
Thisdiscussionresultedinthearticulationoftheconceptualmodeloftobaccoindustrytactics;thismodelisdescribedbelow.
ResultsInMDSanalyses,thestressvalueisthestatisticthatiscommonlyreportedtoindicatethegoodness-of-fitofthetwo-dimensionalconfigurationtotheoriginalsimilaritymatrix.
Alowerstressvalue2208.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTindicatesabetterfit.
Inastudyofthereliabilityofconceptmapping,Trochimreportsthattheaveragestressvalueacross33projectswas.
285witharangefrom.
155to.
352.
13Thestressvalueinouranalysiswas.
237,whichisbetter(i.
e.
,lower)thanthataverage.
Intheanalyses,aneight-clustersolu-tionbestfitthedata.
The88statementsandtheirrankingsbyperceivedimpor-tancewithinclustersarelistedintable8.
1.
Thepoint-clustermapinfigure8.
1showsallofthetobaccoindustrytacticsstatements(points)inrelationtoonean-other.
Figure8.
2showsthecluster-ratingmap,wherethelayersofeachclusterde-picttheaverageimportancerating,withmorelayersindicatinghigherimpor-tance.
Notethattheaveragerepresentedbythelayersinthemapisactuallyadoubleaveraging—acrossalloftheparticipantsandacrossallofthefac-torsineachcluster.
Consequently,evenslightdifferencesinaveragesbetweenclustersarelikelytobemeaningful.
Themapclearlyshowsthat,ingeneral,theclustersalongthebottomwerejudgedtobemoreimportantforunderminingantitobaccoefforts.
The13participantsinterpretedthemapandtableintermsofseveralpat-terns.
Thefourclustersacrossthetopwerethoughttodescribethetacticsthatthetobaccoindustryusestocontroltobacco-relatedmessagesandissues.
Theseincludeattemptstounderminelegitimatemessagesfromscientificstud-ies("UnderminingScience"),attemptstomanipulatethemedia("MediaMa-nipulation"),theindustry'spublicrela-tionsefforts("PublicRelations"),andactivitiestogaincontrolofthepopularagenda("UsurpingtheAgenda").
Thefourclustersacrossthebottomdescribeindustryactions—whatthetobaccoindustrydoes.
Thisincludeslobby-ingefforts("LobbyingandLegislativeStrategy"),theuseoffrontgroupsandartificiallycreatedgrassrootsmovements("CreatingtheIllusionofSupport"),intimidation("LegalandEconomicIn-timidation"),andharassmentoftobaccocontrolprofessionals("Harassment").
Theparticipantsalsointerpretedahor-izontaldimension.
Towardtheleftonthemapareclustersthatrepresenttacticsthataremorehiddenorcovertinnature.
Ontherightaretacticsthattendtobemoreovertorpublicinnature.
Theparticipantsalsosuggestedthatthetwodimensionscanbeviewedasformingfourquadrantsbasedonthe2*2combinationofthesedimensions,andtheyprovidedashortlabelforeachquadrant:IssueFraming=Public+MessagesLobbyingTactics=Public+ActionSciencePublicRelations=Covert+MessagesHarassment=Covert+ActionLast,theexpertpanelagreedonafi-nallabelingforallareasofthemap(seefigure8.
3).
LessonsfromtheConceptMapTheconceptmaprepresentsanem-piricallyderivedconsensusofapaneloftobaccocontrolexpertsandmayserveasthebasisforsubsequentmeasurementdevelopment.
Forexample,theindividualstatementsgeneratedbytheexpertpanelmayserveasthebasisforindividualMonograph17.
EvaluatingASSIST221221Table8.
1.
ClustersandStatementsinDescendingOrder,byAverageImportanceRatingItem#StatementMeanLobbyingandlegislativestrategies3.
7185Writingandpushingpreemptivelegislationatstatelevel4.
678Creatingloopholesinlawsandagreements(e.
g.
,theMSA)toallowbusinessasusual4.
5726Contributingfundstopoliticalgroupsatfederal,state,andlocallevelstosupportindustrygoals4.
4353Usingclouttoinfluenceintroduction,advancement,modification,orsuppressionofbillsinlegislativebodies4.
3887Lobbyingtoensurethatfundsdirectedtotobaccocontrolaredivertedtonontobaccocontrolinitiatives4.
3327Usingclouttolimitpowersofregulatoryagencies(jurisdiction,procedures,budgets)4.
2963Providinglegislatorswithcontributions,gifts,andotherperks4.
1044Promotingpartialorweakmeasuresasanalternativetoeffectivemeasures4.
1052Insertinglimitinglanguageinlegislation,suchas"knowingly"selltobaccotominors4.
0513Writingweaktobaccocontrollegislation,thenarguingthattobaccocontrolmeasuresareineffective3.
8617Ghostwritingnontobaccobills(e.
g.
,sewage)withclausesthatifenacted,wouldbringpreemptionviathebackdoor3.
717Lobbyinggovernmentofficialstosetunrealistictobaccocontrolgoalstoensureprogramfailure3.
6761Usingpoliticaland/ormonetaryclouttodelayfundingoftobaccocontrolprograms3.
6736Lobbyingtoensurethatfundsaredivertedtoineffectivetobaccocontrolactivities3.
6762Workingagainstcampaignfinancereformtomaintaininfluence3.
6221Workingagainststrengtheningcampaignandlobbyingdisclosurelaws3.
5719Promotingtortreform3.
3841Usingclouttoassigntobaccocontrolprogramstohostile/apatheticagenciesforimplementation3.
1976Conducting"briefings"ofmembersofCongress,allies,andconsultantstoswayopiniononanissue3.
141Promotingsmokers'rightslegislation3.
0529Usingtobaccocompanies'subsidiaries(i.
e.
,MillerandKraft)inpoliticaloppositiontotobaccocontrollegislation3.
0510Ensuringsupportivelegislatorswilllobsoftquestionsduringtestimony2.
382Usingtobaccoemployeestolobbyagainstlegislationwiththeexcusethatitthreatenstheirjobsecurity2.
38Legalandeconomicintimidation3.
4616Devotingconsiderableresourcestolegalfights4.
7665Creatingandfundingfrontgroups3.
8146Ensuringthatcourtbattlesarefoughtinfavorablejurisdictions3.
7664Infiltratingofficialanddefactoregulatoryorganizations(likeASHRAE)3.
4358Filteringdocumentationthroughtheirattorneysinordertohidebehindattorneyworkproduct[privilege]3.
299Encouraging(orfailingtodiscourage)smugglingasawaytocountertaxhikes3.
104Counteringtaxincreaseswithpromotionsandcentsoff3.
0548Threateningtowithdrawsupportfromcrediblegroupstocontrol[them]2.
48Usurpingtheagenda3.
3942Developingallianceswithretailers,vendors,andthehospitalityindustryinoppositiontopublichealthpolicies3.
9040Usurpingthepublichealthprocess,suchascreatingtheirownyouthtobaccopreventionprograms3.
3322Avoidingregulatoryandlegislativeinterventionsbyestablishingtheirownprograms,suchas"WeCard"3.
2466Promotingatobacco-controlfocusthatislimitedtoyouthissues3.
2435Shiftingblametothevictims(e.
g.
,passingyouthpossessionlawstopunishyouths)3.
24Creatingillusionofsupport3.
2754Usinglegalandconstitutionalchallengestounderminefederal,state,andlocallegislativeandregulatoryinitiatives4.
5281Usingantilobbyinglegislationtosuppresstobaccocontroladvocacy3.
5768Flyingincadreof"experts"tofightlocal/statelegislation3.
4339Creatingtheillusionofaprotobaccograssrootsmovementthroughdirectmaildatabaseandpaid-forpetitionnames3.
1960Usinginternationalactivitiestoavoiddomesticrulesonads,taxation,etc.
3.
0533Enteringfalsetestimonyandfalsedataintothepublicrecord2.
9575Tyingstates'MSAmoneytoincreases/decreasesofsmokingprevalence2.
9559Usingemployeesandtheirfamiliestomakecampaigncontibutionsthataredifficulttotrack2.
528.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSIST222222Item#StatementMeanHarassment3.
2643Intimidatingopponentswithoverwhelmingresources4.
3832Usingthecourtsandthreatsoflegalactiontosilenceopponents4.
1937Harassingtobaccocontrolworkersvialetters,FOIAs,andlegalaction3.
4356Silencingindustryinsiders3.
1923Hasslingprominenttobaccocontrolscientistsfortheiradvocacywork3.
003Infiltratingtobaccopreventionandcontrolgroups2.
8125Tryingtounderminethosesellingeffectivecessationproducts1.
81Underminingscience3.
2611Creatingdoubtaboutthecredibilityofsciencebypayingscientiststodisseminateprotobaccoinformation3.
7618Sowingconfusionaboutthemeaningofstatisticalsignificanceandresearchmethods3.
5738Creatingscientificforumstogetprotobaccoinformationintothescientificliterature3.
335Influencingscientificpublicationbypayingjournaleditorstowriteeditorialsopposingtobaccorestrictions3.
1071Creatingdoubtaboutthecredibilityofsciencebypayingscientiststoprovideexperttestimony3.
1080Creatingdoubtaboutthecredibilityoflegitimatesciencebypayingscientiststoconductresearch3.
0586Conductingstudiesthat,bydesign,cannotachieveasignificantresult2.
90Mediamanipulation2.
9177Usingadvertisingdollarstocontrolcontentofmedia3.
7134Puttingown"spin"ontheissuesbymanufacturinginformationsources3.
4367Takingadvantageofthe"balancedreporting"concepttogetequaltimeforjunkscience2.
8669Ghostwritingprotobaccoarticles2.
766Avoidingthekeyhealthquestionsbysayingtheyarenotexpertsandthennotagreeingwiththeexperts2.
7184Misrepresentingfactsinsituationswherethereisnotimetoverify2.
6774Publiclyacknowledgingtheriskoftobaccouse,butminimizingthemagnitude2.
6730Publicizingresearchinto"safecigarettes"2.
48Publicrelations2.
8512Usingphilanthropytolinktheirpublicimagewithpositivecauses4.
0028Usingphilanthropytobuildaconstituencyofsupportamongcrediblegroups3.
6273Divertingattentionfromthehealthissuesbyfocusingattentionontheeconomicissues3.
4851Distractingattentionfromtherealissueswithalternativestancessuchasaccommodationandventilation3.
3888Assertingthatrestrictionsontobaccocouldleadtorestrictionsonotherindustriesandproducts3.
3814Minimizingimportanceofmisdeedsinthepastbyclaimingthey'vechanged3.
2420Arguingthattobaccocontrolpoliciesareantibusiness3.
1972Maintainingthatthetobaccoindustryisofcriticalimportancetotheeconomy3.
1945Portrayingthemselvesas"responsible,""reasonable,"andwillingtoengageina"dialogue"2.
9078Misrepresentinglegalissuestonaivereportersandstockanalysts2.
8679Feedingprotobaccoinformationtomarketanalystswhoarepredisposedtoacceptingandtransmittingit2.
8615Representingpeopleas"antismoker"insteadofantismoking2.
8182Developingprotobaccomediacontent,suchasvideosandpressreleases2.
6783Paintingtobaccocontrolactivistsasextremists2.
6755Pretendingthatthe"real"tobaccocontrolagendaisprohibition2.
5757Castingtobaccocontrolasacivilrightsthreat2.
5249Portrayingtobaccocontrolasaclassstruggleagainstpoorandminoritygroups2.
4824Providingextensivemediatrainingforexecutiveswhowillbeinthepubliceye2.
4370Shiftingattentiontowardlawyers'monetarygainsandawayfromtobaccolitigation2.
3847Avoidinglosingpublicdebatesbyovercomplicatingsimpleissues2.
2931Blamingiton"fall-guys"(pastorrogueemployees)whentheindustryiscaughtmisbehaving2.
0050Refusingoravoidingmediadebateswheretheythinktheywilldopoorly1.
71Note:MSAindicatesMasterSettlementAgreement.
ASHRAEindicatesAmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigeratingandAir-ConditioningEngineers.
FOIAsindicatesrequestsmadeundertheFreedomofInformationAct.
Table8.
1.
(continued)223Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTmeasures.
Itisanticipatedthataproto-baccoindexmightbeaggregatedfromthestructuralunitsofthemap.
Forinstance,itmaymakesensetoaggregatesubindexscoresfortheclusters"PublicRelationsandUsurpingtheAgenda"intoatotalscorethatrepresents"IssueFraming.
"Carryingthisnotionupthehierarchy,onemightthenaggregatethefourfoldindexscoresthatrepresentthequadrantsintoanoverallindexoftobaccoindustrytacticsinamanneranalogoustothehierarchicalindexconstructionusedintheStrengthofTobaccoControlindex(seechapter2).
However,additionalempiricalworkisneededtovalidatetheresultsandtoexploretheclassificationsinherentinthemap.
Thenextsectionsofthischapterdescribetwosourcesofdatausedtovalidatethecategoriesidentifiedintheconceptmap—areviewofthelitera-turecoveringtobaccoindustryactionsagainsttobaccocontroleffortsandare-viewofthetobaccoindustrydocuments.
Thesereviewswereperformedtodeter-minewhetherthecategoriesoftacticsdescribedbyconceptmappingcanalsobeidentifiedfromthesesources.
Figure8.
1.
Point-clusterMapShowingtheMultidimensionalScalingArrangementofthe88StatementswiththeEight-clusterSolutionSuperimposed1234567891011121314151617,8518192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384868788Source:Trochim,W.
M.
K.
,F.
A.
Stillman,P.
I.
Clark,andC.
L.
Schmitt.
2003.
Developmentofamodelofthetobaccoindustry'sinterferencewithtobaccocontrolprogrammes.
TobaccoControl12:144.
ReproducedwithpermissionfromtheBMJPublishingGroup.
2248.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTReviewofthePublishedLiteratureonTobaccoIndustryTacticsTheconceptmappingprovidedaba-sisformeasuringtobaccoindustrystrategies.
Subsequently,thepublishedscientificliteratureontobaccoindustryactivitieswasreviewedtodeterminewhetherthetobaccoindustryactu-allyusedtheseorsimilartacticswhenconfrontingpublichealthinitiativesatthelocal,state,andnationallevelsandwhetherthetacticsdescribedintheliteraturecouldbesubsumedunderthecategorizationschemedescribedbytheconceptmappingproject.
Whiletheseeightcategoriesdideffectivelyrepresentthosedescribedintheextantliterature,wefoundnoexistingsourceofdatafromwhichavalidquantitativemeasurecouldbeconstructedforeverystate.
Thefirstpartofthissectionprovidesabriefdescriptionofthemethodusedtoidentifyandselectarticlesforinclusioninthereview.
