saturated522av.com

STP892-EB/May1986SubjectIndexAAirphase,109,157Alidraindrain,652,655,658-659compressionversustime,656-657equivalentdiameters,660repeatability,661technicalspecifications,653Andreasenmethod,491Anteusapparatus,119,694,697Ledaclay,702-704,706Anteusback-pressureconsolidometer,109Anteusconsolidometer,437Anteusoedometers,modified,158As-compactedprestress,111,184,191-193determination,188-191effectofwatercontent,191-193equation,193ASTMD653:86,88ASTMD698:186ASTMD1557:186ASTMD2435:11,87,241,244,651,654,713-714ASTMD4186:171,173-174,176,182-183,443,713-714Atterberglimits,profiles,611-613Automatedsystem,217Automation,112adaptabilityofconstantrateofstrainconsolidationtest,174BBiickebolclay,stress-straincurves,311Backpressurecell,283-284consolidometer,109specimensaturation,45-46Band-shapedprefabricateddrains,642-661compressionversustimeAlidrainwicks,655-656consolidationtestwithnowick,655wickdraintestingprogram,655,657consolidation,648-650drains,651-653equivalentdiameters,648,660looselyfittedfilterjacket,659rateofconsolidation,nowicktest,654repeatability,659,661results,654-658settlement,657,661soil,650-651technicalspecifications,653testingsequence,652waterrelease,656-659,661wickdrainconsolidometer(seeWickdrainconsolidometer)Batiscanclaycreepandoedometertests,387rheologicalbehavior,381rheologicalmodel,383simulatedMSLtest,396soilparameters,384strainrate-strainrelations,390-391strainrate-timerelations,388-389stress-strainrelations,390-391Bembenmethod,maximumpastpres-sure,622-624Bentonite-sandmixtures,627-640727Copyrighr~1986byASTMInternationalwww.
astm.
org728CONSOLIDATIONOFSOILS:TESTINGANDEVALUATIONBentonite-sandmixtures(continued)classificationdiagram,636compressionindex,639-640consolidometer,630effectofsaltinfiltration,636-638,640four-phasesoilmodel,629-630fundamentalsofstudy,628-629physicalpropertiesofspecimens,631procedureandmaterials,629-631relationshipsbetweenclaycontentanddrydensity,635-636specimendescription,632structuralmodel,628thresholdnonclayvoidratio,634-635voidratioandeffectivepressurere-lationships,631,633-636Bessel'sfunction,successiveroots,28-29Biaxialconsolidationtest,476-477anisotropicproperties,measurement,465-467anisotropicsoils,465-484averageconsolidation,472comparisonofpermeabilities,481elasticconstantdetermination,473,476normalizedflowthroughspecimenend,473procedure,469results,478-480stiffnessconstants,470,479testdevice,468testequipment,468-469testsonpeppershale,480-484theoreticalbehavior,469-473theoreticalconsolidationcurves,473theoreticalrelationshipforVversusVrduringconsolidation,474-475Biaxialconsolidometertest,120Biot'scoupledconsolidationtheory,583Bjerrum'smodel,287Bjerrum'sprocedure,435BostonBlueClay,consolidation,91Boundaryconditions,471Boundingsurface,593,599,608invariantstressspace,600parameters,602Bourdonpressuregage,221Breakpointmethod,maximumpastpressure,620-622Brittlebehavior,610-625breakingofcementbonds,615correlationtofieldundrainedshearstrength,624logplotconstruction,615,617one-dimensionaltestcurves,613-618SeealsoVerticalstressBS1377,209Bulkmodulus,588CamClayelasticcomponentofstrain,382models,118modified,583,585Canadianclays,preconsolidationpres-sure,310Cardboardstrip-typedrain,644Casagrandeconstruction,222-223Casagrandelogarithm,194Casagrande'sfittingmethod,529Casagrande'slogarithmoftimefittingmethod,225-226Casagrande'slogtmethod,127Casagrande'smethod,613,625maximumpastpressure,618replacementbycurverulemethod,543-545Castleboarddrain,652,660technicalspecifications,653waterrelease,658Castoroil,490density-temperaturecharacteristics,495SUBJECTINDEX729viscosity-temperaturerelationship,494Cementation,post-depositional,611,625Cementedsoil,129-130disturbance,55Centrifugecurvedverticalstressdistribution,590effectoffrictionandadhesion,590limitations,589-591radialaccelerationfield,589UniversityofCaliforniaatDavis,570-571SeealsoSelfweightconsolidationtestCentrifugemodel,125,548,593-608boundingsurfaceininvariantstressspace,600boundingsurfaceplasticitytheory,599comparisonwithnumericalmodel,124-126effectivestressdistribution,598finite-elementanalysis,604-607incrementalizationofrateequations,602instrumentationanddataacquisition,596isotropicconsolidationresults,601modelpackage,594-595,597porepressuredissipationduringinitialization,604responsetoloadingandunloading,605resultsandcomparison,603-607settlementduringloadingandun-loading,606specimenpreparation,594-596surfacesettlementduringinitializa-tion,603testingprogram,596-598testingsequence,597undrainedstresspathsundertriaxialconditions,600-601Centrifugetest,125-126,716advantages,568softclaydeformation{seeTime-dependentnumericalmodel,softclaydeformation)Champlainclay,119,719-720preconsolidationpressure,722variationofa2coefficientwithstrainrate,722ChamplainSeaclay(seeLedaclay)CHGtest(seeControUed-hydraulicgradienttest)Clay,684behaviorandconsolidation,379-383bulkdensitydeterminationusinggammaradiation,123-124characteristics,presentingstrainrateeffects,720consolidationstrain,85contentanddrydensity,635-636deposit,consolidationunderload,73geologicalhistoryandcompressibil-ity,74-75highlystructured,preconsolidationpressure,81it-line,347-348medium-to-stiff,trimming,333modelspecimen,550overconsolidation,75-76physicalproperties,554preconsolidationpressure,309remolded,82rheologicalbehavior,380sensitive,118skeleton,deformationbehavior,118softplastic,constant-rate-of-straintest,343stiff,incrementalloadingoedometertest,334