Crispm.kan84.net

Index321Abranches,SérgioHenriqueHudsonde,160,162n.
6Abrúcio,Fernando,31AcciónDemocratica,217;rigidityof,286administrativereform,2,277agrarianreform,37,252–54;andlogrollwithportreform,254Aguiar,Ubiratan,248n.
25,249Alagoas,andgainsunderCollor,177,179AlckminFilho,Geraldo,45–47Aldrich,John,11,143n.
11Aleluia,JoséCarlos,244Alencar,Marcello,220n.
33Allison,Graham,7Alves,Aluízio,261n.
45Alves,Joo,56,59–61,229Amapá,JoséSarneyasSenatorfrom,118Ames,Barry,7n.
8,20n.
42,54n.
16,69n.
33,72n.
37,109n.
2,123n.
30,126n.
33,169n.
16,176,181n.
37Amin,Espiridio,asPPRcandidate,184AmorimNeto,Octávio,5n.
2,15n.
19,159n.
1,160–62,165n.
9,268n.
1Anderson,Perry,2Andrada,171n.
20Andrade,Cleriston,131Andrade,Gutierrez,243Arago,Murilode,113n.
10ARENA(NationalRenovatingAlliance),asindicatorofright-wingideology,29,148,207Argentina:federalismin,comparedtoBrazil,23;partyunityin,190Arrow,Kenneth,225–26Asia,economiccrisisin,2,267AvelinoFilho,George,79n.
4Azeredo,Eduardo,220n.
33,280Bacha,Edmar,262–63Bahia:andconcentration,102;debtnancein,132;leftistpresencein,118;MDBandARENAin,130;politi-calfamiliesof,21;porkbarreluseofschoolsin,132;rootsofACM'spowerin,129–33;scattered-dominantdistri-butionsin,50–51;andsocialmatch,91Bahia,versusMaranhoandCeará:candidatesperseat,122;competition,119;andconcentration,93;economicdifferences,117–33;occupationalbackgroundsofpoliticians,119–20;traditionalstrengthofright,130bailiwicks,andchangeovertime,99Banck,Geert,24BankofBrazil,256Barbacena,171n.
20Barbalho,Jader,174n.
26Barbosa,Vivaldo,263n.
52Barelli,Walter,255Baron,David,11n.
11BarroseSilva,Fernando,189n.
7Barros,Hélio,127n.
34Bartolini,Stefano,51n.
12Basinger,Scott,13n.
15Bates,Robert,289Bawn,Kathleen,13n.
15Beck,PaulAllen,69n.
32Benevides,MariaVictória,5n.
2Bezerra,Adauto,126Bezerra,Humberto,127Bezerra,MarcosOtávio,24n.
34,79n.
4Bezerra,Orlando,129Bezerrafamily:bankinginterestsof,126;ascolonelsinCeará,118BiasFortes,171n.
20Bickers,Kenneth,24n.
33,169n.
15biddingreform,37,242–46Bolivia,mixedelectoralsystemin,285Bonm,Washington,116n.
17,128n.
35,129Borba,Aéciode,127n.
34Bornhausen,Jorge,194,255,262n.
48,263Bowler,Shaun,85n.
15,204n.
14Braga,Ney,112Brazil,andcomparativepolitics,288–92;futureagendaof,290;methodologicalimplications,289;substantiveimplica-tions,288Britto,Antnio,181n.
38,182,260–61Brizola,Leonel:andcontrolofRioGrandedoSulandRiodeJaneiro,29,68;andDarcyRibeiro,250n.