Itsubsequentlypresentsarticlesillustrativeofeachcategoryoftobaccoindustrytacticdescribedbytheconceptmappinganalysis.
Finally,studiesarepresentedthatillustratethatthetobaccoindustryemployedacombi-nationoftacticstocounterspecificpub-lichealthinitiatives.
Figure8.
2.
ConceptMapShowingClustersandRelativeImportanceRatingsLobbying&LegislativeStrategyCreatingIllusionofSupportHarassmentLegal&EconomicIntimidationUnderminingScienceMediaManipulationPublicRelationsUsurpingtheAgendaLayerValue12.
85to3.
0223.
02to3.
1933.
19to3.
3643.
36to3.
5353.
53to3.
71Rateeachstatementforhowimportantyouthinkitisinunderminingtobaccocontrolefforts,where:1=RelativelyUnimportant2=SomewhatImportant3=ModeratelyImportant4=VeryImportant5=ExtremelyImportantSource:Trochim,W.
M.
K.
,F.
A.
Stillman,P.
I.
Clark,andC.
L.
Schmitt.
2003.
Developmentofamodelofthetobaccoindustry'sinterferencewithtobaccocontrolprogrammes.
TobaccoControl12:145.
ReproducedwithpermissionfromtheBMJPublishingGroup.
225Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTMethodsThepeer-reviewedliteraturewassearchedforarticlesexaminingthetac-ticsthetobaccoindustryhasusedtoopposetobaccocontrol.
Abroadsearchstrategywasusedtocapturearticlespublishedfrom1955throughOcto-ber2001.
ThesearchwaslimitedtoEnglish-languageandhumanstudies.
TheMEDLINEdatabasewasqueriedwithmultiplesearchtermcombinationswithBooleanoperators.
Thegeneralsearchcategorytobaccoindustrywascombinedwithaseriesofsearchtermsrelatedtopossibletobaccoindustrytactics.
Termsincludedharassment,publicrelations,in-timidation,illusion,legislat**,lobby**,media,science,undermin**,agenda,support,legal,illegal,econom**,NCI,ASSIST,interfer**,andstrategy.
Inaninitialscreeningofthesearchresults,thefirstscreener(KK)identified173articlesforpotentialinclusioninthereview.
Twoadditionalscreeners(BF,SB)reviewedthesearchprotocolandlistofcapturedarticlesforcompletenessandrelevance.
Thearticleswerethenreviewedforrelevancetothequestionposed,andanyclearlyirrelevantarticleswereexclud-edfromfurtheranalysis.
Fifty-onearticlesFigure8.
3.
Experts'InterpretationoftheIndustryTacticsConceptMapLobbying&LegislativeStrategyCreatingIllusionofSupportHarassmentLegal&EconomicIntimidationUnderminingScienceMediaManipulationPublicRelationsUsurpingtheAgendaMessagesActionCovertPublicLobbyingTacticsHarassmentSciencePRIssueFramingSource:Trochim,W.
M.
K.
,F.
A.
Stillman,P.
I.
Clark,andC.
L.
Schmitt.
2003.
Developmentofamodelofthetobaccoindustry'sinterferencewithtobaccocontrolprogrammes.
TobaccoControl12:145.
ReproducedwithpermissionfromtheBMJPublishingGroup.
2268.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTwereretainedforthereviewafteracon-sensusofthethreescreenersdeterminedthatthosearticleswerelikelytodescribetobaccoindustrytactics.
Fortheanalysis,thearticleswerecat-egorizedbythethemesdescribedintheconceptmap.
Articlesthatweredeemedredundantforaparticularthemearenotincludedinthisdiscussion.
ResultsLobbyingandLegislativeStrategyThisfirstconceptmapdomainde-scribeshowcontributingfundstopoliticalcandidates,incumbents,par-ties,committees,andinterestgroupsallowsaccessandinfluenceoverthesegroups.
Thisconstructincludestheuseofcampaigncontributions,generalTable8.
2.
LobbyingandLegislativeStrategyAuthorsShortdescriptionBegay,Traynor,andGlantz14TheindustrycontributedmoretotheCalifornialegislaturefrom1985to1992thantotheU.
S.
Congress,mostnotablyinthefouryearsfollowingthe1988enactmentofProposition99.
GlantzandBegay15Inthe1991–92Californialegislativesession,therewasapositivecorrelationbetweentobaccoindustrycampaigncontributionsandsupportofindustrypositionsamonglegislators.
From1988to1994,tobaccolobbyingexpenditurescorrelatednegativelywithstatetobaccocontrolexpenditures.
Moore,Wolfe,Lindes,andDouglas16FederalElectionCommissionrecordsofpersonalcontributionsandthoseto10tobaccopoliticalactioncommitteeswereinvestigatedduringthe102ndand103rdsessionsoftheU.
S.
Congress.
Moneyreceivedfromthetobaccoindustrywasthebestpredictorofaproindustryposition.
Siegel,Carol,Jordan,Hobart,Schoenmarklin,DuMelle,andFisher17Statepreemptionlawspassedbetween1985and1995werereviewed.
Threemajortrendsintobaccoindustryeffortswereidentified:preexistingtobaccocontrolbillswereamendedbyindustry-friendlylegislators,"superpreemption"billsseekingtolimitalllocaltobaccocontroleffortswerepromoted,andanattemptwasmadebytheindustrytousetheSynaramendmentasafederalpreemptionoftheenforcementofyouthaccesslaws.
MonardiandGlantz18In1993–94legislativesessionsinCalifornia,Colorado,Ohio,Pennsylvania,NewJersey,andWashingtonState,therelationshipbetweentobaccoindustrydonationstospecificlegislatorsandtheleveloftheirsupportfortobaccoindustrypositionswaspositive.
Theanalysiscontrolledforpersonalpartyaffiliationandpartycontrolofthelegislature.
DiFranzaandRigotti19ThetobaccoindustryattemptedtoimpedeimplementationandenforcementofyouthaccesslawsinMassachusetts.
Healthdepartmentofficialsconcludedthattheoutcomeoftheseeffortsincludedinadequatebudgetsallocatedforenforcement,retailer-basedcourtdisputesovercitations,andpoliticalpressureoverusingolderyouthsincompliancechecks.
227Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTlobbying,andothereffortstoaffectleg-islationpassage,implementation,andenforcement(seetable8.
2).
ItisclearfromthestudiesreviewedthatthetobaccoindustryengagesintacticsidentifiedasLobbyingandLegislativeStrategies.
Theyareabletoinfluencelegislation,becausetheirmone-tarycontributionstopoliticiansgivethemaccesstothelegislativeprocess.
Thehighimportanceratingsthattheconceptmap-pingparticipantsassignedtothisstrate-gy'sroleinunderminingtobaccocontrolissupportedbythepublishedliterature.
LegalandEconomicIntimidationandCreatingtheIllusionofSupportThetobaccoindustrydevotescon-siderableresourcestopolicybattlesandseekstoportraysubstantialsupportbythecommunityatlargeforitspositions.
Thissupportcanexertpoliticalpressureonlawmakers,whomistakeitforatruegrassrootsmovement.
ThetwoconceptmapdomainsLegalandEconomicIntimidationandCreat-ingtheIllusionofSupportarecombinedherebecauseofsharedaspectsoftobac-coindustryassociationwithfrontgroupsandengineeredconstituencies.
WhilethemajorfocusofLegalandEconomicIntimidationisdisempoweringgroupsthatpromotetobaccocontrolthroughfinancingand/orcreatingadversarialfrontgroups,suchasretaileralliances,CreatingtheIllusionofSupportstrate-giesfocusonempoweringgroupsthatsupportthetobaccoindustryagenda(seetable8.
3).
Asthepublichasbecomeawareandresistanttothetobaccoindustry'sdirecttactics,theindustryhasemployedtacticsthatminimizetheirownpublicexposure.
ManyoftheselessdirecttacticsarethoseincludedintheLegalandEco-nomicIntimidationandCreatingIllusionofSupportconstructs.
UsurpingtheAgendaThisconceptmapdomainencom-passestacticscharacterizedbytheto-baccoindustry'sapparentchampionshipofanothergroup'scause.
Forexample,theirwidelypublicizedyouthsmok-ingpreventionprogramsandsupportoflawsthatpunishyouthforthepurchase,use,andpossessionoftobaccoproductsappeartoservethepublichealthagenda.
Inreality,however,thetobaccoindus-try'sactiveparticipationintheseissuesallowsthemtocontroltheagenda,ratherthanbecontrolledbyit,anddivertatten-tionfromissuestheycannotdirectlyad-dressorcounter(seetable8.
4).
TheUsurpingtheAgendatacticsmostfrequentlyidentifiedaretheuseofindustryalliancestopresentaprotobaccopositionandthecreationofyouthaccessprograms,whereithasbeenparticularlysuccessful.
Thisgroupoftacticsallowsthetobaccoindustrytocontrolthepublichealthagendainsteadofbeingcontrolledbyit.
HarassmentThetobaccoindustryusesothertacticstofrightenandoverwhelmopponents.
Thetacticsincludethreateningtosueoractuallysuingtobaccocontroladvo-cates.
Alternatively,theindustrymakesburdensomerequestsforinformationundertheFreedomofInformationAct(FOIA).
Asaresult,peopletargetedby8.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSIST228228Table8.
5.
HarassmentAuthorsShortdescriptionAguinagaandGlantz25ThetobaccoindustryfiledburdensomeFOIArequestswithpublichealthagenciestoslowagencyaction.
Nicholl26Thetobaccoindustryaccusedtobacco-controladvocatesandprogrammanagersofillegallobbyingtofurtherinflatetheperceptionthattheindustrypositionwasthepublic'sposition.
Bialous,Fox,andGlantz27Managersfromthe17ASSISTstateswereinterviewedaboutformalcomplaintsfromtheindustryallegingillegallobbyingactivities.
ManagersinASSISTstatesthathadnotbeentargetsoftheseindustrycomplaintsreportedlimitingtheirtobaccocontrolinterventionsbecausetheyfearedtheywouldalsobeaccusedofillegallobbying.
Note:FOIAindicatesFreedomofInformationAct.
Table8.
3.
LegalandEconomicIntimidationandCreatingtheIllusionofSupportAuthorsShortdescriptionTraynor,Begay,andGlantz20During1991–92inCalifornia,thetobaccoindustryusedfrontgroupsandlinkstorestaurantandmerchantassociationstoconcealdirectlobbyingeffortsinlocalpolicydebates.
Thesegroupsmonitoredlegislationandorganizedlocalinitiativecampaignsagainsttobaccocontrolregulations.
Telephonehotlinesandpublicrelationsfirmskepttrackoflocalpolicydevelopmentsandorganizedconsumerlobbyingefforts.
Ellis,Hobart,andReed21Inthelate1980sandearly1990sinContraCostaCounty,CA,industryassociationsuseddirectmailingcampaigns,frontgroups,publicrelationsfirms,andlobbyingfor"smokers'rights"tocreatetheillusionofagenuineprotobaccograssrootsmovement.
Table8.
4.
UsurpingtheAgendaAuthorsShortdescriptionBidell,Furlong,Dunn,andKoegler22InSantaBarbaraCounty,CA,thetobaccoindustry,retailers,andindustryassociationsworkedtogethertoattempttodefeatlocallegislationbanningself-servicetobaccodisplays.
Whenthebillpassed,thosegroupsworkedtodelaytheenactmentandimpedetheenforcementofthebans.
RitchandBegay23Thetobaccoindustrymadeallianceswithretailers,vendors,restaurateurs,tavernproprietors,andthegeneralhospitalityindustry.
Atradeassociationadvocatingprotobacco-industrypoliciesclaimedthatproposedcleanindoorairlegislationwouldhavenegativeeconomicconsequences.
DiFranzaandGodshall24Thetobaccoindustrycreateda"model"statebillforunderagetobaccosalesthatwouldundermineenforcementefforts.
229Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTthesetacticsmaybeafraidtopursueanaggressivetobaccocontrolagenda,oranagencymaybecomesooverburdenedcomplyingwithinformationrequeststhatitsemployeescannotaccomplishtheirto-baccocontrolduties(seetable8.
5).
Thistacticnotonlycompelsagenciestodevotelimitedresourcestoaresponse,butitalsocreatesanatmosphereinwhichalltobaccocontrolmanagers,eventhosewhohaveneverbeenthedi-recttargetofthesetactics,mustbecomehypervigilantabouttheirinvolvementinanypolicyinterventions.
UnderminingScienceThetobaccoindustryhasmadeex-traordinaryeffortstoconfusethepublicaboutthescienceofthehealthrisksofsmokingandenvironmentaltobaccosmoke.
Whileindustryexecutivesandscientistshaveknownaboutandaccept-edthescientificevidenceabouthealthrisksfromtobaccouseandsecondhandsmokefordecades,28theyhaveactivelyresistedthepublicdisclosureofthisinformation.
Inaddition,theyhaveiniti-atedandsupportedaresearchagendadesignedtocounterlegitimatenegativefindingsabouttobacco'shealtheffects.
Outcomesfromthisresearchagendaare,inturn,finelytunedtominimizeornegatenegativefindingsandarereleasedtothepublicbyforumsalleg-edlyunrelatedtotheindustry.
Tobaccocompanyeffortstocontrolthefocusoftobaccoresearch,counteralready-pub-lishednegativeresearch,andactivelyworktoconfusethepublicarewellrep-resentedintheindustrydocumentsandsubsequentlyinthepublishedliterature(seetable8.
6).
Thetobaccoindustry'suseoftacticsunderthisdomainiswelldocumented.
Thesetacticsincludeddesigningstudiestoyieldresultsthatsupporttobaccoindustrypositions,payingscientiststoperformthesestudies,andcreatingquasi-legitimateforumstopublicizethoseresults.
Lawyerswithaneyetopo-tentiallitigationateverylevelcontrolledresearchagendas.
Thetobaccoindustrysuccessfullykeptinformationfromthepublicformanyyears.
Whenthisinfor-mationbecamepublicknowledge,theyattackeditsveracity.
MediaManipulationandPublicRelationsTheMediaManipulationandPublicRelationsdomainsusesimilartacticsandwillthereforebediscussedtogether.
Theprimarydifferenceisthatmediama-nipulationtacticsaremorelikelytobeindirectandpublicrelationstacticsaremorelikelytobedirect.
Forexample,mediamanipulationtacticsincludesitu-ationsinwhichthetobaccoindustrydoesnotpayforpositivemediaattentionbutcandirectmessagesbythreateningtowithholdadvertisingrevenuesfromamagazinethatrunsantitobaccostories.