strainrate,719SeealsospecificclaysClayeygyttja,properties,311Clayeysoil,684,717classificationdiagram,636730CONSOLIDATIONOFSOILS:TESTINGANDEVALUATIONClay-kaolinitemixture,coefficientofconsolidation,determination,539-540Clayshale,465Claysuspensionconcentrationprofile,490-498castoroildensity-temperaturecharacteris-tics,495viscosity-temperaturerelation-ship,494concentrationprofileswithtime,497destructivetesting,491materialsandexperimentalproce-dures,492-495non-destructivetesting,491results,496-498samplingapparatus,493specificsurfaceareaofsedimentspecimens,498velocityofdropletandclayconcen-tration,495-496Coefficientofcompressibility,nonlin-ear,139Coefficientofconsolidation,11,25,69,87,170,172,274-275,307,329,351,437,439,663airphase,157brittlebehavior,617calculatedvalues,27computation,126-127constantassumption,419,424-430finitestrainon,532-534constantrateofdeformationtests,48continuousloadingtests,51-52correctedstartingpoint,13alternativemethods,15-17comparisonofsquarerootandlog-arithmicmethods,14correctionbyprimaryconsolidationratio,126CRStest,619curvefitting,12-18determination,526-546clay-kaolinitemixture,539-540correctionbyprimaryconsolida-tionratio,530-531curverulemethod,528-530graphicanalysisoftime-compres-sioncurve,546frominterceptwithprimarycom-pressioncurve,272peat,539,541research,543routine,543-544settlement-timefactors,relations,533,535fromtimefactor,328variable,526effectofdecomposition,133effectofdisturbance,56fieldandlaboratoryresults,61functionofmodulusandpermeabil-ity,320functionofpremeability,303,306functionsofmodulus,303,306heat-acceleratedtest,292histograms,one-dimensionaltests,466-467horizontalflow,646,668-670incrementalcompressibilitytest,290incrementalloadingoedometertest,336versuslogeffectivestressplots,245,250-251oedometertest,346-349plasticityindexand,430selfweightconsolidationtest,562,564-565soilwithoccludedairbubbles,45standardmethods,12-15timefactorforconsolidationoffinitestrain,534variable,526finitestrainand,534-543variablestrainandexamples,539-543SUBJECTINDEX731finalconsolidationratio,536time-consolidationrelation,535-539variationwithCT'290-292Coefficientoflateralearthpressure,704-705,707Coefficientofpermeability,118,168,351continuoustest,348heat-acceleratedtest,292incrementalcompressibilitytest,290incrementalloadingoedometertest,337incrementalloadingtest,347-348variationwithCT',290-291Coefficientofsecondarycompression,690andcompressionindex,692effectofdisturbance,57Coefficientofsecondaryconsolidationaspercentageofprimaryconsolida-tion,91relationshiptoconsolidationpres-sure,91relationshiptorate,96Cohesivesoils,405Combwichmud,209Compactedfillsas-compactedprestress,191-193watercontentrelationships,191compressibility,186-197confiningpressureeffect,195experimentalapparatusandproce-dure,186-188saturatedprestress,194,196-197settlement,197-201volumechange,194-196Compactionenergy,HI,189versusplasticdeformation,190Compactionprestress,111Compressibility,139-140,299,466,627as-compacted,187-188compactedfills[seeCompactedfills)continuityand,139curve,287-288conventionalandCRStests,720law,378MexicoCityclay,258moduli,109-110parameters,287-289relationships,unsaturatedsoil,156selfweightconsolidationtest,559-562unsaturatedsoil,160,162-163variation,107Compression,642behavior,129-131demarcationbetweenreboundandvirginsegments,129industrialsludge,130influenceofcoarsefraction,130inorganicandorganicsoils,133kaolin,709calculations,9-11comparisonoffieldandtheory,59-60curve,425,610Udaclay,698,701line,virgin,117resistanceofsoilstructure,99secondaryfollowingprimaryconsolidation,32-33influenceonsubsequenttime-set-tlementresponse,34-35influenceonsubsequentvoidra-tios,33-34settlementversuslogoftime,33strain,408Compressionindex,86,245,252bentonite-sandmixtures,639-640coefficientofsecondarycompressionand,692constantassumption,419,424-430virgin,naturalwatercontentrelation,624732CONSOLIDATIONOFSOILS:TESTINGANDEVALUATIONCON2D,125-126,567,568,583,585,586-588,591overpredictionofimmediatedefor-mation,587-588CONMULT,297CONMULTmodel,118,390,398Consolidationaverage,472behavior,119,610cell,116characteristicsvariation,77claybehavior,379-383coefficient,radial,29curves,148-150finitedifferenceequation,407governingequations,469-470law,354seepage-induced,503self-weightconsolidationtesting,501-503Terzaghi'scoefficient,140-141constant,145-146,151timerate,663effectsofdisturbance,57SeealsoPrimaryconsolidation;Sec-ondaryconsolidationConsolidationline,virgin,455-456,458isotropic,569Consolidationparameters,279,548constantrateofstraintest,312continuousloadingtests,325Consolidationpressureeffectofnonclaycontent,630voidratiorelations,631,633-636Consolidationratioatbottomofspecimen,415attopofspecimen,414versussecondaryconsolidationrate,90Consolidationstrain,claylayer,85Consolidationtests,7-63antisotropicallypreparedspecimens,453associatedtechniques,715-716boundaryimpedance,19-21casehistories,58-59coefficientofconsolidation{seeCoefficientofconsolidation)comparativestudy,694-710Anteusapparatus,697comparisonoftestresults,706kaolinclay,705-709Ledaclay,testresults,698-705oedometer,696Rowecell,697triaxialcell,697-698comparisonoffieldobservationsandlaboratoryresults,58-61,91-98coefficientofconsolidation,61compressions,59-60long-termobservations,95Nottaway,Broadback,andRupertRiverregion,93pressure/voidcurve,Olgaclay,93-94secondaryconsolidationeffects,92settlement,59-60embankments,92rate,94-95stress-strain,59-60consolidometer,