28budgetamendments:inBahia,90;andconcentration,93;anddistancefromcenterofvote,90;anddomination,89,93;andelectoralresults,93–96;andelectoralweakness,89;andlocalpoliticians,91;andpartyfragmenta-tion,89;andpoliticalfamilies,93;inRiodeJaneiroandSoPaulo,89;sourcesof,294;andvulnerability,89budgetcommitteeamendmentsuccess:andclustering,233;asdistributivemechanism,229;anddominance,233;dominationofpork-barrelconsidera-tions,228;andelectoralconditions,232;andfragmentation,233;asfunc-tionofeconomicconditions,231;andparty,232;modelofamendmentap-proval,230–35budgetscandalof1993,56–61;andadoptionofmixeddistrictandPRelectoralsystem,60–61;andthe"dwarfs,"56n.
19;andscattered-domi-nantvotedistributions,57–61Bueno,Cunha,49cabinet,coalescencerateof,161cabinetappointments,asastrategy,160;in1946–64,160–61cabinetformation:andimportanceofin-termediaries,186;andirrationalstrate-gies,185Cabral,Bernardo,295,296Cacciamali,MariaCristina,5Cafeteira,Epitácio,125Calheiros,Renildo,248n.
25,250Cals,Cezar,127Calsfamily,118campaignstrategy:barrierstoentry,79;budgetamendmentsasindicatorof,84;businesscandidates,82,83;careertrajectory,81,86;challengersvs.
incumbents,82;communityidentication,79;costvs.
distancetovoter,80;electoralinsecurity,86;localcandidates,81;matchingmunicipalities,86;politicizedgroupsastargets,78;retirements,92;socialmatch,91Campos,Roberto,239candidatesperseat:MaranhoversusBahiaandCeará,122;ParanáversusSantaCatarina,115Canet,Jayme,112Canon,David,69n.
31CardosoAlves,Roberto,158Cardoso,Newton,163Cardoso,Ruth,133careerpaths,MaranhoversusBahiaversusCeará,119Carey,John,6n.
6,13,52n.
13,159Carvalho,Joaquimde,238Carvalho,JoseMurilode,19,24n.
34,171n.
20Castelo,Joo,124–25Ceará:andcolonels,118;dominancein,67;andelectionof1986,128;andfallofcolonels,126–29;andindústriada322Indexsêca,125–26;nullandblankvotingin,66–67Centro,295Chappell,Henry,280Chaves,Aureliano,176Chaves,Leite,113Chiarelli,Carlos,249Chile,andopen-listproportionalrepre-sentationpre-1973,42Chubb,Judith,26Cleary,David,123–24Cliff,Andrew,44,293coalitions,theoreticalinstabilityofversusempiricalstabilityof,225Coase,Ronald,8Coelho,Nilo,132Cohen,Youssef,6n.
6,28n.
40collegeofleaders:andagrarianreform,252–54;andbiddingreform,242–46;casescompared,264–66;andchoiceofcases,240–41;andcommittees,240;dened,239;andLawofDirectivesandBasesinEducation,246–52;andmacroeconomicstabi-lization,256–64;andministerialreorganization,239,254–56;andpartyissues,266;andpolemicalissues,266;andSocialEmergencyFund,259–64;andunidimensionalissues,266CollordeMello,Fernando,237;cabinetof,163–64;cabinetstrategyof,140,175–80;crisisstrategyof,25n.
35,179;earlyanti-partystrategyof,176;emergencymeasuresof,144,153;grantstrategyof,66,175–80;legisla-tivesuccessof,191–94;maturestrat-egyof,177–78;andSantaCatarinavote,111;andstatetargets,177;anduseoflocalmachines,5,176CollordeMello,Pedro,179CollordeMello,Rosane,177n.
30Colombia,patronageincomparedtoBrazil,25n.
35committees:distributionalversusinfor-mationalmodelinagriculture,infra-structure,socialaction,andeducation,235;purposesof,indistributionalandinformationalperspectives,227concentrated-dominantdistributions,44–47concentrated-sharedmunicipalities,47–48concentration:andcampaignbehavior,85;dened,44,99–196;explainedatindividuallevel,104–6Congress:anddatabaseandscales,295–99;from1946–64,5;issuescales,140,143;andpowerofstatesandmu-nicipalities,31;androleofideas,28;andvetoplayers,28;andweaknessonnationalissues,5CONTAG(ConfederationofAgriculturalWorkers),253convênios,importanceof,168COPEI,rigidityof,286Coppedge,Michael,6n.