Publicrelationshipstactics,incompari-son,distractthepublicfromhealthis-suesbyfocusingattentiononalternativeissues.
Threatstothetobaccoindustryarereframedasthreatstotheeconomyofthestateornation,otherbusinesses,orminoritycitizens.
Thecommonthemethatconnectsthetwodomainsisthattheybothinvolvepresentingamanufac-turedimageofthetobaccoindustrytothepublic(seetable8.
7).
Mediamanipulationandpublicrela-tionstacticsarewellusedbythetobacco2308.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTindustry.
Withthesetactics,theindustryshapespublicopinion.
Publicopinion,inturn,affectswhetherlegislationfavor-abletothetobaccoindustryisenactedandenforced.
CaseStudiesthatExamineTobaccoIndustryTacticsTheresearchreviewedabovecor-respondslargely,thoughnotprecisely,totheconceptmapheadings.
TheextantTable8.
6.
UnderminingScienceAuthorsShortdescriptionGlantz,Barnes,Bero,Hanauer,andSlade29Inthemid-1970s,Brown&Williamsonscientistsdeterminedthatsecondhandsmokecausesirritation,containstoxins,andiscarcinogenic,butthosescientistsdidnotreleasetheinformation.
Theyalsoconfirmedthatnicotineisaddictiveandthattobaccousecausesdisease.
Companyscientistswerenotallowedtopursueresearchthatmightmakethecompanysubjecttolitigation.
Bero,Barnes,Hanauer,Slade,andGlantz30Brown&Williamsonfundedexternalresearchprojectsfortheirpotentialpublicrelationsvalue,forpotentialuseinundermininglegitimateresearch,ortosupportindustryobjectivesrelatingtosuchareasasventilationandaccommodation.
Barnes,Hanauer,Slade,Bero,andGlantz31Brown&Williamsonfundedresearchintendedtoprovethatenvironmentaltobaccosmokeisnotharmful.
Hanauer,Slade,Barnes,Bero,andGlantz32InternalresearchbyBrown&Williamsonthatwouldhavebeendisadvantageousinliabilitylawsuitswaskeptconfidential.
Internaldocumentationofpracticesandresearchwasreviewedbyattorneysinordertoinvokeattorneyworkproductprivilegeindiscovery.
BarnesandBero33TheCenterforIndoorAirResearchwasestablishedandfundedbythreeU.
S.
tobaccocompaniestoresearchindoorair,includingsecondhandsmoke.
Hirschhorn34ProgramstofundanddisseminateresearchintendedtoprovethatsecondhandsmokeissafewereinitiatedbyPhilipMorris,R.
J.
Reynolds,andBritishAmericanTobaccoinGermany,influencingpolicyinthatnationandelsewhereinEurope.
OngandGlantz35PhilipMorrisdevelopedresearchanddisseminationstrategiestocombattheresultsofastudyconductedbytheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancerthatconnectedsecondhandsmokewithlungcancer.
DropeandChapman36U.
S.
tobaccocompaniesretainedscientiststocreateandpublicizedoubtaboutthehealthrisksofsecondhandsmoke.
Scientistswereorganizedandforumsfordisseminationweresponsored.
Unfavorableresultswerekeptfrompublicrelease,andallstudiescontainedcontractualclausesrequiringattorneyreview.
Muggli,Forster,Hurt,andRepace37StudieswereexplicitlydesignedtorefutetheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyreportconnectingsecondhandsmokeandlungcancer.
Resultinginformationwasdisseminatedatindustry-sponsoredforumsandinpopularprintmedia.
OngandGlantz38PhilipMorrisusedtheconceptof"soundscience"toattacktheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyreportimplicatingsecondhandsmokeinlungcancer.
Italsofundedresearchtoprovethatsecondhandsmokeisnotharmful.
231Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTliteraturealsoincludescasestudiesthatfocusontobaccoindustryresponsestoparticularlegislativeorregulatoryef-forts.
Thesestudiescannotbesortedandreviewedunderseparateconceptmapheadingsbecauseeachonedescribesmultipletacticstheindustryusedtoachievetheirgoals.
Theseeffortsarethereforegroupedlooselyundertwocategories:constellationsoftacticsthattheindustryusestoopposeaspecificpublichealthprogramandconstellationsoftacticstheindustryusesatthestateandlocallevelstoopposetobaccocon-trol(seetable8.
8).
GeneralState-levelIndustryBehaviorFourpapershaveexaminedtobaccoindustrybehavioratthestatelevelandonepaperexaminedindustrybehavioratthelocallevel.
Thesestudiesprovideageneraloverviewofthetacticstheindustryemploysasitfacesincreasingchallengesinthebusinessenvironment.
Thesereviewsarebasedonindustrydocuments,publicrecords,andinter-views(seetable8.
9).
Takentogether,thesecasestudiesshowthatthetobaccoindustryreliesondirectandindirectpoliticalpressuretocountertobaccocontroleffortsatthestateandlocallevels.
Directpressureisexertedthroughlobbyingefforts,andaccesstopoliticiansisensuredthroughgenerouspoliticalcontributions.
In-directpressureisappliedthroughthemanipulationofpublicopinion.
Acom-binationofstrategies,includinglegisla-tiveandlegalintimidation,usurpingtheagenda,creatinganillusionofsupport,andharassment,harnessotherindividu-alsandgroupstopresentprotobaccoTable8.
7.
MediaManipulationandPublicRelationsAuthorsShortdescriptionRichards,Tye,andFischer39Adisparitywasfoundbetweenthetobaccoindustry'spronouncementsandpracticesregardingadvertising.
Asbroadcastadvertisingwasrestrictedtoreduceyouthconsumption,fundsweremovedtobillboardandprintadvertisements.
Theseadvertisementsalsoappearedtotargetyouthsdespiteindustrystatementstothecontrary.
HurtandRobertson40Theindustrymarketedlow-nicotineandlow-tarcigarettesashealthierforsmokersthantraditionalcigarettesdespiteevidencetothecontrary.
Asaresult,thepublicbecameconfusedabouttheoveralldangersoftobaccouse.
KennedyandBero41Newspapersandperiodicalsin1981–94characterizedthehealtheffectsofsecondhandsmokeascontroversialdespitefewresearchcitationssupportingthisclaim.
Apositivecorrelationwasfoundbetweentheamountoftobaccoadvertisementsinagivenmagazineandthelikelihoodthatthemagazinewouldframetobaccoissuesascontroversial.
MangurianandBero42Unfavorablemediacoverageofasmoke-freeworkplaceordinanceincreasedafterspeakerssupportingtheindustryspokeatpublichearings.
Magzamen,Charlesworth,andGlantz43Disproportionatecoverageofindustry-promotedtopics,includingeconomiccost/benefitanalyses,ventilationutility,andsmokers'rights,wasfoundinnewsandopinionpiecesonpassageofasmoke-freeworkplacelawinCaliforniain1997–98.
8.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSIST232232Table8.
9.
TobaccoIndustryBehavioratStateandLocalLevelsAuthorsShortdescriptionNicholl26Thisstudyidentifiestobaccoindustrytacticsineightstatewidetobaccotaxinitiativecampaigns(California,Massachusetts,Arizona,Oregon,Montana,Nebraska,Arkansas,andColorado).
Thesetacticswerecharacterizedbytheabilitytoapplydirectandindirectpressureonthelegislaturethroughtheuseoffrontgroups,manufacturedgrassrootsconstituents,andmediasaturation.
Othertactics,suchashiringprofessionalsignaturegatherersathigherthanmarketwages,wereusedtodefeatpetitioningonthepartoftobaccocontrolcoalitions.
Jacobson,Wasserman,andRaube50;JacobsonandWasserman51Thetobaccoindustryfavoredpreemptionclausesinsixstates(Arizona,Florida,Illinois,Minnesota,NewYork,andTexas),inpartbecausetheycouldweakencoalitionsupportfortheproposedlegislation.
Monetarycontributionstopoliticians,combinedwithdirectlobbyingefforts,promotedthetobaccoindustry'sinterestsinthelegislature.
Aftertobaccocontrollegislationwaspassed,theindustrycontinueditseffortstoimpedeimplementationandenforcementofthelaws.
GivelandGlantz52Inthe1990s,tobaccoindustrytacticsincludedcontributionsandgiftgivingtolegislators,creationandmaintenanceoffrontgroups,affiliationwithbusinessassociationsandsmokers'rightsgroups,andaccusationsofillegallobbyingdirectedatpublichealthworkers.
Statewidepreemptionclauseswereoftenthetobaccoindustry'sobjective,andtheindustryfocusedlobbyingeffortsandfinancialcontributionsoninfluencingcommitteeprocessesandvotescheduling.
SamuelsandGlantz53Theindustryusedmultipletacticsagainsttobaccocontrolordinancesaspolicydebatesmovedtothemunicipallevelinthelate1980s.
Table8.
8.
IndustryTacticstoOpposeSpecificPublicHealthInitiativesAuthorsShortdescriptionSamuels,Begay,Hazan,andGlantz44InresponsetoPittsburgh'sproposedhealthpoliciesin1987,thetobaccoindustryformedallianceswithbusinessandlabororganizationstoopposeaproposedordinancethatwouldrestrictsmokinginsomerestaurants,workplaces,andpublicareas.
Inaddition,apublicdebateonaccommodation,spearheadedbyPhilipMorris,servedtodistractattentionfromthepublichealthissuesofcleanindoorair.
MacDonaldandGlantz45(seealsoMagzamenandGlantz46)ThetobaccoindustryreliedonmultipletacticsasitopposedthesmokingrestrictionsinCaliforniaAssemblyBill13anditssubsequentproposedextensiontobars,whilesupportingpreemptionamendmentsandweakeralternativelegislation.
GoldmanandGlantz47ThetobaccoindustryusedmultiplestrategiestoopposeOregon'sMeasure44in1996.
Koh48Thetobaccoindustryusedmultiplestrategiestoopposethe1992MassachusettsQuestion1tobaccotaxinitiative.
TraynorandGlantz49Thetobaccoindustryusedavarietyoftactics,includingfrontgroups,legalchallenges,governmentlobbying,andmediasaturation,tohalt,delay,orsubvertpassageofCalifornia'sProposition99in1989.
233Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTargumentsusingpublicrelationstactics.
Atthesametimethatpoliticalpressureisbeingapplied,otherlobbyingandlegislativestrategies,suchasclausesincludingpreemptionandsupportforsmokers'rights,areemployedtoweak-encoalitionsupportforproposedleg-islationandmakethatlegislationmorecongruentwithtobaccoindustrygoals.
Thesetacticscontinueduringtheimple-mentationandenforcementphaseofanylegislationadopted.
GapsintheLiteratureThegapsintheliteratureresearch-ingtobaccoindustrytacticsaremostlydescribableviatheconceptmap.
Somemapclusters,suchasLobbyingandLegislativeStrategyandUnderminingScience,arewellrepresentedinthelit-erature.
Others,suchasMediaManipu-lation,arenot.
Generally,tacticsthatareeitherquantifiableviadollarsspentorwelldescribedwithinthecontextofaparticularpolicydebatearebetterrepre-sented.
Incontrast,tacticsthatcanbein-ferredfromasource,butnotnecessarilydocumented,arelesswellrepresented.
Forexample,whenmanufacturinginformationsourcesorusingadvertis-ingdollarstocontrolcontentofthemedia,thetobaccoindustrytakesgreatpainstohidetheirfootprints.
Likewise,tacticsthataremorediffuseandtendtobestandardbusinesspractices,likefrontgroups,mobilizationofgrassrootssupport,orpublic-relations-aidedis-sueframing,arenotaswellresearched.
Therearedisparitieswithintheclustersaswell.
Whilethelobbyingandlegisla-tiveeffortsoftheindustryhavebeenwellstudied,particularlyintheareaofstateinitiativecampaigns,researchfocusingonlocalornationaldebatesorcampaignsisneeded.
Inaddition,asthecurrentliteraturesuggests,theindustrycontinuestodevelopnewstrategiesandcombinationsofstrategies,andtheseshouldbemonitored.
LessonsfromtheLiteratureReviewThereviewofthepublishedscientificliteratureverifiesthatthetobaccoindus-tryusestacticstodisruptpublichealthinitiatives.
ThisreviewfurthervalidatestheinclusionofprotobaccoforcesintheASSISTevaluationdesignandfortheuseoftheconceptmapasabasisforthismetric.
However,thereviewdoesnotidentifyadatasetthatwouldeasilyleadtothedevelopmentofanindex.
Thepri-marydatasourcesusedintheunderlyingliterature,suchaspublicrecordsandinterviews,providevalidinformationforcasestudiesbutposechallengestoasystematicandreliabledata-collectioneffort.
Forexample,sincestateshavedifferentreportingrequirementsforlob-byistsandlobbyingexpenses,state-levelcomparisonsonthismeasurearenotpossible,althoughthesedatacouldbeusedtotrackthesetobacco-relatedactiv-itieswithinastate.
Similarly,corporateadvertisingexpendituresarenotreportedinsufficientdetailtoinformanindex.
Inaddition,someofthedescribedtactics,particularlythosethataremoreimplicitorcovert(suchasattemptingtoconfuseandreframepolicydebatesandconstructtheillusionofwidespreadpopularsup-port),arebydefinitiondifficulttodocu-ment,measure,andincludeinametric.
8.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSIST234234QuantifyingTobaccoIndustryPolicy-relatedActivityWhiletobaccoindustryeffortsrangefromadvocacytoadvertisingandpromotion,policy-relatedactivi-tiesrepresentanimportantareaformetricsofprotobaccoactivities.
AccordingtoStantonA.
Glantz,UniversityofCaliforniaprofessorandco-authorofTheTobaccoWaraandTheCigarettePapers,bchan-nelsforthetobaccoindustrytoexerciseinfluenceoverpolicy-makingeffortsincludethefollowing:cCampaigncontributionstoindividualpoliticians.
Relationshipsbetweencampaigncontributionsandlegislativebehaviorhavebeendemonstratedatboththestateandfederallevels.
d,e,fWhilepublicdisclosureisgenerallyrequiredforcampaigncontributions,accessibilityofthesedatavariesfromstatetostate,andinthewakeofreducedcontributionlimits,manycontributionsoriginatefromem-ployeesandbusinesspartnerswhocannotbedirectlytracedtotobaccointerests.
Campaigncontributionstopoliticalpartiesand"friends"committees.
Thesecontributionsarefre-quentlyexemptfromcontributionlimitsandmakeitmoredifficulttotracktheflowofmoneyanditsconcomitantinfluence.
Suchcontributionsalsobenefitlegislatorswhilenotputtingthemonrecordasdirectlyacceptingtobaccoindustrymoney.