453-454constantrateofdeformationtests,47-49,117constantrateofstrain,79defined,7differentmethodsofdatascrutiny,717disturbance,54-57cementedsoils,55consolidationtimerates,57effectoncoefficientofconsoli-dation,56effectoncoefficientofsecondarycompression,57effectonreductioninvoidratio,54-55thin-walled,fixedpistonsampler,55earlyhistory,8SUBJECTINDEX733effectiveverticalstress-voidratiobe-havior,455-459fibrouspeat,485-489incrementalloading,78instrumentation,454isotropicallypreparedspecimens,452-453largediameter{seeLargediameterconsolidationtests)materials,452methodinfluence,77-78,115ontime-deformationcurves,87-88methods,83microcomputer(seeMicrocomputerapplications)modified,116newequipment,715-716normalizedpressure-voidratiorela-tionships,460-462partialsaturation,41-46,63backpressure,specimensatura-tion,45-46Henry'slaw,42-43interconnectedairvoids,41-42occludedairbubbles,42-45volumetricstrain,41porewaterpressure,459-460dissipationrates,23-24problemsandissues,718rapidloading,18-19ringfriction,21-23samplesize,62samplesizeeffects,52-54standardtechnique,714one-dimensionalvertical-flowtests,11-12storageeffects,58stress-strain(seeStress-strainrela-tionship)stresssurface,18temperatureeffects,23testingprocedure,455time-compressioncurves,89timerateestimation,10time-settlementcurveinfluenceofdrainagedistance,53Vtmethod,62T-Urelationship,18variablesusedinone-dimensionalanalyses,8-11SeealsoKaolin;Ledaclay;specifictestsConsolidometer,437,453-454bentonite-sandmixtures,630Rowetype,120slurry,503-504wickdrain,132,642,651-652,654,666Constantgradienttest,321-322strainrate,326Constant-headpermeabilitytests,337-338Constantrateconsolidationtest,565Constantrateofdeformationtests,47-49automatic,117Constant-rate-of-loadingconsolidationtest,49,112-113,236-256analysis,237-239apparatus,239-241development,236-237averageporepressureratio,252-253averagetime,252coefficientofconsolidationversuslogeffectivestressplots,245,250-251comparisonofrangeofresults,253-254completiontime,255compressionindex,245,252crosssectionofspecimencontainer,241loadingrateversusliquidlimit,256selection,255microcomputerapplications,242procedure,242,244reboundindex,245,252soildescription,241-243734CONSOLIDATIONOFSOILS:TESTINGANDEVALUATIONConstant-rate-of-loadingconsolidationtest(continued)testconditions,245timeconsolidationcurves,245-249Constant-rate-of-straintest,79,110,119,170-183,203,236,299-327,338-341,610,625adaptabilitytoautomation,174apparatus,174-175,300-301,338-340assumedstressdistribution,308coefficientofconsolidation,320comparisonwithcontrolled-hydraulicgradienttests,442-446conventionalincrementaltests,320-323,442-446realfieldbehavior,320-323compressibilitycurves,720constantmodulusM^,313-314dataacquisitionandregulationsys-tem,174,340-341development,435disadvantages,170-171history,170interpretation,306limitingpressure,315-316microcomputerapplications,340-341modulusnumberA/',314-315parametera,314-316permeability(seePermeability)preconsolidationpressure(seePre-consolidationpressure)procedure,174,176-177,301-302loading,341results,181,302-305,342-344softplasticclay,343sourcesoferror,307-309specimentrimmingprocess,174,176strainrate,326selectioncriteria,171-174stress-straincurves,311,400Constitutivemodel,568,583Continuousloadingtest,46-52,63,79-80,82,203,322-326,329coefficientofconsolidation,51-52coefficients,50consolidationparameters,325correlationwithconstantrateofstraintest,325generalcase,49-50maximumpreviousconsolidationpressure,50-51propertymeasurement,50rate-dependentparameters,324-325solutions,49SeealsospecifictestsControlledgradienttest,79,203,297,396-398,433,694,707Ledaclay,703,705Controlled-hydraulicgradienttest,433comparisonwithincrementalloadingandCRStests,442-446development,435-436results,441-442softclays,437-438Controlledrateofstraintests,297Controlledstrainrate,433Conventional-incremental-loadingtest,236apparatus,241,243comparisonofrangeofresults,253-254comparisonwithconstantrateofstraintest,320-323preconsolidationpressure,correla-tionwithconstantrateofstraintest,310procedure,244Cordemaisclay,permeability,361,364Courinflectionpointmethod,226-227Creep,297,465Singh-Mitchellparameters,569Creeplaw,119Creeptest,116Batiscanclay,387-389longterm,296-297naturalclays,387-392SUBJECTINDEX735Strainrate-timerelations,Batiscanclay,388-389ultrasonicmethod,521-524Crimptests,673-675,679Criticalgradient,influenceonconsol-idationofclays,354-376degreeofconsolidation,371-372equipment,355-356interpretationoftests,369-370,375porepressureevolution,367,369testprinciple,355,357-358SeealsoPermeabilitylaw;SaintHer-blainclayCriticalstress,258-261CRStest(seeConstantrateofstraintest)CumberlandRiversiltyclay,constant-rate-ofstrainconsolidation,178-180Curing,specimenconditionsbeforeandafter,562Curvefitting,526,528-530clay,541clay-kaolinitemixture,540remoldedpeat,541-542SeealsospecificmethodsCurverulemethod,126,526,528-530replacementofCasagrande'smethod,543-545DDarcy'slaw,354,551Dashpot,39-40Decomposition,133DeformationCasagrandeconstruction,223condition,408effectonmodulusMi,314permeabilityparameters,318preconsolidationpressure,312stress,316false,correctionfor,incrementalloadingtest,336natural,152rate,47-48softclay{seeTime-dependentnu-mericalmodel,softclaydefor-mation)Degreeofconsolidation,131,153,366average,18,20,26-27,238,265,647effectofboundaryimpedance,20equalstraininflowandoutflow,29freestraininflowandoutflow,28-29radicalflowconsolidationtesting,28-29secondaryeffects,36dependenceonratiooffinaltoinitialthickness,109influenceofcriticalgradient,371-372influenceoflengthofdrainagepath,373sludge,512timerelations,688versustimeforDrammenclay,39Desolwickdrains,681-683Differentialequation,471Dilatability,sand,520-521Drammenclaydegreeofsecondaryconsolidationversustime,39time-settlementcurve,secondaryconsolidation,38Dundassoil,451effectiveverticalstress-voidratiore-lationship,457physicalproperties,452EElasticconstants,465determination,473,476Electrolytesolution,627736CONSOLIDATIONOFSOILS:TESTINGANDEVALUATIONEmbankment,567deformationduetooverburdenstresses,198pressure,198section,198settlement,197-201,262andpiezometriclevels,92unitweight,200verticalstressexceedingpreconsoli-dationstress,97EngCon,DeskTopComputerAnalysisofConsolidationData,222Engineeringindexproperties,lacus-trineclaydeposit,186Experimentalmethodsandtechniques,122-128,715-716bulkdensitydeterminationbygammaradiation,123centrifugeandnumericalmodelingcomparisons,124-126oedometertests,714-715solidscontentdetermination,122-123ultrasonicdevice,124Extendedconsolidationtheory,406/-loga',418-419,423-427Fall-droptechnique,claysuspensionconcentrationprofile(seeClaysuspensionconcentrationpro-file)FEADAM,585FEM,583,585Finite-differencemodel,gridsystem,386Finite-elementanalysis,125,593,604-605grid,607solutionsteps,607SeealsoFEMFinitestrainconsolidationprogram,126consolidationtheory,500,503constantcoefficientofconsolidation,532-534variablecoefficientofconsolidation,534-543Floatingringconsolidometer,239-240Franki-Kjellmandrain,652,656technicalspecifications,653GGammaradiation,bulkdensityofclay,determination,123-124Gasformation,113Gaultclay,consolidationcharacteris-tics,77Geocomposites,642Geodraindrain,652,658,660technicalspecifications,653Geomechanics,593Geotextiles,663-664Gloucesterclay,preconsolidationpres-sure-strainraterelationship,447-448Graphicmethod,225-226HHeat-acceleratedtest,117,291-293equipment,292interpretation,293principle,291procedure,293saturation,292-293Henry'slaw,42-43High-air-entryceramicdisk,158,168Highlycompressiblesoils,inter-gran-ularviscosity,257-280fittingmethods,268,271-276curvesTypeI,268,271-272curvesTypeII,272-279theoreticalconsiderations,263-268claystructure,263consolidationcurves,268-269Kelvinunit,264-266rheologicalmodel,264Terzaghi'sprimarytimefactor,267SUBJECTINDEX737volumetricstrain,264Z-unit,266-268SeealsoMexicoCityclay;Oedom-etertestHistoricaldevelopments,74-77Bjerrum'sinterpretation,73-76Terzaghi,72youngandagedclays,73-74Honmokuclay,418-419selfweightconsolidationprocess,425Hvorslev'sconstants,637Hydraulicconductivitycomparisonofmeasuredandcom-putedvalues,15smearzone,30Hydraulicconsolidationcell,53Hyperbolicelasticmodel,521Iflliconcomputerprogram,94Impact-typecompactiontest,189Incrementalcompressibilitytestcompressibilityparameters,287-289equipment,285-286incrementduration,287loadinglaw,286procedure,286-287remoldingcriterion,289saturation,286settlementversustime,289-290o'',variationofcoefficientsofcon-solidationandpermeability,290-292Taylor'smethod,290unloading-reloadingcycle,288Incrementalloadingoedometertest,99,334-338apparatus,334-335coefficientofconsolidation,336coefficientofpermeability,337constant-headpermeabilitytests,337-338correctionforfalsedeformation,336loadingprocedure,334-336results,342softclays,testresults,438-439stiffclay,334time-compressioncurve,337Incrementalloadingtest,78,117,433-434,610,615comparisonwithCRSandCHGtests,442-446compression-logpressurecurves,81determinationofrateofconsolida-tionparameters,614-616softclays,436-437stress-straincurve,435verticalstressandstrain,615Inflectionpointmethod,226Initialconditions,471Interconnectedairvoids,41-42Intergranularviscosity(seeSecondaryconsolidation)Ishii'sconsolidationmethod,545Isochrones,378Isotropiccompressiontests,124JapanIndustrialStandardcode,531-532JapanSocietyofSoilMechanicsandFoundationEngineering,531-532Jolietteclay,MSLtests,395KKaolin,154,451,594,642,694band-shapedprefabricateddrains,650-651centrifugetests,569classificationproperties,569compacted,109compressionbehavior,709consolidationtestingresults,705-709effectiveverticalstress-voidratiore-lationship,455-457,459738CONSOLIDATIONOFSOILS:TESTINGANDEVALUATIONKaolin(continued)geotechnicalproperties,452,696materialproperties,570permeabilitytests,477stiffnessconstant,479testingprogramsummary,708time-versuspressureratio,459VaversusV478-480SeealsoUnsaturatedsoilKaoliniteFlatD,indexproperties,492Karol-Wamerdualrangeconsolidom-eter,218-219Karol-Wamerfixedringoedometer,187-188Kavazanjian,Mitchell,andBonaparte,125Kelvinunit,264-266it-linemethod,346-349continuoustests,348incrementaltests,347-349tangentmodulus,348-349/lo-triaxialtest,119LaboratoiresdesFontsetChaussees,282Laboratorytests,107-114equipment,282summaryofpapers,108Lacustrineclaydepositdryunitweightversusmoisturecon-tentcurves,187indexproperties,186SeealsoCompactedfillsLandfill,model,initialstate,431Largediameterconsolidationtests,664-672apparatus,664,666coefficientofconsolidation,horizon-talflow,668-670equivalentdraindiameters,670,672implications,671procedure,667-668results,667-671Lateraldrainage,663Lateralpressuretests,676-680Lateralstrainmeasurementgeotechnicalcharacteristicsoftestedsoils,523ultrasonicmethod,516-524capabilities,520claytesting,520-522consolidationandcreeptests,521-524determiningmeasurementpreci-sion,518-520indicator,516-518interpretationofmeasurement,519principleofoperation