6,206,283n.
26coronelismo,inCeará,118Correa,Maurício,255corruption,andspatialpatternsofvoting,56–61Covas,Mário,220n.
33Cox,Gary,9n.
10,11n.
11,12,77,140n.
3,155,204,268n.
1Crisp,Brian,6n.
6,286Cruzadoplan,125,172n.
23,261DaCosta,Lustosa,127Dalton,Russell,69n.
32Denemark,David,285DeSouza,Josias,5,180n.
34,182Devescovi,ReginaBalieiro,240D'Hondtformula,42n.
1DIAP,63Dias,lvaro,113Diaz-Cayeros,Alberto,280n.
15,282Dimenstein,Gilberto,5,180n.
34,182dobradinhas,43,82dominance:andcampaignbehavior,85;andchangeovertime,99–106;dened,44;explainedatindividuallevel,104–6;Maranho,versusBahiaIndex323dominance:andcampaignbehavior(continued)andCeará,119;ParanáversusSantaCatarina,109Donovan,Todd,85n.
15Dornelles,Francisco,259DosSantos,WanderleyGuilherme,5n.
2,6n.
6,28n.
40Durval,Joo,131Duverger,Maurice,285Eckstein,Harry,33education:anddisinterestofexecutive,249;anddisinterestofpoliticians,246;andin*uenceofcongressionalout-liers,248;andin*uenceofteachers,247;andLawofDirectivesandBases,37,246–52;asporkinBahia,131electoraldatasources,294electoraloutcomes:andcareerpath,96;andsocialmatch,96electoralsuccess,anddominance,95electoralsystems,mixedtypesinBolivia,Venezuela,Russia,Italy,andJapan,285Eliseo,Octávio,247–48emergencydecrees,4;descriptionofdecreesutilizedinanalysis,299EmperorJooIII,19encaminhamento,dened,209EstadoNovo,20evangélicos:asafaction,147;andscattered-shareddistribution,48–49Evans,PeterB.
,8Farias,PauloCesar,164n.
7Farrell,David,204n.
14Fausto,Boris,54federalisminBrazil:causesof,19;com-paredtootherdemocracies,23;com-paredwithMexico,20;andendofmonarchy,20;inEstadoNovo,20;andlocalinterests,22–23;andmalappor-tionmentinBrazil,19;andmalappor-tionmentintheUnitedStates,19n.
27;andmarket-preservingtheory,weak-nessof,22;inNorthandCenter-West,21;pendularpatternof,21;inSouth,21;inSoutheast,21;andstatepowers,18–23;andTieboutmechanism,22Feldmann,Fábio,48Ferejohn,John,108n.
1,169n.
15Fernandes,Florestan,248FernandoHenriqueCardoso:achieve-mentsandfailuresof,2,118;cabinetappointmentsof,165–67;electoralbackingof,2,5;failuresof,3;legisla-tivesuccessof,195;andlinkstoACM,133;andmovetoFinanceMin-istry,258;andplanformixedpensionsystem,195;prospectsofin1995,1;andSantaCatarinavote,111Fett,Patrick,191n.
11Figueiredo,Argelina,6n.
4,144n.
13,189,190,206Figueiredo,Joo,127Finland,andopen-listproportionalrepre-sentation,42Fiuza,Ricardo,194Flanagan,ScottC.
,69n.
32Fleischer,David,29,166n.
11,238n.
11Fleury,LuisAntnio,ministerialreorga-nizationof,255Fontenele,MariaLuiza,128Fortaleza,andelectionof1982,128Franco,Gustavo,256n.