Lobbying.
Tobaccocompanieshaveconductedlobbyingeffortsthroughnumeroustradeorganizationsaswellastheirownindividualefforts.
Firmshavealsochanneledlobbyingactivitiesthroughsecond-aryorganizationssuchasnontobaccosubsidiariesandsupportedaffinitygroups.
eTrackingthisactivityispronetomuchofthesamestate-to-statevariabilityastrackingcampaigncontributions,andsecond-arylobbyingposesadditionaldifficultiesformeaningfuldatacollection.
Referendaandinitiativecampaigns.
Acommonlegalstrategyoftobaccocompaniesistosupportareferendumopposingtobaccocontrollegislationinthosestatesthatallowcitizen-initiatedchallengestopassedlegislation.
Similarly,tobaccocompaniesoftenopposecitizen-basedinitiativestoproposeandvoteonlawsoutsideofnormallegislativechannels,amechanismcommonlyusedbytobaccocon-troladvocates.
Theseeffortsarefrequentlyunsuccessful.
g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o"Smokers'rights,""accommodation,"andrelatedpublicrelationscampaigns.
Indirectpolicy-relatedeffortsbythetobaccoindustryinclude(1)forming"smokers'rights"groups,oftenorganizedthroughpublicrelationsfirms;(2)formingcoalitionswiththehospitalityandrestaurantindustryaimedataccommodatingsmokersandchallengingsmoke-freeordinances;and(3)disseminatingindustry-developed"educational"programsdesignedtosupplantpublichealtheffortsinschools.
h,i,p,q,rLitigation.
Thetobaccoindustryfrequentlyengagesinlegalchallengestotobaccocontrolmeasuresandtheiradvocates,particularlyatthelocallevel,oftenwith"concernedcitizens"ratherthantheto-baccocompaniesthemselvesasplaintiffs.
k,s,tWhileGlantzcechoestheviewoftheauthorsofthischapterthatmuchofthesedatamaybedifficultorimpossibletoaccuratelyquantify,particularlygivenstatevariationsandthequalityofdatasources,apotentialfuturedirectionliesinindirectmeasuresoftheseactivities.
d,e,n,u,vBecausedisclosurerequirementshaveremainedrelativelyconstant,thepotentialexiststotrackchangesinindustryactivityovertime,usingexistingdisclosurechannels—particularlyregardingwithin-statebehavior.
Severalstudiesofindividualstateshaveshownarelationshipbetweenindustryexpendituresandtheeffortsoftobaccocontrolactivists,providinganimportantcovariaterelationshipthatshouldbetrackedandmeasuredovertime.
Thereisaconsistentrelationshipbetweencampaigncontributionlevelsandlegislativebehavior—andlegislativebehaviorcanbemeasuredasamatterofpublicrecord.
Toquantifytherecordsofspecificlegislators,Glantzchasuseda"tobaccopolicyscore,"representinga0through10rankingofthelevelofprotobaccolegislativeactivity.
Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSIST235235Thesefactorsallpointtowardthepossibilityofquantifyingtobaccoindustrypoliticalactivitybasedonmetrics,which,inturn,mayultimatelyrepresentindicatorsofthemanytacitactivitiesthatcurrentlyeludedirectmeasurement.
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TobaccoindustrycampaigncontributionsareaffectingtobaccocontrolpolicymakinginCalifornia.
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Newtobaccoindustrystrategytopreventlocaltobaccocontrol.
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jTraynor,M.
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Glantz.
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California'stobaccotaxinitiative:Thedevelopmentandpas-sageofProposition99.
JournalofHealthPolitics,PolicyandLaw21(3):543–85.
kMonardi,F.
,andS.
A.
Glantz.
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Tobaccoindustrypoliticalactivityandtobaccocontrolpolicy-makinginWashington:1983–1996(CenterforTobaccoControlResearchandEducation,ReportWA1996).
SanFrancisco:UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,InstituteforHealthPolicyStudies.
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library.
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lAguinagaBialous,S.
,andS.
A.
Glantz.
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TobaccocontrolinArizona,1973–1997(CenterforTobaccoControlResearchandEducation,ReportAZ1997).
SanFrancisco:UniversityofCaliforniaatSanFrancisco,InstituteforHealthPolicyStudies.
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mGoldman,L.
K.
,andS.
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IndustrypoliticalexpendituresandtobaccopolicymakinginOregon:1985–1997(CenterforTobaccoControlResearchandEducation,ReportOR1998).
SanFrancisco:UniversityofCaliforniaatSanFrancisco,InstituteforHealthPolicyStudies.
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library.
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nBegay,M.
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Question1tobaccoeducationexpendituresinMassachusetts.
TobaccoControl6(3):213–18.
oKoh,H.
K.
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Ananalysisofthesuccessful1992Massachusettstobaccotaxinitiative.
TobaccoControl5(3):220–25.
pSamuels,B.
E.
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Begay,A.
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Hazan,andS.
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Glantz.
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PhilipMorris'sfailedexperimentinPittsburgh.
JournalofHealthPolitics,PolicyandLaw17(2):329–51.
qCardador,M.
,A.
R.
Hazan,andS.
A.
Glantz.
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Tobaccoindustrysmokers'rightspublications:Acontentanalysis.
AmericanJournalofPublicHealth85(9):1212–17.
rStauber,J.
,andS.
Rampton.
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Toxicsludgeisgoodforyou.
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sMonardi,F.
,A.
O'Neill,andS.
A.
Glantz.
1996.
TobaccoindustrypoliticalactivityandtobaccocontrolpolicymakinginColorado:1979–1995(CenterforTobaccoControlResearchandEducation,ReportCO1996).
SanFrancisco:UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,InstituteforHealthPolicyStudies.
http://repositories.
cdlib.
org/ctcre/tcpmus/CO1996.
tMonardi,F.
M.
,andS.
A.
Glantz.
1997.
Tobaccoindustrypoliticalactivityandtobaccocontrolpoli-cymakinginNewJersey:1982–1995(CenterforTobaccoControlResearchandEducation,Report2368.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTReviewofTobaccoIndustryDocumentsInthissection,tobaccoindustrydocumentsarepresentedtodeter-minewhetherthespecifictacticsthatthetobaccoindustryusedtocounterASSISTcanbeorganizedbythecon-ceptmappingframework.
MillionsofpagesofpreviouslyconfidentialindustrydocumentscameintothepublicdomainwiththesettlementofthelawsuitfiledbythestateofMinnesotaagainstseveraltobaccocompanies54(Batesno.
106035476/5504)andwiththeMasterSettlementAgree-mentin1998between46stateattorneysgeneralandthetobaccocompanies.
55Analysesofthesedocumentshavepro-videdresearcherswithabetterunder-standingoftobaccoindustrygoalsandstrategies.
Becauseofthebreadthofto-baccoindustrytacticsandtheindustry'sparticularfocusonASSIST,uniquesearcheswereconductedratherthanre-lyingsolelyonthedocumentsdescribedinthepeer-reviewedliterature.
Sincetheendofthedatacollectionforthischapter,WhiteandBero56pub-lishedacomprehensiveanalysisofinter-naltobaccoindustrydocumentsrelatedtocounteringASSIST.
Theirfindings,al-thoughpresentedunderadifferentorga-nizationalframework,confirmedthatthetobaccoindustryperceivedASSISTasathreatanddevelopedcoordinatedeffortsonmanyfrontstominimizetheimpactofASSIST,bothinthestatesinvolvedintheprojectandinnon-ASSISTstates(toavoidadominoeffectoftobaccocontrolpolicies).
Thestrategiesusedbytheto-baccoindustryhadbeenpreviouslyused,togetherandseparately,inotherindustryattemptstoderailpublichealthefforts.
WhiteandBeroreachedthefollowingconclusions:[Thetobaccoindustry]coordinatedresourcestoaggressivelymonitor,audit,andinfiltrateASSISTcoalitions;pursuelegalactions;preemptlocaltobaccocontrolinitiatives;generatenegativepublicityaboutASSIST;anduseitspoliticalandotheralliestoattackASSISTateverylevelofgovernment.
Furthermore,thetobaccoindustryattemptedtohideitseffortsbyworkingthroughthirdparties.
56(p246)Thissectiondiscussesmanyofthesetacticsinmoredetailandplacesthemwithintheconceptmappingframework.
MethodsforDocumentSearchandAnalysisTobaccoindustrydocumentswerelo-catedviaelectronicsearchesofpubliclyavailablecollectionsontheInternet,includingtobaccoindustryWebsitesNJ1997).
SanFrancisco:UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,InstituteforHealthPolicyStudies.
http://galen.
library.
ucsf.
edu/tobacco/nj.
uAguinaga,S.
,H.
MacDonald,M.
Traynor,M.
E.
Begay,andS.
A.
Glantz.
1995.
Underminingpopu-largovernment:TobaccoindustrypoliticalexpendituresinCalifornia1993–1994(CenterforTobaccoControlResearchandEducation,ReportCA1995).
SanFrancisco:UniversityofCaliforniaatSanFrancisco,InstituteforHealthPolicyStudies.
http://repositories.
cdlib.
org/ctcre/tcpmus/CA1995.
vBegay,M.
E.
,M.
Traynor,andS.
A.
Glantz.
1993.
Thetobaccoindustry,statepolitics,andtobaccoeducationinCalifornia.
AmericanJournalofPublicHealth83(9):1214–21.
237Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSIST(forexample,www.
tobaccoarchives.
com).
ThedocumentswereaccessedbetweenSeptember2001andJuly2002.
Thesearchstrategywastoprogressfrombroadsearchestonarrowones;forexample,aninitialsearchwithabroadterm,suchasNCI,wasnarrowedbyaddinganothertermtothesearchstring(forexample,NCI&ASSIST).
SearchtermsincludedNCI,ASSIST,thenamesoftheASSISTstates,andavarietyofcombinations.
Othersearchtermsrelatedtotheoreticallyderivedtactics(lobby**,allies,alliances,strategi**,tactic**,budget,campaign,taxation,publicrela-tions,smokers'rights,legislat**,FOIA,media)wereusedseparatelyandincombinationwiththeaboveterms.
Ad-ditionalsearcheswereconductedforthenamesofkeyplayersandorganizationsidentifiedininitialsearches.
Documentswereselectedfordetailedreviewiftheymetoneoftwocriteria:relevanceforoveralltobaccoindustrystrategyorrelevancetoanystate-specificstrategy,mainlybutnotexclusivelyASSISTstates.
Becausethegoaloftheanalysiswastoidentifytacticsgenerally,documentswerenotexcludedsimplybecausetheyaddressednon-ASSISTstates.
Thesearchandselectionfocusedondocumentsdatedfrom1987andlater,withafewexceptions(e.
g.
,earlierdocumentsthatwereusedforhistori-calcontext).
DocumentswereexcludedthatwereexactduplicatesandcopiesofdocumentsthatwereobtainedbythetobaccoindustrythroughFOIArequestsfromstatehealthdepartmentsortheNationalCancerInstitute(NCI).
MostofthedocumentsretrievedcamefromeitherPhilipMorrisorthenowextinctTobaccoInstitute.
Effortsweremadetoidentifythemostsignificantdocumentsasdeterminedbytheclosenessofthematchtothesearchitems.
Thesheervolumeofdocumentsmadeitunfeasibletoreviewalldocu-mentsthatmentionedASSIST,andthefactthatthedocumentsweretreatedasexemplarsmadeitunnecessary.
Sincethegoalwasnottohaveacomprehen-sivereviewofhowtheindustrycoun-teredASSISTbuttoidentifypotentialconstructsformeasurement,omissionswerenotproblematicfortheanalysis.
Thedifficultiesinsearchingthedocu-mentsandthelimitationswithinthedatasethavebeenwelldocumented.
57Nonetheless,thedocumentsprovidepublichealthprofessionalswithinsightsintotheprocessesofthisindustryanditsstrategiestopreemptorcountertobaccocontrolefforts.
Theseinsightsmayassistwiththeeffortstodefineaconstructoftobaccoindustrytactics.
ResultsFromthedocumentsreviewed,itwasconcludedthatmanyofthetobaccoindustrystrategiesidentifiedthroughtheconceptmappinganalysisandintheextantliteraturewereusedtocountertobaccocontrolgenerallyandtocounterASSISTspecifically.
Asintheprevi-oussection,thetobaccoindustryeffortsidentifiedareorganizedbythesamecat-egoriesidentifiedintheconceptmappinganalysisandsubsequentlyusedtoorga-nizetheliteraturereview.
2388.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTLobbyingandLegislativeStrategyThedocumentsprovideavastamountofevidenceoftheindustry'slobbyingandlegislativestrategies,bothbeforeandafterthecreationofASSIST.
A1988TobaccoInstitutepresentationdescribessuccessfullobbyingeffortsatthelocallevel:First,oureffortstorepeal,modifyandrollbackexistinglegislation.
…ThecityofAurora,CO,isinthefinalstagesofrepealingworkplacesmokingrestrictionsenacted2yearsago…Successwasachievedthroughaprograminvolvingthelocallobbyists,fieldstaffandthebusinesscommunity.
…Anchorage,Alaskapresentsanopportunityforustorollbackatotalsmokingbanincitybuildingsimposedinearly1987.
…So,byconditioningtheentirepolitical,legislativeandpublicclimateinAnchorage,wemaybesuccessfulinrollingbackthecurrentordinance.
[emphasisinoriginal]58(Batesno.
TI01770261,TI01770262,TI01770263)Anotheractivityinthelegislativetacticswastousecompanyemployeesaslobbyingagents,asdescribedinthisBrown&Williamsonlettertoitsem-ployeesurgingthemtobecomeinvolvedinlegislativeissuesatthelocallevel:weareaskingyoutobecomeamonitoroftobaccoissuesandhelppreventyourlocalgovernmentaljurisdictionsfromimplementingrestrictiveregulationsthatwouldresultinlostsalesandprofits.
Weareaskingyoutobecometheindustry's"eyesandears"bymonitoringyourboardsofhealthandtowncouncils.
Weneedyoutowatchforupcomingpublichearingsoranyactivityrelatedtotobaccoregulation.
Thesoonerwehearaboutaproposedregulation,thesoonerwecanmobilizeagrassrootsefforttoprotecttheindustry.
Asstated,wesupporteffortstokeeptobaccooutofthehandsofchildren,buttheproposalsbeingofferedinNewJerseyareunreasonable.
…Tocombatthegrowingnumberoflocalgovernmenttobaccoregulations,weneedyoutourgeyourlocalcustomerstogetinvolved.
…[Urgethem]toattendpublicmeetingsandvoicetheiropposition.
59(Batesno.