,518-519strain-timerelationshipforpeat,523strengthanddilatabilitycharacter-istics,520-521ultrasonicdevice,517Ledaclay,694,709Anteusapparatus,702-704,706compressioncurve,698,701controlledgradienttestresults,703,705effectofmembranestiffnessonload-deformationresponse,704effectofspecimensizeonprecon-solidationpressure,698,702normalizedpressure-voidratiorela-tionship,461oedometertestresults,698,700-702properties,695-696Rowecell,700-704strainversuslogeffectivepressurerelationships,698,700testingprogramsummary,699time-compressioncurves,89triaxialcell,704-705,707Linearvariabledifferentialtransformer,217-219,221Liquidityindex,170versussoilindexpropertydependentcoefficient,182SUBJECTINDEX739Loadincrementratio,434effectonshapeofdialreading-timecurves,87-88influenceonsubsequenttime-settle-mentresponse,34-35Loadinghistory,451law,286rateconstant-rate-of-loadingconsoli-dationtest,255-256versusliquidlimit,256Logarithmoftimefittingmethod,225-226LogC-logcr',418,423,425,428-429Logtmethod,225-226,528-529Long-termcreeptest,296-297Louisevilleclayconsolidationcurve,438geotechnicalproperties,436LVDT,217-219,221MMarkIVcentrifuge,555Mebradraindrain,652,655,658equivalentdiameters,660technicalspecifications,653MexicoCityclaycompensatedfoundationsettlement,261-262compressibilitycurve,258embankmentsettlement,262structure,263TypeIconsolidation,259TypeIIconsolidation,259-260TypeIIIconsolidation,259-260TypeIVconsolidation,259,261Microcomputerapplications,217-235concept,218constant-rate-of-loadingconsolida-tiontest,242constant-rate-of-strainloadingtest,340-341deformationversussquarerootoftime,232hardware,218-221configurations,220programming,219one-dimensionalconsolidation,231,233-234software,222-228assumptions,222Casagrandeconstruction,222-223Casagrande'slogarithmoftimefittingmethod,225-226inflectionpointmethod,226-227preconsolidationstress,222-223printedoutput,227-228Schmertmannprocedure,223-224soilphaserelationshipconditions,226-227time-dependentanalysis,224-225,231-232,235systemcalibration,221testing,221-222Mikasa'sconsolidationtheory,119,127-128Mikasa'smethod,526-527Modeltests,405ModulusMi,,313-314ModulusnumberW,314-315Modulusofcompressibility,351Modulus-stressplot,303,306Mono90,594Monterey#0sand,properties,570Multiple-stageloadingtest,393-396NNankoClay,554,556effectofcuringtimeon/-logpre-lation,561/-logcrelations,562/-logprelations,561,563relationofpermeabilityandvolumeratio,559time-consolidationcurves,558740CONSOLIDATIONOFSOILS:TESTINGANDEVALUATIONNaturalclays,consolidation,378-403claybehaviorduringtesting,386-387controlledgradienttest,396-398,400creeptest,387-392multiple-stageloadingtest,393-396numericaltreatment,383,385-386single-stageloadingtest,392-394,401NorthSeaclay,incrementalloadingoedometertest,342Norton-Hofflaw,443,449NorwegianGeotechnicalInstitute,329-352Nottaway,Broadback,andRupertRiverregion,93Nowicktest,rateofconsolidation,654Numericalmodel,118comparisonwithcentrifugemodel,124-126softclaydeformations(seeTime-de-pendentnumericalmodel,softclaydeformation)OOccludedairbubblescoefficientofconsolidation,45flowrate,44Henry'slaw,42-43initialcompressivestrain,44timeratesofcompression,43Oedometertest,137,282-297,329-352,378,451,694,696,707back-pressurecell,283-284back-pressurechamber,331-332cells,330-332clay,consolidationtheoryapplica-tion,141-149,151boundary-valueproblems,143-145consolidationcurves,148-150Cconstantcase,145-146degreeofsettlement,146-148coefficientofconsolidation,346-349determination(seeCoefficientofconsolidation,determination)consolidationcurves,277-278consolidationequation,527-528creep,Batiscanclay,387curvesexhibitingbrittlebehavior,611entrappedgasinfluence,276-278evolution,283fallingheadtests,319gasexpansion,276highlycompressiblesoils(seeHighlycompressiblesoils)improving,recommendations,279-280incrementalloading(seeIncrementalloadingoedometertest)incrementofstresses,279interpretation,350-351Ledaclay,698,700-702newtechniquesandprocedures,714-715primaryconsolidationerrors,276problems,276,279-280specimensaturation,284-285,300-301stressdistribution,350trimmingequipmentandprocedure,331-334medium-to-stiffclay,383mountingwithdryfilterstones,333-334verysoftclay,332-333undisturbedspecimens,95,97withandwithoutbackpressure,348-349SeealsospecifictypesoftestsOilsandssludge,500degreeofconsolidation,512flowchartforsamplinganalysis,509porepressuredissipationwithdepth,512solidcontentwithdepth,513Oilsandwasteslurry,126SUBJECTINDEX741Olgaclaypressure/voidratiocurve,93-94secondaryconsolidation,relation-shipofratetocoefficient,96settlementrate,93,95One-dimensionalconsolidationtest,107,130,137,451,610brittlebehavior,613-618equation,364-366,549-550assumptions,549governingequation,385incrementalloading,615microcomputerapplications,231,233-234theory,645OsakaBaymud,430Overburdenstress,198-199,258-259Overconsolidation,71,82clay,75-76idealizedmodulus-effectivestresscurve,83Oxfordcell,206-207,212pneumaticloadingsystem,208Parametera,314-316Partialsaturation,7Particlesegregation,548,565-566Peatcoefficientofconsolidation,deter-mination,539,541fibrous,sidefriction{seeSidefric-tion,fibrouspeat)saturated,isotropiccompressiontests,124strain-timerelationship,523Peppershale,porepressureversustime,482-484Permeability,140,173,203,205,307,315-320,354,465,548calculation,302changeindex,318-319compressionand,303constant-headtests,337-338correlationwithspecialoedometerresults,319deformationeffect,318evolutionduringloading,365parameters,402selfweightconsolidationtest,556-559sourcesoferrors,317strain-rateasfunctionof,170test,110transverselyisotropicsoil,466variation,107homogeneoussoil,317voidratiorelations,303,378,380volumeratiorelation,559-560Permeabilitylawbilinear,369comparison,368evolutionofconsolidation,369,371-374nonlinear,354,375parameterschoice,367definition,364schematic,365Plasticdeformation,188versuscompactionenergy,190Plasticityindex,coefficientofconsol-idation,430Plasticitymodel,125Plasticitytheory,validation{seeCen-trifugemodel)Plasticresistance,time-dependence,72,74Plasticsoils,saturated,137Poisson'sratio,521,600,605betweenaxialandradialdirection,476Porepressure,236,378,405,459-460,465,500,567,591baseversuslogoftime,26centrifugetests,576-578,581-583dissipation,37,587742CONSOLIDATIONOFSOILS:TESTINGANDEVALUATIONPorepressure(continued)withdepth,512duringinitialization,604rates,23-24distributioninmodellandfill,431effectonpreconsoiidationpressure,Ledaclay,700-701,703evolution,375excess,585foundation,125generation,98highshearstrengthdelayinincrease,97influenceofcriticalgradient,367,369influenceofdrainagepathlength,369-370isochrones,374,388,390,393CGTtest,398selfweightconsolidation,551-552vicinityofpreconsoiidationpres-sure,390,394logarithmoftimecurves,390,392measurements,self-weightconsoli-dationtesting,509-511negative,236-237nonuniformdistribution,204ratio,172,459average,constant-rate-of-loadingconsolidationtest,252-253equation,238maximum,173-174responsetoloadingandunloading,605versustime,peppershale,482-484Porewater,flowvelocity,551-552Preconsoiidationpressure,71,80-85,286,289,299,303,309-313,694apparent,451,460Champlainclays,722comparisonofstudiesshowingde-pendenceonstrainrate,447-449compression-logpressurecurves,81constant-rate-of-straintest,401correlationbetweenconstantrateofstraintestandconventionalincrementaltests,310fieldtests,309correlationbetweendifferentoed-ometertests,401definition,460effectofbaseporewaterpressure,700-701,703effectofdeformationrate,312effectofspecimensize,Ledaclay,698,702highlystructuredclays,81idealizedmodulus-effectivestresscurve,overconsolidatedclay,83influenceoftestprocedure,100insituvalues,83-84normalized-voidratiorelationship,460-462oedometertest,82overburdenpressureratio,74-75versusparametera,316remoldedclays,82settlementratenear,93,95strainraterelations,83-85,313,399,443-446,721,722stressescloseto,302timedependence,82voidratiocurve,Olgaclay,93-94Preconsoiidationstressderived,345determinationfromplasticityindexandundrainedshearstrength,351-352maximumpossible,223verticalstressexceeding,97Prefabricateddrains(seeBentonite-sandmixtures;Remoldedsoils,pre-fabricateddrains;Wickdrains;specificdrains)Preloading,684CRStestsonverysoftsoils,412-415assoftgroundstabilizer,131SUBJECTINDEX743Pressuretransducer,206calibrationandstability,210-211differential,215Prestress,saturated{seeSaturatedpres-tress)Primaryconsolidationdefined,86errorsinoedometertest,276rate,87ratio,526correctionofcoefficientofcon-solidation,530-531self-induced,97Quasi-staticloading,451Radialdrainagetest,116,294-296Radialflowconsolidationtesting,7,27-31,62-63averagedegreeofconsolidation,28-29factorsrecommendedforusewith,30smearzone,30Rapidloadingtest,18-19Rateprocesstheory,523Reboundindex,245,252Recompressioncurve,455-456,459index,80Regressionequations,184Reloading,335Remoldedsoils,prefabricateddrains,663-683averagesoilparameters,665crimptests,673-675,679furtherresearchneeds,681laboratorytests,664largediameterconsolidationtests(seeLargediameterconsolidationtests)lateralpressuretests,676-680loadtransferbeforebuckling,682-683Remoldingcriterion,289Restrictedflowconsolidationtest,111-112,203-216behaviorduringconsolidationstage,212-213cellrequirements,205-208comparativeresults,214development,210-213errors,210experimentaldetails,208-210flowrestrictor,205-206Oxfordcell,206-208,212potential,215principle,204-205results,213-215Rowecell,206,208-209,212softsampleresults,214swell-backstage,212testarrangement,209undrainedincrementalloadingforpartlysaturatedsoil,211Rheologicmodel,36,113Ringfriction,21-23Ropedrains,684porewaterpressuredistribution,692relationsoftimeversusdegreeofconsolidation,688settlementstraindistribution,691Rowecell,206,437,694,697Ledaclay,700-704modified,119restrictedflowconsolidationtest,208-209,212Saint-Cesaireclay,SSLtest,394SaintHerblainclay,354characteristics,357compressionandpermeabilitycurve,357,361-363physicochemicalcharacteristics,380744CONSOLIDATIONOFSOILS:TESTINGANDEVALUATIONSaltinfiltration,627effects,636-638,640Sampledisturbance,329,343-347Sand-claymixturesadvantages,627-628compressibility,130SeealsoBentonite-sandmixturesSanddrains,684relationsoftimeversusdegreeofconsolidation,688settlementstraindistribution,691vertical,643Sand,shearanddilatancycharacteris-tics,520-521Sandyclay,deformationcharacteris-tics,522Sandysoil,classificationdiagram,636Saturatedprestress.