39Franco,Itamar,229;cabinetof,164–65;grantsstrategyof,180–85;legislativesuccessof,195;ministerialreformof,5,37;andreorganization,240;stabi-lizationpolicyof,37;strategyofin1994,182Franzese,RobertJohn,13n.
15Freire,OsvaldoNunes,124Freire,Roberto,259Freire,Vitorino,123,124Garman,Christopher,282Geddes,Barbara,6n.
6,9,25,43n.
5,149n.
21,159n.
1Geisel,Ernesto,130Germany,electoralregimeof,284324IndexGetis,Art,100n.
3Goes,Joaci,133n.
42Goldemberg,Jose,249Gomes,Ciro,andoppositiontopaulistas,118–19,129,139n.
1,168n.
14Gomes,Vado,252Goulart,Joo,28n.
40,126governability,1Graham,Richard,24n.
34,27n.
38,282n.
23Gramacho,Wladimir,278n.
9grants,intergovernmental:creditclaim-ing,170;determinedbyneedandcapacity,169;andfragmentation,171;andproblemofidentifyingtargets,169–70;re*ectingcabinetministers'personalstrategies,168;re*ectingpresidentialstrategy,167–72Greeneld,Sidney,24Guaretinguetá,46Guimares,Ulysses,163,174,175,296Gunther,Richard,52n.
13Hage,Jorge,247–48Haggard,Stephan,282Hagopian,Francis,29,109n.
2Hall,Peter,8Hallerberg,Mark,13n.
15Handberg,Roger,291n.
33Harding,WarrenG.
,224Hargreaves,Henrique,255n.
37;andfavoritismtowardPFL,166,258Heinz,Jack,79Higley,John,52n.
13Hingel,Maurílio,182,184,249historicalcontinuities:andconstitution,27–29;andorganizations,30;andpersonnel,29–30Ibaez,Carlos,16–17Iensen,Matheus,49,51Ilhabela,FábioFeldmann'svotesharefrom,48immigrants,instatepolitics,113Imperatriz,Maranho,125import-substitutionindustrialization,26INESC,253innovationinpolicy,difcultyof,3institutionaldeadlock:argumentsumma-rized,267–76;andcosttoBrazil,276–81;andfederalism,282;andpoliticalreform,281–88;andstrength-eningofparties,282IPMFtax:adoptionof,257–59;andpar-ties,258;andpork-barrelinducements,258;andpresidentialelection,257issuecaucuses:accountabilityof,61–65;andauthenticityofrepresentation,62–65;andevangelicals,63,andruralinterests,63–65Italy,mixedsystemin,285Jackson,SenatorHenry,146n.
17Japan,mixedsystemin,285Japanese-Brazilians,andscattered-shareddistributions,48–49Jefferson,Roberto,248Jereisatti,Carlos,126Jereisatti,Tasso,128;andtakeoverinCeará,118–19Jobim,Nelson,239,297,298Johnson,LyndonBaines,158Jones,Mark,6n.
6,190n.
10,284Jorge,Eduardo,48Jungmann,Raul,258Junior,Lomanto,129Kara,Ary,46–47Katz,Richard,204n.
14Keech,William,217n.
29,280Keohane,Robert,9,33,289Kertész,Mário,133n.
42Key,V.
O.
,43n.
6King,Gary,9,33,289Kingdon,John,204n.
17,215n.
28Kingstone,Peter,5n.
3Kinzo,MariaD'AlvaGil,55n.
17,143Knight,Jack,11n.
11,12n.
13Kramer,Dora,2Krehbiel,Keith,12n.
13,37,226–27Kreppel,Amie,13n.
15Kubitschek,Juscelino,30,130Index325Kulisheck,Michael,287Kuster,Francisco,297Laakso-Taagaperaindex,116n.
18LabourPartyinBritain,187Lamounier,Bolivar,3,190n.