640572304–2305)Another1988documentgivesanexampleofthestrategytointroduceto-baccoindustry-friendlylegislationthatsupersedespublichealthefforts:Thesecondapproachisthatofventilation…orIAQ[IndoorAirQuality]legislationthatyouhaveheardaboutforsometime.
.
.
.
Ventilationlegislationshould,inmanycases,makesmokingrestrictionsredundant.
BeverlyHills,forinstance,wasthefirsttestoftheventilationapproach.
Youwillrecallthatthecity'stotalbanonrestaurantsmokingwasmodifiedtoaccommodatesmokersandnonsmokers.
Thethirdandfinalapproachofthelegislativeprogramissmokers'rightslegislation…ourexperienceisbeginningtosuggestthatthereisagrowingperceptionamongsmokers…andsomenon-smokers…thattheanti-tobaccozealotshavegonetoofar…LanguageinbillsbeingconsideredrightnowinNewYorkandPennsylvaniawoulddojustthat[ensurefairtreatmentofsmokersinsociety].
58(Batesno.
TI01770265–0266,TI01770268–0269)239Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTA1988TobaccoInstitutedocumentpresentsanothertobaccoindustryleg-islativestrategy—tosupportlegislationthatwillbenefittheindustryinanindi-rectmanner:Clearly,themostintriguingworkthisyearontheadvertisingfrontcomestousfromMassachusettsandtheBostonareaMBTA.
Asyourecall,tobaccoadvertisingwasbannedfromtransitfacilitieslastyear.
…Thisyear,wehaveworkedtochangethatsituationinaroundaboutmanner.
WehaveofferedameasurethatrequiresthattheMBTAto[sic]maximizeadvertisingrevenuesfromalllegalsourcesandchannelthosefundstohelptheelderlyandhandicapped.
This"whitehat"proposalwouldsupercede[sic]thebanontobaccoadvertisingand,intheoryatleast,requiretheMBTAtousealllegalsourcesforthisworthwhileproject…[addedhandwrittennote]includingtobaccoadvertising.
60(Batesno.
TIOK0019093)Tostoptheincreasingnumberofcleanindoorairlawsandregulationspassingthroughoutthecountry,PhilipMorris(PM)createdtheAccommodationpro-gramasapreemptivemeasure,sincetheyknewthatsmoke-freeenvironmentsleadtoadecreaseincigaretteconsumption.
Preemptionisdescribedinthispresenta-tionbyPhilipMorris'sTinaWalls:TodaywewanttodiscussoneofPMUSA'smostimportantprioritiesfor1994and1995–accommodation/pre-emption.
Ourgoal,simplystated,istoseesomeformofaccommodation/pre-emptionlegislationpassedinall50states.
Theachievementofuniversalaccommodation/pre-emptionisimperative…ifourconsumershavefeweropportunitiestoenjoyourproducts,theywillusethemlessfrequentlyandtheresultwillbeanadverseimpactonourbottomline.
61(Batesno.
2041183752)A1992letterfromSpearmanMan-agement,Inc.
,totheTobaccoInstituteprovidesanexampleofthetobaccoindustry'scontributionstolegislators:IamquitedistressedatatelephonecallthatIreceivedtheotherdayfromformerFloridaStateSenatorLincolnDiaz-Balart,whowasjustelectedtotheU.
S.
HouseofRepresentatives,andhisbrotherMario,whoisastaterepresentativehereandisrunningahighlysuccessfulcampaignfortheSenate.
…LincolnhasbeenagreatfriendtoourissuesthroughouthiscareerintheFloridaLegislature.
HeNEVERhasvotedagainstus.
LincolnmetwiththeTobaccoInstitute'sWashingtonlobbyists…askingforthefinancialsupport.
…Lincolnnowadvisesusthathedidnotreceiveasinglecontributionfromthetobaccoindustryduringhiscampaign.
…ThisisespeciallydistressingtomebecauseofthemessageitsendstohisbrotherandtheentireCubanCaucus,whowealwayshavecountedonasablockvoteforourkeyissues.
…Atatimewhenourissuesincreasinglyarecomingunderfire…[we]cannotaffordtoalienateanyofourfriends.
62(Batesno.
TIFL0066675–6676)ThedocumentsalsosupportthefactthatthetobaccoindustryintendedtouselobbyingtacticsspecificallyagainstASSIST.
A1990R.
J.
ReynoldsletterdiscussedNorthCarolina'sintentiontoapplyforanASSISTcontractandtheindustry'searlyreactionstothat:2408.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTAtaskforce…isinthefinalstagesofdraftinganapplicationforgrantmoney.
GovernorMartinhastalkedwiththeDepartmentSecretaryaboutthegrantapplicationandtheyarekeepingitverylowkey.
…theGovernorfeltthatNorthCarolinamightbeabletodivertsomeofthesefundsfromotherstatesandusethemformoreconstructivepurposeslikeinfantmortalitystudies.
TheTobaccoInstitute,PhilipMorrisandRJRhavedonenothingtoinfluencethestate'sdecisiononapplyingforNCIfunds.
Everyonehasviewedthisasano-winsituation.
…IrecommendthatwecontinuetomonitorthegrantdraftingprocessandurgeGovernorMartintostaycloselyintouchwiththesituation.
Furtherassessmentwillneedtobemadeifandwhentheproposalisfunded.
63(Batesno.
507720040–0041)A1991R.
J.
Reynoldsmemorandumpresentssome"potentialcoursesofac-tion"toaddresstheASSISTprogramatboththefederalandstatelevels:WewillcontinuemonitoringASSISTactivityinthe17statesselectedforinitialparticipation.
…Potentialcoursesofactionbeingstudiedtomanagethesituationinclude:Restrictorlimithowthefundsareusedthroughthestateappropriationsprocessandcontactswithexecutivebranchofficials.
…Instateswherelegislatureshaveorareconsideringtheuseofstatefundsfortobaccocounter-advertising,makekeylegislativeandexecutivebranchofficialsawarethatfederalfundsarealreadybeingusedforthatpurpose.
…Workwiththetobacco-landCongressionaldelegationtoeliminateASSISTfundsinfutureappropriationbills;alternatively,seekrestrictionsonhowthefundscanbeused.
…64(Batesno.
507770176)Inaddition,a1995Lorillardlet-terasksemployeestojoinincounter-ASSISTmeasures:Coalitionsthroughoutthese[ASSIST]states,fundedwithyourtaxdollar,areworkingtoputusoutofbusiness.
…ThepurposeofthisletteristoaskyoutojoinmeandtherestoftheWisconsinSalesteamintellingourelectedofficialsthatwedonotwantourtaxdollarsfundingprogramslikeASSIST.
65(Batesno.
94561863)[Theletter,whichapparentlyhadat-tachments,wasalsoforwardedtoLoril-lardemployeesinNJ]:66(Batesno.
94561862)Thetimeisnowtosupporttheindustrythatsupportsyouandyourfamily!
67(Batesno.
94549615)LegalandEconomicIntimidationThetacticsunderthisclusterincludetobaccoindustryactivitiestouseitslegalandfinancialpowertopreventandopposetheadoptionoftobaccocontrolmeasuresatthepolicylevel.
Thisclusterincludesthefundingoffrontgroupstodefendtheindustry'sinterests,threatsandfilingoflegalsuits,andinfiltrat-ingandinfluencingthroughregulatoryandsemi-regulatorybodiesatthena-tionalandstatelevelinordertopromoteindustry-friendlyrecommendations,guidelines,andpolicies.
Theclusteralsoincludesthepromotionofsmok-ers'rightslegislationandmeasures.
A1988TobaccoInstitutepresentation,whenaddressingsomeofthestrategies241Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTtheindustrywastouseforpromotingventilationforthepurposeofavoidingpublicsmokingrestrictions,statesthatInMarylandandConnecticut,wewillhaveopportunities…toexploreanotherangleintheventilationissue…togetexpertsappointedtoIAQcommissions…Recommendationsfromthesegroupsareoftentranslatedintolegislativeproposals.
Soitisimportanttobeincludedatthetable.
58(Batesno.
TI01770267)A1988TobaccoInstitutememoran-dumstatesthatamongseveralnewstrat-egiesofthepublicsmokingprogramsisamoreaggressivelegalprogramtoestablishtheprecedenttoprotectsmokers'rights,toactasadeterrenttosmokerdiscrimination,andtobriefrepresentativesfromorganizedlaborandminoritybarassociationsonsmokers'rightsissues.
68(Batesno.
2021195610)Thecreationandfundingofsmokers'rightsgroupsisdescribedina1989To-baccoInstitutedocument:.
.
.
notallsmokersappearwillingtodefendsmokers'rights.
Theindustryisheldresponsibleforprojectsitfunds.
Therefore,wordsspokenorwrittenbysponsoredsmokers'rightsgroupsmustbeconsistentwithindustrypositions.
…[Strategies,goals,andtactics]Encourageaggressiveandefficientoperationofsmokers'rightsgroupsinstateswithmostsignificantanti-tobaccoactivity,toaugmenteffortstomotivateindividualsmokers.
…Providefinancial,technicalandlegalsupporttoeachgrouptodeveloptheirownpacketsofinformationonspecificsmokers'rightsissues.
69(Batesno.
TIMN0366820–6821)ATobaccoInstitute1995reviewdis-cussesseverallegislativeissuesofthatyearaswellassomeregulatorychal-lengesfacedbytheindustryandhowtheindustryattemptedtocountertheprogressoftheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration's(OSHA)pro-posedregulationonindoorsmoking:SixmonthsofpublichearingsonOSHA'sproposedsmokingbanandindoorairqualityregulationfinallyclosedinMarch1995.
Inthesehearings,theInstitute'srepresentativesensuredthatscientificevidenceontheissuesofenvironmentaltobaccosmokewasfullypresented,thatunfoundedassertionswerequestioned,andthattheperspectivesofthebusinessesbeingregulatedbyOSHAwerebought[sic]totheforefront.
Industryactiondidnotendwiththehearing,butinsteadfocusedonwrittensubmissions,responsesandlegalanalyses.
TheInstitutewillensurethatthebestavailableinformationispresentedtoOSHAasthehearingrecordiscompiledandacourseofactiondeterminedbytheagency.
TheInstitutecontinuestoassistMembersofCongressintheirattemptstopresentinformationatOSHA.
…[OntheFDAproposaltoregulatetobacco]Preparinglongbeforetheactualissuanceoftherulemaking,theInstituteandindustryallieswerepoisedandarmedwithlegalchallengestoFDAjurisdiction,andlawsuitswerefiledevenbeforetheFDA'sregulatorylanguagewasprintedintheFederalRegister.
TheresponsefromCongresswasclosebehind.
…TherulemakingprocessforboththeFDAandOSHAwillenteranewstageinJanuary1996,2428.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTwhencommentperiodscloseonbothproposedregulations.
TheInstitutewillbeready.
70(Batesno.
88028786–8787)ThedocumentsshowthatthetacticscategorizedunderthisdomainwerealsobroughttobearagainstASSIST.
A1991documentdescribeshowtheindustryintendedtouseitsfinancialandlegalpowertocountertheASSISTprogram:StateActivities'regionalstaffwillincludeplanstocounteruseofASSISTfundsforlegislativeactivitieswithintheirplanningforotheradministrativechallengesstemmingfromEPAandOSHAactivityonenvironmentaltobaccosmoke.
Suchplansmayincludelimitingstatehealthdepartment'sauthoritytofundcommunitycoalitionswhichpursueadoptionoflegislationorregulations.
Suchplansmayalsoincludelimitingstatefundingofanti-smokingprogramsbyamountsreceivedunderfederalprogram.
71(Batesno.
512715489)Threatsoflawsuitsarealsoanotherconsideration.
A1991TobaccoInstitutememorandumdiscussingtheissueofstateinitiativesstates:[ForMassachusetts]Ourcounselisrecommendingthatweproceedwithalawsuitaimedatdeclaringtheinitiativeunconstitutional…Thisapproachhassomemeritandthereislittlecaselawinexistencetoguideusonourchanceforsuccess;however,Ibelieveitisworthpursuing.
…Finally,youmayrecallthatwesoughtapprovalofaninitial$120,000tolaunchoureffortinMassachusetts,includingthenecessarylegalworkthatresultedinfilingappropriatechallengestothemeasure'sconstitutionalityandtotheballotandpetitionlanguage.
72(Batesno.
91815022)Afollow-upmemostates:WehaveretainedtheservicesoftwoattorneyswithsubstantialinitiativeexperienceintheState.
…Theyhavehelpedusgreatlyonourissuesofar.
…Wefirstattemptedtopresentlegalargumentsabouttheinitiative'sconstitutionalitytotheAttorneyGeneralpriortohiscertificationoftheissueforcirculation.
…AsecondstageoflegalpursuitsistotakeourconstitutionalityargumentstotheStateSupremeJudicialCourt.
73(Batesno.
91815008–5009)A1993documentdescribestheutili-zationoflegaltacticsrelatedtoseveralASSIST-basedstateinitiatives:[InColorado]Anew,ASSISTfundedcoalitionhasbeenestablishedtoworkonavarietyofanti-tobaccoissues.
Amongthecoalition'sprioritiesisthepassageofatobaccotaxincreaseforavarietyofanti-tobaccopurposes.
…Goal:increasecoalitionpartners,maintaincurrentinitiativelaws,anddefend/deter/delaypotentialanti-tobaccoinitiative.
…[Tactics]Fundlegalchallengeandsignatureverificationchallenge.
…TrackASSISTfundingtodeterminepotentialviolationoflawsgoverninguseoffederalandstatefunds.
…Increasedifficultyforoppositiontoretainvariousprofessionalsignaturegatheringfirmstoassistintheirefforts.
…Formalliancewithtolerancecampaign.
Contributetowardlegalworkbeingdoneforcoalitionaimedatoverturninglaw[ananti-gayrightslegislation].
74(Batesno.
92758356–8357)243Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTUsurpingtheAgendaThisclusterincludestheindustry'seffortstoundermineboththepublicandthelegislativeagendaintheareaoftobaccocontrolbyimposingitsownagenda.
Activitiesincludethedevelop-mentofallianceswithgroups,suchasretailers,inordertobroadenthesupportbaseforitsagenda,mainlyintheareaofyouthsmokingandpublicsmoking.
A1988TobaccoInstitutepresentationonthelegislativechallengesandplanstoaddresstheissueofpublicsmokingstates:.
.
.
thereareopportunitiestoputtheanti-tobaccogroupsonthedefensive…intheirownstrongholds…placeslikeCalifornia,ColoradoandMassachusetts…placesforustogoontheoffensive…Weareexcitedabouttheopportunitiespresentedbythenewapproaches…ofrepealing/modifying/rollingbackexistinglegislation…ofpromotingventilation…orIAQ[IndoorAirQuality]legislation…andsmokers'rightslegislation.