111,184embankment,202predictionequation,196Saturationbybackpressure,285compactedkaolin,109degree,109oedometertest,284heat-acceleratedtest,292incrementalcompressibilitytest,286radialdrainagetest,294-295partial,190Scalingrelationships,127Schmertmannprocedure,223-224Secondarycompression,257,617,684displacement-timecurves,113Secondaryconsolidation,31-41,63,87-91,100,257averagedegreeofconsolidation,36compressionfollowingprimarycon-solidation,32-33dashpots,39-40defined,31,88degreeofconsolidationversustimeforDrammenclay,39effectsofnonlinearity,39incrementalloading,40influenceofcompressiononsubse-quentvoidratios,33-34mechanism,544-545phenomenon,268-270rate,88versusconsolidationratio,90relationshiptocoefficient,96remoldedpeat,34rheologicmodel,36-37secondarycurveslope,35settlementembankments,92versuslogoftime,32subsequenttime-settlementre-sponse,34-35theories,35-41time-settlementcurveforDrammenclay,38SeealsoHighlycompressiblesoils,inter-granularviscositySedimentation,490,500self-weightconsolidationtesting,501-503Sedimentationtestapparatus,424/-logCT',424-427logC-logCT',425,428-429Sedimentwaste,nonconventionaltests,134Seepageconsolidationtest,565Selfweightconsolidationtest,126,128,425,430,500-514incentrifuge,548-566coefficientofconsolidation,562,564-565compressibility,559-562disadvantage,565generalconsolidationequation,549-550initialsettlementrate,551-553MarkIVcentrifuge,555permeability,556-559SUBJECTINDEX745purpose,materials,andproce-dures,553-556similaritylaw,549-550,553specimenconditionsbeforeandaftercuring,562undersingledrainagecondition,551-552velocityofporewaterflow,551-552comparisonofpredictedandexper-imentalconsolidation,513flowchartforsludgesampleanaly-sis,509large-strainslurryconsolidometers,503-504porepressuredissipationwithdepth,512measurement,509-511samplingmechanism,506,508sedimentationandconsolidationstatesdetermination,501-503solidscontentwithdepth,513ten-metreselfweightconsolidationcylinder,507ten-metretests,506-514two-metreslurryconsolidationcyl-inders,585-586Sensitiveclays{seeSoftclays)Settlement,100,299,591calculation,307compactedfills,111,197-200comparisonoffieldandtheory,59-60compensatedfoundation,261compensatedfrictionpilefounda-tion,262degree,146-148differential,684,690duetoselfweight,198duringloadingandunloading,606embankment,92,262fillduetosaturation,199filloversoftground,684-693constructionprocedure,689designconditions,686designmethod,686modelofground,686porewaterpressuredistribution,692profileofdifferentialsettlement,690profileoffillingprocedureandslipfailure,685relationbetweencoefficientofsecondarycompression,692relationsoftimeversusdegreeofconsolidation,688residualsettlement,687settlementstraindistribution,691settlementversustimecurves,689-690soilconditionsandestimationofsettlement,686-687soilprofileandproperties,685surchargeversusconsolidationsettlement,687timeofsurchargeanddesignofverticaldrains,688lUiconcomputerprogram,94modellandfill,431naturaldegree,152-153Olgaclay,93,95overestimation,99predictionofrates,76-77prefabricateddrains,681rate,selfweightconsolidation,551-553ratioofultimatetoprimary,37residual,132,687secondary,617selfweightconsolidation,430-432storagetank,124-125surface,duringinitialization,603ultimate,97-98versustimecurves,289-290,295-296timefactorrelations,533,535totalfinal,147746CONSOLIDATIONOFSOILS:TESTINGANDEVALUATIONSettlement(continued)vertical,centrifugetests,583-584Shear,sand,520-521Shearingstress,localside,21Shearstrength,undrained,asfunctionofpreconsolidationstressratioandplasticityindex,353Sidefriction,fibrouspeat,485-489effectivestressdistributiononbase,487-488testdata,486-489variationofstrainandstresseswithtime,487Silts,Mine,347-348Siltyclay,deformationcharacteristics,522SimilarityLaw,549-550,553SimulatedCGTtests,Batiscanclay,397Singh-Mitchellcreepparameters,569Single-stageloadingtest,392-394Slipfailure,685Sludge,compressibility,130Slurry,548Smearzone,hydraulicconductivity,30Snow-Cal50,594Softclay,433,548,694CRSconsolidationtest,405-432,437applicationtosettlementanalysis,430-432calculationprocedure,422coefficientofprimaryconsolida-tion,439consolidationconstantdetermina-tion,416-418,420-422constantcompressionindexandcoefficientofconsolidationas-sumption,419,424-430curve-fittingonselfweightcon-solidationprocess,425equipment,410-411/-logCT',418-419,423-427graphicrepresentation,408,410logC-logCT'av,418,423,425,428-429originaldata,420-421physicalpropertiesofsamples,412porepressure,440preloading,412-415recordofexperiments,416samplespecimenpreparation,410,412testresults,439-441theoreticalbasis,406-408volumeratioversuslogeffectivestress,423SeealsoSedimentationtestdeformation(seeTime-dependentnumericalmodel,softclayde-formation)incrementalloadingoedometertest,testresults,438-439trimming,332-333Soilanisotropicproperties,measure-ment,465-467anisotropicsoils,biaxialconsolida-tiontest(seeBiaxialconsoli-dationtest)characterization,593criticalstateparameters,599gaseous,717improvement,663mechanics,71model,four-phase,629-630definitionsofphysicalproperties,630homogeneous,naturalvariationinpermeability,317withoccludedairbubbles,coeffi-cientofconsolidation,45parameters,665partiallysaturated,109phasediagram,188phaserelationshipconditions,226-227plastic,saturated,137problemsoils,716-717SUBJECTINDEX747profile,685properties,8,71,177,203,243,595,685remolded,100stratificationandproperties,52structure,71,100,610bentonite-sandmixtures,628-629resistancetocompression,99tests,71,516unsaturated{seeUnsaturatedsoil)unsaturated{seeUnsaturatedsoil)verysoft,405volumechange,133volumetricflowrate,675Soilindexpropertydependentcoeffi-cient,178-179versusliquidityindex,182Solidscontentdeterminationtodilutesuspension,122-123measurements,500Specimenpreparationanisotropic,453centrifugemodel,594-596isotropic,452-453softclay,410,412trimming,331-334Stabilization,663Standardincrementaltest{seeConven-tional-incremental-loadingtest)Stiffnessconstants,470,479Straindefinition,8-9distributionfillsettlement,691withinspecimen,409equal,645finite{seeFinitestrain)free,645initialcompressive,44lateral{seeLateralstrainmeasure-ment,ultrasonicmethod)versuslogeffectivepressure,Ledaclay,698,700natural,532nominal,532ratioofbottomtotopstrain,408,410,413,417-418timerelationshipforpeat,523total,increment,385vertical{seeVerticalstrain)volumetric,41,264-267Strainrate,117-118,170-174,378comparisonoftestmethods,442-443comparisonsofrates,183constantgradienttest,326constantrateofstraintest,326effectonpreconsolidationpressure,83-85,399elasticcomponents,382equation,171-173,179governing,379naturalclay,719parameterdetermination,173-174plasticstrains,382preconsolidationand,313pressurerelations,443-446,721,722previouswork,171relationshiptocontrollingparame-ters,171-172shearstressrelationship,523-524strainrelations,Batiscanclay,390-391variationofa2coefficient,722Stresseffective,173average,47,301,308distributionincentrifuge,598mean,48parabolicisochrone,388intermsofvolumetricstrains,470vertical,123undrainedpathsundertriaxialcon-ditions,600-601vertical{seeVerticalstress)volumechangerelationship,129Stress-compression,97-98Stress-strainrelationship,8-9,118,302,399,402Acthafalayaclay,19748CONSOLIDATIONOFSOILS:TESTINGANDEVALUATIONStress-Strainrelationship(continued)Batiscanclay,390-391clayfromHammond,Indiana,10curve,correction,345-346fieldandlaboratorycurves,59-60nonlinear,7,9,410averagedegreeofconsolidation,26-27baseborepressuresversuslogoftime,26coefficientofconsolidation,25-27curves,25primaryeffects,25-27samplestakenusingthin-walled,fixedpistonsamplers,55secantparameter,267Suction,236-237Suspensiondensity,490Swelling,194,197Swellpotential,influenceson,133SyndrudeCanadaLtd.
,500Vtmethod,528-529Tangentmodulus,348Taylor'sVt,111Terzaghi'sconsolidationtheory,7,99,137-151,217,645applicationtooedometertest{seeOedometertest,clay,consoli-dationtheoryapplication)assumptions,222coefficientofconsolidation,140-141compressibility,139-140consolidationequation,369continuityandcompressibility,139differentialequation,44,69,140-141significance,152linearcoefficientofvolumede-crease,139-140modified,118permeability,140primarytimefactor,267SeealsoMicrocomputerapplicationsThree-dimensionalconsolidation,645-647Time-compressioncurves,Ledaclay,89Time-consolidationrelation,134,526Time-dependentnumericalmodel,softclaydeformation,567-591analysisandcomparison,583,585-589apparatus,571instrumentation,572material,569-570modelpreparation,572SeriesIresults,574-580analysisandcomparison,586-588deformations,579finiteelementmeshandboundaryconditions,587porepressureresponse,576transducerlocations,576verticaldeformations,579-580SeriesIIresults,574,579,581-584analysisandcomparison,588-589finiteelementmeshanddimen-sions,588porepressureresponse,576-578verticalsettlements,583-584testingprocedures,573testlisting,575UniversityofCaliforniaatDavisSchaevitzcentrifuge,570-571Timefactorconsolidationoffinitestrain,534settlementrelations,533,535valuesassociatedwithmidphaseex-cessporepressureratio,24wickdrains,670Time-scalingfactor,589TokuyamaClay,554,556/-logprelations,563relationofpermeabilityandvolumeratio,560time-consolidationcurves,557-558SUBJECTINDEX749Triaxialcell,110,694,697-698kaolin,709Ledaclay,704-705,707Two-dimensionalconsolidation,567,645-647Two-phaseflow,154UUltrasonicdevice,124Ultrasonicmethod,lateralstrainmea-surement(seeLateralstrainmeasurement,ultrasonicmethod)Unsaturatedsoil,717comparisonsbetweentheoreticalanalysisandlaboratoryresults,167consolidationtheory,154-157constitutiveequations,155continuityrequirement,155laboratorytests,157-161changeofstress-statevariablecomponents,159equipment,158soilstructureandwaterphasevol-umechanges,159-161volume-massrelations,158theoreticalanalyses,160,162-167two-phaseflow,154-155Varvedclay,610geotechnicalaspects,611-613Verticaldrainagesystem,642Verticaldrains,684design,688Verticalpressure,141Verticalstrain,406CRStest,618duetosaturation,198-199,202one-dimensionalconsolidationtest,614-615Verticalstress,437Bembenmethod,622-624breakpointmethod,620-622CRStest,618distributionincentrifugemodel,590limitingpressure,315-316one-dimensionalconsolidationtest,614-615previous,618maximum,621voidratiobehavior,204anisotropicallyandisotropicallypreparedspecimens,456-459isotropicallypreparedspecimens,455-456Viscoplasticconstitutiveequation,382-383Voidratio,10,48,123,627claycomponent,637effectiveconsolidationpressurere-lations,631,633-636effectiveverticalstress{seeVerticalstress,voidratiobehavior)effectofnonclaycontent,630effectonpercentvolumechange,194,196elasticvolumechange,620normalized,preconsolidationpres-surerelationship,460-462sand-claymixture,130thresholdnonclay,634-635,640verticaleffectivestressand,204Volumechange,154one-dimensionalpercentchange,194voidratioeffects,194,196watercontenteffects,196Volumecompressibility,548Volumetricfieldflowrate,678WWasteslurry,500Water,flowthroughclaysoils,criticalgradients,118Watercontent,617compactedfills,191750CONSOLIDATIONOFSOILS:TESTINGANDEVALUATIONWatercontent(continued)virgincompressionindexrelation,624Waterphase,109partialdifferentialequation,156Waterrelease,642,656-657,659,661Wickdrainconsolidometer,132,642,651-652,654,666Wickdrains,644,663,717equivalentdiameter,132flowwithinzoneofinfluence,646performance,131-132percentconsolidation,131rigid-corewick,132timefactor,670usetospeedupconsolidation,132SeealsospecifictypesofdrainsWykehamFarrancetriaxialcells,mod-ified,158YYoung'smodulus,588Z-Unit,266-268