9,292Leo,Odelmo,252legislativeactivism,comparativecausesof,139legislativecareers,shortnessof,142legislativeobstructionism,causesof,140legislativeturnover,causesof,141legislativevoting:andcareerpath,146,152,154;andconstituencyattributes,145,150–52,154;anddominanceandclustering,144,150–52,154;andelec-toralinsecurity,147,152,154;andideology,148,153,154;andparty,148,153,154;andporkinducements,149,153,154–55;andseniority,147,152,154;andstateinterestsof,147,152–53,154legislature:andcreditclaiming,12;dis-tributiveversusinformationalperspec-tivesof,11,226LeiCamata,277n.
7Leopoldi,MariaAntonietaParahyba,278n.
8Lerner,Jaime,112;PDTtoPFL,116Levi,Margaret,8n.
9,9Light,Paul,280LimaJunior,OlavoBrasilde,190n.
9Limongi,Fernando,6n.
4,144n.
13,189,190,206Lipset,SeymourMartin,51n.
12Lobo,Edison,125localcandidates,intheSouth,92localism,inParaná,114Locke,Richard,108Londrina,113n.
12Love,Joseph,20Lowi,Theodore,79,256Lucas,Jonival,50–52Lucena,Humberto,297LuladaSilva,LuísInácio,5,176;fearof,181,229,261;andSantaCatarinavote,32,111LustosadaCosta,Paulo,127Maciel,Marco,255macroeconomicstabilization:andAsianandRussiancrises,277;anddelaysinadministrativeandpensionreform,277;andpoliciesadoptedin1994–95,256–64;andtaxreform,277Magalhes,AntonioCarlos:alliancesof,68;andantipathytostateenemies,174;andBahianbase,129–33;andbudgetamendments,90;andcriticismofPeléappointment,165n.
10;anded-ucation,77,118,249;asMinisterofCommunications,102,163;andpolar-izingpoliticians,153,165;andpowerinCardoso'scabinet,165,244Magalhes,Jutahy,129Magalhes,LuisEduardo,118,259Magalhes,RafaelAlmeida,174Magno,Carlos,117n.
21Mainwaring,Scott,52n.
13,53,69n.
32,72n.
36,190n.
9Mair,Peter,51n.
12malapportionment:andConstitutionof1946,54;andoutcomesinconstitu-tionalconvention,54Maltafamily,177n.
30Maluf,Paulo,79n.
3,176;andSarneycandidacy,125,280mapconstruction,293Maranho:andgainsinSarneybudget,174;andimportanceofJoséSarney,68March,James,8,9Marinho,Roberto,133n.
41Marshall,William,9,226Martínez-Lara,Javier,157n.
30Mayer,Kenneth,289Mayhew,David,12,289McCubbins,Matthew,140n.
3,155,204McKelvey,Richard,225–26MDB(BrazilianDemocraticMovement),148326IndexMDB-PMDB,94n.
29Meirelles,Fábio,253Meneguello,Rachel,69Menem,Carlos,281n.
18Menes,Roberta,114n.
13Mercadante,Aloízio,244mesa,andpresidingboard,239methodology:casestudyandBritishelections,33;casestudyandtheory,33;chancevariables,32;interviewsandtheirbiases,31–32,33–34;rationalchoiceandempiricalveri-cation,31Mexico,federalismin,282Mezey,Michael,139MinasGerais:andsocialmatch,91;andconcentration,95n.
32ministerialreorganization,254–56modernization,inMaranho,124monarch,fallof,andeffectonpatronage,26Montinola,Gabriela,22Moran'sI,44,100n.
3Morgenstern,Scott,16n.
21,140n.
4Morlino,Leonardo,285Motta,LuísGonzaga,127–28multipartyalliances,68–72municipalvulnerability,andcandidatestrategies,85NaborJunior,Senator,230n.
3Nacif,Benito,286NationalBankofSocialandEconomicDevelopment,101n.