…Byimplementingtheseconcepts,wecansetthelegislativeagenda…[emphasisinoriginal]58(Batesno.
TI01770259–0260)Togathersupportfromthehospital-ityindustryagainstgrowingsmokingrestrictions,theindustrydevelopedaprogramtopresentthesmokerascus-tomerandtoassisthospitalityvenuesinaccommodatingbothsmokersandnon-smokers.
Subjectedtoheavyanti-smokerpressure,thehospitalityandtravelindustriesarebeginningtosoften—andinsomeinstancesabandon—theirtraditionaloppositiontoanti-smokinginitiatives.
Manyarebeingencouragedtorestrictsmokingtoprotectthepublic'shealth,toreduceoverheadexpensesandtherebyincreaseprofits.
…[Strategies,goalsandtacticsinclude]Maintainalistofindividualswithinthehospitalityandtravelcompanies,whoareresponsiblefordevelopingandimplementinganti-smokerpolicies.
…Promoteimprovedindoorairqualityasanalternativetosmokingrestrictions.
Promoteindoorairqualityconsultantspeakersatnational,stateandlocalhospitalityassociationmeetings.
…Encouragestateandlocalhospitalityassociationstoproduceguidesonsmokingrestrictionslawstoassurereasonableinterpretationandprotectionofsmokers'rights.
69(Batesno.
TIMN0366822–6824)A1990TobaccoInstitutememoran-dumreferstoamodelbillthatcouldbeintroducedatstatelevel:.
.
.
astate-levelmodelbilladdressingindustryissuesthatfallwithinthescopeofthe"minors"debate…Theindustrymodeladdresseskeyissuessuchasvendingsales,sampling,licensingandpreemption.
Itisimportanttonotethatthisisagenericbill…[it]isunlikelythatthebillwouldbeutilizedinitsentiretyinanysituation,sincesomestatesalreadyhavelawsregulatingoneormoreofitsprovisions.
…thismodel"minors"billwasdesignedtobeusedeitherdefensively,orinaproactiveorpreemptivemannerinprioritystateswheretheseissuesaremostlikelytosurface.
[emphasisinoriginal]75(Batesno.
947035576)2448.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTThe1990TobaccoInstituteplan,whenaddressingtheissuesrelatedtofightingadvertisingrestrictions,states:Demonstratethattheindustrydoesnotwantchildrentouseitsproductsandhastakenpositivestepstodiscouragesuchuse.
GoalsandTactics:1.
Determinethefeasibilityofthreenewprogramsto:Createanewindustryadvertisingandpromotioncodethatwouldcoverallsalesandpromotionspracticesthatbecomecontroversialbecauseofexposuretoyouth,black,Hispanicorotherallegedlyvulnerableaudiences.
Publiclysupportenactmentofsmokingagelawsinthefewstateswhichdonothavelegislationonthebooks.
Developacooperativeprogramwithretailers,especiallyconveniencestores,encouragingcompliancewithsmokingagelawsviapoint-of-purchaseandotherinformationmaterial.
76(Batesno.
TIMN0361600)ATobaccoInstitute1997documentdemonstratesthattheindustrycontinuedtobeconcernedwithsettingtheagendaforstateactivity:legislativeassembliesareourlastlineofdefense…Inkeepingwiththis,itissurprisingtoreadthatprojectsrelatingtoyouthsmoking,firepreventionandvoluntarysolutionstoworkplaceandrestaurantsmokinghavelittleornovalue.
Wejudgethesetobeexamplesofthebonafidesofthecigaretteindustryinitsurgingsofprivateratherthanpublicpolicysolutionstomajorissues.
Ourfilescontaininnumerablecommunicationstosupportthisview.
…77(Batesno.
TIDN0016871)Thesetacticsalsoapplytoindus-tryeffortsinresponsetoASSIST.
A1992PhilipMorrismemooncounter-ingASSISTstatesandthepotentialforASSISTtocreatemarketingrestrictionsdescribeshowitsyouthaccessprogramcanserveasapreemptivetactic:Also,amajorgoalofASSISTistoreduceyouthincidence,thetobaccoindustrycouldalsoofferourownyouthinitiativeswithTobaccoHelpingYouthSayno,andtheCOURSEConsortium,(onceacurriculumisdeveloped)andsuggestthatfurtherFederalorstatefundingisnotneededforyouthanti-smokingcampaigns.
78(Batesno.
2023916867)Retailers'associationsalsoplayedaprominentroleintheindustry'sattackonASSISTinMinnesota.
Aseriesof1995and1996"statusreports"fromtheMinnesotaCoalitionofResponsibleRe-tailersdiscussedstrategiestodealwithpotentialsalesandmarketingrestric-tions,manyindirectresponsetoAS-SISTinitiatives.
Forexample,[DetroitLakes]…AnordinancecommitteeconsistingofASSISTgroupmembers,retailersandacitycouncilmemberwillmeettodiscusswhatkindofordinanceshouldbeadoptedregardingtobaccoproducts.
Ratherthanwaitingfortheordinancecommitteetoact,TomBriantwillbecoordinatingapro-activeordinancesponsoredbytheretailersthatwilladoptreasonableregulationsontobaccoproductsbasedoncertainordinancesadoptedinotherMinnesotacities.
Aleadretailerwhoknowsallofthecitycouncilmemberspersonallywillbeworkingonthepro-activeordinance.
79(Batesno.
94004146)245Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTCreatingIllusionofSupportThisconceptmapclusterincludesthewell-describedindustrytacticsoffund-ingfrontgroupseitherinentiretyorasamajorsponsor.
Theindustrygoalistogivetheimpressionthatthereisbroad-based,grassrootssupportforitspropos-alsandstrategies.
Thecompanieswouldalsousetheirownemployeesinthisgrassrootsefforts.
Whendiscussingtheplantostoptobaccocontrolmeasuresfor1988andbeyond,aTobaccoInstitutedocumentdescribeshowtheindustrydesiredtobeperceivedasalocalinterest:Weremainanaliencorporateentity,notavoter.
Thiswillchange.
Alegislatormustidentifythetobaccoindustryasalocalinterestgroup:atobaccowholesaler,atobaccoretailer,avendor,amembercompanysalesrepresentative,aconveniencestoremanagerorevenabowlingcenterproprietor.
Unlessalegislatorcanidentifywithourindustryintheformofanindividual,itisveryeasyforthatlegislatortovoteagainsttheindustrywithoutanyfearoflocalaccountability.
80(Batesno.
TIMN0014204)Thedocumentproceedstodescribehowthetobaccoindustryisgoingto"re-cruit"peopletorepresentthem,howitwilldevelop"grassrootseducationsemi-nars,"andcontinuewiththephonebanksanddirectmail,andTheidentificationoflocallegislativeactivistsandstatelegislatorstobetargetedisthecornerstoneofthisplan.
This"nameandface"contactsystemmustbesupportedbythemechanicalresourcesthathavebeeneffectivelyexecutedinthepast.
Wehavebeenputtingthecartbeforethehorse…nowwehavethehorse:thelocalactivist.
…Theseprograms,insupportoflocalactivists'personalcontacts,aredesignedtodrivehometheeconomicrealitiesoftaxincreases,advertisingbansandrestrictivesmokinglegislation.
Thisisaflexiblesupportplanthatcanbetailormadetoanylegislativedistrictdependingontheissueorthespecificcommitteeorfloorvote.
80(Batesno.
TIMN0014209)TheTobaccoInstitutealsodiscussed,inits1988budgetandplans,howbroad-basedcoalitionscouldadvancetheto-baccoindustryagenda.
Indealingwithpublicissues,theindustryhascometorelymoreandmoreheavilyondevelopmentofeffectivecoalitionstocomplementandsupplementitscommunicationsactivities.
…Ourallies'greateststrength–independence–remainsalimitontheusefulnessofthesecoalitions.
Alliesmaynotagreeorevenhaveaninterestinallindustryissues,andmaynotbewillingorabletoassistinallwaysrequested.
…[Theobjectiveisto]establishandmaintainworkingrelationswithothergroupsandindividualsforthepurposeofdemonstratingbroadsupportforindustrypositionsandinitiatives.
[Oneofthestrategiesisto]broadenrelationshipswithnon-tobaccogroupswithwhichwearenowworking,establishrelationshipswithnewgroups.
[Thesegroupsincluded:laborunions,AFL-CIO,publishers'groups,women'sandminoritygroups,Asianretailercommunities.
]81(Batesno.
TIDN0018062–8063,TIDN0018066)2468.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTIndeed,theindustryconsidereditsabilitytocreatetheillusionofsupportasoneofitsgreateststrengths,asdescribedinthis1989StrategicPlanfortheTo-baccoInstitute:…TheInstitute'sabilitytomobilizecoalitionsandthird-partyallies.
TheInstitutehasbeensuccessfulinitsefforttodeveloprelationshipswiththebusinesscommunity,minoritygroups,farmers,laborunions,veterans,activemilitarypersonnelandlow-incomegroupsinanefforttofightexcisetaxes,smokingrestrictionsandotherproposals.
…[TheInstitute]hasutilizeditscoalitionbuildingstrengthstofindalliesintheadvertisingindustry,aswellasamongculturalandsportsorganizationswhorelyonpromotionalfundingfromtobaccomanufacturers.
82(Batesno.
87649084)A1994Brown&Williamsondraftdocumentdescribesaproposalforthecreationofthecompany'sgrassrootspo-liticalactionprogram,"TheMinutemenProject":…Thisproposalcallsforbringinggrassrootspressureonelectedofficialstoresisttheunwarrantedregulationandthetaxingofthetobaccoindustry.
Governmentofficialsmustbemadetounderstandthatanti-tobaccoactivitieshaveahighpoliticalrisk.
…TodevelopatargetedgrassrootsprocessthatwillbemakeitpossibleforB&Wtoplacepoliticalpressureonspecificelectedofficialsatthefederal,stateorlocallevelsandtoexpandtheprogramtoabroaderscale,reflectingapro-activegovernmentalaffairsprocess.
…Suchconstituentswouldconsistofindividualsandgroupsthatsupporttheconceptoffreedomfromgovernmentalintervention,includingsmokers,membersofthetrade,suppliers,wholesalers,retailers,growersandothers.
[Coalitionpartnerswouldinclude,amongothers]grocersassociations,restaurantassociation,bingoparlors,anti-taxgroups,…[thestrategywouldinclude]phonebanks…directmail,…personalvisits,…media[training],testimony…surveyandpolls,…petitions,…resolutions.
…Activatingthirdpartiesoffersinsulationtothecompanyfromdirectcriticism.
Eventhoughthethirdpartiesaresoughtoutandactivatedthroughcompanyfundedefforts,itwillbethethirdpartiesactuallydoingthelobbying.
…Thepotentialdownsideisthatthecompanywillbeaccusedoffraud.
83(Batesno.
533250094–0095,533250098)However,thecreationofgrassrootseffortswasnotalwayswithoutproblems.
A1987documentaboutacampaigninMinnesotadescribesindetailhowthegrassrootseffortwasmounted,withphonebanks,severalwavesofmail-ingstotobaccoretailers,letterwritingcampaigns,andapetitiondrive.
Whenassessingtheproblemwiththemissinghumancomponent,itstates:Eventhoughweblanketedthestatewithindustry-generated,professionallyprepared,targetedandtimedgrassrootsactivity,themissingfactorwasthehumancomponent.
Thatis,wefailedtozeroinonpersonsineachlegislativedistrictwhocontributetotheirlegislator,regularlycommunicatewiththeirlegislator,socializewiththeirlegislatorandareactiveinthatlegislator'sreelectionbids.
…Themissingcomponentallowedthelegislatortofollowthelineofleastresistance,therebycircumventing247Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTanyrealaccountabilitytohisorherconstituencyandsupporters.
80(Batesno.
TIMN0014202)ThisabilitytocreatetheillusionofsupportwouldbeusedtocountertheASSISTprogramaswell,asdescribedinthis1992–96PhilipMorrisCorporateAffairsPlan:CounterASSISTProgramin17states:Workwithgrassrootsorganizationstodivertstatehealthdepartmentfunds,equivalenttotheamountofASSISTfunding,tosupportotherhealthprograms(pre-natalcare,half-wayhouses,etc.
)…Developretailermobilizationprogramtoaidinidentifyingandfightinglocalsalesrestrictions–particularlyvendingandfreestandingdisplaybansorrestrictions.
…Coordinatewithminoritybusinessorganizationstodemonstratetheeconomicbenefitsoftheindustryonminoritycommunities.
…[Toopposesmokingrestrictions/bans]Developandmarketworkplaceandservicevenueaccommodationprogramswith:NationalFederationofIndependentBusinesses,AmericanManufacturersAssociation,InternationalCouncilofShoppingCenters,Hospitality/ServiceAssociations.
84(Batesno.
2025869600,2025869602)A1993reportreinforcestheconceptofusing"grassroots,"inadditiontolob-bying,tocounterASSIST,describingtheutilizationofalliesandfrontgroupsfinancedbythetobaccoindustryanddiscussinghowimportantforthefutureoftheindustryitistomaintainfundingfortheseactivities.
85A1994documentdiscussingsomeofthemainpoliticalchallengesinthenortheastregiongivesanotherexampleofhowthetobaccoin-dustryusedfrontgroupsinbothASSISTandnon-ASSISTstates:AmajortaxincreasewillbeproposednextsessioninMainetopayforhealthcarereform.
WewillbepullingoutallstopstoshowhowasteeptaxincreasewillhurtMaine'seconomy.
…WewillalsobeworkingwithalliessuchastheMaineGrocersAssociationtoencourageoppositiontoanytaxincrease.
MaineisanASSISTstate,whichmeansitgetsfederalfundstoreducetheincidenceofsmoking.
…ASSISTfundinggivestheantisinMaineandotherstatesdeeppocketstolobbyforsmokingandmarketingrestrictionsatthelocallevel.
ThepresenceofASSISTmakesenactingsmokingaccommodationandmarketingpre-emptionprioritiesforusinMaineduring1995.
…RhodeIslandisanASSISTstate,andweexpectaproposaltobanpublicsmokinginRhodeIslandnextyear.
OurgoalsinRhodeIslandin1995willbetoworkwithotherstoopposeanyproposedsmokingbanwhileworkingtohelpenactsmokingaccommodationandmarketingpre-emption.
86(Batesno.
2040236694–6695,2040236698)HarassmentThisclusterdescribestheindustryac-tivitiestounderminepublichealtheffortstothepointwherepublichealthactivi-tieswouldbeineffective.
Itencompassesharassmentandintimidationsuchastheuseoftheindustryresourcestofileen-cumberingrequestsfordocumentswiththeFreedomofInformationAct,threatsoflegalchallenges,andtheinfiltrationoftobaccocontrolgroupsandcoalitions.
2488.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTTheindustrykeptclosetrackofthedevelopmentsinthetobaccocontrolcommunity.
This1990TobaccoInstitutememorandumdescribesattendanceataStopTeenageAddictiontoTobacco(STAT)conference:These[conference]recommendationsincludewhatwebelievetobean[sic]comprehensivelistoftheanti-tobaccomovement'sgoalsforthecomingyear.
…Theindustryshouldgiveconsiderationtotheseactivitiesindevelopingitsplansfor1991.
87(Batesno.
947187672)Thefollowingdocumentwaswrittenbyatobaccoindustrypersonwhoat-tendedacoalitionmeetinginFortCol-lins,CO,in1992,makinguseofopenmeetingpolicies:TheyseemtocomprisetheCoalitionforaTobacco-FreeColorado.
…despitemyefforttoremaininvisible,endedupseatedattheheadofthetable.
Isignedinasastudent…[the]"closequarters"inhibitedmynotetakingsomewhat.
…wouldadvisefuture"plants"toarrivelateandleaveearly,avoidingtheawkwardsmalltalkwithotherattendeesthatmightcreatesuspicion.
88(Batesno.
2023667420,2023667422)ThetacticwasbroadlyusedwithASSIST,wheretheindustrykepttry-ingtoaccuseASSISTstatesofillegallyusingfederalfundsfornon-allowedlobbyingactivities.
Apparently,shortlyaftertheannouncementoftheASSISTproject,PeterGreenwald,DirectoroftheNCIDivisionofCancerPreventionandControl,receivedaletterfromSenatorMalcolmWallop(R-WY)andotherlegislatorsexpressingconcernthat"Gov-ernmentfundsmightbeusedtosupportlobbyingattheStateandlocallevels.
"Greenwaldrespondedthatitwas"nei-therthedesignnottheintentofASSISTtouseFederalmoneyforsuchpurposes"butemphasiswouldbeonpolicyanddisseminationofinformationtopolicymakers.
89(Batesno.
512545942)A1991letterfromR.
J.
ReynoldstoRepresentativeRickBoucheralsobringsuptheissueoffederalfundsbeingusedforlobbyingthroughASSIST:ASSISTraisesseriouspolicyandlegalquestionsabouttheroleofNCI…itappearsthattheNCIresearchconcentratedontheuseofmediaevents,…andlobbyingforincreasedcigaretteprices,cleanindoorair,andrestrictionsontobaccopromotionsasmeanstostoptobaccouse.
…TheseissuesareimportantenoughtomeritappropriateCongressionaloversight.
YourroleasChairmanoftheScienceSubcommitteemakesyouanidealcandidatetoexercisethatoversightresponsibility.
90(Batesno.
512546018–6019)Another1991memorandumdescribestheactionstheindustrywilltakeagainstASSIST:…thefollowingactionsmaybeundertakentocounterpotentialstateandlocallegislativeactionresultingfrom[ASSIST]PublicAffairsDivisionwillobtaintechnicalproposalssubmitted…undertheFreedomofInformationAct.
Proposalswillbereviewed…for"publicpolicy"activitiesthatcouldsparkstateorlocallegislationontobaccoissues.
FederalDivisionwillalertkeyMembersofCongresstoprotestuseoffederaltaxpayerdollars(a)foractivitiesthatcouldimpact249Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTtobacco-producingstates'economies,and(b)tointerfereinstateandlocallegislativeissues.
FederalDivisionwillattempttoamend[NCI's]nextauthorizationorappropriationbill(a)toprohibituseofgrantfundsforinfluencingstateorlocallegislation,ballotinitiatives,orotherregulatoryactivities,and(b)torequiredetailedauditingandreportingofgrantexpenditures.
.
.
.
StateActivities'regionalstaffwillidentifylocalbusinessandlaborinterestsin17grantstateswhocouldgainrepresentationincommunity-basedASSISTcoalitions.
71(Batesno.
512715488–5489)A1992PhilipMorrismemodiscussestheindustry"opportunitiestodisruptASSISTfunding.
"78(Batesno.
2023916866)1)CongressionalInvestigation…Amorethoroughinvestigationshouldbelaunched,particularlyintermsoftheNCI/ACSrelationshipandtheuseoffederalfundsforstateandlocallobbyingpurposes.
WiththecurrentbudgetdebateinWashington,thiswouldbeagoodtimetolaunchaninvestigation….
78(Batesno.
2023916866)PriortothisCongressionalInvesti-gationplantheindustryattemptedtoachievesimilarresults,throughallega-tionsofusingfederalfundsforlobby-ingactivities,withlettersfromSenatorsWallop(R-WY),Hatch(R-UT),andMcConnell(R-KY)toU.
S.
DepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesSecretaryLouisSullivan.
However,nowidespreadinvestigationresultedfromtheseletters.
91,92AnotherdocumentliststheutilizationofFOIAasacounter-ASSISTmeasure:InresponsetoourFreedomofInformationActrequest,theNationalCancerInstitutesentustheproposalssubmittedbystatesthatdidnotreceiveASSISTawardsinadditiontothe17thatdid.
…ThoughthesestateshavenotreceivedASSISTfunds,they'llprobablybeusingtheirproposalsasblueprintsforatleastlimitedanti-smokingactivitiesanyway,havinggonethroughthetroubleofdevelopingthem.
So,areviewoftheseproposalsatsomepointwouldprobablybeuseful.
93(Batesno.
TCAL0314212)FOIAtacticswerealsousedatthestatelevel.
Forexample,inMinnesota,a1993memorandumdescribeshowrequestswerefiledwiththestatehealthdepartment:TomBriant,esq.
,oftheMinnesotaWholesalersAssociationhasobtainedover500pagesofdocumentsfromarecentlyconductedFOIAofthestate'sASSISTprogram.
Tomdevelopedtheattachedchartfromhisreviewofthedocuments.
…IhavethedocumentsfromTom'sfirstFOIAandwillreceiveupdatesfromasecondFOIAthatwillsoonbesubmittedtothestatehealthdepartment.
…Tom'sworkreaffirmsthevalueofconductingFOIAsinASSISTstates.
Aswediscussed,itisimportantthatwefinalizeourselectionofstatesforthisactivity.
94(Batesno.
2023763792)AnotherJanuary1993ASSIST/FOIAtitled"ASSISTProgramIssueAlternativeCourseofCorrectiveAction"discussesthepotentialforallegationsofillegallob-byingbyASSISTgranteesandsuggeststhatgrantapplicationsforall17statesshouldbeobtainedthroughFOIAre-questsandthenusingtheinformationas2508.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSIST…primafacieevidenceofalobbyingrestrictingviolation.
Additionally,weshoulddeterminewhethersimilarrequestshavebeenmadeatthestatelevelforfundingrequestsfromlocalorganizations…95(Batesno.
2023667197)Aseriesofdocuments,mainlyfromtheMinnesotaWholesaleMarketersAs-sociation,Inc.
,discussthechallengesoftheuseofASSISTfundsbroughtupbytheMinnesotaGrocersAssociation,followingextensiveFOIArequests,thedecisionoftheEthicalPracticesBoards,andthedenialofthegrantapplicationoftheMinnesotaGrocersAssociationforASSISTfunds.
Forexample,OtheroptionsstillunderconsiderationarerequestinganinvestigationoftheMinnesotaASSISTProjectbytheInspectorGeneralofHHSandaskingtheMinnesotaLegislativeAuditortocommenceinvestigationwhichtheAuditorhadplacedonholdpendingtheEthicalPracticesBoardInvestigation.
96(Batesno.
2047234478)DocumentsrelatingtotheuseofFOIAasatacticagainstASSISTinColorado97,98andWashingtonalsoexist.
99,100UnderminingScienceThisconceptmapclusterrepresentsthetobaccoindustry'sdecades-longtac-ticsofchallengingevidenceaboutthehazardsoftobaccouse.
Formanyyears,theindustrydeniedtheharmfuleffectsofsmoking.
However,itnowconcedesthatsmokingmaybeassociatedwithsomediseases,suchaslungcancer,emphy-sema,andheartdisease,andwithotherseriousdiseases.
Thistacticincludestheindustry'suseofconsultantsandpublicrelationseffortsinanattempttocreatecontroversywiththepublicandpolicymakers,wherenoscientificcontroversyexists.
Thistacticisexemplifiedinthetobaccoindustry'sapproachtotheresearchaboutthenegativehealtheffectsofsecondhandsmoke.
Theindustrycre-atedresearchfundingcentersaspartofthiseffort.
Forexample,a1988TobaccoInstitutepresentationdiscussingtheindustry'sscientificprogramstates:[CIAR]membersareinLondonatasymposiumwhichhopefullywillproducesomeimmediateammunition.
WehopetheCentercomesupwithsomescience…andsoon…becausefranklynothingelsecouldhavethesameeffect.
58(Batesno.
TI01770275)Another1988TobaccoInstitutedocu-mentstatesthataspartoftheplantoaddressthegrowingpublicconcernoversecondhandsmoke,oneofthetacticswouldbeThroughtheCenterforIndoorAirResearch,encouragescientificresearchandpublicationofarticlesthatpointtoenvironmentaltobaccosmokeasaminorindoorairqualityfactor.
81(Batesno.
TIDN0018098)Anda1990TobaccoInstitute1990plandescribesfurthertheuseofconsul-tantstoassessenvironmentaltobaccosmoke(ETS)issues:DevelopandmaintainawellbriefedgroupofacademicconsultantsabletoreviewETSliteratureforscientificmedia,respondtoETSresearchpublishedinthescientificmedia,andconductbriefingsandpresenttestimonybeforeCongressaswellas251Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTfederalandstateregulatoryagencies.
EncouragepublicationofatleastfourmajoranalysesoftherelationshipbetweenETSandhealthclaimsduring1990.
…EnsureparticipationofscientificconsultantsinnationalandinternationalsymposiaontherelationshipbetweenETSandhealthclaims.
…ContinuetoencouragescientificresearchandpublicationofarticlesthatobjectivelyassessETSinthecontextofallindoorairqualityfactors.
76(Batesno.
TIMN0361605–1606)Consultantswereusedinallareaswheretheindustrycouldbeattacked,notjustthesmokingorhealthissuebutalsoeconomicaspectsoftobaccoandtobaccoconsumption.
Forexample,a1992–96PhilipMorrisCorporateAffairsPlandescribeshowtheindustrywasgo-ingtoaddressthedebateaboutthesocialcostsofsmoking:[Onthesmokingandsocialcostissue]Developandpublishstudies:Systematic,external,micro-economicmodelstoprovideaclearpictureofsmoking'simpactonsociety.
Applicabilityandmeasurementofsocialcostandsocialbenefitstofiscal/taxpolicydevelopment.
Thevalueoffreechoiceinademocraticsociety.
…Developstudiescomparingsocialfundperformancevs.
PMandindustryaswhole.
…Sponsorsessionsatannualconferencesonsocialcosttheoryanditsapplicationinpublicpolicydevelopment.
Co-sponsorsymposiums[sic]withCentersinPublicPolicyandSocietyofGovernmentEconomistsonsocialcosttheoryforlegislatorsandothergovernmentofficials.
…[OntheTaxationissue]Developandpublishstudieson:Bootlegging/crossborderactivities.
Regressivenatureofproposedtaxes.
Inflexibility/instabilityofearmarkedtaxes.
Progressivesolutionstodeficitreductions.
84(Batesno.
2025869601,2025869603)Thetobaccoindustryalsoattemptedtousescienceasameanstogaincred-ibility,andthesciencestrategywasthenlinkedtotheindustry'smediamanipula-tionandpublicrelationsstrategies.
A1998PhilipMorrisWorldwideScientificAffairsStrategicPlanDraftasks:Howwillweimproveourcredibilitywithinthescientificcommunityinordertoensurethatabalancedviewistakenonsmokingandhealthscience[emphasisinoriginal]101(Batesno.
2064716946)MediaManipulationThisconceptmapclusterreflectsto-baccoindustrytacticstouseinformationcreatedbyitsconsultantsandscientists,aswellasitsinfluencewiththemediathroughadvertisingexpenditures,tocon-veytothepublicitsperspectiveonthetobaccocontroldebate.
Forexample,a1988TobaccoInstituteplanforMinnesotadiscusseshowtheindustrywillworkwiththelocalmediatoenlisttheirsupport:[Themeetings]willfeatureTobaccoInstituteresourcesandresource2528.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTpersonnelparticularlyfromthePublicAffairsDivision.
Thetargetislocalmediaanddecisionmakers(weeklynewspapereditors,radiostationmanagers,advertisingcompanyemployees,serviceorganizations),othercivicgroups,andlaborunionleaders.
Thespecificpurposeofthesemeetingswouldbe:buildallianceswith,andinformattendeesof,constitutional,freedomofchoice,scientific,economicandlaborissuesintargetedlegislativedistricts;…activatenewprintandelectronicmediacontactsinareaswheremediaactivitymightnotbeaswelldevelopedasinlargermarkets;and,concentrateonsmallweeklynewspapereditorswhoaregenerallynotconsultedonmajorissues,byinstitutingbriefingsandcontinuingpersonalrelationships.
80(Batesno.
TIMN0014207)The1988TobaccoInstitutePublicAffairsDivisionplansandbudgetstatedthatinresponsetotheincreasedlevelofinterestcreatedinthemediabythere-leaseofthe1986U.
S.
SurgeonGeneral'sReportonpassivesmoking,102theInsti-tutehashadmanyopportunitiestospeakwiththemediaandasaresultofamoreaggressiveapproach,TheInstituteisseenasareliablesourceandcrediblenewsmakingorganizationbyanincreasingnumberofjournalists.
…Maintaining,andinfactincreasing,thismomentumwillremainofparamountimportanceintheupcomingyear.
…Industrypositionsaregenerallystrongandcompelling.
Alliesandexpertconsultantshaveassistedingainingagreatdealofground.
Increasingutilizationofbothresourcesthroughcarefullyplanned,aggressivemediastrategiesisthechallenge.
…Aswehaveseeninthepast,thestagingofpreemptivemediaactivitiesworkswell,andallowsgreaterlatitudetoframeourmessagewhileweakeningthatoftheopposition.
[Thegoalsandtacticsareto]keeptheInstituteinthedriver'sseatthroughspeakers'availabilityand,totheextentpossible,knowledgeofanti-smokingannouncementsbeforethefact.
81(Batesno.