7NationalForumtoDefendPublicSchools,249Neto,ArturRibeiro,43n.
5Netto,Amaral,exampleofideologicalniche,61–62Neves,Tancredo,117,125,162,172Nicolau,Jairo,52n.
14Nixon,Richard,77Nohlen,Dieter,292North,Douglass,6,7,8,11n.
11,108,123n.
29Northeast,economicconditionsof,20Nory,Walter,244Novaes,CarlosAlbertoMarques,142,150,237,239nullandblankvoting,65–68Nunes,MariaCavaliari,43oligarchicalpower:andrulesforpoliticalsurvival,128;andSantaCatarinaver-susParaná,111;andthreefamiliesinCeará,126Oliveira,Gesner,256n.
39Olsen,DavidM.
,139Olsen,JohanP.
,8Olsen,Organ,9,43O'Neill,ThomasP.
(Tip),41open-listproportionalrepresentation,andpartybuilding,65–74Ordeshook,Peter,268n.
1Paraná:andlocalism;113–15,migrantsto,113;PTBstrengthin,112;andscattered-sharedvotedistributions,49;strengthofleftin,110;andturnover,82n.
11,115–16ParanáversusSantaCatarina,110–16;andstrengthofoligarchies,111parties:autonomyof,andelectoralvul-nerability,208;basisforexistenceof,inlegislatures,11,204;Brazilian,comparedtoArgentinianandVenezue-lan,190;conditionallegislative,205;andconstituencypressurestodefect,207;defectionandelectoraldomi-nance,208,221;defectionandpork-barrelinducements,208;anddisci-plineinArgentina,Chile,Colombia,CostaRica,Mexico,Uruguay,andVenezuela,16;ideologicalmotivationstodefect,207,220;andimportanceofwhiprecommendations,214;andin-cumbents,220;andmeasuringstrengthwithwhiprecommendations,209;motivation,autonomy,andcareerpaths,218;negotiatingabilitiesof,237;disciplineof,andpork-barrelin-ducements,215;andRiceindicesofIndex327parties:autonomyof(continued)discipline,190;andseniority,220;andsocietalandspatialdistributions,72–73;strengtheningof,byeliminat-ingtwo-roundelections,284;strength-eningof,throughadoptionofmixed(German-type)system,284–88;strengtheningof,throughenforcedloyalty,283;strengtheningof,throughreformofcampaignnancing,284;andvoteclustering,221partisancompositionoflegislatures,119partyloyaltyandcitizenresponse,69;andpartyswitching,69–72partysystem,characteristicsof,5–6partyswitching:andrationality,69–72;andstrengthofparty,191pathdependence,108PDC,50PDS,29,94n.
29;andpartyswitching,73Pelé,165pensionreform,2Pérez-Lián,Aníbal,191Peronistparty,187Perosa,António,298Peterson,Mark,191n.
11PFL,64n.
28,94n.
29Pimentel,Paulo,112–13Pindamonhangaba,45–46Pinheiro,Daniela,224,238Pires,Waldir,129,131,132;andcon*ictwithACM,174PlanningMinistry,andporkprograms,170PMDB,29n.
29,82n.
11,92,94Poissonversuslogistic,87politicalinstitutions:andfailures,3;andhistoricalsociologists,8;andincen-tivesforporkandpatronage,4;independenceof,7;andorganizationaltheories,8;andpathdependence,7;andrationalchoice,8;andtransactionscosts,8;unanticipatedconsequencesof,7politicians,goalsof,3Polsby,Nelson,141n.
6Pombal,Marquisde,19Ponte,LuísRoberto,243,262Portugal,andweaknessandfederalism,19Power,Timothy,65,148,152n.
27,207n.
19,283porkandpatronage:andclientelism,24;hyperdemocraticqualityof,51;andideologicalniches,61–62;andissue-orientedlegislators,27;inItaly,26;andmalapportionment,52–56;andmedianvoter,77;innineteenthcen-tury,25;andoperationofopen-listversioninBrazil,41–43;pervasivenessof,24;andpropensitiesofBrazilianpoliticalstructure,79;proportionalrepresentationandcandidatebehavior,11;andpublicemployment,25;andschoolfoodprograms,26n.
37;andspendinglaws,43;andTVtime,43;intheUnitedStates,24Prata,Rosa,298presidentialpower,inBrazil,4;com-paredtootherLatinAmericancoun-tries,159–60;limitationsof,6,160presidentialproposals,trackingsuccessof,191–204presidentialversusparliamentaryregimes,13Procópio,Margarida,194PSD(SocialDemocraticParty),162n.
6;inSantaCatarina,111PSDB,46;inCeará,48,67,165PT,votingasauniedbloc,55,81n.
8PTB,64n.
28Putnam,Robert,123n.
29Qian,Yingyi,22Quadros,Jnio,112Quércia,Orestes,29,244;anddefec-tions,46;andinterestsinmacropolicy,139,260;andministerialreorganization,255;andpoweroverPMDBandPFLinSoPaulo,68,82n.
11,92328IndexQuércia-FleurywingofPMDB,165,181n.
38rational-choicetheories,6–12RealPlan,2,180,182reduto,dened,44reelectionofpresident:andcoalitionsupporting,278;andcoststobroaderprogram,278–81;andlimitationsaslegislators'goal,141;inmilieuofweakparties,280;andpilingupofstrongpoliticians,281;andpork-barrelinducements,279;andpotentialgainstoexecutive,280regimeof1946–64,3relator,dened,244Resende-Santos,Joo,2n.
1RevolutionaryInstitutionalPartyinMexico,282Rezende,Fernando,31n.
44Ribeiro,Darcy,250RibeiroNeto,Artur,149n.
21Riceindex,190Richa,José,112Righi,Gastone,41right-wingparties:ParanáversusSantaCatarina,109;strengthof,inBahia,130Riker,William,19,21RiodeJaneiro:andgainsinSarneycabi-net,81n.
6,174;andindustrialgrowth,30RioGrandedoNorte,andvotedistribu-tion,45Roberts,Timmons,65Rocha,Leonel,279Rockman,Bert,288,292Rodden,Jonathan,22n.
31Roett,Riordan,118Rogers,Will,187Rokkan,Stein,51n.
12Rolim,FranciscoSalesCartaxo,124,127roll-callvotes:andabsenteedeputies,211;bandwagoneffectsof,189;con-testedversusuncontested,210;andcostsofcoalitionformation,188;andnondecisions,188;andvaryinglegisla-tiveprocesses,189;andweightingvotes,210Roraima,andmalapportionment,19,52RosadoMaia,Laire,44Rose-Ackerman,Susan,22n.
31Rosenmann,Max,115n.
15Rua,MariadasGraas,207Rueschemeyer,Dietrich,8Russia:economiccrisisin,2,267;andmixedelectoralsystem,285Sabino,Mário,278Saboia,Cid,298salárioeducao,dened,247n.
23Salisbury,Robert,79Salomo,Luiz,244,262Sampson,Paul,293Samuels,David,148n.
20SantaCatarina:andcandidatesperseat,116;andnullandblankvoting,66–67;PTBstrengthin,112;andRamos,Konder,andBornhausenfamilies,111;right-wingpartiesin,110;versusParaná,110–16Santana,Carlos,249Santos,FabianoGuilhermeM.
,5n.
2,6n.
6,97n.
35,171n.
18Santos,Roberto,130SoPaulo,30;andindustrialgrowth,30;andlossesinbudget,173;andmalapportionment,19,42;andmodelproblems,95n.
30,95n.
31;politicalfamiliesin,21,81n.
6;andsocialmatch,91SarneyFilho,118,167Sarney,José,16n.