TIDN0017995,TIDN0017996,TIDN0017997,TIDN0017999)A1995PhilipMorrismediaplanforColoradodescribessomeofthedetailsofthemediastrategytodefeatapro-posedtaxincreaseinitiative:…thedefeatofthe50-centexcisetaxincreaselastNovemberandtherecentopeningofthe…smokingloungeattheDenverInternationalAirportindicatethatasignificantportionoftheColoradomediaisamenabletotakingabroaderviewoftobaccoindustryissues.
…ThevastmajorityofColorado'sprintandelectronicmediahavebeenopentomeetings,educationalvisitsandmaterialswhichpresentabalancedandmoreglobalviewoftheissues.
…[We]areconfidentwecancontinuetochangethemedia'sviewsand,ultimately,theviewsofthegeneralpublic,towardamoreequitablephilosophyinregardstothoseissuesaffectingtheindustry.
…Howwillwemakethishappen…Initially,wewillassistinthedevelopmentofthekeyissuesandmessagepointswebelievewillbeeffectiveinColorado.
Usingthis"WarBook"ofcomprehensive253Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTpositionstatements,wewouldpresentthebroadestrangeofpotentiallybeneficial–ordamaging–issuestoselecteditors,reportersandeditorialboards…[Thedocumentdescribeshowtheywould"tailor"theapproachwithindividualizedmediadiscussionineachmarket.
]Wewilllookforappropriateopportunitiesaswelltopresentoursideoftheissueandbeliefwiththe"WhereWeStand"packetandotherprogrammaterials.
However,thisisnotadvisablenowuntilaspecificissueappearswhichallowsustoengageinopportunities.
[Hand-writtennote:"createopportunity!
"]…Thisproactiveandpersonalapproachwillallowustointerceptanti-tobaccomessagesearlierinthemediapipeline,allowingustorespondtonegativestoriesbyprovidingbalanceandperspectivetobothmediaandpublicdebate.
[Thedocumentalsodiscussesthecreationofalliancesinordertorecruitspokespeople.
]103(Batesno.
2044270550–0551,2044270553)PublicRelationsThisconceptmapclusterreflectstheindustry'sattemptstoportrayitselfasaresponsible,sociallyconsciousmemberofthebusinesscommunityandanin-dispensablememberofanycommunity.
Activitiesincludepromotionofitsphilan-thropicendeavors(forexample,corporatesocialresponsibilityprograms),framingthedebateasgenerallyaspossible,andbroadeningitsscopetoextendbeyondhealthissues.
Examplesincludeeffortstolinkthe"righttosmoke"tocivilrightsconcernsandstatementstotheeffectthatifthetobaccoindustryisregulated,otherindustrieswouldbenext,creatingadan-gerous"policestate"precedent.
Whendevelopingstrategiestoopposemarketingandadvertisementrestrictions,a1988TobaccoInstituteplanstatesthatoneofitsstrategiesistoDemonstratethattheproposedrestrictionoftobaccoadvertisingandpromotionsetsadangerousprecedenttootherindustriesandtheirtradegroups–the:"SlipperySlopeStrategy.
"…[Someofthetacticsincluded]CommissionareviewarticlebysomescientificthinktanksuchastheFranklinInstitutethatwoulddemonstratethat(a)tobaccoisnotuniqueasanallegedhealthhazardand(b)listthegreatnumberofcitationsintheliteratureofothergenericproductsandpracticesthatcouldeasilysharethesamestatus.
SeekpublicationinScienceorsimilarprofessionaljournal.
[emphasisinoriginal]81(Batesno.
TIDN0018082–8083)Thissectionofthedocumentalsoaddressestheindustryasbeingarespon-siblecorporation:Increasethelevelofawarenessamonglocal,stateandfederalofficialsandopinionleadersthatsmokingisonlyoneofaconstellationofadultpractices;thatsocialandfamilyfactorsaretheprimaryfactorsshapingthebehaviorofyoungpeople;andthatmembercompaniesactresponsiblyinthisregard.
…[Oneofthegoalsisto]gainprofessionalandlegislativerecognitionfortheindustry'sefforttoshieldyouthfromcigaretteadvertising.
81(Batesno.
TIDN0018085–8086)A1989TobaccoInstitutedocumentprovidesanexampleoftheindustry'sattempttopromotethecorporaterespon-sibilityimage:Focustheattentionofelectedofficials,themediaandthepubliconthe2548.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTresponsivenessandresponsibilityofthecigaretteindustryoverthedecades.
69(Batesno.
TIMN0366866)In1994,PhilipMorrisestablishedataskforcetoinvestigatetheissueofyouthaccess.
ThemainconcernforPhil-ipMorriswasthatthe"antis"haddoneagoodjobinco-optingtheissueofyouthsmokingandturningitintoapoliticalstrategyatalllevelsofgovernment(lo-cal,state,andfederal)andinallthreebranches(legislation,regulation,andjudicialaction),similartothestrategyoftenusedbytheindustryitself:Anti-smokinggroupsusethethemeof"protectingchildren"topromoteeffortstorestrictsmokingbyadults.
Theseeffortsinclude:Cigaretteexcisetaxes,smokingrestrictionsandmarketingrestrictions.
…Eveninthedebateoveraddiction,youthsmokingplaysaprominentroleintheanti'scallforFDAoversight.
104(Batesno.
2024687704)ThePhilipMorrisdocumentdiscusseswhatthecompanyshoulddoandrec-ommendsthatPhilipMorrisworkwithretailersandtakeanactiveroleintheyouthaccessarena.
Thedocumentout-linesthedevelopmentofthe"It'sTheLaw"program.
104TobaccoIndustryTactics:AnEvaluationChallengeMeasuringaconstructascomplexandelusiveastobaccoindustrytacticsraisesapanoplyofpotentialLessonsfromtheTobaccoIndustryDocumentsThedocumentssearchverifiedthatthetobaccoindustryengagesintacticsspecificallydesignedtocounterpublichealthprogramsandthatsomemeasureofthesetacticsisavailableinthosedocuments.
BecausethesearchofthetobaccoindustrydocumentsidentifiedspecificstrategiesandactionsofthetobaccoindustrytocounterASSIST,thedocumentssearchvalidatesthedecisiontoincludeprotobaccoforcesintheASSISTevaluationdesign.
Moreover,theanalysisshowedthatindustrystrategiescouldbecategorizedintoeighttopicareas,asoutlinedearlier:1.
Lobbyingandlegislativestrategies2.
Legalandeconomicintimidation3.
Creatingtheillusionofsupport4.
Usurpingtheagenda5.
Harassment6.
Underminingscience7.
Mediamanipulation8.
PublicrelationsThisframeworkcouldeventuallybeusedtocreateasummaryindexsimilartotheStrengthofTobaccoControlindex(seechapter2).
Inaddition,suchaframeworkprovidesatemplateonwhichtobuildabroadmodelofindustrycountereffortsagainstpublichealthendeavors.
Whilethetobaccoindustrydocumentsareimportantforidentifyinganddescribingindustrytactics,theyserveasadocumentcollectionandnotasacomplete,searchabledatabase.
Thismeansthattousethemforanyindexoftobaccoindustrytactics,eitherasawholeoronastatewidebasis,alternativedatamustbeidentified.
255Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTmeasurementchallengesandthreats.
Thesechallengesincludedefiningto-baccoindustrytacticsbroadlyenoughtoencompasstacticsthataffectpublichealthinitiativesyetnarrowlyenoughforparsimoniousmeasurement,reli-ablyidentifyingdatasourcesandsubsequentlyaccessingthem.
Forex-ample,whileWhiteandBero56(alsoseeMonograph16,chapter8)identifiedtobaccoindustryactionsemployedtocounterASSIST,thetobaccoindustryengagesinmanystandardbusinesspractices,suchasmarketing(e.
g.
,ad-vertising,pricepromotions)thatcounterpublichealth.
Ifthesestandardbusi-nesspracticesarenotincluded,istheresultantindexanadequateoneAlter-natively,ifallpossibletobaccoindustryeffortscouldbeincludedinapotentialindex,aretherereliableandvaliddatasourcestoparsimoniouslymeasurethemforeachstateApproachingLimitationsandChallengestoMeasurementThischapterbeginstoaddresssomeofthelimitationsandchallengestomea-surementwiththreeseparateapproaches:conceptmapping,generalliteraturereview,andASSIST-specificdocumentsearches.
Thisworkisprimarilyfocusedondefiningthescopeoftheproblemandprovidingguidanceforfutureresearchtobeabletoproduceappropriatevariablesthatcanbeincludedintheevaluationoftobaccocontrolprograms.
Thechapterbeginsbydescribinganempiricalefforttodefinethescopeoftheproblemoftobaccoindustrytactics.
Itdiscussesaconceptmappingprojectthattappedtheexpertiseofindividualsinthefieldoftobaccocontrolwithrespecttoindustrytactics,andpresentsthatex-perienceinamodel.
Thismodelidenti-fiesthatindeedtobaccoindustrytacticsexistandcanpotentiallybeclassifiedaccordingtoeightdomains:attemptstounderminescienceandlegitimatemes-sagesfromscientificquarters,themanip-ulationofthemedia,theindustry'spublicrelationsefforts,thetacticstheindustryusestogaincontrolofthepublicagenda,lobbyingefforts,theuseoffrontgroupsandartificiallycreatedgrassrootsmove-ments,intimidation,andharassmentoftobaccocontrolprofessionals.
Thehighlevelofinternalconsistencyinthemodeldevelopmentlendslegitimacytothemodelforidentifyingboththattobaccoindustrytacticsareanimportantcompo-nentoftheevaluationoftobaccocontroleffortsandthatthemodelcanprovideaframeworkforevaluatingindustrytactics.
SummarySeparately,theconceptmapresults,thedocumentsreview,andthelitera-turereviewarenotsufficienttodevelopanindexvariable.
Theydo,however,validatetheimportanceofunderstand-ingtobaccoindustrytacticsandhelptodefineaconstructtoguideindexcre-ation.
Theconsistencyamongthethreeapproacheswasveryhigh.
Aprocedureinvolvingexpertsinthefieldoftobaccocontrolledtoaconceptmapoftheirob-servationsandexperienceswithtobaccoindustrycounterefforts.
Thereviewofthepublishedliteraturerevealedthatthetobaccoindustryimplementedthesesameidentifiabletactics.
Thereviewof2568.
EvaluatingTobaccoIndustryTacticsasaCounterforcetoASSISTtobaccoindustrydocumentsshowsthattheindustryhadaspecificintentiontodisruptpublichealthprograms,includ-ingASSIST,throughidentifiabletactics.
Thethreeapproachesalsoshowthatthetacticsmaybecategorizedandsuggestthatitmaybepossibletosystematicallyassessthesetacticsasafirstphasetode-velopingametric.
Thischapterhasbeguntheimportantworkofidentifyingtobaccoindustrytacticsandlayingthegroundworkforameasurableconstruct.
Thetasksthatremainincludedefiningdatasourcesanddesigningsystematicmethodologiesfordatacollection.
Althoughindexingworkonthetobaccoindustrydocuments105,106hasmadethisarichdatasource,therestillremainsnoguaranteethattherecordsareorwilleverbecomplete.
Becausetheserecordsarenotcomplete,thereisnowaytodeterminewhetherinformationissystematicallymissingandwhetherthedocumentsasawholearebiasedinsomeunknownway.
Reportingrequire-mentsaboutlobbyingandadvertisingvarywidelyfromstatetostate,makingreliablestatecomparisonsimpossible.
Tacticsthatmaybeveryimportanttothetobaccoindustrymaynotbeassessableinrealtimebecausetheirvaluecannotbedivorcedfromtheircontext.
Near-futureresearcheffortsmightfocusonmoreclearlydefiningthoseconstructsthatconstituteananti-publichealthindex,andmorespecificallyontheoperationaldefinitionsofthoseconstructs.
Subsequently,anassess-mentoffactorsproposedforthatindexcouldbeexaminedinthesamemannerthatfactorsfortheStrengthofTobaccoControlindex(chapter2)wereassessed(onthebasisofparsimony,scientificsupport,andfeasibility).
Ourinitialas-sessmentsuggeststhatanyvalidandreliableindexwouldbedifficulttocreatebecausetheinformationthatitisfeasibletocollectissolimited.
ThischapterhasbeguntheeffortsetforthinStillmanetal.
1discussingtheimportanceofincludingprotobaccoforc-esinanevaluationdesignandprovidingguidancetowarddevelopingthiscon-struct.
Itishopedthatotherswillcontin-uethiseffortandhelpdevelopanindexthatcanbeusedwithinevaluationmod-els.
Untilanindexiscreatedandvalidat-ed,however,tobaccocontrolevaluationsshouldacknowledgeandqualitativelydescribetheprotobaccoforces,sothattheevaluationreportcanbeinterpretedwithinanappropriatecontext.
Conclusions1.
OneoftheearlyobjectivesoftheASSISTevaluationwastodefineanindexofprotobaccoactivityaspartofitsanalysis.
Towardthisend,theASSISTevaluationprojectundertookareviewoftobaccoindustrydocu-mentsandpublishedliteratureonto-baccoindustrycounterefforts,aswellasaconceptmappingprocessusedtoidentifykeytobaccoindustrytactics.
2.
Eightkeytobaccoindustrystrategiesidentifiedincludelobbyingandlegis-lativestrategies,legalandeconomicintimidation,creatingtheillusionofsupport,usurpingtheagenda,harass-ment,underminingscience,mediamanipulation,andpublicrelations.
3.
AWeb-basedconceptmappingpro-cessperformedaspartoftheASSIST257Monograph17.
EvaluatingASSISTevaluationprojectengagedtobaccocontrolstakeholderstoidentifyto-baccoindustrytactics.
Thisprocessproducedaconceptualmapthatpro-videddetailedlistsandclustersoftacticsthatmaybeusefulinfuturequantitativemeasurementefforts.
4.
Asearchoftobaccoindustrydocu-mentsverifiedthatthetobaccoindustryengagesintacticsspecifical-lydesignedtocounterpublichealthprograms,includingASSIST,andspecificindustryconcernsandtacticsareoutlinedinthosedocuments.
5.
Challengesremaininquantifyingtheimpactoftobaccoindustrycounter-effortsinpublichealthinaformthatcanbeusedintheevaluationofto-baccocontrolprojects,includingdatasourcesandcollectionprocedures.
Possiblefutureareasofstudyincludedirectandindirectmeasuresofcam-paignfunding,lobbyingandadvo-cacyefforts,andlegislativemeasures.
Atadeeperlevel,along-termgoalisthedefinitionofoperationalcon-structsforananti-publichealthindexthateffectivelyquantifiestheimpactoftobaccoindustrycounterefforts.
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