22;andabandonmentofPMDB,175;cabinetof,162–63;conciliatorystyleof,153;hostilitytoward,inSouth,145;Maranhocareerof,123–25;modellingstrategyof,172–75;partystrategyof,172–73;porkrecruitmenttacticsof,149;andpresidentialism,andve-yearterm,29,55,117;statetargetsof,173–74Sarney,Roseana,118Index329Scalco,Euclides,238scattered-dominantdistributions,49–52scattered-shareddistribution,48–49Schneider,BenRoss,35n.
47,159n.
1,291n.
33Scully,Timothy,52n.
13,72n.
36Seabra,Cátia,287n.
31Seligman,Albert,285SEPLAN,andporkprograms,150Serra,José,165,229,263Shepsle,Kenneth,11n.
11,37,226–27,268n.
2Shugart,Matthew,6n.
6,13,52n.
13,159Shvetsova,Olga,268n.
1Silva,SimoneRodriguesda,221n.
35Simon,SenatorPedro,244Skidmore,Thomas,278n.
9Skocpol,Theda,8Smyth,Regina,284–85Snipp,Joe,85n.
15Soares,Gláucio,5n.
2SocialEmergencyFund,259–64SocietyfortheProgressofScience,250Sola,Lourdes,172n.
23Sousa,David,69n.
31Souto,Humberto,108Souza,Celina,77n.
1,81n.
9,131n.
37,132n.
39,133,141n.
8,157n.
30,174n.
25,282n.
22Souza,MariadoCarmoCampellode,5n.
2spatialpatternsinelectionsforChamberofDeputies,43–52Stallings,Barbara,17,17n.
23Stein,Robert,24n.
33,169n.
15Steinmo,Sven,8,10Stepan,Alfred,19n.
27,23Stephanes,Reinhold,194Straubhaar,Joseph,43subnationalpolitics,andhistoricalinstitutionalism,108SUDENE,244,256Sullivan,John,189n.
3SystematizationCommitteeinCon-stituentAssembly,295Taubaté,46–47Tavares,JoséReinaldo,163Távora,Virgílio,126–27Távoras,ascolonelsinCeará,118taxreform,2Taylor,Rosemary,8Teixeira,Miro,262Tendler,Judith,119n.
23Thelen,Kathleen,8,10,108Tiebout,Charles,22Tinoco,Eraldo,248–49Treisman,Daniel,13n.
15Tsebelis,George,9,10n.
11,13,15,42n.
3,180n.
32,190n.
8,205,276n.
3Tullock,Gordon,226Twain,Mark,139UDN(NationalDemocraticUnion),129;inSantaCatarina,111Ueno,Antonio,49Ukraine,mixedsystemin,285ValedoRioDoce,200Valenzuela,43n.
4VanDoren,Peter,189n.
4Vargas,Getúlio,20,123,129Vasconcelos,JoséCarlos,57Venezuela:partyunityin,190;mixedsystemin,286Verba,Sidney,9,33,289vetoplayers:andabsorptionrule,15;andagendacontrol,17;inBrazil,comparedtootherLatinAmericancountries,15;andBrazilianinstitu-tions,11;inChile,Ecuador,andBolivia,16;collectiveplayers,14;comparedtoexcessofparties,18;andConstitutionof1988,28;andcounting,14;fundamentalargumentof,13;institutionalandpartisanplay-ers,15;andothertheories,13;andproblemofinnovation,11;inSarneyperiod,16n.
22;andsupermajorities,15;inUruguay,16330IndexViannaFilho,Luis,129Viola,Eduardo,111n.
6Weaver,R.
Kent,288,292Weingast,Barry,9,22,37,226–27Weyland,Kurt,157n.
31,281n.
18Williamson,Oliver,8Willis,Eliza,282Wilson,Bruce,291n.
33Workers'Party,disciplined,16n.
20WorldBank,andinterestsinbiddingreform,245n.
20Index331